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ENFAEuropean Non-Food Agriculture
– WP 32 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Balances
Hannes Schwaiger, Gerfried JungmeierKick-Off Meeting
10th May 2005
Geomatikum, Hamburg, Germany
WP 32 Objectives
To identify 3 bio-chains for which LCA models are created e.g. pellets, biodiesel, wood chips form SR systems
Produce a computer model for the selected chains
Conversion of the model into a web-based file (asp files)
Post the model on the internet as an user friendly interface
combustionheat,electricity
construction
operation
dismantling
fuel preparation
forestry
transport
harvesting
What is LCA?
Typical LCA-Emissions of Biomass Plant over Entire Lifetime
CO
2, C
O2-e
q. [
t]
CH
4, N
2O
[t]
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Year
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2-eq.
construction(0 - 1)
operation (1 – 21)
dismantling(21-22)
LCA-Methodology
Energy flowCarbon flow*Legend:
* Other GHG and auxiliary fossil energy inputs are excluded in this figure for reasons of simplicity
Conversion in heatand power plants
Biomass
Renewablebiotic
carbonstocks
Bioenergy system Fossil energy system
Decreasingfossil
carbonstocks
Conversion in heatand power plants
Heat /electricitydistribution
Heat Electricity
By-products
Useful energy:
By-products
Carbonoxidation
Heat /electricitydistribution
Carbonfixation
Fossil fuel
StorageTransport
Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Strong increasing atmospheric carbon
Transport
Production ProcessingHarvesting
Storage
Processing
Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions
Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions
IEF 98/026
Heat and/or electrictyAccording to
ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“
Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“
Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“
LCA-Methodology
According to
ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“
Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“
Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“
Transportation
oefpos02020
Biomass
Renewablebiotic
carbonstock
Bioenergy system Fossil energy system
Decreasingfossil
carbonstocks
Conversionin vehicles
By-products
Transportation Servicesfor persons and good
By-products
Carbonoxidation
Carbonfixation
Fossil fuel
StorageTransport
Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Strong increasing atmospheric carbon
Processing
Production ProcessingCultivation
Transport
Harvest
Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions
Auxiliary fossilenergy emissions
Energy flowCarbon flow*
Conversionin vehicles
Biofuel Fossil fuel
Auxiliaryfossil energy
Possible Reference Options are important in LCA
- no thinning- heterotrophic respiration- composting- landfill- material use
- afforestation / reforestation- fallow - pasture- extensive agricultural use- intensive agricultural use
What happens with the biomass, if no bioenergy is produced?
What happens on arable land, if no energy crops are produced?
Emissions to Airfor Environmental Effects
Greenhouse effect: GHGs in CO2-equivalents (CO2, CH4, N2O, CF4)
Equivalent factors: CO2 1 CH4 23
N2O 296
Primary energy demand: Energy input to generate 1KWh electricity, heat or km
Possible Bioenergy Systems in ENFA
Bioenergy systems
electricity
per 1 kWhelectricity
cogeneration electricity&heat
per 1 kWhelectricity & heat
heat
per 1 kWhheat
transportation
per 1 km
Details of ConsideredPossible Bioenergy Systems
Biomass-Processing
Biomass-Combustion
Biomass- Fuels
Biomass- Resource
Forestryforest residues
fuelwood
Agricultureshort rotation forestry
RCG, miscanthus
Industryindustrial residues
chipping, drying, storage, transportationgasification
Solid biofuels, liquid biofuels
heating plant
Heat Electricity (& Heat)
CHP/power plant vehicles
Transportation
Modelling of Bioenergy Systems
CombustionProduction and harvesting Transport Distribution
g CO2-eq./(ha*a) g CO2-eq./km g CO2-eq./kWhoutput g CO2-eq./kWhoutput
Modelling of Substituted Fossil Energy Systems
Extraction Transport Processing Transport Combustion Distribution
g CO2-eq./kWhoutput
g CO2-eq./kWhoutput
Data Requirements - Example
Kind of cropAnnual yield [t/ha*a]Water content of crop [%]Kind and amount of plant protective agent [kg/(ha*a)]Kind and amount of fertilizer [kg/(ha*a)]Irrgiation [kWhel/(ha*a)]Kind and usage of machine [lfuel/(ha*a)]Kind and amount of by-products [kg/(ha*a)]
Production and harvestingProduction and harvesting
Combination of default data and case specific data
Extraction
Transport
Power plant
Natural gas power plant
Distribution
Wood chips power plant
Example 1: LCA Electricity supply
Heterotrophicrespiration
Reference use of forest residues
Production
Harvesting
Power plant
Drying and storage
Transport
1 kWh electricity
Distribution
LCA Results: Electricity Supply
48
12
60
388
39
0.6
427
0.06
0 100 200 300 400 500
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2-equivalent
Kin
d o
f g
reen
ho
use
gas
Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/kWhelectricity]
wood chips power plant combined cycle
natural gas power plant combined cycle
Example 2: Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel
Raw oil extraction
Transport
Refinery
Distribution
Vehicle
Reference System Diesel
Set asideArea
Soya-Production
Fertilizer prod.Fertilizer
Animal feed
Glycerin-Production
Heat from oil
Raw material
Energy
Rape seed production
Transport
Esterification
Pressing
Distribution
Vehicle
Transportation Service
Biodiesel
Rape cake
Glycerin
LCA Results: Diesel and Biodiesel
110
194
5.6
3.7
203
46
62
2
0 50 100 150 200 250
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2-equivalent
Typ
e o
f g
reen
ho
use
gas
Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km]
biodiesel rape seed
diesel
Example 3: Co-GenerationLCA Electricity and Heat
Biogas combustion engine
Collection
Combustion engine
Digestion
Transport
Distribution Distribution
Extraction
Transport
Combustion engine
Light oil combustion engine
Refinery
Transport
Storage
Reference useof manure
Undigestedmanure
Fertilizer
Digestedmanure
0.33 kWh electricity + 0.67kWh heat
LCA Results: Electricity and Heat Supply
-603
383
2.5
5.8
391
-28
31
-607
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2-equivalent
Kin
d o
f g
ree
nh
ou
se
ga
s
Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/(0.33 kWhelectricity+0.67 kWhheat)]
biogas combustion engine
light oil combustion engine