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Energy-Water Nexus: OverviewVincent Tidwell and Michael Hightower
Sandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under
contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Southwest Renewable Energy ConferenceSanta Fe, New Mexico
September 15, 2010
Water for Energy
Water production, processing, distribution, and end-use requires energy
Energy for Water
• Thermoelectric Cooling
• Energy Minerals Extraction/Mining
• Fuel Processing (fossil fuels, H2,biofuels)
• Emission Control
Energy and power production requires water
• Pumping• Conveyance• Treatment• Distribution• Use
Conditioning
Estimated Freshwater Withdrawals by Sector: 320 BGD
Livestock2%
Thermoelectric39%
Irrigation39%
Public Supply14%
Industrial6%
Note: Hydropower and saline water uses are not included here!
Source: USGS Circular 1268, March, 2004
48% of total daily water withdrawals
U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day
Livestock3.3%
Thermoelectric3.3%
Commercial1.2%
Domestic7.1%
Industrial3.3%
Mining1.2%Irrigation
80.6%Source: Solley et al., 1998
U.S. Freshwater Consumption:100 BGD
Thermoelectric Water Consumption in the Continental United States: 2004
MGD
Total Water Consumption in the United States: 2004
MGD
Energy and Water Tomorrow
70 million more people by 2030
Projected Population Growth
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Year
Ele
ctr
icit
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n
( b
illi
on
kW
h)
Projected Growth in Electric Power Generation
Source: EIA 2004
Projected Growth in non-Ag Water Consumption
New Generation Capacity Under Business as Usual
• 350 new 400 Mw coal-fired plants
• 150 new 100 Mw gas turbine plants
• 5 new 1000 Mw nuclear plants
• 125 new 200 Mw wind/solar plants
89% of new electric power generation capacity is projected to be thermoelectric-based
Source: NETL 2006
Cooling Technology ScenariosThermoelectric Water Use
150000
170000
190000
210000
230000
250000
Year
MG
D
Base
No New Once Through
No New or Retro OnceThrough
Thermoelectric Water Consumption
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Year
MD
G
Base
No New Once Through
No New or Retro OnceThrough
Current Mix
Current Mix
• Current mix has the highest water use, 236.1 BGD in 2030 and lowest water consumption, 4.3 BGD.
• Recirculating cooling towers in all new construction and recommissioned plants has the lowest water use, 184.8 BGD but highest
consumption,5.0BGD.
Oil Shale development will be regional and impact water availability and quality
• Reserves are in areas of limited water resources
• Water needed for retorting, steam flushing, and cooling up to 3 gallons per gallon of fuel
• Concerns over in situ migration of retort by-products and impact on ground water quality
Gas Shale development could be extensive and impact water availability
and quality • Water is used in
drilling, completion, and fracturing
• Up to 3 million gallons of water is needed per well
• Water recovery can be 20% to 70%
• Recovered water quality varies – from 10,000 ppm TDS to 100,000 ppm TDS
• Recovered water is commonly injected into deep wells
Joint project conducted by GM and Sandia National Laboratories is the first true value-chain
approach to future large-scale biofuels • Purpose: Assess feasibility, implications, limitations, and enablers of
producing 90 billion gallons ethanol (~60 billion gallons of gasoline-equivalent) per year by 2030– Ethanol used to illustrate biofuel potential without ruling out alternatives
• Scope: Focus on ethanol production from residues and energy crops for 2006 to 2030; corn ethanol capped at 15B gallons per year under 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA); cellulosic ethanol production accelerated beyond EISA to enable 90B gallons total production.
DistributionConversionStorage and TransportFeedstock
No land use change for residues
equals 2006 corn ethanol acreage
37 M acres cropland as pasture and idle cropland
37 M acres non-grazed forest land
2030 land use
Biofuel Water Use
Water Use for Irrigation
Water Use for Conversion
Projected Increase in Non-Thermoelectric Water Consumption 2004-2030
MGD
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyGW Pumping
Ratio of Sustainable Recharge to Groundwater Pumping: 2004
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyConsumption
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Total Water Consumption:2004
Exploring the Nexus
1-2
2-10 >10
SupplyConsumption
Ratio of 5th Percentile Stream Flow (Low Flow) to Total Water Consumption: 2004
Exploring the Nexus
<1
1-1.25 >1.25
Mean FlowEnv. Flow
Ratio of Mean Stream Flow to Environmental Flow Requirements: 2004
Counties Meeting Siting Requirements
• Siting requirements– Supply vs. demand ratio above 5– At least one power plant sited in county in 2004– No more than 5 new plants sited in any one
county
20302004
Power at Risk due to Low Flow
GWh
Power at Risk at 5th Percentile Stream Flow : 2004
Non-traditional Water Resource Availability
Saline Aquifers Oil and Gas Produced Water
Growing Use of Non-Traditional Water Resources
• Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year
• Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments• Non-traditional water use is energy intensive
(Modified from Water Reuse 2007, EPA 2004, Mickley 2003)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kw
h/m
^3
1 2 3 4 5
Sea WaterRO
Today The Future
ConventionalTreatment
BrackishRO
BrackishNF
Power Requirements For Treating
(Einfeld 2007)
Energy for Water
0
3
60
660
GWh
Projected Increase in Demand for Electricity due to Growing Demand for Water: 2004-2030
Contact: Vincent TidwellSandia National LaboratoriesPO Box 5800; MS 0735Albuquerque, NM 87185(505)[email protected]
More Information at:
www.sandia.gov/energy-water