Mike HightowerEnergy Systems Analysis Department

Sandia National LaboratoriesPhone: 505-844-5499

Email: mmhight@sandia.gov

Energy Surety Microgrids™ for Critical Mission Assurance

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration

under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Presentation Overview

• DoD critical mission assurance – emerging energy security issues and requirements

• Military facility energy security considerations to support multiple tenents and their associated critical missions

• Application of Sandia risk-based Energy Surety Microgrid ™ approach to:– Identify base critical mission energy requirements– Cost-effectivley integrate new renewable and

distributed generation with existing base energy infrastructure

– Improve base energy reliability, security, and safety

Generator

Transmission

Substation

Distribution

Load

Oil and Gas

Crude

Oil

Coal

Gas

Refinery

Extensive Storage on Generation Side

Typical Topology for Fixed Electric Power Installations

Common Military Base Electric Power Energy Security and Reliability Issues

• Power outages occurring as many as 300 times per year at some bases

• Lack of critical mission understanding and energy needs– Varying needs of base commander, tenent commanders, utility

managers • Major substations outside base control– Often a common point of failure for all feeders • Radial electric power feeder systems could provide

redundancy but often are not interconnected– Limited focus of grid improvements on critical mission needs• Over reliance on back up generation for outage support– Low maintenance and understanding of back up generation

• Low probability of start when needed (60%)• Operations for extended periods limited,• Often over or under designed

Lack of Coherent Energy Security and Reliability Strategy

3xx

5xx

NG

3xx

4xx

Common System Layout – Critical Buildings and Back-up Generation

UtilityConnect

NG

Downstream Feeder

Downstream Feeder

NG

NG

NG

230 KW

230 KW

400 KW

400 KW

600 KW

3xx

Cogen power plant

Proposed DER (PV)

Changes Needed to Improve Energy Surety at DoD Installations

• Identify energy needs for critical mission assurance– Buildings and durations will vary over time

• Aggregate energy system assets (current and new generation and storage upgrades) to meet critical mission energy performance needs – Drives the location, size, and integration of resources

• Develop an effective energy surety strategy– Include both physical and cyber security, so upgrades

improve energy security and reliability• For flexibility and performance assurance, design for

“grid-tied” and “islanded” system operations– Has cost and reliability benefits, but safety and cyber

issues

Risk-based Assessment Approach for Energy Systems

CharacterizeFacilities

DefineThreats

Determine Consequences

Identify Safeguards

AnalyzeSystem

Make Changes & Reassess

PA

PE

R

SufficientProtection

?

Y

N

Risk = PA x (1-PE ) x C

C

End Until Change

Risk

Match System Protection and Performance for Mission

Assurance Needs

Consequence Modeling

5955 TrainingFactor

Starship 5955

Starship 5960

Utility

Feeder 1

Feeder 1 Switch

Starship 5955Switch

Starship 5960Switch

Starship 5970

Starship 5970Switch

Starship 6050

Starship 6050Switch

WastewaterTreatment Plant

WastewaterTreatment Plant

Switch

Radar 5801

Radar 5801 BackupGenerator

Radar 5801 Switch

WastewaterTreatment Plant

Backup Generator

Starship 5960 DC

Starship 5955 DC

Starship 5970 DC

Starship 6050 DC

Feeder 1 DCUtility DC

Utility Switch

Outage Factor

1.00

0.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.001.00

1.00

1.00

DISRUPTION

END

START

DISRUPTIONLENGTH

Starship 5960 DC

Starship 5955 DC

Starship 5970 DC

Starship 6050 DC

Feeder 1 DC

Utility DC

DAY VAR

WEEK VAR

HOUR VAR

0.00

5.00

9.00

849.00

1,185.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

FA TrainingI

FA RI

FA TrainingN

FA RN

W4D1FA

5955 TrainingFactor

W4D1 W4D2 W4D3

W4D4

W4D2FA

W4D3FA

FA Training Hours

FA Training %

FA Training

48:00:00

48:00:00

0.00

0.00

Electric System Model Interruption Control Model

Mission Consequence Model

Normal Training Hours Required

W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 W07 W08 W09 W100

20

40

60

80

100hr/hr

Compliance Training

CBRN Training

FA Training

LN Training

Undesignated Training

Percentage Additional Training Required

W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 W07 W08 W09 W100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Maximum Impact %

Compliance Training %

CBRN Training %

FA Training %

LN Training %

Undesignated Training %

Mission Impacts

Generator

Transmission

Substation

DistributionLoads

Energy Surety Microgrid™With distributed generation and storage, electric power can be provided when the grid is down

X

Storage and generation on load side sized to match electric power performance needs

3xx

5xx

NG

C

T

SS

3xx

4xx

Example Microgrid Options for Critical Buildings

UtilityConnect

NG

Downstream Feeder

Downstream Feeder NG

NG

NG

230 KW

230 KW

400 KW

400 KW

600 KW

B

B

B

C

G ESC

G ES

G ES

3xx

S ES

C

Static switch and controls

to isolate Microgrid

from utility during

outages

Use breakers , transformers and controls to attach

generators to existing feeders

AdditionalDER and storage

as needed

DoD Needs Often Require a Range of Microgrid Sizes and Operations

• Small combustion and µ-turbines

• Fuel cells• IC engines• Small hydro and

wind• Solar electric and

solar thermal• Energy storage

(batteries, flywheels,…)

• Plug in hybrid vehicles

Gen

Bulk supply connection(sub-transmission)

Partial Feeder Micro-grid

Gen

Single Customer Microgrid

Feeder

Other FeedersFull Feeder

Microgrid

Full Substation Microgrid

Distribution Substation

GenGen

Gen

Bulk supply connection(sub-transmission)

Partial Feeder Micro-grid

Gen

Single Customer Microgrid

Feeder

Other FeedersFull Feeder

Microgrid

Full Substation Microgrid

Distribution Substation

GenGen

Residential Less than 10-kW, single-phase

Small Commercial From 10-kW to 50-kW, typically three phase

Commercial Greater than 50-kW up to 10MW

Ref. EPRI

Typical Microgrid Design and Implementation Considerations

• Large facilities looking at 1-5 microgrid(s) with existing and new generation to meet critical mission assurance needs for various durations

• Requires energy system upgrades to implement the microgrid, but often with minimal rerouting of existing distribution feeders

• Energy security and reliability can be quantified, especially with consequence modeling, – Supports return on investment decisions – Identifies best distributed energy approach and location

• Many bases considering a “critical campus” for future expansion

Current Sandia Military Microgrid  Conceptual Design Efforts

•

Army–

Ft Sill, Ft. Bliss, Ft. Belvoir, 99th

Army Guard  (Ft. Devens), Ft. 

Carson

•

Navy/Marines–

Indian Head, Camp Smith

–

PACCOM/NORTHCOM  JCTD

•

Air Force–

Maxwell, Kirtland, Vandenberg,   

and Schreiver

•

FY 11 project interest

–

Philadelphia Navy Yard, Travis 

AFB, Cannon AFB,  NAVFAC 

(Norfolk)

2010 QDR Provides Guidance on Domestic Facility Energy Security

• Defines Energy Security– “Energy security for the Department means having assured

access to reliable supplies of energy and the ability to protect and deliver sufficient energy to meet operational needs”

• Directs facilities to:– Address energy security while simultaneously enhancing

mission assurance– Conduct a coordinated energy assessment to prioritize

critical assets– Promote investments in energy efficiency– Ensure that critical assets are prepared for prolonged

outages: natural disasters, accidents, attacks

Energy Assurance = Energy Reliability, Security, Sufficient

Sandia Microgrid RDDTE Focus

• Microgrid system design and operations research and testing– Load management and control strategies– Generation resource management for individual

performance and power quality optimization– Control system cyber security – Safety requirements and systems to support grid-tied

and islanded operations• Distributed generation and energy storage

integration evaluation and modeling to support varying system energy reliability and safety needs

• Operation and aggregation of microgrids to behave as Smart Grid Nodes

Grid

480V MicrogridCenter for

Control System Security

Other Remote DER sites

Distributed Energy Resources

Various Loads

Sandia Distributed Energy and Microgrid Technology Lab