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Energy Storage Perspective

George CrabtreeDirector, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)

Argonne National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago

OutlineStorage: A Game Changer for the Grid

Thermal, Flywheel and Battery Energy StorageLi-ion Battery Technology and Beyond

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Southern Legislative ConferenceSt. Louis, MOJuly 23, 2018

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PLANESBy 2040, Norway’s

short-haul commercial flights all-electric

GRIDBatteries replace gas

generation in Aliso Canyon, California

CARS$35,000 Chevy Bolt and Tesla Model 3

with 200-mile range

NOW IS A ”STORAGE MOMENT”Batteries are expanding from personal electronics into new territory

Cost and performance goals for cars, grid and planes are more rigorous than for personal electronics

Can batteries rise to meet the challenge?

Lower costFaster charge

Longer lifeGreater safety

Lower costHigher capacity

Longer dischargeStacked uses

Lower costHigher capacity Lighter weight

Higher energy density

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A Long Horizon of Innovation

Existing Emerging Future

Personal Electronics Electric Vehicles Electricity Grid

ElectricFlight

Privateindustry

PublicPrivate

Government

Lithium-ion Advanced Lithium-ion

Beyond Lithium-ion

Time Horizon

Example

Technology

Funder

Modest Significant Disruptive Innovation

Beyond R&D, a need for New policies

New regulationsNew business models

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Storage: Game Changer for the Electricity Grid

Storage breaks the historic constraint of instantaneously balancing generation and demand

Energy Storage can be a major player in the gridPervades generation, transmission and distribution

Li-ion Batteries Installed in Grid

Jan 2017Aliso Canyon Mira

Loma, Los Angeles, CATesla, Greensmith, AES

70 MW

Dec 2017South Australia

Tesla 100 MW / 129 MWh

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Generation Transmission Distribution

Customer“behind the meter”

Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup

Replace Gas Peaker PlantsEnergy Market ArbitrageFrequency Regulation

Spinning/Non-spinning ReservesVoltage Support

Black Start

Peak Efficiency OperationCongestion Relief

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance

Demand ManagementManaging Two-Way

Current Flow

Time of UseDemand Charge

Demand ResponsePV Management

Virtual Power PlantsBack-up Power

Customized Micro-grid Services

The Grid Storage Horizon

Utility

Diverse batteries for diverse uses, beyond Li-ion

New applications require new technology, regulations and business plans

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Pumped Hydro Energy Storage

Reversible turbines70-90% round trip efficiencyRequires elevation difference

and water supply

Ludington MI363 ft elevation 2.5 sq miles 1872 MW

Operational 1973. 5th largest in US

Converts baseload nuclear to dispatchable

First use: Italy and Switzerland 1890sFirst US use: Connecticut 1930

AppealSimple, proven technologyLow cost, long lifeLong duration storage

EPA Electricity Storage https://www.epa.gov/energy/electr

icity-storage

Pumped Hydro

Battery733 MW

Thermal669 MW

Flywheel58 MW

Compressed Air 114 MW

US Electricity Storage Mar 2018

26.2 GW94%

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Storage cost alone~ $20 - $30/kWh

Thermal Energy Storagehot / cold

Water-ice-steamMolten salt

Paraffin waxConcrete, rocks

SunAir conditioning Refrigeration

Electricity

Space and water heating

Electricity

Thermal Energy Storage

Excess electricity

(night)

Thermal storagehot / cold

Space / water heating / cooling

AppealSimple, proven technologyLow basic costLong lifetimeVersatile

StatusElectricity Heating / Cooling

widely deployed Sun Electricity: demonstrationElectricity Electricity: R&D

Electricity Heating / Cooling

Electricity

ThotCharge

Discharge

Charge

Discharge

Electricity Electricity“Thermal Battery”

Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES)

Heat PumpHeat

Tcold

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Battery Energy Storage

Future large scale battery energy storage (GW)

Take-away messages10-20 applications for storage on the gridFrequency regulation most common nowRenewable integration developingPeaker plant replacement emergingPrices falling due to large EV demandLi-ion dominant but other chemistries needed

Large scale battery capacity by chemistry

Projected US large scale battery installations

Large scale battery storage installations by region (2017)

U.S. Battery Storage Market Trends, EIA, May 21, 2018.

https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/

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Li-ion Recycling – a Ripe Opportunity

Cell manufacture

Battery pack assembly

Use

Re-Use

Recycle

ElementsLi, Co, Cu

Componentsanodes, cathodes

Mining

> 99% of lead-acid batteries recycled

< 5% of Li-ion batteries recycled

Growing EV market Li-ion recycling

Relieve supply chain challenges

• Expensive Co • 40-60% from Congo• Li resource

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2017 DOE Workshop: G. Crabtree, chair,E. Takeuchi and G. Rubloff, co-chairs

https://science.energy.gov/~/media/bes/pdf/reports/2017/BRN_NGEES_rpt.pdf

An Active Field of Research

BES Workshop March 27-29, 2017

175 leading battery researchers

Five Priority Research Directions• Tune functionality of materials and

chemistries to enable holistic design for energy storage

• Link complex electronic, electrochemical, and physical phenomena across time and space

• Control and exploit the complex interphase region formed at dynamic interfaces

• Revolutionize energy storage performance through innovative assemblies of matter

• Promote self-healing and eliminate detrimental chemistries to extend lifetime and improve safety

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Focus exclusively on beyond Li-ion batteries

MaterialsComponentsIntegration

Li-O2

RedoxmerFlow

Air-Breathing Aqueous Sulfur

Multivalent Mg++

Li-Sulfur

Transformative Next Generation

Batteries

Four Prototypes

ThreeStartups

Science OutcomesSolid State Mobility of Mg2+

Decomposition Mechanisms of Multivalent Electrolytes

Redoxmers as Flow Battery Working Ions

Electrochemistry of Redoxmers

Predictive Stability of Redox Molecules

Size and charge separation membranes by design

Li-S Lean Electrolytes and Alternate Reaction Pathways

Fundamental ScienceOutcomes

JCESR at a Glance

Solid State Electrolytes

Feb 2015

Size-selective polymer membranes

Sep 2017

Inexpensive, long duration batteries

Form Energy

Mar 2016

Dec 2012-2018

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The greatest barriers to next generation batteries are fundamental understanding of the materials and phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels        (Gap Analysis ‐ first five years)

JCESR will build transformative battery materials “from the bottom up,” each atom or molecule playing a prescribed role in producing targeted macroscopic materials behavior

JCESR will advance atomic and molecular level understanding of energy storage with tightly coupled characterization, simulation and synthesis in five thrusts

A new vision of battery R&D• A diversity of batteries for a diversity of uses • Each battery meeting multiple performance metrics

(such as high energy density, fast charging and long life)

•

•

•

JCESR Renewal in Three Bullets

Molecules and chemical bonds

Lattices and crystals

Atoms

A diversity of batteries for a diversity of uses

Meeting multiple performance metrics

Solid Solvation Science

Liquid Solvation Science

Science of Materials

Complexity

FlowableRedoxmers

Charge Transder at

Dynamic Interfaces

Complexity Activity Selectivity

ReactivityStabilitySolubility

Transport

Transformative Materials and Phenomena

Bui

ld m

ater

ials

from

the

botto

m u

p

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Further Reading5 things utilities should consider for energy storage, Utility Dive, June 19, 2018https://www.utilitydive.com/news/five-things-utilities-should-consider-for-energy-storage/525948/

Economics of Clean Energy Portfolios, Rocky Mountain Institute, May 21, 2018https://www.rmi.org/news/report-release-the-economics-of-clean-energy-portfolios/

U.S. Battery Storage Market TrendsEIA, May 21, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/

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Thank you for your attention

Questions?