Upload
grace-bryan
View
214
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Renewable Energy Technologies• CA RPS-eligible renewable resources:
– Wind– Solar (concentrating thermal and photovoltaic)– Small hydro (less than 30 MW w/o new diversion)– Geothermal– Biomass, biogas (landfill gas, digester)– Fuel cell using renewable fuel– Municipal solid waste conversion using a non-
combustion thermal process – Ocean wave, ocean thermal, tidal current
Dairy Biogas-revisited• California has 1.7 million cows in 2,000 dairies
– 50% in the San Joaquin Valley
• Dairies release methane and other reactive organic gases (ROGs)
• Methane has 21 times the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of CO2
• San Joaquin Valley is a non-attainment area for air quality, which is affected by ozone created by ROGs
• Biogas scrubbed/cleaned of CO2, H2S, etc.; pressurized gas injected into pipeline
• Total market size for energy is relatively small, but large GHG reduction potential
• Transporting to cleanest, most efficient plant, produces flexible, RPS-eligible energy and GHG credits while improving local air quality
SUVSUV11 CO CO22 = 4.9 t/yr = 4.9 t/yrSUVSUV11 CO CO22 = 4.9 t/yr = 4.9 t/yr
CowCow22 CO CO22e = 4.9 t/yre = 4.9 t/yrCowCow22 CO CO22e = 4.9 t/yre = 4.9 t/yr
1 12,000 mi/yr, 25 mpg (Toyota Highlander V-6)2 manure only
1 12,000 mi/yr, 25 mpg (Toyota Highlander V-6)2 manure only
Landfill Gas
• The energy sector and the industry sector both identify landfill gas as an important issue.
• Both groups will examine the benefits and approaches to capturing landfill gas for energy supply.
• The sectors also plan to compare the benefits of landfill gas versus diverting organic compounds to composting, and capturing the methane gas for energy generation from the compost.
Pyrolysis
• Convert materials into bio-oil through the chemical process of decomposition through heating.
• Liquids produced can be further processed into fuels, pharmaceuticals and food additives. Solid residues can be used as fertilizer.
• University of Western Ontario and Agri-Therm Limited are working on a fast pyrolysis machine.
BioChar
• A type of charcoal produced from biomass, employed most commonly as a soil amendment and is essentially a form of activated carbon. Biochar is largely inert, and microbial composting action leaves charcoal largely unaffected. It is highly porous, both retaining water and providing large surface area for microbes.
• Field experiments were started in Cali, Colombia, through Cornell to study soil nutrient availability in acid soils as affected by bio-char applications. Studies are ongoing and show significant yield increases of maize, improved pasture and native savanna.
• Other biochar activity is taking place in New South Wales, University of Western Ontario, University of Georgia, and Iowa State University.
Source: Cornell University
Renewable Energy Cost TrendsLevelized cost of energy in constant 2005$1
Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2005.ppt)1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.
Illustrative Energy Procurement Costs
New Build Energy Procurement Cost ($/MWh)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Combined Cycle
Combustion Turbine
Energy Efficiency
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Solar & Emerging