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energy metabolism
AP Dr Nugroho Abikusnomedical nutritionTrisakti university
energy metabolism
bull series of processes in energy production released by macronutrients such as carbohydrates fats protein and in certain cases alcohol
bull ATP releases energy in the form of ADP and P
glycolysis
bull piruvatebull mitochondriabull acetyl CoAbull citric acid cyclebull ATPbull electron transport chainbull ADP + P ATP and water
gluconeogenesis
bull deaminationbull acetyl CoA or pyruvate
fatty acids
bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
energy metabolism
bull series of processes in energy production released by macronutrients such as carbohydrates fats protein and in certain cases alcohol
bull ATP releases energy in the form of ADP and P
glycolysis
bull piruvatebull mitochondriabull acetyl CoAbull citric acid cyclebull ATPbull electron transport chainbull ADP + P ATP and water
gluconeogenesis
bull deaminationbull acetyl CoA or pyruvate
fatty acids
bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
glycolysis
bull piruvatebull mitochondriabull acetyl CoAbull citric acid cyclebull ATPbull electron transport chainbull ADP + P ATP and water
gluconeogenesis
bull deaminationbull acetyl CoA or pyruvate
fatty acids
bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
gluconeogenesis
bull deaminationbull acetyl CoA or pyruvate
fatty acids
bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
fatty acids
bull Acetyl CoAbull beta-oxidationbull ketone bodies in access
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
regulating metabolism
bull liverbull enzymesbull ATPbull minerals
bull micronutrientsbull thiaminbull niacinbull riboflavinbull biotinbull pantothenic acidbull vitamin B6bull magnesiumbull ironbull copper
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
preserving energy
bull slowing metabolic ratebull reduction in energy requirementbull slowing gluconeogenesisbull nervous system uses less glucose and
more ketone bodiesbull accumulation of body fat
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
metabolic disorders
bull PKUbull galactosemiabull glycogen storage disease
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
carbohydratesbull table sugarbull jambull jellybull fruitsbull soft drinkbull ricebull pastabull cerealbull breadbull beans
bull lentilsbull cornbull peasbull dairy products
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
dietary fiber
bull grainsbull legumesbull tuber
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
sweeteners
bull Nutritivebull energybull alcoholbull sorbitolbull mannitolbull xylitol
bull Non nutritivebull no energybull artificialbull non or low calorie
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
glucosebull primary energy sourcebull protein sparringbull prevents ketosis
bull Fiberbull constipationbull diverticular diseasebull body weight blood glucose and
cholesterol
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
protein
bull Requirements Valine Lysine Glycine Leucine Threonine Glutamine Isoleucine Cysteine Alanine Phenylalanine Arginine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Proline Methionine Histidine
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
Uses
bull Glutamic acid - Neurotransmitterbull 1048708Tyrosine - Catecholaminesbull 1048708Tryptophan - Serotonin Niacinbull 1048708Glycine - Purines Pyrimidinesbull 1048708Cysteine - Glutathion Taurinebull 1048708Methionine - Choline Creatine
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
food proteins (MW)
bull Casein Milk 34 000 bull szlig-lactoglobulin Milk 35 000 bull Ovalbumin Eggs 44 000 bull Gluten Wheat 39 000 bull Myosin Meat 850 000
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
nitrogen balance
bull Humans cannot store excess amino acids not used for protein synthesis they must be degraded and the N eliminated in the urine
bull 1048708In adults dietary N requirements are determined by the need to replace obligatory losses
bull 1048708Once the true requirement is met the N balance will tend to remain close to zero
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
protein quality
bull Qualitybull 1048708Digestibilitybull 1048708Biological value
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
protein quality
bull QualitymdashContent of essential amino acids relative to a reference protein
bull DigestibilitymdashPercent of ingested protein that is absorbed
bull 1048708Biological valuemdashPercent of absorbed dietary protein that is retained in the body also rate of growth per g of protein consumed
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
example
bull Egg 97 100 bull Milk 95 100 bull Meat 94 100 bull Maize 85 89 bull Rice (polished) 88 93 bull Beans 78 82
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
protein content (g100g)
bull Cassava15bull Potato 20bull Cowrsquos milk 33bull Rice 70bull Eggs 130bull Lean beef 190
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
key lipid moleculesbull Chylomicronsbull minusFormed in the intestine to carry fatty
acids into the circulation after a meal is consumed
bull minusDisappear from the blood in the fasting state degraded in the liver
bull 1048708VLDbull minusTG-rich lipoprotein made in the liverbull minusReleases TG to tissues and give origin to
LDL
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
Lipids functions
bull Energy storage mobilization and utilization
bull Prostaglandin cytokine synthesisbull Cell differentiation and growthbull Cell membrane structure myelinationbull Signal transmissionbull Hormone synthesisbull Bile acid synthesis
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
Blood lipidsbull LDLbull minusCholesterol-rich lipoprotein made from
remnant VLDL carries about 70 of blood cholesterol
bull HDLbull minusMade both in liver and intestine carries
cholesterol from the periphery to the liverbull All lipoproteins are eventually captured
and degraded in the liver via a receptor system
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
in adults
bull From 20 to 35 of total calories can be derived from fat
bull 1048708Lower limit is set by altered blood lipids (1048708TG LDL)
bull 1048708Upper limit is determined by increasing risk of excess energy intake and obesity
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
fat in human diet
bull Fat is an efficient way to pack more calories in less volume and thus fat is important for feeding infants and young children
bull After the first year of life there is no particular advantage in using fat to provide calories
bull However flavor and texture of foods are highly dependent on their fat content
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
total fat
bull Infants fed breast milk consume 50 fatbull After weaning they should progressively
reach the recommended fat intake level for adults by age 8 -10
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
recommended intake
bull There is no physiological need for saturated fat however it is virtually impossible to create a healthy saturated fat-free diet
bull Thus the recommendation is to consume no more than 10 of total calories from saturated fat
bull Also some fat in the diet is needed to allow absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
recommended intake
bull Essential Fatty Acidsbull 1048708Linoleic acidmdash5-10 of total caloriesbull 1048708Alpha-Linolenic acidmdash02-12 of total
caloriesbull 1048708Diet should contain certain amount of
preformed PUFAs (DHA EPA)bull This can be achieved by consuming fatty
fish twice a week
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04
EPA deficiency
bull Clinicalbull minusDermatitisbull minusThrombocytopeniabull minusIncreased susceptibility to infectionsbull minusFailure to thrivebull minusHistory of low fat intakebull Laboratorybull minusSerum TrieneTetraene ratio gt 04