Energy Law

10 – Conservation & Efficiency

Fall 2014November 18, 2014

Alan Palmiter

Not for distribution- for study purposes only

“We already have the technology we need to take the world off the path toward dramatic climate change.”

Robert Socolow and Stephen Pacala, Stabilization Wedges (2004)Carbon Mitigation Initiative

Bill McKibben “That’s the task for our generation”

http://cmi.princeton.edu/wedges/intro.php

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Topic roadmap

1. Role of conservation & efficiency– Distinction between conservation & efficiency– Significance of conservation & efficiency– What is your carbon footprint?

2. Energy-efficient technologies– Home & buildings– Vehicles– Manufacturing– Government– Smart grid

3. Regulating conservation & efficiency – Legislation prior to 2000– Legislation since 2000

4. Future of conservation & efficiency– Evolving technology and energy efficiency

efforts

EIA, Annual Energy Review

1. Role of conservation and efficiency

http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/

Energy Intensity = energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP).

EIA, “Energy Intensity” (2013)

Conservation = consuming less energy and getting less

Efficiency = consuming less energy and getting same amount

As policy matter, which would you promote?

Efficiency vs. renewables vs. fossil fuels: Costs and risks?

Ceres, Report (Nov 2014)

(Click for video – 4.22)

(Click image for link to calculator)

What is likely to lead to you using less energy:

(1) environmental/climate concerns or (2) price incentives?

(Click for video – 4:21 )

2. Energy-efficient technologies

My house story …

(Click for video – 6:29 )

Efficiency in manufacturing and government

Optimization - Manufacturing• Biomimetic• Life cycle assessment• Standardization

Federal Energy Management Program• Analyzes energy legislation

and regulations• Helps federal agencies develop

sustainable design practices• Implements renewable energy

technology

(Click for video – 6:17 )

Energy efficiency in the home

Pros: Reduce energy costs Decline in emissions

into the atmosphere Reduce reliance on

fossil fuels Greater energy

security

Cons: Some technology is

unproven Hard to implement –

limited industry High upfront costs /

limited financing Leads to over-

consumption

1. True or false? U.S. Department of Energy is the primary federal agency responsible for deployment of energy efficiency projects.

2. Which is true – a. Buildings consume more

energy than transportation.b. Transportation represents

about 50% of total energy consumption.

c. A hybrid vehicle combines an efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that charges during acceleration.

d. Standardization in manufacturing refers to third-party assessment of product’s safety.

3. Which is false? The DOE’s FEMP …a. analyzes energy related regulations

and assists agencies with compliance.b. helps to design, operate, and

maintain high efficiency federal buildings.

c. oversees federal government water efficiency efforts and best practices implementation.

d. is responsible for measuring the GHG emissions of the large electric power utilities.

4. True or False? The U.S. has less than 5% of the world’s population, but consumes energy at 4.5x the average world per capita rate.

Pop QuizConservation and efficiency

Answers: 1-T / 2-a / 3-d / 4-T

1975 20051995 20151985

3. Conservation/efficiency – regulatory timeline

Energy Policy

& Conservation Act

(1975) – applia

nce rating / C

AFE

NAECA Amendments (1988)

National Energy P

olicy Conserva

tion Act (1978) –

standards, n

ot targets

National Applia

nce Energy Conserva

tion Act (N

AECA) (1987) –

DOE rules

Energy Policy

Act (2005) -

RFS

Energy Independence and

Security

Act (2007) –

federal

government /

light b

ulbs

Energy Policy

Act (1992) –

Integrated Resource

Plans

Public Utility

Regulatory Policy

Act (1978) –

electric r

ates reflect

costs

Conservation/efficiency legislation: Pre-2000

Energy Policy & Conservation Act (1975)• Established US petroleum reserve• Promoted conservation• Mandated vehicle fuel economy

standards

National Energy Conservation Policy Act (1978)

• Aimed to decrease reliance on non-renewable resources

• Called for increase in efficiency of energy products (i.e. vehicles and home heating)

Energy Policy Act (1992)• Improved energy efficiency standards• Increased residential energy efficiency

ratings• Promoted least cost planning among

electric utilities

Conservation/efficiency legislation: Post-2000

Energy Policy Act (2005)• Implemented metering and reporting

requirements• Facilitated energy efficient product

procurement• Formulated renewable energy / fuel

programs

Energy Independence & Security Act (2007)

• Adopted the energy reduction goals of Executive Order 13423.

• Set performance standards for new buildings and major renovations.

• FTC labeling of light bulbs, phasing out incandescent bulbs.

EISA lighting standards

1. True or false? The National Energy Policy Conservation Act was a direct response to the energy crisis of the early 1970s.

2. Which is false ? The EPA 2005 …a. required federal buildings be

metered to promote energy efficiency and reduce costs

b. required federal agencies to incorporate accepted energy efficiency criteria in operations.

c. promoted on-site renewable energy productions at federal buildings.

d. allowed federal agencies to choose dual-fueled vehicles

3. Which is true? E.O. 13423 …a. Seeks to reduce energy intensity 30%

by 2015, compared to 2003 baseline.b. Encourages manufacturers to use

alternative fuels to reduce production costs.

c. Requires renovation of federal buildings be completed using sustainability strategies, if no additional costs.

d. does not address use of chemicals or toxic materials -- its scope is limited to energy efficiency matters.

4. True or false? The Energy Policy Act of 1992 allowed, for the first time, federal agencies to keep savings from energy performance contracts.

Pop QuizConservation & efficiency – regulation

Answers: 1-T / 2-d / 3-a / 4-T

(Click for video – 1:59 )

4. Future of conservation/efficiency

“Green” smart apps

(Click for video – 2:55)

‘Built To Last’ – US decentralization and recentralization

Improving the motor vehicle network

(Click for video – 1:35)

Energy federalism

Conservation & Efficiency Federal State

Gov’t buildings Yes Yes

Gov’t transportation Yes Yes

Vehicle fuels / MPG Renewable Fuel StandardsCAFE California

Electric labeling Yes N/A

Class HypoFor each member of your group, calculate the carbon footprint of your parents – or some other “baby boomer unit” you know something about.

Then come up with a list of five (5) conservation/efficiency measures you would recommend to this “unit.”

For each recommendation, identify –(1) how much annual energy

savings your recommendation might result in, and

(2) the likelihood your identified “unit” would engage in the behavior you recommend.

Calculate the “expected annual savings per unit” from your group recommendations.

Baby Boomer parents

Class Hypo(results)

Baby Boomers Shaun 88 Andrew 56 Kees 66 Samantha 48 Alison 81 Jeb 55 Cam 66 Peter 64 Santiago 94 John 79 Hunter 64

Average 69.2

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