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ENERGY ENGINEERING
LAY OUT OF ENERGY ENGINEERING LAB
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 1
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6
14
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ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Electron wave oven 2. Softening point apparatus 3. Swelling index apparatus 4. Pensky marten closed cup apparatus 5. Saybolt viscometer 6. Redwood viscometer7. Carbon residue apparatus 8. Desiccators 9. Cloud and pour point apparatus 10. Muffle furnace 11. Distillation apparatus 12. Engler viscometer 13. Clevened open cup apparatus 14. Gas calorimeter 15. Gathering table
What is energy?
Energy is often defined as the capacity to do work. Several different forms of energy,
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 2
ENERGY ENGINEERING
such as kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, and nuclear have been defined
to explain all known natural phenomena. Energy is converted from one form to another, but it
is never created or destroyed. This principle is called the conservation of energy.
What is Energy engineering?
Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering dealing with energy efficiency, energy
services, facility management, plant engineering and alternatives energy technologies.
Chemical engineer are work n the process plant, where energy and masses are inputs.
Engineers have to find way to get product economically. So they have to play with mass and
energy so that good quality can obtain in an economical manner with minimum and efficient
use of energy. So energy engineering is very important field for chemical engineers and the lab
to this subject provide the necessary practical knowledge to us .
Equipments used in energy engineering lab:
1. Softening Point Apparatus
2. Swelling Index Apparatus
3. Carbon Residue Apparatus
4. Distillation Apparatus
5. Cleveland Open Cup Flash Point Apparatus
6. Close Cup Flash Point Apparatus (Pensky Marten’s Apparatus)
7. Saybolt Viscometer
8. Redwood Viscometer
9. Engler Viscometer
10. Aniline Point Apparatus
11. Cloud & Pour Point Apparatus
12. Solar Energy Minilab Apparatus
EQUIPMENTS DETAILS
SOFTENING POINT APPARATUS:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 3
ENERGY ENGINEERING
This apparatus is used to measure softening point of bituminous coal. Softening point is
The temperature degrees C0 at which a bitumen attains a particular degree of softness with
Reference to test conditions.
Softening point will tell us that at what
temperature the coal starts to soften. So, it will
help us to know that at what temperature
deterioration of roads started.
SWELLING INDEX APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to measure swelling index of coal.
Swelling index indicates that
how much the given amount of fuel swells after burning. It
tells us an indication of the caking
Characteristics of the coal
CARBON RESIDUE APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to find carbon residue of an oil sample. The carbon residue of a
fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert
atmosphere. High carbon residue can cause knocking and affect engine performance.
DISTILLATION APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to study the general process of distillation which is an importantmass transfer operation in industry.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 4
ENERGY ENGINEERING
CLEVELAND OPEN-CUP FLASH POINT APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to measure the flash point and fire point of an oil sample in an
open environment. The flash point of a flammable
liquid is the lowest temperature at which it
can form an ignitable mixture in air.
The fire point is defined as the temperature at
which the vapor continues to burn after
being ignited. These are important temperatures in
fuel storing.
PENSKY MARTEN’S APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to measure the flash point of an oil sample in close environment.
Also called close-cup flash point apparatus this
temperature is also important in fuel storing.
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER:
This equipment is used to study the variation of viscosity with respect to temperature.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 5
ENERGY ENGINEERING
Because viscosity is used for various design
calculations in chemical engineering.
REDWOOD VISCOMETER:
This equipment is used to study the variation of
viscosity with respect to temperature.
Because viscosity is used for various design
calculations in chemical engineering.
ENGLER VISCOMETER:
This equipment is used to study the variation of
viscosity with respect to temperature.
Because viscosity is used for various design
calculations in chemical engineering.
ANILINE POINT APPARATUS:
This apparatus is used to measure aniline pint of oil sample. Aniline point is the
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 6
ENERGY ENGINEERING
temperature at which fuel and aniline become immiscible with each other. Aniline point is
used in the determination of cetane number which tells us about the anti-knocking properties
of diesel fuel.
CLOUD & POUR POINT APPARATUS:
This equipment is used to measure cloud and pour point of oil sample. Cloud Point is the
temperature at which waxy crystals in an oil or fuel form
a cloudy appearance. The pour point can be defined as
the minimum temperature of a liquid, particularly a
lubricant, after which, on decreasing the temperature,
the liquid ceases to flow. These temperatures are
important for transportation and storage of fuels.
SOLAR ENERGY MINILAB APPARATUS:
Solar energy is energy directly from the Sun. This energy is in the form of heat and light.
This energy drives the climate, weather and
supports virtually all life on Earth. This equipment is
used to study solar energy as an environmental
friendly source of energy as other fossil fuels are
causing serious environmental problems and the
behavior of different solar cells connected in series
and parallel arrangements.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
To determine the softening point of bituminous pitch.
APPARATUS:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 7
ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Ring and ball apparatus 2. Two brass rings 3. Two steel balls 4. Thermometer 5. Glass beaker 6. Stirrer
CHEMICAL:
1. Water 2. Bituminous pitch
THEORY:
The Softening Point of bituminous pitch is the temperature at which the substance attains
particular degree of softening. Or it also the temperature in ºC at which a standard ball passes
through a sample of bituminous pitch in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5 cm, when
heated under water at specified conditions of test. The binder should have sufficient fluidity
before its applications in road uses. The determination of softening point helps to know the
temperature up to which a bituminous binder should be heated for various road use
applications. Softening point is determined by different method like
1. Ring and ball apparatus 2. Cube in water method 3. Cube in air method 4. Mettler softening point method 5. Mettler cup and ball method
Softening point indicates the temperature at which binders possess the same viscosity.
Bituminous materials do not have a melting point. Rather, the change of state from solid to
liquid is gradual over a wide range of temperature. Softening point has particular significance
for materials to be used as joint and crack fillers. Higher softening point ensures that they will
not flow during service. Higher the softening point, lesser the temperature susceptibility.
Bituminous pitch with higher softening point is preferred in warmer places.
PROCEDURE:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 8
ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Preparation of test sample: Heat the material to a temperature between 75-100° C above its softening point stir until, it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water. Place the rings previously heated to a temperature approximating to that of the molten material. After cooling for 30 minutes in air, level the material in the ring by removing the excess material.
2. Fill the bath with distilled water to a height of 50mm above the upper surface of the rings. The starting temperature should be 5° C.
3. Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that the temperature rises at a uniform rate of 5 ± 0.5 °C per minute.
4. As the temperature increases the bituminous pitch softens and the balls sink through the rings carrying a portion of the material with it.
5. Note the temperature when any of the steel balls with bituminous coating touches the bottom plate.
6. Record the temperature when the second ball touches the bottom plate.
7. The average of the two readings to the nearest 0.5°C is reported as softening point.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Distilled water should be used as the heating medium.
2. During the conduct of test the apparatus should not be subjected to vibrations.
3. The bulb of the thermometer should be at about the same level as the rings.
COMMENT:
Softening point of our sample was 660 c that is near under the range of asphalt 55 to 65
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
To determine the softening point of bituminous pitch.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 9
ENERGY ENGINEERING
OBSERVATIONS:
Temperature when the ball touches bottom, °C
1 2
660c 660c
Mean temperature = 66 0c
RESULT:
Softening point of bituminous pitch. = 66 °C
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Test method for swelling index of coal
APPARATUS:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 10
ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Crucible with lid 2. A burner assembly 3. Stand 4. Tongue
SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS:
Coal in powder form
THEORY:
Swelling index helps us to understand the swelling properties of coal. Swelling index is a very simple and use full test it denotes the caking properties of the coal. in this test the coal is heated when the flame from burning volatile matter has died out the crucible is cooled and the coke button ids removed the shape and the size of the coke button is compared with the standard coke number from 1 to 9 at interval of 0.5 ( 1, 1.5, 2 2.5, 3, ..….8.5, 9) this is called a swelling index or the swelling number of coal which is the number of standard profile most nearly corresponding to the coke button obtained under the test. These profile are shown in the figure
Standard profile of coke button
The higher the swelling number, the better the caking and swelling properties the limitation is imposed by the by the maximum possible number 9 and have the high swelling index and can not be differentiate from one another
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh 1gm of coal sample and taken into crucible .
2. Level the crucible by slightly tapping on solid surface.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 11
ENERGY ENGINEERING
3. Covered the crucible by lid and placed it upright in the draft shield, directly on gas
flame.
4. Heated the covered crucible for 15 minute until all the volatile matter may burn out.
5. Remove the coke button carefully and also removed the carbon residue remain in the
crucible.
6. By weighing the coke button through site tube and comparing it with standard profile.
OBSERVATION
In my experiment the swelling index number is 1.5 by comparing it with standard profile
COMMENT:
The profile in my experiment was of 1.5 that represent the the sample has less caking properties
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
To determine the amount of carbon residue in the given sample of oil.
APPARATUS:
1. Porcelain Crucible
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 12
ENERGY ENGINEERING
2. Skidmore Crucible
3. Chimney wire Support
4. Sand Bath
5. Tongs
6. Tripod stand
7. Bunsen burner
SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS:
Oil sample
THEORY:
Some of the Lubricating oils contain high percentage of carbon in combined form. On heating the decompose deposits a certain amount of carbon, the deposits of such carbon in the machine is intolerable. Particularly in Internal combustion engines and air compressors. A good lubricant should deposit least amount of carbon in use.The percent of coked material remaining after a sample of lubricating oil has been exposed to high temperatures is called carbon residue. Percentage of the weight of the original sample is expressed as result. As far as the affect of residue on performance, one opinion is that the type of carbon is of greater importance than the quantity. Since compounded oils contain metallic additives that generally leave a residue, other testing should be done to also identify the type of residue rather than just the amount. The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere.
It may be expressed as:
1. Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR).
2. Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR).
3. Micro Carbon Residue (MCR).
Numerically, the CCR value is the same as that of MCR. The carbon residue value is
considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit
forming tendencies of the fuel. It is problematic if greater than 20%.It straight run fuel if 10
to12 %.It is average if 15 to16%.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 13
ENERGY ENGINEERING
SIGNIFICANCE:
The significance of carbon residue is that fuel with high carbon residue content may cause
increased fouling of gas ways in the engine necessitating more frequent cleaning.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight approximately one gram of oil sample free of moisture and suspend material
in crucible.
2. Place this crucible in the center of skid more crucible Level the sand in sand bath and
set skid more crucible on triangle in the exact center of the sand bath.
3. Apply covers to both skid more and porcelain air crucible. The cover must have the
arrangement for the free exist of vapors as they are formed.
4. Heat with a strong flame from gas burner so that free ignition occurs in 10 minutes
and a blue flame appears above the alimony immediately.
5. Move or tie the burner so that the gas flame plays on the sides of the chimney for the
purpose of igniting the vapors. When the vapors cease to burn and no further blue
smoke can be observed. Read just the burner and increase the heat so that sand bath
sheet is cherry red and maintain for exactly seven minutes. Total period of heating
shell be in the range of 30 to 32 approximately.
6. Remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool until no smoke appear and then
remove the cover of skid more crucible.
7. Take out the porcelain with tongs place in desiccators. Cool and weigh the crucible.
Calculate the percentage of carbon residue in the original sample.
OBSERVATION / CALCULATION:
Weight of oil initially taken = 1.01 g
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 14
ENERGY ENGINEERING
Weight of empty crucible = 16.30 g
Weight of residue + crucible = 16.35 g
Weight of residue = 0.05 g
% of carbon residue = 0.05/ 1.01× 100 = 4.95 %
RESULT:
The Conradson carbon residue in the given sample is 4.95 %
Ramsbottom carbon residue in the given sample is 0 .0495 × 0.8 = 3.96 %
COMMENTS:
Carbon residue is an important value for the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the
measurements in a crude oil assay. More carbon residue in oil can cause problems in the
internal combustion engine of vehicles.
Reference:
www.Indiastudychannal.com
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Determination of flash point of given sample of fuel by pensky martin closed cup tester
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 15
ENERGY ENGINEERING
APPARATUS:
1. Pensky martin closed cup apparatus
2. Thermometer or thermocouple
SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS:
Unknown fuel oil sample
THEORY:
The flash point of a volatile liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form
an ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a liquid's flash point requires an ignition source. At the
flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.
The mechanism involved in the flash point is …
Every liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature. As the
temperature increases, the vapour pressure increases. As the vapour pressure increases, the
concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature
determines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air. Each flammable
liquid requires a different concentration of its vapour in air to sustain combustion. The flash
point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough
flammable vapour to ignite when an ignition source is applied
There are two types of closed cup testers
Non-equilibrium Equilibrium
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the apparatus and provide the electrical power to the heater.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 16
ENERGY ENGINEERING
2. Fill the cup with the fuel to be tested up to the filling mark.
3. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer and also the stirrer, to stir it.
4. Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature increase,
recorded by the thermometer is approximate 5oC per minute.
5. Apply the continuous stirring
6. Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the time
the flash occurs.
OBSERVATION:
Comments:
the flash point of sample is fall under the range of diesel so the provided sample was diesel and flash point has a meaning purpose in storing the fuel.
Result:
The flash point of the given sample is 540c
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 17
Temperature at which flash is appeared 540c
ENERGY ENGINEERING
Study the effect of temperature on viscosity of oil sample and plot its profile using redwood
viscometer
APPARATUS:
Redwood viscometer ( consisting of inner cylinder , ball valve, and paddle mixer
etc…)
Conical flask 50 ml
Thermometer
Electrical heating source
THEORY:
The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as
Dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Dynamic or absolute viscosity
Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid.
Usually measure in centipoises (cP)
Kinematic Viscosity
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 18
ENERGY ENGINEERING
It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with its mass density
ν = μ / ρ unit for kinematics viscosity is centistokes cST
Redwood Seconds to centistokes is given by the formula:
Centistokes (cSt) = 0.260t - (0.0188/t)
Where t is the time in Redwood Seconds
The viscosity of a fluid is highly temperature dependent and for either dynamic or kinematic
viscosity to be meaningful.
For a liquid - the kinematic viscosity will decrease with higher temperature
For a gas - the kinematic viscosity will increase with higher temperature
PROCEDURE:
1. The inner cylinder is filled to the marker level and the outer cylinder filled so as to have
sufficient height to give good heat transfer.
2. The surrounding water is heated with an electrical heating coil. Heat is transferred to
the inner cylinder by rotation of the blades of the agitator.
3. The first reading is taken by removing the stopper from the orifice. The recorded
values were the water and test liquid temperatures and the time to collect 50ml of the
liquid being recorded. Both the beginning and end temperatures are noted.
4. The collected 50cc of liquid must be put back into the inner cylinder and the used
cylinder inverted to empty completely.
5. The level of the sample is checked as, if more of the liquid is needed it would be added.
The temperature is then raised and the agitator is used again continuously
6. The same parameters were again measured. This procedure is repeated for 5 times (at
least).
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 19
ENERGY ENGINEERING
SR. # Time to fill 50 ml conical flask (s) Redwood second
Temperature ( 0C ) Kinematics viscosity ( cST ) cSt = 0.260t - (0.0188/t)
1 59 26 15.33
2 48 30 12.47
3 40 34 10.39
4 33 38 8.31
5 27 42 6.23
6 20 46 4.15
25 30 35 40 45 500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
59
48
40
32
24
16
f(x) = − 2.10714285714286 x + 112.357142857143
redwood sec Vs temperature
Temperaure ( 0 C )
Redw
ood second
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 20
ENERGY ENGINEERING
25 30 35 40 45 500
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15.33
12.47
10.39
8.31
6.23
4.15
f(x) = − 0.547857142857143 x + 29.2028571428571
kinematic viscosity V s temperature
Temperaature ( 0 C )
kine
mati
cs viscosity
( cST )
COMMENT:
Viscosity have the linear and inverse relation with temperature
RESULT:
The viscosity of the liquids highly dependent on temperature and the viscosity ids get lowered by increasing the
temperature
Viscosity α 1
temperature
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 21
ENERGY ENGINEERING
To find the flash and fire point of petroleum product by clevened open cup tester.
APPARATUS;
Clevened Open Cup Apparatus - This apparatus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame applicator, heater, and supports.
Thermo couple attach to the open cup tester SAMPLE UNDER ANALYSIS: Unknown oil sample
THEORY:
Flash point (FP) temperature is the lowest temperature where a fuel will give off sufficient vapors for ignition under ambient conditions. It is an estimate of the lower flammability limit.
While the fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.
The flash point is just one flammability characteristic that is used to assess the hazadous
nature of a material. A low flash point can be indicative of the presence of highly volatile
materials in the fluid. The fire point is used to assess the risk of the materials ability to
support combustion. These values can also affect how the fluid may be shipped, stored, and
discarded. In general the fire points are about 10ºC higher than the flash point.
The flash point is often used as a descriptive characteristic of liquid fuel, and it is also used
to help characterize the fire hazards of liquids. “Flash point” refers to both flammable
liquids and combustible liquids. There are various standards for defining each term.
In an open cup tester the flash and fire point are determined in an open crucible when a
test flame is applied periodically applied at the surfaces.
PROCEDURE:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 22
ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Fill the cup at any convenient temperature so that the top of meniscus is exactly at
the filling line. light the test flame and adjust it to the size of the comparison head
on the apparatus.
2. Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperature rise is more approx 14-17 C /
min. When the sample temperature is approximately 56 C below the anticipated
flash point decrease the heat so that the rate of temperature rise is 5 - 6 C / min.
3. Starting at least 28 C below flash point apply test flame across the center of cup
with a smooth continuous motion.
4. Record as the observed flash point the temperature is observed on the automatic
digital clevened cup apparatus. When a flash appears at any point on the surface of
the oil sample but does not confuse the true flash with the bluish halo that some
times surrounds the test flame.
5. Continue heating to determine the fire point so that the sample temperature
increases at a rate of 5 - 6 C / min. Continue the application of the test flame at 2
C interval until the oil sample ignites and continues to burn at least 5 seconds.
6. Record the temperature at this point as the observed fire point of the oil sample.
7. Put the glass plate on the cup to stop the ignition.
OBSERVATION:
Temperature at which flash is appeared 1020CTemperature at which firing start 1080C
COMMENT:
The flash point of provided sample was 102 and fire point 108 that might be mixer of fuel I think it was diesel and kerosene oil
RESULT:
The flash point is 1020 c and fire point is 1080C
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 23
ENERGY ENGINEERING
Study the effect of temperature on viscosity of oil sample and plot its profile using
engler viscometer
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Engler viscometer
Timing device
Conical flask 100 ml
Thermometer
Round burner
SAMPLE UNDER ANALYSIS:
Unknown oil sample
THEORY:
The viscosity is the fluid resistance to shear or flow and is a measure of the adhesive/cohesive or frictional fluid property. The resistance is caused by intermolecular friction exerted when layers of fluids attempt to slide by one another. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
There are two related measures of fluid viscosity - known as
Dynamic (or absolute) and kinematic viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity
Dynamic or absolute viscosity
Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid.
Usually measure in centipoises (cP)
Kinematic Viscosity
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 24
ENERGY ENGINEERING
It is the ratio of absolute or dynamic viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a fluid with its mass density
ν = μ / ρ
unit for kinematics viscosity is centistokes cST
conversion ????FORMULA
1) ν =0 .076t – (0.04/t)
where ν = kinematic viscosity (centistokes)
procedure
1. The inner cylinder is filled to the marker level and the outer cylinder filled so as to have
sufficient height to give good heat transfer.
2. The oil sample is heated by the ring burner and provide the constant heating
3. The first reading is taken by removing the stopper from the orifice. Record the time to
fill The 100cc conical flask and note the temperature
4. The orifice is closed again and the sample was refilled into the cup.
5. The same parameters were again measured. This procedure is repeated for 5 times (at
least).
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 25
ENERGY ENGINEERING
SR. # Time to fill 100 ml conical flask (s) Engler degree
Temperature ( 0C ) Kinematics viscosity ( cST )V = 0.076t – 0.04/t
1 57 27 4.33
2 45 30 3.473 44 34 3.33
4 43 40 3.25
5 42 44 3.18
6 41 48 3.10
27 30 34 40 44 480
10
20
30
40
50
60 27; 57
30; 45 34; 44 40; 43 44; 42 48; 41
temperature Vs Engler degree
Temperature 0c
Degree
Engler (s)
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 26
ENERGY ENGINEERING
27 30 34 40 44 480
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
527; 4.33
30; 3.47 34; 3.33 40; 3.25 44; 3.18 48; 3.1
Temperature Vs Kinematics viscosity
Temperature ( 0 c )
kine
mati
cs viscosity
(ct)
COMMENT:
Viscosity has the linear and inverse relation with temperature for liquids
RESULT:
The viscosity of the liquids highly dependent on temperature and the viscosity get lowered by increasing the
temperature
Viscosity α 1
temperature
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 27
ENERGY ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO 8
EXPERIMENT NO 8
To determine the Cloud point and pour point of the given oil sample.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Cloud and pour point apparatus,
Thermometer,
Ice crystals.
SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS
Coconut oil
THEORY
The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely soluble, precipitating as a second phase giving the fluid a cloudy appearance. This term is relevant to several applications with different consequences.
Also, the pour point can be defined as the lowest temperature expressed in multiples of 3ºC at which the oil is observed to flow when cooled and examined under prescribed conditions.
Cloud point and pour point are indicators of the lowest temperature of utility for petroleum products. Cloud Point gives a rough idea of temperature above which the oil can be safely handled without any fear of congealing or filter clogging. The sample is periodically examined while it is being cooled in the cloud and pour point apparatus. The highest temperature at which haziness is observed (cloud point), or the lowest temperature at which the oil ceased to flow is observed (pour point), is reported as the test result.
The cold filter plugging point test is used to determine the extent to which diesel fuel or gas oil will flow, even though the temperature is below that at which wax crystals normally appear, i.e. cloud point.
Pour point is a well established test to estimate the temperature at which a sample of oil becomes sufficiently solid to prevent its movement by pumping. The pour point indicates the waxy nature of the oils.
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 28
ENERGY ENGINEERING
PROCEDURE
1. Heat the oil sample and allow it to melt. 2. After melting Pour point is measured by pouring the test sample directly into a test
jar. 3. The sample is then cooled and then inspected for pour point at which oil will
observe to flow4. The test sample is first poured into a test jar to a level approximately half full. 5. A cork carrying the test thermometer is used to close the jar. The thermometer
bulb is positioned to rest at the bottom of the jar. 6. The entire test subject is then placed in a constant temperature cooling bath on
top of a gasket to prevent excessive cooling.7. At every 1°C, the sample is taken out and inspected for cloud then quickly replaced.
RESULT
The pour point of the given sample was found to be 12 0C.
The cloud point of the given sample was found to be 8 0C
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 29
ENERGY ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT NO 9
To determine the aniline point of the given oil sample.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Aniline Point apparatus,
Thermometer
Gas burner
SUBSTANCE UNDER ANALYSIS
Diesel
Aniline
THEORY
Aniline is a poor solvent for aliphatic hydrocarbons and excellent one for aromatics. This property is used in the aniline point test. Aniline point of oil is the lowest temperature at which the oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of aniline.
Equal volumes of the sample and aniline (5 ml each) are heated or cooled with stirring in a jacketed test tube and temperature at which complete miscibility occurs is noted.
High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor
Diesel index is an indication of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel. This is determined by calculation from the specific gravity and the aniline point of the sample. Although it is of the same order as the cetane number, it may differ widely from the cetane number. Higher the diesel index better is the ignition quality of the diesel fuel. It is normally used as a guide to ignition quality of the diesel fuel in the absence of test engine for the direct measurement of cetane number.
The diesel index is calculated as follows:
Diesel index = (Aniline point0F ×0API)/100
PROCEDURE:
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 30
ENERGY ENGINEERING
1. Dry and clean the apparatus
2. 10ml of aniline and 10ml of the sample fill into the test tube fitted with stirrer and thermometer.
3. The thermometer in the test tube was centered to make the immersion mark at the liquid level; it is assured that the thermometer bulb does not touch the side of the tube.
4. In the case of not mixing of aniline-sample at normal temperature, heat is applied directly to the jacket tube so that the temperature raised at a rate of 1-3ºc/min till complete miscibility was obtained.
5. Stirring is continued and the mixture is allowed to cool at a rate of 0.5 to 1ºc/min.
6. Cooling is continued to a temperature of 1 to 2ºc below the first appearance of turbidity.
7. The temperature at which the mixture suddenly miscible throughout is recorded as the aniline point.
RESULTS AND CALCULATION
The aniline point was of the diesel sample was 88 0c
Density of the diesel = 0.8 g/cm3 Density of water = 1 g/cm3
Specific gravity of diesel = 0.8/1 = 0.8
0API= 141.5/0.8 – 131.5 = 45.375
Diesel index = 0API * A.P = 45.375 * 88 = 3993
Diesel index = 3993
M. Zahid Hussain 2009-ch-43 Chemical Engineering UET, Lahore 31