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Helmut Krapmeier presentation in conference "Live Wise: Energy-efficient buidings, development models" March 17th 2011, Tallinn Estonia.
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Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Energy Efficient Buildings history – lesson learned – developments
Examples from Austria
Helmut Krapmeier, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Architect
2 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Estonia Vorarlberg
4.600 km on the road
3.300 km straight line
1.000 kg CO2 emission
Average Indian person:
900 kg CO2 per year!
Average Austrian person:
8.000 kg CO2 per year
Average Estonian person:
13.000 kg CO2 per year
Source: wikipedia
3 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Austria is a small country in Europe
4 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Vorarlberg is a very small province of Austria
5 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Vorarlberg Second smallest province
370.000 inhabitants
38 m² living area per person
34,000 kWh PE* Consumption/(p.a)
5,500 Watt PE * permanent per person
6 tons C02 per person per year
85,000 buildings in total
60,000 existing domestic houses
1,000 new homes per year
80 architectural offices
50 technical offices
60 contractors/developers
1,500 craftmen workshops
* PE = primary energy Quelle: Vorarlberg Tourismus; Fotocredits: Thorbecke Luftbild
6 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Schwarzenberg im Sommer
Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Franz Oberhauser, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 7
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Schwarzenberg im Winter
Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Franz Oberhauser, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 8
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Schwarzenberg - Häuser
Schwarzenberg, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Peter Mathis, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 9
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Rheintalhaus
Rheintalhaus, Fotocredits: Gruppe S.F.&H, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 10
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Schwarzenberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 11
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Gasthaus Bregenzerwald
Gasthaus, Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Hans Wiesenhofer, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 12
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Stube im Montafon
Montafion, Fotocredits: Harald Peter, Archiv Vorarlberg Tourismus Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 13
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Christof Linng: Alt und Neu
Quelle: Tourismusbüro Bregenzerwald, Fotocredits: Christof Linng
Alte und neue Häuser
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 14
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Haus Innfeld, Schwarzenberg, Architekten: Dietrich/Untertrifaller, Holzbau Fetz,
Haus Innfeld, Schwarzenberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 15
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 16
Apartment houses, Architects: Baumschlager – Eberle, Fotocredits: B-E
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Panorama Bregenz – Swiss Mountains
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 17
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
World population and crude oil usage
Quelle: Architektenkammer, „Energiegerechtes Bauen und Modernisieren“
Billons people
18 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
World population and crude oil usage
Quelle: Architektenkammer, „Energiegerechtes Bauen und Modernisieren“
Billons people
In Asia and Africa
* die Sumerians (about 4000-3000 B.C. - 2004 B.C. in Mesopotamia)
* Elam (about 3500 B.C. until 600 B.C. in Iran)
* Ägypten (about 3150 B.C. until 395 A.D.)
* Indus- or Harappa-culture (ca. 2800 B.C. until 1800 B.C. in India)
* China (ca. 2200 B.C. until about. 1800 B.C.)
* Oasis- or Oxus-culture (ca. 2200 B.C. until 1700 B.C. in Central Asia)
In America
* town Caral in Peru (about 2627 B.C.)
* Olmeks (ca. 1500 B.C. until 400 B.C. in Mexico)
19 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
World population and crude oil usage
5000 years 5000 years
Quelle: Architektenkammer, „Energiegerechtes Bauen und Modernisieren“
20 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Billons people
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
The World's Primary Energy Consumption
Quelle: IEA World energy outlook 2008
25%
34%
22%
5%
14%
coal
oil
gas
nuclear
renewables
21 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Oil rig TRANSOCEAN desaster 1
EIV E-A.1 14a 05/10 Source: IPCC WG1-AR4 Author: EIV - kra April 20th 2010: oil rig „Deepwater Horizon“ owned by „Transocean“ explodes and sinks April 22nd
22 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Nuclear power stations are safe!
Quelle: Internet; Stern.de; Abruf 2011-03-12
Nuclear power station Fukushima, Japan, explosion on 2011-03-11
23 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Primary Power / energy consumption per head
Source: according to [IEA] Author: PHI / PHD
Watt
/ h
ea
d
Country
kilo
watt h
ours
/ h
ead
Estonia
24 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Economics and building industry
ca. 50% of the total capital costs of the devoloped countries are tied
up for housing
ca. 50% of all raw materials are used for buildings
ca. 55% of the waste comes from buildings in Germany (184,9 Mio. t
per year)
ca. 50% of the total energy consumption is used for the production
and transport of building materials, for the construction process, for
the current consumption, for demolition and for disposals
Quelle: Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt; Sabine Dschahanschah; Tri Alpe Adria März 2011
25 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Final energy consumption CH since 1910
Quelle:Bundesamt für Energie BFE, Juni 2010
Buckminster Fuller
1951
“Hobby” 1955
26 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
The best solutions for spaceship Earth
Quelle: Internet, Google 7.9.2005
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 27
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
The best solutions for spaceship Earth
Source: Internet, Google 7.9.2005
In 1951, R. Buckminster Fuller
(1895-1983) wrote:
Fossil fuel deposits … must be
conserved … the life-
regenerating processes
exclusively from the power of
the wind, water and the
radiation energy of the sun.
(p. 110 ff)
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 28
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
How will we be living in 20 years time?
Quelle: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 29
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1955: fossil energy sources are no solution
Quelle: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 30
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1955: fossil energy sources are no solution
Source: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
… 82% derive from the vast
reservoir that Nature has
deposited over the course of
millions of years. …
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 31
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1955: fossil energy sources are no soluiton
Quelle: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
We are now consuming in a
single year about as much
energy as Nature has
deposited over a period of 5
million years
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 32
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1955: fossil energy sources are no solution
Quelle: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
Seldom has an
inherited fortune been
so wastefully
misspent! Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 33
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1955: fossil energy sources are no solution
Source: hobby, das Magazin der Technik, Juli und November 1955
…one can see that the time
when the crude oil, coal and
natural gas deposits are
exhausted is approaching with
the relentlessness of a death-
watch beetle. …
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 34
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1958: houses of today and tomorrow
Quelle: Populäre Mechanik, Nr. 30, 1958, Seite 114 ff
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 35
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
1958: solar heating system is easy
Quelle: Populäre Mechanik, Nr. 30, 1958, Seite 114 ff
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 36
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Final energy consumption CH since 1910
Quelle:Bundesamt für Energie BFE, Juni 2010
energy crisis 1973
energy crisis 1979
37 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
United Kingdom Oil
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
Dis
co
ve
ry G
b
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Pro
du
cti
on
kb
/d
38 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Norway Oil
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
Dis
co
ve
ry G
b
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Pro
du
cti
on
kb
/d
39 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Energy Crisis ?
40
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Final energy consumption CH since 1910
Quelle:Bundesamt für Energie BFE, Juni 2010
energy crisis 1973
energy crisis 1979
41 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lessons learned 1: windows
• moisture and mould
• Up to 30% proportion of Frames
• Avoid “loophole look”
• Daylight losses
• Masterplan instead of quick fix
42 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Europa is not California
Quelle: Brockhaus
San Francisco 37° 49„ N
Bregenz 47° 27„ N
Quelle: Krapmeier, Bild: Brockhaus
Tallinn 59° 26„ N
43 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 2: Europe is not California
44 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 2: Europe is not California
Quelle: Privatbibliothek Krapmeier
Literatur aus den 70er Jahren,
45 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Adobe architecture – California
Quelle: Home Sweet Dome, 1978, Fricke Verlag
Lehmhaus Architektur der 70er Jahre,
46 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Solar houses for everyone, everywhere?
Quelle: David Pearson, The natural house book, Gaia books
„Wer im Glashaus sitzt ...“
47 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
48 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Private House in Germany; Arch. Thomas Herzog; about 1985
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
49 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
„Öko-Partner Haus“ Demonstration House in D-Munich; open to the public from ca. 1989–1995
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
50 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
„Demonstration House in D-Stuttgart; open to the public from ca. 1991–1995; Arch. Syskowic
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
51 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
„Demonstration House in D-Stuttgart; open to the public from ca. 1991–1995; Arch.
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Solar Horror
Picture Show
CD1 Bild 19 + 20
52 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
„Demonstration House in NL-Amsterdam; open to the public from ca. 1993–??; Arch.: ??
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
53 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Living in the cold climate in the alps
Grundprinzip: Zwiebelhülle, thermische Zonen, Pufferräume Quelle: „Sol Power“Sophia und Stefan Behling, Prestel Verlag, S. 49
54 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Living: high density, south orientated, traditionel
Links: Dorf in Reristal, Hoher Atlas, Marokko, rechts: Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien Quelle: Yann Arthus Bertrand: Die Welt von oben, Geo Verlag
55 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
total living - USA
Quelle:
(kra) Amerika, das Land der Einfamilienhäuser; „my home is my castle“, Vorbild Rheintal? Quelle: „Sol Power“Sophia und Stefan Behling, Prestel Verlag, S. 172
56 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Total living? Appropriate living?
Quelle:
(kra) links: Siedlung Brondby/Dänemark; rechts: Miami, Florida/USA Quelle: Yann Arthus Bertrand: Die Welt von oben, Geo Verlag
57 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Priene: Griechenland 4.Jht. v. Chr.
-
58 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 3: less is more
Quelle: Privatbibliothek Krapmeier
What you do not loose, you do not have to work for
Philips-low energy house
measured: 1975 - 1978
U – wall = 0.17 W/(m²K)
U – roof = 0.23 W/(m²K)
U – floor = 0.30 W/(m²K)
U – window = 1.90 W/(m²K)
heating demand:
3,200 kWh/a for 116 m²
= 27 kWh/(m²WNF*a)
59 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Konventionelles
Haus
Haus gut dämmen Luftdichte
Gebäudehülle
Quelle: eigene Gestaltung kra
Development from normal to passiv
0
15
30
60
80
100
120
Building code Low Energy House Passivehouse
Houses with different energetical standards
En
erg
ies
[k
Wh
/m²∙
a]
Roof, walls,
windows,
doors,
floors to
unheated
Ventilation
Internal
heating gains
Solar gains
Heating
demand
Heat recvering
from ventilation
Thermal bridges
60
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 4: total energy is important
Quelle: Privatbibliothek Krapmeier
What you do not loose, you do not have to work for
61 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
The present-day system is incredibly inefficient
From primary energy to useful energy, a total of 47% is lost.
Primary energy Final energy Useful energy
100%
53%
Losses Losses
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
2.000 Watt society D 0216 - SIA efficiency track Switzerland (manifesto: „Energie – Schweiz“)
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
2.000 Watt society D 0216 - SIA efficiency track Switzerland (manifesto: „Energie – Schweiz“)
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
2.000 Watt society D 0216 - SIA efficiency track Switzerland (manifesto: „Energie – Schweiz“)
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Targets for sustainable development
• 1 ton of CO2-emissions per person,
500 W max. fossile fuels;
1,500 W renewables without any CO2-emissions
• About 2,000 Watt per person (17'500 kWh/a) primary energy,
for the devolopment of a society and for reasonable affluence
• about 600 Watt per person (110 kWh/m2·a) for living in houses,
150 W max. fossile fuels,
450 W renewables without any CO2-emissions
Energy standards and their effects to the enviroment
Quelle: Mark Zimmermann, EMPA; 2007
65
Folie 66
11. Internationale Passivhaustagung, Bregenz, 13.-14. April 2007
Energy standards and their
effects to the enviroment
Pri
ma
ry e
ne
rgy d
em
an
d in
MJ
/m2 E
BF
heating Warm water electricity building retrofit
Energy efficiency in buildings: from 150 to 15 kWh/(m².a) resp. From
15 to 1,5 litres oil for comfortable temperatures in your house
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
SIA380/1 Passivhaus CH Ø
limit:
600 Watt
Folie 67
11. Internationale Passivhaustagung, Bregenz, 13.-14. April 2007
Energy standards and their
effects to the enviroment
Pri
ma
ry e
ne
rgy d
em
an
d in
MJ
/m2 E
BF
heating Warm water electricity building retrofit
Energy efficiency in buildings: from 150 to 15 kWh/(m².a) resp. From
15 to 1,5 litres oil for comfortable temperatures in your house
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
SIA380/1 Passivhaus CH Ø
limit:
600 Watt
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 5: there is more than energy
Healthy building
materials
Healthy climate
indoors
Fresh air
Daylight and sun
Quietness living
Barrier free living
Thermal comfort
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 68
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
klima:aktiv haus – focal points
max. 120
max. 600
max. 160
max. 120
klima:aktiv criterias - distribution
A Planung und Ausführung B Energie und Versorgung
C Baustoffe und Konstruktion D Komfort und Raumluftqualität
Planning and workmanship
max. 120 points
Energy and supply
max. 600 points
Building materials, construction
max. 160 points
Healthiness and comfort
max. 120 points
klima:aktiv Haus > 700 points,
klima:aktiv Passivhaus > 900 points
Vorarlberg 2050
Energieautonom
autonomous by energy
Stock taking – status quo in A-Vorarlberg
0.6 m²/p thermal solar collectors
0.2 m²/p photovoltaic solar collectors
60% …. energy efficient (JAZ >4,0) heat pumps
20% …. biomass heating systems for dwellings
15% …. of new houses according to „almost nearly 0-energy houses
> highest density of Passiv Haus in Europe
100% advisory centers; 30,000 consultations
> highest rate of energy efficiency measures in municipalities
> highest rate of bicycling in Austria
> Highest rate worlwide of electric cars and electric pedelecs,
Yet still a long way to go
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Lesson learned 6: success by networks
72 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Building construction
subsidy
Consultancy and
information
Public relations
Planners and
craftsmen
Energy concept and
political will
Local authority
activities
Engaged clients
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Single Family Passive-House in A - Satteins
Architekt: Walter Unterrainer
73
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
CEPHEUS: Multi-storeyed houses in A - Hallein
Bauherr: Experta Wohnbau, Architekt: Otmar Essl
74
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Bauherr: private Errichtergemeinschaft, Architekt: Gerhard Zweier
CEPHEUS: 8 flats in A –Wolfurt
75
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
1995
Quelle: Planungsbüro Schmitz Aachen Bundesarchitektenkammer mit Förderung des BMU/UBA, Fortbildung C02-Reduktion 1995
Modernising Energy Standards
76
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Before
Quelle: Architekt Schulze-Darup, 7. europäische Passivhaustagung 2003, Hamburg
over
200
kWh
m²a
Investment for total
renovation:
530 €/m² living space
Incl. VAT
Incl. solar, incl. everything
26 kWh/m²a
85%
With
Energy
Effici-
ency
• Thermal insulation roof
• Thermal insulation walls
• Passive-House windows
• Ventilation with heat recovery
• Brennwertgerät
• Solar collectors for dhw.
After
77
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Helmut Kuess
Faktor 10 Sanierung mit Passivhauskomponenten der Wohnanlage der VOGEWOSI in Dornbirn-Fussenau
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 78
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Helmut Kuess
Faktor 10 Sanierung mit Passivhauskomponenten der Wohnanlage der VOGEWOSI in Dornbirn-Fussenau
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 79
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Architekt: Helmut Kuess Fotograf: Robert Fessler
Faktor 10 Sanierung mit Passivhauskomponenten der Wohnanlage der VOGEWOSI in Dornbirn-Fussenau
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 80
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Volksschule/grammar school Mähdle, Austria-Wolfurt, Arch. Gerhard Zweier
Faktor 10 retrofit – Passivhaus components, Herbst 2010; Fotocredits: H. Krapmeier Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 81
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Examples of e5 architecture:
e European
e excellent
e ecological
e energy efficient
e economical
82 Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Wohnen, Arbeiten, Übernachten, Spielen, Lernen,
Einkaufen und Beten im Passivhausstandard
living, working, sleeping, playing, learning, shopping
and even praying with Passive House Standards
83
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn
Feel comfortable with the
Passive House Standard
Sustainable Buildings
New buildings – 90% energy
Old buildings – 90% energy
Factor 10 for new and old buildings
Everything else is snow from yesterday!
Everything else is water under the bridge!
84
Energieinstiut Vorarlberg
Sonnensymbol Mensch
Helmut Krapmeier, 20011-03-17, Tallinn 85