‘Energy Efficiency Overview’ - gasfa. · PDF file‘Energy Efficiency Overview’ ... Average Gas Comsumption per Establishment (kBtu): 858,000 ... Pump w/ cooling tower and boiler

‘Energy Efficiency Overview’

for the Georgia Association of

School Facility Administrators

Kerry Bridges, P.E., CHMM

October 13, 2009

Agenda:

This presentation will provide an overview of topics that aid Facilities Managers in understanding Energy Efficiency

Topics include:

– Energy Audits

– Lighting Types

– Cooling Systems (unitary & chillers)

– Heating Systems (furnaces & boilers)

– Water Heating Systems (tank & tankless, hpwh)

– Basic Energy Management Systems (EMS)

What to Expect from Georgia Power’s Auditors…

Auditor should be familiar with building construction, electrical

systems, and mechanical systems

Background in building maintenance, energy management,

electricity, engineering, HVAC, and plumbing systems

Degree in accounting, electrical engineering, industrial

engineering, mechanical engineering, and finance a plus

Auditor should be detail oriented

Customer’s Pre-Audit Checklist

Have knowledgeable personnel available during audit

Maintenance technician

Drawings of facility

Lighting plans

Mechanical plans

Communicate internal goals

Energy savings ideas

Green programs

Identify Your Goal

What are you really trying to accomplish?

– Saving money

– Saving energy

– Saving the environment

How you answer this question will help

determine what projects we evaluate.

Office Space

Total Gas Intensity (kBtu/sqft, annual basis): 29.40Average Gas Comsumption per Establishment (kBtu): 2,646,000Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 90,000

Total Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft, annual basis): 16.70Average Electric Comsumption per Establishment (kWh): 1,503,000Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 90,000

Understanding Typical Energy Use…

Cafeteria

Total Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft, annual basis): 48.40Average Electric Comsumption per Establishment (kWh): 290,400Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 6,000

Total Gas Intensity (kBtu/sqft, annual basis): 143.00Average Gas Comsumption per Establishment (kBtu): 858,000Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 6,000

Schools

Total Electric Intensity (kWh/sqft, annual basis): 10.50 Average Electric Comsumption per Establishment (kWh): 483,000 Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 46,000

Total Gas Intensity (kBtu/sqft, annual basis): 32.60 Average Gas Comsumption per Establishment (kBtu): 1,499,600 Average Enclosed Floorspace per Establishment (sqft): 46,000

Identify Low Cost Opportunities

Was Equipment Added?

– Cooking equipment added without ventilation

– Additional lights added

Is the Facility Running Longer than the Customer Thinks?

HVAC Issues

– A refrigerant undercharge of 10% increases operating costs by almost 20%• ∆ T < 15 F between supply air and return air indicates low charge

• No condensation on suction line to compressor indicates low charge

– Dirty evaporator or condenser coils can increase energy use by 10%-25%

– 100th of an inch of dirt film on an evaporator coil can increase energy costs by 5%

– Electric heat operating in the cooling mode

– Dirty air filters• Supply air temperature < 45 F indicates low air flow

– Duct issues

– Thermostat set points

Identify Low Cost Opportunities- continued

Refrigeration Equipment

– Dirty evaporator or condenser

– Door hinges and seals

Water Heater

– Temperature set point

– Hot water pipe leaking, tank leaking

Lighting - Basic Concepts & DefinitionsThese illuminance levels can be

achieved by a combination of

ambient (overhead) lighting and

task lighting

Hor Vert Hor Vert Hor Vert

General, Open offices 50 Basic Tasks (coarse) 10 General Lighting5

Intensive Computer use 30 Basic Tasks (medium) 30 Grooming 30

Lobby, Reception 10 Basic Tasks (fine) 50 Dining 5

Conference Rooms 30 10 Basic Tasks (very fine) 100 Kitchen Counter30

Video Confenecing 50 30 Machining (rough) 30 Serious reading50

Machining (fine) 300+ Casual Reading30

Main Concourse 30 Warehousing (inactive) 5

Restrooms 10 Warehousing (large labels) 10 10 Guest Rooms (general)10

General Retail 50 Warehousing (small labels) 30 30 Bathrooms 30

Supermarkets 50 Stairways, corridors 5 Reading, Desk surface30

Feature Display 100 Toilets and Wash rooms 10 Corridors, stairs5

Show Window 300 Shipping/Receiving 30 Front Desk 50

Reception/Lobby 10 Lobby 10

Corridors 10

General (most areas) 30 Outdoor Parking Intimate Dining 5

Operating Table 1000+ Indoor Parking Food Court/Casual Dining30

Inspection of supplies 100 Kitchen 50

Waiting Areas (general) 10 Building façade (flood) 3-10

Waiting Areas (reading) 30 Roadway Baseball (Pro) infield150

Nursing Station (desk) 50 Baseball (Pro) outfield100

Lobby 5 Circulation (high activity) 30 Baseball (recreational) infield30

Medical Records 50 10 Circulation (medium activity) 10 Baseball (recreational) outfield20

Circulation (low activity) 5 Tennis (Pro) 150

Classrooms 50 Baccarat, Bingo, Craps, Roulette 30 Tennis (recreational)50

Gymnasiums (basketball) 100 30 Poker, Blackjack 50 Basketball (Pro)125

Gymnasiums (social) 5 Video and Slots 10 Basketball (recreational)30

Corridors 30

Lecture Demonstraion 100 50

IESNA Recommended FootcandlesIMPORTANT NOTE: Lighting Design cannot be based

merely on footcandles These numbers are taken from

IESNA publications that provide substantial additional

information and must be consulted.

Offices Industrial Residential

Shopping Malls/Retail

Hotels

Hospitals

Parking Restaurants

0.5 to 2

2 to 5

Outdoor

Sports

0.3 to 1

Casinos and Gaming

Schools and Universities

NOTE: This represents what is needed

by the players. Spectators and cameras

may need more. For example, Major

League Baseball calls for 350 fc at Home

Lighting - Basic Concepts & Definitions

Daylight?

Cool White?

Warm White?

Lighting - Basic Concepts & Definitions

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

– It is a measure of how well a light source renders color when

compared to a reference source of the same Color Temperature

– Reference source <5000K-Incandescent, >5000K-Daylight

• Scale is 1 -100, the higher the value the better the color

Lighting Technologies

Incandescent

Fluorescent

Magnetic ballasts

Electronic ballasts

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

LED

www.1000bulbs.com


Fluorescent

– Compact Fluorescent

• Types

– Non-dimmable

– Dimmable

– Flood & Spot

– Warm, Daylight, etc.

– 2 Watts to 500 Watts

– All shapes & sizes

• 3 to 4 times efficient as standard incandescent lighting

• Last 6 to 13 times long as standard incandescent lighting

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

Fluorescent TubesT12 or

12/8ths in.

T8 or

8/8ths in.


Fluorescent Lamps & Ballasts

– 40 Watt T12 Lamps & Magnetic Ballasts

– 34 Watt T12 Lamps & Energy Efficient Ballasts

– 32 Watt T8 Lamps & Electronic Ballasts


– 25 Watt T8 Lamps & Electronic Ballast


– 54 Watt HOT5 Lamps & Electronic Ballasts

– New High Bay Fixtures to Replace 400 Watt HPS & MH

Older

Newer

T-8 Fluorescent Example

Old System: Office lighting consisting of 2’ x 4’ fixtures w/ 4 standard F40CWT12 (34W lamps) and standard magnetic 2-tube ballasts.

– 360 fixtures @ 140 watts

– operates 14 hr/day, 5 days/wk (3,640 hr/yr)

New System: Replace standard bulbs with 4 tri-phosphor F40T8 28 watt lamps and 1 electronic T-8 instant-start ballast

– 360 fixtures @ 86 watts

T-8 Fluorescent Example

(continued)

Results: 40% energy savings; 2% reduction in light level; improved

color rendering; 50% fewer ballasts; 25% less lamp life.

Savings: Demand - 14.4 kW, Energy 70,762 kwh/yr. dollar savings at

$0.10/kWh: $7,076 annual savings

Cost: Retrofit cost @ $60/fixture for 360 fixtures- $21,600

Payback: $21,600/$7,076/yr = 3.1 years (ignoring A/C savings)


High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

– High Pressure Sodium

• Standard

• White

– Metal Halide

• Pulse Start

• Ceramic Metal Halide with Electronic Ballast

– Mercury Vapor

High Pressure Sodium

Lighting

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) have a

orange/pink glow and have a poor

color rendition (low K / low CRI)

Metal Halide/Sodium

Metal Halide

Metal Halide lamps put out white

light (moderate K / moderate CRI)

Metal Halide

Lighting – Fluorescent High BayMetal Halide/Sodium

High Bay Fluorescent

~ ½ the Wattage!!

Lighting Analysis Spreadsheet

Removed >6 kW of inefficiency or ~ 2-tons A/C

Metal Halide – Outdoor Lighting

175, 250, & 400-W Metal Halide

outdoor wall packs - $204 / yr

T-5 & CFL Fluorescent

Options - $99 / yr

LED Lighting – Freezers, Coolers, etc?

Expensive

Long Paybacks > 5 years

Best Used for:

Exit Signs PB 1-2 Yr.

Refrigerated Cases PB 3 Yr.

$120/tube

$50-$75 lamp

18 watts/tube vs. 25 watts

for fluorescent

50,000 – 100,000 hour life

70 lumens/watt

CRI 85

http://quasar.manufacturer.globalsources.com/si/6008825552980/pdtl/Fluorescent-light/1006183571/LED-Tube-Light.htm

Lighting Retrofit Summary

Replace Incandescent with Compact Fluorescent

Replace T12 lamps & magnetic ballasts with 25-28 watt T8

lamps & electronic ballasts

Replace 32 watt T8 lamps with 25-28 watt T8 lamps

Replace 3 – 3000 K lamps with 2 – 5000 K lamps

Replace 400 watt HPS or MH fixtures with high bay

fluorescent fixtures

Replace incandescent or fluorescent exit signs with LED

Lighting Controls

On/Off switch

Bi-Level switching

Electronic dimmable ballast controls

Timers

Occupancy Sensors

Photo Sensors

Lighting Controls

Georgia Power Recommends Dual Technology Occupancy

Sensors (i.e. motion & infrared sensors in one device)

Lighting Tax Deductions & Rebates

Georgia Power Lighting Rebate

To qualify the following conditions must be met:

You must be a non-profit organization

You must meet the requirements of EPACT 2005

GPC will rebate 20% of the cost of the

job up to $5,000 for up to 5 buildings per year!

HVAC Systems

Boilers, life expectancy of 15-20 years

Unitary Systems, Heat Pumps, life expectancy of 15 years

Centrifugal Chillers, life expectancy >20 years

Packaged Systems

Through-the-wall

Packaged Systems

Roof Top Unit (RTU)

• SEER is a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating and is

usually about 1-point higher than EER.

• SEER applies to HVAC equipment 5-tons and less

• EER is Energy Efficiency Rating and applies to equipment

greater than 5-tons

• Energy Policy Act of 2005 set new standards…

• 13-SEER minimum for HVAC equipment 5-tons and less

• 10-EER minimum for HVAC equipment greater that 5-tons

SEER and EER Explained…

8.0 EER………………….1.50 kW / ton

9.0 EER………………….1.33 kW / ton

10.0 EER………….……..1.20 kW / ton

11.O EER………………..1.09 kW / ton

12.0 EER………………...1.00 kW / ton

13.0 EER…………………0.92 kW / ton

14.0 EER…………………0.86 kW / ton

SEER and EER Explained…

HVAC Rules of Thumb

System Type kW/ton, Cooling Htg. Sys. Eff. Elec. Htg. Sys. Eff. Gas

Rooftop Pkg. 0.9-1.3 0.95 0.75-0.77

Water-source Heat 0.86-1.1 2.0 1.8-1.9

Pump w/ cooling tower

and boiler

4-pipe system 0.8-1.3 0.8 0.6-0.7

CW, boiler, AHU

Split System 0.7-1.3 0.95 0.75-0.77

Heat Pump 1-1.3 2.3

Ground Source 0.38-0.5 2.8

Heat Pump

Sample Energy Savings Calculations

HVAC Energy Calculations (method could be used to compare two units of varying SEERs, impact of: time-clocks, programmable thermotstats)

Facts & Formulas

kW/ton = 12/EER for peak kW, 12/SEER for average kW, AC run time for 9 month school 1000 hours, AC run time for 12 month school 1800 hours,

heating full load hours = 800

Example: What is the annual AC cost to run a: 10 ton unit, for a 9 month school, with 10 SEER & $.085/kWh avg. $.049/kWh incremental,

10 tons x (12/10(SEER)) x 1000 hours x $.085/kWh = $1,020/year **Remember to consider whether to use avg. $/kWh or incremental $/kWh

Example: How much will raising the cooling setpoint from 74 degrees to 75 degrees save for a 10 ton, 10 SEER unit?

If raising the cooling temperature 1 degree saves 3% in cooling energy costs, then annual savings = annual cooling costs x % savings (as a

decimal)

Annual cooling savings = $1,020 x .03 = $30.60

Example: What is the annual cost to run a 100,000 btuh output gas furnace (125,000 btuh input) if the seasonal avg. efficiency of the gas is 70

percent and the electric furnace is 100% vs. a 100,000 btuh electric furnace?

Gas Cost = 100,000 btuh x (1 therm/100,000btuh) x (1/.7 effic.) x (800 hours/year) x ($1/therm) = $1,143/year

Electric Furnace Cost = 100,000 btuh x (1 kWh/3413btu) x (800 hours/year) x ($.049/kWh) = $1,149/year

*Electric Heat Pump Cost = Electric Furnace Cost/2 = $1,149/2 = $574/year

*Since electric heat pumps have a heating COP of 2 or a heating efficiency of 200% then they would use half as many kWhs as an electric furnaces

**Occupancy sensors, time-clocks, and programmable thermostats impact energy only (kWh) and should be evaluated at incremental $/kWh

HVAC Air Conditioning Calculator

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE KW USAGE

0%

50%

100%

150%

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

% FLOW

% R

AT

ED

KW

Variable Frequency Drive Energy Savings

For Most Fans & Pumps: kW ≈ (Flow or Speed)3

A 20% reduction in flow results in a 50% kW reduction

VFD’s on Central Air Handlers – 1 Shift

Installing VFDs can reduce air handler kWh

consumption between 20%-40%/yr.

HP 20

Motor Efficiency 0.94

kW 15.87

Annual Operating Hours 2500

$/kWh 0.049

Zone Type Mixed

Existing Fan Control Constant Speed

Proposed Fan Control VSD

Annual kWh Savings 26,139

Annual Cost Savings $1,281

Payback 3.1

ASHRAE 62.1 – 2004

Ventilation Standards

Water Heating Options

Electric Tank, efficiency range from 90%-98%,

average efficiency 91%

Gas Tank, efficiency range from 50%-96%, average

efficiency 65%

Electric Tankless

Gas Tankless

Heat Pump Water Heaters

– Applications

• Kitchens

• Areas than need continuous cooling

– Manufacturers expected to release new products in 4th

quarter of 2009 and 1st quarter of 2010

• AO Smith

• GE

• Rheem

What is a Boiler?

A Boiler is a water heating device that has:– An input rating greater than 199,000 btuh

– A tank size greater than 119 gallons

All boilers are pressure rated and must meet ASME code

Boilers may be used to produce hot water or steam

Boilers may be used for water heating, space heating or

both.

Boilers are typically used when high volume, temperature

or pressures are required (such as with large buildings).

Electric and Gas Boilers

Minimize Partial Loading

Fossil Boiler Performance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 25 50 75 100

Load

% E

ffic

ien

cy

% Efficiency

Minimize Partial Loading

Electric Boiler Performance

0102030405060708090100

0 25 50 75 100

Load

% E

ffic

ien

cy

% Efficiency

Purchase an OXYGEN TRIMMING SYSTEM

Installed Cost $9,000

Payback = 1.5 years

(150 bhp boiler operating 1.5 shifts for

5.5 days/week @ $.80/therm)

Energy Management Systems (EMS)

or

Building Automation Systems (BAS)

EMS- What Can They Do?

Established better indoor comfort

Reduce maintenance cost

Save energy

EMS - Types of Control Systems

On/Off

Thermostats (occupied vs. unoccupied settings)

Direct Digital Control (DDC) Systems - PC based

systems

On-site Management

Remote Management


On/Off

– Switch

– Occupancy Sensor

– Photo-Sensor

– Time Clock


Thermostats– Standard

• Maintains constant room temperature based on setting

• Can be mercury bulb type or digital (mercury not very accurate)

– Programmable • Changes room setpoint based on predetermined schedule

• Typically saves 15% of cooling energy, 20% heating energy

• Can be over-ridden

– Lightstat • Pre-programmed: changes between occupied & unoccupied based

on light sensor input

• Typically saves 15% of cooling energy, 20% heating energy

• Flexible, cannot be over-ridden

Programmable Thermostats

Temperature setback can be adjusted for both heating and

cooling seasons.

Programmable thermostats can be set to adjust the

temperature setting according to a user's schedule.

– These thermostats typically have a digital interface that allows more

precise temperature control and a wider range of options or features.

Lightstat Thermostat

www.lightstat.com ($200-$250 each) also available in a network version

http://www.lightstat.com/

Direct Digital Control (DDC) System

VAV AHU CH BLR

NETWORK

CONTROLLER

Additional Efficiency Opportunities

Install High Efficiency Dishwashers

New high efficiency dishwashers such as Hobart's

Opti-Rinse use ½ as much hot water as conventional

dishwashers.

0.74 gallons/cycle compared to 1.5 gallons/cycle.

$3,300/year savings based on 1000 meals/day

Cost of new dishwasher $10,000, 3.0 year payback

Heat Reclaim Opportunities

Reclaim the heating & cooling energy from exhaust air.

Reclaim heat from oven & boiler exhausts.

Reclaim waste heat off of ammonia refrigeration systems.

Reclaim waste heat off of chillers by using heat recovery chillers

which can provide up to 180 deg water.

Paybacks for 24/7 operations are generally 2 years for most heat

reclaim projects.

59

Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERV)

60

Munters, Honeywell, Greenheck

Summary

Reviewed Basic Energy Audit Criteria

Identified Different Equipment Technologies Commonly Found

in Commercial Buildings

Lighting

HVAC

Water Heating

Completed Simple Energy and Cost Calculations Comparing

Two Competing Systems

Provided a Couple of “Nuggets” to Apply Back Home!!

Resources

Georgia Power Calculators & Reference Material

Georgia Power Energy System Engineers

Georgia Power’s Technology Application Center

www.GeorgiaPower.com

Department of Energy

www.1000bulbs.com

http://www.1000bulbs.com/

Questions?

Documents

‘Energy Efficiency Overview’ - gasfa. · PDF file‘Energy Efficiency Overview’ ... Average Gas Comsumption per Establishment (kBtu): 858,000 ... Pump w/ cooling tower and boiler