Energy & Ecosystems Ch 53 and 54 Study Guides are Due
Friday Test Friday!
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Biosphere - the part of the atmosphere that contains living
things Ecosystem - all the organisms in an environment (community)
plus the nonliving physical factors (temperature, soil.etc)
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Biotic Components of an Ecosystem (living things) Abiotic
components (nonliving things)
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Can you list all the biotic and abiotic factors in this
picture?
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Sun Heat Primary producers Primary consumers Detritus Secondary
and tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Key
Chemical cycling Energy flow Continuous input from the sun is
required to maintain energy flow in Earths ecosystems Conservation
of Energy (autotrophs) (herbivores) (carnivores)
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AUTOTROPHS (PRODUCERS) - synthesize food from sunlight or
chemicals
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HETEROTROPHS (CONSUMERS) - gain energy from feeding on other
organisms
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OMNIVORES
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Figure 48.2c
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Detritivores
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Food Webs (& Food Chains) - illustrate flow of energy in a
system Plants Caterpillars Sparrows Hawks Trophic levels - the
level of nourishment within a chain or a web, there should be fewer
organisms as you go up each level
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Figure 48.5a
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Figure 48.5
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ENERGY FLOW - energy flows through an ecosystem starting from
the sun, then to the producers and consumers. At each level, some
of the energy is lost as heat
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Figure 48.3
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Figure 48.4
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Productivity The extent of photosynthetic production sets the
spending limit for an ecosystems energy budget Gross primary
production (GPP) = Total Photosynthetic Output Net primary
production (NPP) = Gross - Respiration
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What are some limitations of primary productivity?
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limitations of primary productivity Light Nutrients (nitrogen
or phosphorus) Oxygen (eutrophication) Water Temp
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How many trophic levels are possible? Why? Trophic efficiency
is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level
to the next, usually about 10% Explain why it is more economical
for developing nations to eat veggies as opposed to meat
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ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Pyramid of Numbers Indicate individual
numbers of a population
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Pyramid of Numbers Indicate individual numbers of a
population
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Figure 48.6 Pyramid of Biomass Indicate weight (dry mass) of a
population
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Figure 42.13a Movement over land by wind Precipitation over
land Percolation through soil Evaporation from ocean
Evapotranspiration from land Precipitation over ocean Runoff and
groundwater The water cycle The Water Cycle The oceans contain 97%
of the biospheres water; Water moves by evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and
groundwater
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Water Cycle
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Figure 42.13b Consumers Decomposition Photosynthesis Cellular
respiration Photo- synthesis Phyto- plankton CO 2 in atmosphere
Burning of fossil fuels and wood The carbon cycle The Carbon Cycle
Carbon-based organic molecules CO 2 is taken up by the process of
photosynthesis and released into the atmosphere through cellular
respiration Volcanic activity and the burning of fossil fuels also
contribute CO 2 to the atmosphere
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Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle
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The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a component of amino acids,
proteins, and nucleic acids nitrogen is the atmosphere (N 2 ) must
be converted to NH 4 + or NO 3 for uptake by plants, via nitrogen
fixation by bacteria Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH 4 + by
ammonification, and NH 4 + is decomposed to NO 3 by nitrification
Denitrification converts NO 3 back to N 2
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Figure 42.13d Wind-blown dust Geologic uplift Weathering of
rocks Decomposition PlanktonDissolved Uptake Leaching Decomposition
Consumption Runoff PO 4 3 Plant uptake of PO 4 3 Sedimentation The
phosphorus cycle The Phosphorus Cycle major constituent of nucleic
acids, phospholipids, and ATP The largest reservoirs are
sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the soil, oceans, and organisms
Phosphate binds with soil particles, and movement is often
localized
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Phosphorous Cycle
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Human Effects on the Environment Habitat Destruction Air
Pollution
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Water Pollution
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Frogs are BIOINDICATORS The health of a frog population mirrors
the health and pollution levels of the environment
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Eutrophication Eutrophication Video
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Air Pollution
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Biological Magnification
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Greenhouse Effect
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Other Issues ACID RAIN - largely a result of pollution which
caused water to become slightly acidic emissions of sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)react with atmospheric water and
oxygen
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Loss of Diversity There are a lot of different names for this
one: - endangered species - habitat destruction - extinction The
U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 attempted to identify and
protect species that were on the verge of extinction Recovery plans
were enacted for many species and have seen success in some cases
(Gray Wolf, Bald Eagle) - all managed by the E.P.A
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Environmental Protection Agency Federal laws designed to
protect the environment and manage wildlife resources 1. Endangered
Species Act 2. Clean Air Act 3. Animal Welfare Act The E.P.A. has
often gone against other groups in the country, such as corporate
industry, ranching, logging, and farming. The current issues with
climate change has the E.P.A. poised to limit carbon emissions.
Good or bad idea?
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Department of Natural Resources Each state manages its own
natural resources, such as river systems, state parks, endangered
wildlife. State systems also tend to work closely with education to
support sustainable use of natural resources. These departments are
usually responsible for providing permits for fishing, hunting
Check out http://resources.ca.gov/ for info on the services they
offerhttp://resources.ca.gov/
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C.I.T.E.S. Convention of International Trade in Endangered
Species is an international organization that attempts to control
the illegal export and import of endangered species. It is illegal
to import animals (or parts) of animals that have been identified
by CITES. This includes - ivory, feathers, rhino horns, or other
parts that are sold on the black market - living specimens, baby
orangutans, tigers...etc Check out bagheera.com for information on
world efforts to slow the extinction of speciesbagheera.com
