Energy and the Biosphere Producers are the basis of all ecosystems on the planet!

Energy and the Biosphere

Producers are the basis of all ecosystems on the planet!

Ecosystem: all of the living and nonliving factors that exist together in

a particular environment.

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How is energy transferred through an ecosystem: 10% Rule



Productivity

• The amount of energy plants capture and make available to a given ecosystem.

• Which is more productive--A rainforest or a desert?



How is the sun’s energy captured?

• Photosynthesis:– Process producers use

to transfer energy from sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)

– This process UNITES all photosynthetic producers!



Diversity of photosynthetic organisms

• Cyanobacteria• Algae

– Phytoplankton (single celled

– Multicellular Algae

• Moss• Fern• Gymnosperms (pines)• Angiosperms (flowering plants)








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Cladogram

• Shows relationship of true plants to algae ancestor.

• What would the common ancestor of both plants and algae be similar to?



Structure meets function in plants

• Plant organs--Observe your plant organ and see if you can describe– Structure

– Function

– How structure meets function

Flowers, roots, stems, leaves!!!



Flowers

• Function: Reproduction

• Structure meets function: Attractive petals entice pollinators



Roots

• Functions– Take in water

– Store sugar

• Structure Meets Function: root hairs increase surface area for absorption



Stems

• Functions:– Transport water up (xylem)

sugar down (phloem)– Can be modified for storage

(potatoes)

• Structure meets function:– Filled with tubes that allow

cohesion and adhesion of water (xylem)







Leaves

• Function: Photosynthesis• Structure meets function: contains specialized

mesophyll cells that have chloroplasts. Also waxy cuticle keeps leaf from getting waterlogged.



Photosynthesis Equation

• What must the plants have to capture the energy of sunlight and therefore allow this reaction?



Chlorophyll

• Absorption• Reflection

• A red shirt absorbs blue and green light and reflects red light!• What type of light energy does chlorophyll absorb?



Organization of the Photosynthesis Reaction



Organization within the Chloroplast





Thlakoid: Membrane containing chlorophyll. Location of the light reactions

Stroma: Cytoplasm of chloroplast. Location of Calvin Cycle

What is the role of the light reactions

• Charge up ATP battery• Needs light and

chlorophyll• Uses the splitting of

water to provide electrons to run an electron transport chain and make ATP

• Waste product is oxygen gas!



What is the role of the Calvin Cycle?

• Add the H’s from water to the CO2 gas plants take in and make sugar!

• A 3-carbon sugar is made; two combine to make C6H12O6-glucose!

• Does not need light!



In your own words…

• Describe producers transfer light energy into chemical energy.

• A proficient answer discusses both the plant and what is happening in the chloroplast





Interactions between organisms within an ecosystem

• A biological community are all of the living things interacting in an ecosystem.

• Food webs display this interaction.



Food web--How are these organisms related?



Identify:

Producer

Primary Consumer

Secondary Consumer

Tertiary Consumer

Decomposer

Transfer of Energy

• What is the significance of the way the arrows point?

• Identify 3 transfers of energy/matter:– Photosynthesis

– Respiration

– Decomposition



Compare and Contrast

• Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration.

• Make sure to include– Organism level

– Ecosystem level

– Cellular level

– Examples both structure and function



Documents

Energy and the Biosphere Producers are the basis of all ecosystems on the planet!