Energy and Sustainable Development

Appropriate Design for Developing Countries

Spud (Steve) Marshall

David Creasy

Jay Moran

19 July 2007

Energy Tomorrow - University of New South Wales

Objectives

• What classifies a developing country?

• How do you approach helping a developing country?

• What are the problem areas for developing countries with regards to current practices and country status?

• What solutions are there to these problems?

What Classifies a Developing Country

Map of Developed and Developing Countries Green – Developed Countries; Red – Developing Countries; Grey - NA

Level of development for country depicted by darkness of color

Aid Approach

Get to know the people and their

culture

Identify Problem

Get to know the people and their

culture again

Find a solution

Work alongside the people to introduce the new way of thinking or technology

Through the use of education, teach the people how to sustain their new

technology

Map of World Literacy Rate by Country

Map of Developed and Developing Countries

Third World Creativity

Energy and Developing Countries

• Energy Harnessing

• Energy Related Services

• Appropriate Energy Usage

Industry & Energy

• Industrial Revolution took place in America during the 19th century

• Steam engines fuelled by coal

Developing Countries’ Right

• Developing nations have the right to advance their standing by using cheapest fuel available

• Other alternatives need to be available for them to take advantage of

• This might be easier as developing countries do not have an existing fossil fuel infrastructure

Dangers of Current Scheme

• Biomass is currently the largest source of energy for developing countries, about 85%

• Emits harmful particulates and carbon dioxide

• Increasing energy demands means trees could be clear cut for use as fuel

Photovoltaics

• Many countries ideally located near equator

• No need to be grid connected and thus no transmission losses

• Kenya has 80,000 household systems in place with 20,000 new systems installed each year

• South Africa is working to install 50,000 household PV systems to remotely located communities

Wind Energy

• Technology becoming less expensive

• Many areas like Latin America can make use large coasts

• Africa situated right in trade winds

• Mongolia has 130,000 small scale systems supply power to 500,000 people

• Once communities become comfortable with technology, large wind farms can be introduced

Hydropower

• Mills can be retrofitted to make them more efficient or to turn them into micro hydro power systems.

• Retrofitting is low cost and uses similar designs communities are familiar with.

• Pico hydro power systems effectively supply enough energy for a household or small community.

• Only require minimal running water supply and do not damage local environment

Biomass

• Electricity generated using fuel from biogas is cheaper and cleaner than from diesel.

• Biomass can be gasified or used directly to generate electricity or heating.

• Fuel sources are located locally, no need to transport to remote locations.

• No shortage of supply– China alone produces 376

million tons of biomass every year

Energy Related Services

• Food preparation and cooking

• Water supply and storage

• Comfortable living

• Education

Food and Cooking

• Simple devices can greatly improve upon cooking and food preparation methods

Solar Cooker Kenya Ceramic Jiko Malian Peanut Sheller

Drinking Water

• PlayPump

• Uses kids energy to pump water

Lighting

• Many remote areas use Kerosene for lighting lamps– Sri Lanka has 6 million people who rely on kerosene– Kerosene causes healthproblems from the smoke and is the source of many burns

• Combined with renewable energy sources, install LED’s and Fluorescents – Safer and brighter

Safe Bottle Lamp

Light Up the World

Lamp Type Homemade

Kerosene Incandescent Compact Fluorescent WLED

 Efficiency (Lumens/watt) 0.03 18-May 30 - 79 25 - 50

Rated Life (Hours) Supply of Kerosene 1000 6500 - 15,000 50,000

DurabilityFragile &

Dangerous Very Fragile Very Fragile Durable

Power Consumption 0.04 - 0.06

liters/hour 5W 4W 1W

CCT °K ~ 1800° 2652° 4200° 5000°

CRI ~ 80 98 62 82

$ After 50,000 hours 1251 175 75 20

Education

• Lighting is very beneficial

• Computers and Internet

XO-1 ($100 Laptop)

X-01 $100 Laptop

Appropriate Energy Usage• Stemmed from education and simple, user-friendly design• Implementation from both individual and government levels• Developing countries tend

to be more efficient than developed countries because energy has a higher value.

• Developing countries could save 30-45% on energy costs if they had better end-use efficiency. This results in a $26billion savings for only 11 Asian countries.

Government Role on End-Use Efficiency

• Energy subsidies do not encourage better end-use efficiency because consumers do not need to fear a lack of energy.

• In developing countries, 67% of all government subsidies are energy

subsidies – totals

to $100 billion.

Global Population

• Population growth in developing countries is currentlygrowing at 2.6%

• If trend continues, by 2050 the developing countries will consume twice as much energy as the industrial world.

• However, a person in a developing country will only use ¼ the energy in comparison to a person in a developed country.