ENERGY and POWERchapter 1

Increment of 500 million

Energy is defined as the measure of a system’s ability to do work. That is to apply a force over a distance.

Or energy = can be turned into heat.This idea of energy was unknown to Newton.

Or ability to do damage a system by going into it

energy = force x distance. For the same amount energy if you increase the distance (or time) you decrease the .......

of you can magnify the force by decreasing the ........

Example: using a hammer to push a nail in the wall.

If the force is 1 pound and the distance the hammer fall is 1 meterThe nail goes in about 1mm (1m =1000 mm) , what is the force Applied by the hammer on the nail ? You get a magnification of ...

F1 x d1 = F2 xd2

REMEMBER ? ENERGY = FORCE x DISTANCE Or BIG DISTANCE (free-fall object) x small force = SMALL distance x BIG FORCE

2 principle to explain the tragedy of 9/11 :

- the explosion weakened the metal poles of top last floor because the heat. (like straw that bends if you push too hard).

- top floor in free-fall (big distance) hits the floor below. Like for the hammer hitting the Nail. The falling distance was Large , the weight of the top floor was small. The poles supporting the structure were hit and went down a small distance. That means large force. It collapses and hit the floor below and so forth ..

WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF ENERGY ?

-Thermal energy .Kinetic energy of molecules randomly moving.

- CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (plants, coal, oil, cookies .. )The energy is in the bonds between atoms. (electromagnetism forces)

C6H

12O

6 + oxygen = C0

2 + H

20 + Energy

-NUCLEAR POTENTIAL ENERGY (Energy stores in the nuclei. E = mc2 .)In bonds between the nucleons. Strong nuclear force.

Fusionfission

- ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (spring)

- KINETIC ENERGY or energy of motion (mass x speed2)

- RADIATIVE ENERGY or light

-GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (mass x g x height)

Potential energy

Thermal Energy: the collective kinetic energy of many particles(for example, in a rock, in air, in water)

Thermal energy is related to temperature but it is NOT the same.Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the many

particles in a substance.

Thermal energy is a measure of the total kinetic energy of allthe particles in a substance. It therefore depends on bothtemperature AND density.

Example:

CONVERSION OF ENERGY

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY = ENERGY stored in position

Gravitational energy = depend on the height. (invisible spring)Force of gravity

PE stands to potential energyKE stands for kinetic energy of energy of motion

Discuss what happens to the potential energy:1) as the weigh falls2) as the weigh hits the pole.

If you multiply the height by 2, the Energy received by the pole is ____________

LARGE DISTANCE x small force = LARGE FORCE x small force

CONVERSION POTENTIAL ENERGY TO KINETIC ENERGY

See video Walter Lewin or ball of death

PE=mass x g x heightKE = 0.5 x mass x (speed)2

DEMO here

16

THE ENERGY STORED IN GLUCOSE COME FROM THE ENERGY OF THE SUN. THE PLANTS STORETHE ENERGY IN GLUCOSE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO2 + 6H

2O + sunlight = glucose + oxygen

2 steps process :1) break water to hydrogen gasAnd oxygen gas2) release oxygen gas3) make carbohydrates using CO2

Q: The energy from the Sun is __________ energy. (what kind of energy).Where does it come from?

http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/scientists-make-gas-air.html

Daniel Nocera from MIT works on this big idea: artificial photosynthesis = H2 = electricity . 2007 he got media attention. Time magazine included him in its 2009 list of the 100 most influential people

WHAT IS NEW is that the catalyst used by Nocera is cheap.catalyst made of nickel and cobalt) that was up to 10 times more efficient at carrying out photosynthesis than a plant leaf and was much cheaper than earlier devices, which used expensive catalysts such as platinum or ruthenium.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/38413-popscis-future-artificial-leaves-video.htm

In October 2010, Nocera signed with the Tata Group of India to commercialize his research

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/521671/cheap-hydrogen-from-sunlight-and-water/

See movie

HYDROGEN ECONOMY ??Compare hydrogen fuel et gasoline.What is a hydrogen cell ? Or fuel cell ? p.10 ?How does it work ? What are the problems with hydrogen economy ?3 x more energy per gram (or lb) 3x less energy per gallon

1 g of hydrogen fuel can produces 2.6 more energy than1 g of gasoline. But the density of hydrogen is 10 times less Than gasoline.10/2.6 = about 3 to 4Hydrogen is not a source of energyIt is a way to transport it. See movie hydrogen and fuel cell technology

See video

How to make hydrogen ? Electricity or (NEW) from photosynthesis(artificial)

from fossil fuel or using photosynthesis

http://greenbigtruck.com/2010/01/how-fuel-cells-work/

Hydrogen fuel not convenient for transportation. Hydrogen takesToo much space and liquid hydrogen needs to be kept cool.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N675mHss_uQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dJvH9oLJ1U

2013: AUDI is going to make methane for its cars made out ofH2 and CO2. H2 is produced by electrolysis and the electrolysis provided by the sun/wind

You can also Use H2 to make natural gas

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/510066/audi-to-make-fuel-using-solar-power/

But the potential payoff of these long-shot experiments is potentially so great that the U.S. government, various labs, and some start-up companies are pumping sizable amounts of money into the research.

You can also Use H2 to make liquid fuel

http://e360.yale.edu/feature/using_co2_to_make_fuel_a_long_shot_for_green_energy/2405/

http://www.ogfj.com/articles/print/volume-8/issue-3/features/an-infinite-source-of-liquid-fuel.html

TNT (see table) 1 TNT = 2,700 joules = 0.65 Calories/g

The factor between gasoline and TNT is ...... (check table p.5)

1 unit of gasoline = ..... units of TNTSo say you have 2 planes used to destroy a building.

(World Trade Center).Each plane can carry 60 tons of gasoline.

Energy in a given mass of gasoline = 15 times the same mass of TNT.

How much is that in TNT ? (multiply by 2).Compare to the N. Korea fizzle (0.5Ktons of TNT)

or Hiroshima (15KTons TNT).What do you think of dirty bombs ?

UNITS for ENERGY:joules (J)

Ex: The energy to lift 2 pound (1kg) over 1 meter (1 yard) = 10 joules

Food Calories ( C ) and 1 C = 4,000 joules (about)(not to confuse with calories in chemistry. 1C =1000c. Like tsp and Tsp)

1 soda can = 150 Calories (same in a milk glass or juice, even more in juice! )

You need -------- C a day. = ............ joules.A Calorie is a big unit. Joule is a small unit.

kWh (kilo watt-hours) used by the phone company.

1 kWh = 1,000 Wh about 1,000 Calories1kWh=about 4 million joules

Can you lose weight doing exercises ? Or is it better to cut on Food ? What's your guess ?

1 can of soda is about 150 Calories (so is 1 glass of orange juice or milk)

You can burn this much of caloriesIn half an hour of cardio exercise

In your body you have 7 Cal per gram. So if you cut your Calories from 2,000 to 1,500 calories per day.How many grams do you lose per day ?Per week ? How many pounds per week ? (500g = 1 pound)

If you exercise for 1 hour how many calories do you lose ?How many grams is that ? (compare with previous)So in a week you lose ? So?

See links Cal per meal and link Cal per sportSee video diet vs exercice

POWER =ENERGY/TIME rate at which energy flows

= how much energy in or out per hour or per second.=how fast energy flows

UNIT = watt or joules per second 1 kW = 1000 W

For example: if it takes you 1 hour to climb the stairsor 1 minute you use up the same energy but the power

is not the same. The power increased by a factor of ________

1 bulb 100 watt (incandescent) uses 100 J per secondto light a house you need about 10 bulbs of 100W of electricity

that's 1,000W or 1 kW (or 1,000 joules/second) \

In 1 hour, you use 1kWh of energy. The price is $.10 / kWh .What is the cost after 1 day ? 1 month ? 1 year ?

Don't confuse energy and power !!

Kwh is a unit of energy :

Multiply the power (in kW) by the time (in hours)

Example: a microwave use 800 watts. If you run itfor 2 hours and if the electric company charges

10 cents/kwh. How much you are going to pay ?

P = 0.8 kW time = 2hours so E = 1.6kWh so $$ = 16 cents.

Electricity is cheap !

OBSERVE table p.5 table that compare energy per grams for different systems. Use the last column to compare the energies.

- Compare energy in 1 g of cookie (just the chip) and 1 g of TNT.What can't we explode a building with a cookie ?(think energy = F x distance with distance is like time)

Should have used Cookies !

REMEMBER:

1kW = 1,000 W = 1 average houseSo for 1000 house you need (1 megawatt = 1,000,000 watts or MW) = _____________ = _______ wattsFor 1 million house you need = ______ (1 000,000,000 watts) = 1 gigawatt or GW)In the US we use 450 gigawatts of electricity 1 000,000,000 = 1 gigaAnd the population is about 307 million people/ Is it consistent ?

INTERESTING :

We are like one 100W bulb about.So in 1 hour we spend = ________ WhIn 24 hours we spend = _________Wh

And 1 Wh is about 1 Cal so we spend about _______ Cal a day !!Is it consistent?

See book (table)for power examples

1 watt for flashlight battery

100 watts for a human or incandescent light

1 hp for a typical horse or athlete exercising for short period of time

1 kilowatt for a small house = energy from the Sun for a square 1 m x 1m

100hp for a small car

1 megawatt for electric power for small town (1000 houses)

1 gigawatt for large power plant (1000,000)

2 terawatts for the world (4/10 for the US)

Source: Richard A. Muller, Physics for future presidents.

Other unit for power is horsepower or hp

Introduced by James Watt. A horse can lift 330 pounds weight vertically

For a distance of 100 ft in one minuteOr P = 330 x 100 foot-pounds per minuteOr P = 33,000 foot-pounds per minute

We can produce the same power but for a short time.Usually, we can produce 4/7 hp with sustained effort.

(like heavy duty exercise not yoga) 1/7 is used to do work the other part is lost to heat.

(1/7 is 25% of 4/7, so we are only 25% efficient) 1Hp is 746 W about 1kW

See p. 20 table

So 1 horse can lift ___________ pounds over 1 foot

1 horsepower can raise 330 pounds of coal 100 feet in a minuteOr 33,000 pounds over 1 foot.

So we can produce 4/7 hp during a sustained exercise.

BUT NOT FOR VERY LONG !!Unlike a horse.

Each year 500 runners run up the stairs to the 86th floor of the Empire State Building in New York City. There are 1576 steps and each step is 0.28 m high. In 2003, Australian Paul Crake (20-29 age group) set the overall record by reaching the 86th floor in 9:33. His mass was 70.0 kg.

What was Paul Crake's power output during this climb?

Power = energy/time = 70 x 9.8 x 0.28 x 1576 joules in 10 minutes 302,718 joules = 76 C (4000 joules = 1C )

KINETIC ENERGY = ENERGY of motion =KE= 0.5 (mass) (speed squared)Mass is kg , speed in m/s and energy in joules

Energy of motion depends on the speed squared !!So if you double your speed on the highway, the energy increase by a factor of .....So It will take .... times distance to stop !!!And the potential damage you can do is also multiply by ________(square law)

How can the army use this principle to destroy satellite, warheads ..

“ Brilliant Pebbles remains among the most efficient and cost-effective means of defending the U.S. against nuclear, chemical, and biological warheads.”

Suppose 1 rock of weight 1 gram is on the way of a satellite.The speed of the satellite is 7km/s . (16,000 mph = 5 miles /s)sound=340m/s. In Mach ?From the satellite perspective, the pebble is coming at it, at a speed of 7km/sConvert g to kg and km to m and find the KE of the pebble in joule.Convert to Calories (4000 j = 1 Cal) The table says .65 cal = 1 g TNT so convert to TNT.

SO the 1g pebble as 9 times the energy it would have if it were made from TNT!!!

It is called “ brilliant” as in “smart” . If the missile it tries to hit, moves sideways,It can move to get it !

KINETIC ENERGY CAN BE DEVASTATING

Asteroid can hit the Earth at 30km/s (67,000 mph)In the table find the factor between asteroid and TNT

15 kilotons of TNT for “ little boy” Hiroshima1000 times more for H bomb = 1 mega tons of TNT1Ktons for 9/11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula

Yucatán Peninsula

30km/s = 67,100 mph about

LETS ESTIMATE the ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF THE asteroidThat killed the dinosaurs.

A rock is about 3g per cubic centimeter.If you do the computation, a 10km diameter asteroid has a mass ofAbout 1.6 1012 tons (1kg = 1000 g and 1 ton = 1000kg )Or 1.6 teraton

The speed is about the orbital speed of the Earth (why ? ) or 30km/s1 such asteroid = ------ TNT (for the same mass) table p.5Convert to tons of TNT and mega tons (1 megaton = 1,000,000 tons)1 typical nuclear bomb is 1 mega ton.Convert to nuclear bombs units !! That's about 10,000 times the entire Soviet-U.S. Nuclear arsenal at the height of the cold war.

(see book)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States

Optional:

Other interesting facts:

N. Korean Nuke (fizzle) = 0.5K tons of TNTAtomic bomb Hiroshima = 15K tons of TNT

Asteroid that killed the dinosaurs = 100 teratons of TNT

(1 teraton = 1,000,000,000,000 ton) = 100 million megatons of TNT

Most powerful H-bomb designed:50 megatons of TNT (1961 soviet union)

=Tsar bombaPossible = 100 megatons of TNT

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY = ENERGY stored in position

In an explosion (say TNT or cocktail Molotov) the chemical PE goes into The KE energy of the gas moleculeAnd the volume increases by a factor of 1000 about.(it depends on the difference of temperature betweenThe explosion and the outside)

http://www.newwest.net/city/article/explosion_in_downtown_bozeman_destorys_two_bars_evacuates_two_blocks/C396/L396/

In November 2002 (see book) 15,000 pounds of fuel were dropped onTaliban. This about ______________ of TNT

http://chemistry.about.com/od/firecombustionchemistry/a/molotovcocktail.htm

Explosion does not hurts but the gas 's volume increase by 1000So why a grenade is made of little pieces of metal around ?Or why terrorists add nails and other pieces to their hand-madeBombs ?

Gas takes 1000 times more volume than solids

- compare gasoline and battery. Gasoline used to be very cheap. That's why our suburbs don't include public transportation Like in Europe. p.15 compare the price of coal (pure carbons) and gasoline. Can we use coal as Fuel for our cars ? So why don't we?(during WWII the Germans developed a technology to use coal as fuel. The same Technology was used by South Africa during the apartheid)We will get back to it below.

Coal is mainly carbons C (+ bad stuff) and gasoline is CH2

(long chain like octane). Which fuel is the worse as a pollutant ?What about natural gas CH

4 ? Or methane.

In California, they use methane a lot.In table 1.1 p.5 check the energy content of methane.

PROBLEM WITH FOSSIL FUEL = Climate change, pollution and energy dependency (unfriendly countries, wars,Terrorism).

BUT fossil fuel (gasoline, natural gas, coal) are so so cheap !!!!!Used to be even cheaper. !!! only 20 cents per kwh !!!

As the price of imported oil rises above $60/barrel,Companies invest in extracting oil and gas shale (from sedimentary rocks).

Canada has sand oil.

Extracting the resources is good for energy independence for jobsBut not good for environment. (you need to inject water/chemical in sedimentary layer.Over a large area). In England it caused seismic activities. In France, forbidden for now.

NORTH DAKOTA + Wyoming, Utah, Coloradooil shale / Ohio = gas shale

“Shell's process involves drilling a series of holes, each as deep as 600 feet, which are then filled with heavyduty electric heaters that warm the rock to 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The heating process releases a combination of oil and gas that can then be pumped out of the well. "We're confident that high-quality crude can be produced from shale for roughly $30 per barrel," says Shell spokeswoman Jill Davis”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP17A

In Canada, they have sand oil . Good for economy and independenceNot for environment.

See movie exon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MukcZYpD3M

http://money.cnn.com/2005/12/09/news/economy/newoil_shale_biz20/index.htm

How to extract oil shale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_gas

How to extract shale gas

Shale gas is natural gas formed from being trapped within shale formations.[1] Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. In 2000 shale gas provided only 1% of U.S. natural gas production; by 2010 it was over 20% and the U.S. government's Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035 46% of the United States' natural gas supply will come from shale gas

- Can we build clean coal plants ?Yes this is called carbon sequestration or carbon capture and storage (CCS)China builds 70 new plants per year !!! can they afford this technology?See p. 389 table. We have reserves = 2 trillion tons of coal known. Maybe twice that.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtfuYlhDjw4See 4:55 minute in this video by Cambridge University (show you research):

http://richannel.org/the-future-of-energy

NEW way to burn COAL :

COAL + iron oxide = iron + carbon dioxideThe carbon dioxide is sent to the ground, iron is burnt with air andRelease heat. There is no nitrogen oxide and it is easier to extract theC02. Cheap too,

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/510736/a-cleaner-way-to-use-coal/

http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/02/07/osu-process-gets-clean-coal-energy.html

We can turn coal to oil Fischer-Tropsch method. Worthwhile for over $50/barrel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process

technology discovered in Germany 80 years ago that converts coal into gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel. The Fischer-Tropsch technology, discovered by German researchers in 1923 and later used by the Nazis to convert coal into wartime fuels

South African firm Sasol's website,is the only continuous commercially successful application of the Fischer-Tropsch technology to coal gas has been done by them. Sasol's material states that: "Sasol has pioneered the commercial application of Fischer-Tropsch technology since the early 1950s when we built our first petrochemical plant at Sasolburg and began producing fuel based synfuels and chemicals. This pioneering spirit has resulted in Sasol being recognised as a global technology and innovation leader, and we are now poised to deliver the world's cleanest diesel early in 2006”

GOOD for ENERGY INDEPENDENCY but not for the ENVIRONMENT

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlPzCmKQueo

Wood in your motoranother WWII technology

http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/01/wood-gas-cars.html

IGCC Technology

integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igcc

turn coal and other carbon based fuels into gas

energy content of 1 gram of Uranium is equivalent to approximately 3 tons of coal

- Compare Uranium 235 and gasoline.

United States buy its oil from Mexico, Canada and Saudi Arabia.It costs Saudi Arabia about $5/barrel to extract oil. It is sold at $100 about. What's theProblem in term of security ? Energy independence?

Uranium does not poor CO2 in the atmosphere and has a high

Energy content and we have a lot of it. Why can't we build more nuclear plants?

Automobiles produce about 50 to 400 hp about.1 solar car produces 10 hp maximum. Is it efficient ?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlvZxjxQ-eg&feature=related

Solar taxi:

ALSO : SOLAR AIR PLANES like Helios.Interesting for spying. They can fly very high and go undetected.The batteries can be charged during the day. It carries 100 pounds(battery + camera + detector). 17 hp 20mph, 247 feet long wings

http://www.disclose.tv/action/viewvideo/6893/Helios_Solar_Powered_Aircraft/

http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/05/solar-powered-plane-leaves-spain-for-morocco/

JUNE 2012 : world record from Spain (Madrid) to Morocco

June 5, 2012: The Solar Impulse HB-SIA experimental aircraft is pulled out a hanger at Barajas airport in Madrid, Spain. (AP)

20 hours flight. 12,000 solar cells. Weighs like a family car. Chargeable batteries.Invited by the Moroccan solar energy agency. $100 million over 10 years.1554 miles to cover.

Solar cellbased on the photo electric effect. (1905 Nobel Prize)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A

Expensive solar cell is 40% efficient. Cheap solar cell = 20% Efficient but companies are working on it.

If the Sun gives a power of 1 kW per square meterSuppose the cells are 100% efficient.1 power plant produces about 1 gigawatt = 1 GW What is the area covered by the solar cells ? Hint:1GW = 1,000,000,000W = 1,000,000 kW = 1,000,000 square meters=1,000 m x 1,000 m = ......... km x ....... km = .... square kilometerSo this is not too large of an area.

If the cells are only 40% efficient, we need to increase the area by 60%= 1.5 square kilometer. Not bad.An expensive cell is about $10 / square centimeter = $100,000 / square meter = $ ......................./square kilometer= 100 billion dollars. Too much. (regular power plant) price is 1 billionIs there a solution?

You can use a concentrator solar cell.Using movable mirror you can focus1000 square centimeter to 1 square centimeter.You divide the price by ....... see articleNow we can increase by a factor of 60,000 !

This is billion dollars industry.

Cheap solar cells are made to be 20% efficient.They can be printed on a flexible sheet byA printer !

Thin film is the hottest part of the fastest growing new energy source in the world.BCC Research, which charts technology markets, expects the global solar marketTo from from $13 billion to $32 billion by 2012 with thin film expanding 45% a year.Masdar, the clean energy branch of the gt of Abu Dhabi announced it will invest $2 billion inThin technology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKsOpDSRl50

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkFtg9yCRNM

Next generation of solar cells

Peel and stick

ANOTHER way to HARVEST SOLAR ENERGY:SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGY

Instead of using photovoltaic cells, the technology uses rows of curved Parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight on a pipe full of synthetic oil. The sun's energy superheats the oil, which is then used to boil water intoSteam. The steam runs turbines, which generate electricity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imdgFBGkbcA

See Acciona the developer of Nevada Solar one (NS1) Produces 64 megawatts ofelectricity for the utility company Nevada Power. Enough to light 14,000 homes.

182,000 parabolic mirrors spread over 400Acres of flat desert. Only 10 mirrorsWere lost in 9 months.

Acciona is planning to add 500 megawatts of thermal solar power in the USBy the end of2011.

The company's Spanish competitor Abengoa just announced a plan to build a 280 megawatts solar thermal plant outside Phoenix, the largest in the world (2011)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNFfmHzuqP4

presentation

presentation

In Seville, Spain.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6616651.stm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wM2Vqw1YjY

Can you afford a Telsa Roaster ?Working only on rechargeable batteries(plugged in the wall) ?Cost = $100,000 now.Batteries last 3 years. Batteries Range= 300 miles135 miles per gallon equivalent

But:

Works with 1 pound computer battery $120 . 1 computer battery produces about 50 Wh Energy. (see table p.5 1 g =0.1 Cal = 0.1 watt-hours so 500g = 1 pound =50Wh)

You need at least 50kW for a car.(remember 1 small car is 50 hp or about 50 kW )

So you need 50kW from the batteries or 1000 batteries!!That is $120,000 worth of battery and 1000 pounds (compare to 10 gallons of gasoline. 1 gallon is about 10 pounds)It costs $.10 per kwh to recharge the battery or _____ for 300 miles ($5 for 300 miles)Is it good compared to gasoline car ? Are you saving money ? (compared to $3/gal and 20mpg or $3 / 20 miles !!! (so $45 for 300 miles) about 10 times moreThe batteries last 3 years, and can be charged 1000 times. So you can drive 300,000 miles.The draw back is the price of the batteries. If They can cut the price from 120K to 60K.Better. However new company A123 can make batteries for only $12,000.Then it has a future !

http://i.mitsubishicars.com/

8 years or 100,000 miles62 miles / charge

http://www.chevrolet.com/volt-electric-car/

http://www.ford.com/electric/focuselectric/2012/

http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index

Watch video about the VOLT

Show movies about electric cars

THEY have to work on the price of batteries.Battery in an electric car is like laptop battery.Gasoline has 100 times the energy of a laptop battery.So to store the same amount of energy in an electric car, the weightOf battery compared to oil is multiplied by ________.

For 100 lb of gasoline, we need ___________ lbs of battery or 5 tons !!Hybrids are the best solutions. Or we can use electric cars in cities.

In Paris, you will beAble to rent an electric carTo get around. Autolib system

Toyota prius

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=fZX6uGThHPk&NR=1

A lot of ongoing research on more efficient/cheaper batteries. Berkeley lab

ELECTRIC DRIVERLESS CAR of googlePRIUS drove 140, 000 miles without accident.

Interesting for the US army,

The car is loaded with google street view and an artificial intelligenceSystem as well as video cameras, radars and a light sensing distanceAnd ranging system known as LIDAR.

http://www.bloomberg.com/video/army-s-robotic-arsenal-adds-11m-driverless-trucks-ZEJF59~vSuODNj5kM0zJSA.html

See movies driveless car

Also in the news:hydrolian station in France

(Ile de Brehat, Bretagne)First station in the world.Will Include 4 turbines.

Each turbine provides 500kW (about 500 households) production of electricity by the integration of hydrolians (water turbines) in the flow of the sea. The disclose system allow the production of large quantity of electricity with close to no environmental impact. Some proposed arrangements also permit the regulation of the power production over a day, in order to supply more electricity at peak hours. They will try one andThen will install all 4 of them. The turbines are placed at 35m below Sea level. The diameter is about 20m. Do we have the same thing here in rivers ? ?

Http://onlinephys.com/hydrolienne http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Zgup2LyPQ

What about biofuel made with corns or better grass ?

Corn is sugar and can be made to ethanol. But not efficient. More inputEnergy than output: You need fertilizers, a lot of water, plus ethanol is mixed withWater so you need to distil the ethanol to extract it. You can not pipe it. EthanolIs too toxic. You can not use pure ethanol in regular cars. It brings the priceOf food up since corns are used for ethanol and less for food. But first time farmers can make money. (farming in heavily subsidized by the gout)/

Solution: use switch grass or any biomass. You need to use enzyme to break downThe cellulose and bacteria to make sugar and then bio fuel/VERY HOT. A lot of interest from oil company like BP.Farmers can switch from corns to grass or sugar cans/Depending on the area.

http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=9030593&contentId=7055794

See movie about biomass

http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-20023538-54.html

Biofuel : a nice future is the price of oil is still high. The next generation of biofuel don'tCompete with the food chain. In Europe it is used for airplanes. See videos.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_S7Q3Uede4

Synthetic FUEL : GREAT FUTURE ?Good for jobs, energy in dependency but environment ?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ST7oCLUCw4

http://www.ottusa.com/synthetic_fuel/synthetic_fuel.htm

http://www.sciguru.com/newsitem/13834/soil-microbe-super-efficient-biofuel-factory-scientists-explores-way-create-biofuels-minus-photosy

At7 Berkeley lab : bacteria + C02 + electricity + H2O =biofuelPhotosynthesis is by passed !

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPNgfuRkF8w&feature=player_embedded

OTHER ENERGY SOURCE: FUSION in the future.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ9j2cajRo4

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8485669.stm

6 million times better than gasoline

If we can master fusion , we solve the world energy problem withoutNuclear waste. We just need deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium(doubly heavy hydrogen). Deuterium is extracted from water (1/6000)And tritium is made by hitting lithium with neutrons. (can be producedDuring the fusion). You only 100kg per year of fuel for 1GW power plant !!

You need to overcome theEM force for the strong force to take over. But if pressure and temperature increaseIt can explode. 3 ways. Laser = doing very quickly and the explosion is small.Tokamak = low density hydrogen, accelerator.Cold fusion = hydrogen stays cold.

beryllium

LASER FUSIONDone at Livermore at the National Ignition facility (NIF).They need very powerful laser and a small and cold pellet of deuterium and tritium.Use 192 lasers. Recently the energy produced matched the energy used.

beryllium

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1329611/2-2bn-superlab-scientists-creating-star-Earth.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3F42s_MsP48:53

COLD FUSION: investigated by Luis Alvarez in 1957.If the proton from hydrogen is given an negative charge to balance the positiveCharge of the proton, then the hydrogen nucleus can get close to another nucleusAnd the negative charge is ejected. This could be achieved with muons.Same charge than electrons but heavier. So nuclei are slowed down. The ejected muon can catalyze another fusion. But turned out not practical.If you can do it = nobel prize + money + solve the world energy problem

TOKAMAK to be completed in France in 2018Hydrogen as plasma is place in an accelerator with a changing magnetic field. Hydrogen heatsUp enough for fusion to take place. It heats up a blanket of lithium that can heat water toGenerate electricity. Lithium can be broken down by neutrons to make new tritium.Beryllium is used to make neutrons.

http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/t/tokamak.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ9j2cajRo4

Most (80%) of the energy produced by the fusion isIn the kinetic energy of the neutrons. The neutrons collide With the wall and their KE is converted to heat. The heat isHarvested to produce electricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellarator

2 billion times than gasoline is antimatter