Energetic Material (TKK-2130)

Energetic Material(TKK-2130)

13/14 Semester 3

Instructor: Rama OktavianEmail: [email protected] Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11

Outlines

1. Energy situation

2. Energy source

3. Energy and society

4. Energy conversion and efficiency

Energy situationEnergy vocabulary and information literacy

Energy has its own vocabulary.

“Energy” and “Power” are often used interchangeably, but they mean slightly different things.

What’s the difference between “Energy” and “Power”?

Energy: quantityAbility to do work

Power: rateWork over time

Energy situationEnergy units

Energy has many units.

Energy situationPower

Power is a Rate of Energy

Power: work performed over a period of time

‣Or energy produced over a period of time

‣Or energy consumed over a period of time

‣It’s a “rate” not a quantity

Energy situationPower

Power is a Rate of Energy

Units:

‣Watt (W, kW, MW, GW,…)

‣Horsepower

•Power density: W/m2

‣Heat flux density, irradiance,…

Energy situation

Energy = Power × Time

•A light bulb consumes energy at a rate of 100 W

•Its instantaneous power consumption is 100 W

•After 1 hour, it has consumed 100 Wh or 0.1 kWh

•After 10 hours, it has consumed 1 kWh

Energy situationEnergy = Power × Time

•Example: A nuclear plant has a power capacity

of 1 GW

‣After 1 hour, generates 1 GWh of electricity

‣After 1 year, generates 8,760 GWh of

electricity

‣NOTE: 8,760 hours per year

•Converting from GWh to kWh

‣1 GWh = 1 million kWh

‣Total U.S. electricity in 2011: 4,000 billion kWh

Energy situationEnergy notation

Energy situationEnergy notation

•MW = megaWatts = 1 million watts

•MMBTU = million BTU = thousand, thousand BTU

•MMBD = million barrels per day = thousand, thousand barrels per day

‣also sometimes noted “mbd”

‣BOE = “barrel of energy” or “barrel of oil equivalent”

‣MMBDOE = million barrels per day of oil equivalent (an amount of

energy)

Energy situationEnergy notation for natural gas

•The energy content of 1,000 SCF of

natural gas is approximately 1 million BTU

‣SCF = standard cubic foot

‣MCF = thousand cubic feet (also “mcf” or “Mcf” or “mil”)

‣1,028 BTU per cubic foot

‣1,000 SCF = 1 MCF = 1.028 MMBTU

•Price is often given in MCF or MMBTU

Energy situationEnergy conversion: Tons

•A ton is about a tonne

•English system:

‣Ton = dry ton = short ton = 2000 lbs

•Metric/SI system:

‣Tonne = metric ton = metric tonne = MT = 1,000 kg

•1 kg = 2.2 lbs

•1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 2200 lbs = 1.1 tons

•1 metric ton = 1 tonne = 1.1 tons

‣Only wrong by 10%

Energy situationPrimary energy demand, 2035 (Mtoe)

World Energy Outlook, EIA 2013

Energy situation2012 Worldwide Per Capita Energy UseSource: International Energy Agency • Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

Energy situation

Energy situationEnergy use in IndonesiaESDM, Indonesia Energy Outlook 2010

Energy consumption in industry sector


Energy consumption in household and commercial sector


Energy consumption in household and commercial sector

Energy sourcePrimary and secondary energy

Energy sourceNon-renewable energy sources

  Hydrocarbon Supplies: �  Coal�  Oil�  Natural Gas�

Renewable energy sources

  Renewable Sources �  Biomass (Wood, Corn Ethanol, etc.) �  Hydro (Dams) �  Wind�  Geothermal�  Solar�

Energy sourceEnergy sources in Indonesia

  Oil�


  Oil�


Natural gas


Natural gas


Coal


Coal


Renewable energy sources in Indonesia


Renewable energy sources in Indonesia-Geothermal


Renewable energy sources in Indonesia-Geothermal

Energy and societyEnergy flow in society

Energy and societyEnergy flow in society

Energy conversion and efficiencyEnergy conversion

First law of thermodynamics

•Energy is conserved: the best you can do is break even

‣Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

‣The total energy of an isolated system remains the same.

•Energy exists in many forms

•Energy forms can be converted from one to another

Energy conversion and efficiencyEnergy exists in many forms

•Mechanical (m)

‣Gravitational potential

‣Kinetic

•Thermal (t)

•Electrical (e)

•Radiant (r)

•Chemical (c)

•Atomic (a)

Energy conversion and efficiencyExample

Energy conversion and efficiencyEnergy efficiency

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy

No system gives you as much back as you put in‣Losses ALWAYS occur


•Efficiency for a process is always <1

•For a system, the overall efficiency is the product of the

individual efficiencies within the system

‣NOT the sum of efficiencies

‣NOT the average of efficiencies

•Minimizing the number of steps is beneficial


Documents

Energetic Material (TKK-2130)