Endocrine and Metabolic Endocrine and Metabolic SystemsSystems

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Objectives Identify and discuss the organs of the endocrine and metabolic systems and their Identify and discuss the organs of the endocrine and metabolic systems and their

function(s)function(s) Discuss common illnesses involving the endocrine and metabolic systemsDiscuss common illnesses involving the endocrine and metabolic systems

signs & symptomssigns & symptoms managementmanagement

Glands of the Endocrine System

Pituitary-hypothalamusPituitary-hypothalamus PituitaryPituitary ThyroidThyroid ParathyroidParathyroid AdrenalAdrenal PancreasPancreas TestesTestes Ovaries Ovaries

Endocrine System

The endocrine glands secrete hormonesThe endocrine glands secrete hormones regulate the organ systems within the regulate the organ systems within the

bodybody inhibit or stimulate the release of inhibit or stimulate the release of

additional hormonesadditional hormones Collectively these hormones work to Collectively these hormones work to

maintain homeostasismaintain homeostasis

Endocrine System

Once a hormone is secreted, it travels Once a hormone is secreted, it travels through the blood to the target cells through the blood to the target cells designed to receive its messagedesigned to receive its message

Along the way, hormones bind to Along the way, hormones bind to specific proteins, which act as carriersspecific proteins, which act as carriers

The carriers regulate the amount of The carriers regulate the amount of hormone available to the target cellshormone available to the target cells

Endocrine System

The target cells have receptors that will The target cells have receptors that will only communicate with specific only communicate with specific hormoneshormones

When the hormones reach the target When the hormones reach the target cells, they latch onto the receptorscells, they latch onto the receptors

The hormone-receptor connection The hormone-receptor connection transmits chemical instructions to the transmits chemical instructions to the inner working of the cellinner working of the cell

Pituitary

Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)(TSH) Works to regulate thyroid functionWorks to regulate thyroid function

Secretes luteinizing hormoneSecretes luteinizing hormone Stimulates ovulationStimulates ovulation Stimulates release of testosteroneStimulates release of testosterone

Pituitary (cont.)

Secretes follicle-stimulating hormoneSecretes follicle-stimulating hormone Increases estrogen release in femalesIncreases estrogen release in females Increases sperm production in malesIncreases sperm production in males

Secretes antidiuretic hormoneSecretes antidiuretic hormone Stimulates the kidneys to absorb waterStimulates the kidneys to absorb water

Secretes adrenocorticotropic hormoneSecretes adrenocorticotropic hormone Stimulates the adrenal glands to release Stimulates the adrenal glands to release

cortisolcortisol

Thyroid

Secretes thyroid hormone (TSecretes thyroid hormone (T44 and T and T33)) Designed to increase metabolismDesigned to increase metabolism

Adrenal Glands

One on top of each kidneyOne on top of each kidney Each made up of an inner & outer Each made up of an inner & outer

portionportion

Adrenal Glands

Outer portion (adrenal cortex)Outer portion (adrenal cortex) Secretes corticosteroidsSecretes corticosteroids

aldosteronealdosteroneCortisolCortisol

Influences or regulatesInfluences or regulatesFluid balanceFluid balanceImmune systemImmune systemResponse to stressResponse to stressSexual development & functionSexual development & function

Adrenal Glands

Inner portion (adrenal medulla)Inner portion (adrenal medulla) Secretes catecholaminesSecretes catecholamines

EpinephrineEpinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine

Increases blood pressure and heart rate Increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body responds to stresswhen the body responds to stress

Glands of the Endocrine System

PancreasPancreas SecretesSecretes

InsulinInsulinGlucagonGlucagon

Works to maintain steady levels of Works to maintain steady levels of glucose in the bloodglucose in the blood

Maintain stores of energyMaintain stores of energy Keeps the body supplied with fuelKeeps the body supplied with fuel

Glands of the Endocrine System

OvariesOvaries SecretesSecretes

estrogenestrogenprogesteroneprogesterone

Regulates menstrual cycleRegulates menstrual cycle Produces secondary female sex Produces secondary female sex

characteristicscharacteristics

Glands of the Endocrine System

TestesTestes SecretesSecretes

testosteronetestosterone Produces secondary male sex Produces secondary male sex

characteristicscharacteristics Regulates sperm production Regulates sperm production

characteristicscharacteristics Involved in protein synthesisInvolved in protein synthesis

General Signs & Symptoms

Changes in skin color, texture, or Changes in skin color, texture, or appearanceappearance

Hyperhydrosis/diaphoresisHyperhydrosis/diaphoresis Body/breath odorBody/breath odor Polydipsia/polyuriaPolydipsia/polyuria Arthralgia/myalgiaArthralgia/myalgia Amenorrhea/impotenceAmenorrhea/impotence

General Signs & Symptoms (cont.) Confusion or change in mental Confusion or change in mental

functionfunction ParesthesiaParesthesia Edema/pitting edemaEdema/pitting edema PolyphagiaPolyphagia Postural (orthostatic) hypertensionPostural (orthostatic) hypertension Lethargy & fatigueLethargy & fatigue

Common Pathology of the Endocrine System DiabetesDiabetes

Type IType I Type IIType II

HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism HypothyroidismHypothyroidism Adrenal insufficiencyAdrenal insufficiency Growth hormone problemsGrowth hormone problems

Questions?