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Endangered Species and Water Quality:A Compelling Narrative for Improving
Water Quality
Scott A. Hecht, Ph.D.
Office of Protected Resources
National Marine Fisheries Service
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
March 27th, 2017
NOAA’s Office of Protected Resources Endangered Species Pesticide Team
Ryan DeWitt Biologist (contractor)
Tony Hawkes Ecotoxicologist
Scott Hecht Ecotoxicologist
Thom Hooper Fisheries Biologist
Cathy Tortorici Division Chief
David Baldwin Research ZoologistCathy Laetz Research ZoologistNathaniel Scholz Program manager- Research ZoologistJulann Spromberg Ecotoxicologist - Population modelerJennifer McIntyre University of Washington, former PostDoc
NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fish Health Program
Natural Resource Management and Targeted Science
Water Quality Topics
• Pesticides and Salmonids
• Pesticide Mixtures and Temperature
• Stormwater
• Endangered Species Act (ESA)
• Successes
Pesticides and Salmonids
Distribution of Threatened and Endangered Salmon
and Steelhead
Oncorhynchus keta
28 Evolutionarily Significant Units
Oncorhynchus nerka
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Organophosphate Insecticides: Acute poisoning
Mode of toxic action:
-disrupt neurotransmission
-inhibit an enzyme, acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE),
-by binding to Nerve cells continue to fire
NEUROTOXICANTS
Fish lose equilibrium, swim in spiral or corkscrew pattern, have increased breathing, over react to stimuli, may have terminal tetany, flared pectoral fins and opercula, ending in death.
Critical Analyses for Pesticides
• Direct and indirect effects
• Small streams and flood plain habitats
• Evaluation of mixture toxicity
• Evaluation of multiple stressors (temperature)
• Model population level consequences from lethal and sublethal effects
• Habitat related impacts
Pesticide Mixtures and Temperature
Pesticides from urban and agricultural lands are detected in
salmonid habitats throughout the Pacific Northwest and
California frequently occurring in surface waters with
elevated temperature.
Gilliom, RJ. 2007. Pesticides in U.S. Streams and Groundwater.
Environmental Science and Technology 41(10), 3409-3414.
Pesticides Typically Found as Complex MixturesAgricultural streams had
3 or more pesticides 90%
of the time.
Urban streams had
9 or more pesticides
25% of the time
Credit C. Laetz
Ventura County 2014: Use of copper and three
organophosphate insecticides
Pesticide Pounds
applied
Treatment
areas
Amount
treated
(acres)
Copper 15 oranges 8
Copper
ethanolamine
complexes
788
590
landscape
maintenance;
water areas
141
Copper
hydroxide
11,177 crops >12,000
Copper
Octanoate
954 crops;
nurseries
>900
Copper oxide 867 crops >500
Copper
oxychloride
254 crops >1500
Copper sulfates
(basic/
pentahydrate)
8500 crops;
landscape
maintenance
>350
TOTALS 23,145 >15400
Diazinon 1496 crops >700
Chlorpyrifos >35,000 crops >17,500
Malathion >25,600 crops >14150
Total of 3 OPs 62,000
CA DPR Pesticide Use Reporting Database; March 23, 2017
Mixture Toxicity is a Concern for Salmonid Health
Cn Ma Ca Co Da
Cn
Ma
Ca
Co
Da
AC
hE
inh
ibit
ion
carbofuran
diazinon
chlorpyrifos
malathion
carbaryl
Hypothetical health/behavior effect threshold
exposure to single pesticides exposure to mixtures
synergismadditivity
Credit C. Laetz
100% mortality (M)
Mixtures of OP Pesticides are
Additive or Synergistic
Mixtures of OP pesticides were
lethal at concentrations that were
sublethal when applied singly.
Laetz et al., 2009. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(3),
348-353.
Credit C. Laetz
What effect will climate change (a predicted 3.3 to 9.7 °F rise in temperature) and the predicted rise in local stream temperatures have on contaminant toxicity?
Seasonal Temperature Stress is a
Concern in Agricultural and Urban Habitats
Sulphur Creek Waterway
WA State Dept of Ecology
Beechie et al, 2013 River Res. Applic. 29 939-960
Juvenile Coho lethal threshold = 23 °C
higher temperatures
increase toxicity
lower temperatures
protective?
Elevated Temperature Increases the Toxicity of
Pesticide Mixtures at Low Concentrations
diazinon 1.3 μg/L
malathion 0.7 μg/L
ethoprop 0.9 μg/L
malathion 0.7 μg/L
Credit C. LaetzCredit C. Laetz
Take Home Message: Pesticide Mixtures and Temperature
Mixtures of neurotoxic pesticides are common in fresh waters that provide habitat for threatened salmon species.
Modest elevations in temperature enhanced the toxicity of pesticide mixtures at parts-per-trillion concentrations.
Stormwater Runoff
Toxics in StormwaterEvery day, pollution spilled onto the ground or deposited from the air pours from 10,000 lakes and streams into Puget Sound. During heavy rains, water rushing across roads, parking lots, building roofs and gardens picks up far more pollution that winds up in the Sound. Here's a look at some of those toxic chemicals and how they can affect marine life.
A. RAYMOND/THE SEATTLE TIMES
Source: Department of Ecology; Northwest Fisheries Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry;National Marine Fisheries Service Auke Bay Laboratory.
PAHs
PAHs are attracted to fish
embryos like magnets. Even
tiny doses can change the
shape of a developing fish's
heart, causing the fish to be
too slow to escape predators.
Olfactory
nerveOlfactory
rosette
PBDEs/PCBs
These chemicals build up over time, especially in
fatty fish like chinook — the preferred food for
orcas. They can make marine life more susceptible
to disease. May be harmful to children of pregnant
women who eat contaminated fish.
Copper
Found in vehicle
brake pads and some
boat-hull paint.
PAHs
A suite of chemicals
created by burning and
released by creosote
pilings, oil spills, vehicle
exhaust, forest fires,
volcanoes.
PCBs
Banned but
long-lived organic
chemicals found in
transformers, plastics,
insulation, adhesives,
paint.
PBDEs
Flame retardants found in
sofa cushions, computers,
wire insulation, drapes.
Copper
Brief doses can alter how baby
fish smell, which is key to eluding
predators. It can also affect how
fish sense water movements when
predators approach.
Copper Is Toxic to Fish Sensory Neurons (Olfactory and Lateral Line Receptors)
copper- exposed
unexposed
Credit N. Scholz
Schreckstoff = alarm cue in fish skin
Salmonid alarm response = freezing
released by mechanical damage
Mik
e M
azu
r
Copper Impairs Ecologically Important Behaviors
Credit J. McIntyre
Copper-Exposed Coho Fail to Respond to a Chemical Predation Cue
No copper
Copper
Freeze
No freeze
Credit N. Scholz
2. Time to Attack, Capture
Prey acclimation (15 min)
Add skin extract
Lift prey chamber
Release predators
Prey exposure (3h)
Predator acclimation (1 hr)
Predation Experimental Design
[copper]: 0, 5, 10, 20 μg/L
Predation
1. Prey Activity
22
Credit J. McIntyre
Copper Increases Predation Mortality
Copper-exposed coho prey are significantly more visible and vulnerable to attack and capture by cutthroat trout predators
LT50
(50% Survival Time)
p<0.001
5 μg/L
10 μg/L
20 μg/L
Control
Copper
LT
50
(s)
23
“The purposes... are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species,…
Section 2(b) of the Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
Section 7 requires U.S. Federal agencies to:• consult with U.S. FWS or NOAA
• insure that
• any action they authorize, fund, or carry out
• is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat
• use the best scientific and commercial data available
The Endangered Species Act of 1973
Scope: All threatened and endangered species
listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Action: EPA’s authorization of Pesticide labels for a
given active ingredient (all labels and
authorized uses)
Approach: Integrate ecological risk assessment
methods into Section 7 consultation process
Goal: Use pilot consultations to construct a
programmatic approach that works for all
pesticides and species
National Pesticide Consultations with Threatened and Endangered Species
EPA’s Federal Action: Pesticide Registration
“Authorization for use or uses described in labeling of a pesticide product containing a particular pesticide active ingredient.”
Definition reached at NMFS-USFWS-USEPA meeting 12/12/2007
Examples of Completed Biological Opinions on Pacific Salmonids
Pesticide Jeopardy to species?
Use Completed
propargite Jeopardy: 21 of 28 species
acaricide 1/7/2015
Fenbutatin-oxide Jeopardy: 21 of 28 species
insecticide 1/7/2015
Diflubenzuron Jeopardy: 23 of 28 species
insecticide/ fungicide
1/7/2015
Thiobencarb No jeopardy:3 of 3 species
herbicide 6/30/2012
Oryzalin Jeopardy 10 of 28 species
herbicide 5/31/2012
Pendimethalin Jeopardy 16of 28 species
herbicide 5/31/2012
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/consultation/pesticides.htm
Successes in Improving Water Quality in Salmonid Habitats
Extensive Resource Management
and Legislative Engagement
Credit N. Scholz
Numbers on Copper Reductions
California and Washington already
passed requirements to reduce these
materials in brake pads. Prior to these
requirements, fine dust from
vehicular braking released an
estimated 1.3 million pounds of
copper into California’s environment
in 2010 and about 250,000 pounds
into Washington’s environment in
2011. Estimates for California show as
much as a 61 percent reduction of
copper in urban runoff due to changes in
brake pad composition.
California passes legislation, after which EPA reaches a national agreement
Credit N. Scholz
Bioretention: Can filtration of urban runoff reduce coho pre-spawn mortality?
2” mulch
24” bioretention soil media (60% sand : 40% compost)
12” drainage layer (gravel aggregate)
underdrain
cap slotted 2” PVC bulkhead 2” ball valve
Treatment Rate = 3 mm/min
Washington State Department of Ecology Low Impact Development Technical Guidance Manual 2012
Credit J. Spromberg
Riparian Areas Improve Water Quality
Riparian areas benefit salmonid habitats by:
• Reducing pesticide contamination, sediment, and nutrients;
• Improving floodplain habitat function by reducing stream temperatures and providing sources of large wood, reducing sedimentation/erosion
Vision: Establish and maintain riparian areas to reduce pesticide contamination and support high functioning floodplain habitats, thereby creating resilient populations of healthy salmonids.
Execution: Work with EPA, NRCS, Tribes, and other entities to recognize successful efforts at restoring riparian habitats and implement NOAA pesticide biological opinions.
Thank You
Julann Spromberg, Cathy Laetz, Thom Hooper, Tony Hawkes, Scott Hecht, David Baldwin
Ryan DeWitt
Nat Scholz, Jennifer McIntyre, David Baldwin
Contact Information
Scott A. Hecht, Ph.D.
NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service
Office of Protected Resources
Copper and Stormwater Sources• McIntyre, J.K., Edmunds, R.C., Mudrock, E., Brown, M., Davis, J.W., Stark, J.D., Incardona, J.P. and Scholz, N.L. 2016.
Confirmation of stormwater bioretention treatment effectiveness using molecular indicators of cardiovascular toxicity in developing fish. Environmental Science and Technology, 50:1561-1569
• McIntyre, J.K., Anulacion, B.F., Davis, J.W., Edmunds, R.C., Incardona, J.P., Stark, J.D., and Scholz, N.L. 2016. Severe coal tar sealcoat runoff toxicity to fish is reversed by bioretention filtration. Environmental Science and Technology, 50:1570-1578.
• Spromberg, J.A., Baldwin, D.H., Damm, S.E., McIntyre, J.K., Huff, M., Davis, J.W., and Scholz, N.L. 2016. Widespread adult coho salmon spawner mortality in western U.S. urban watersheds: lethal impacts of stormwater runoff are reversed by soil bioinfiltration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53: 398-407.
• McIntyre, J. K., J. W. Davis, R. C. Edmunds, J. Incardona, N. L. Scholz, J. Stark. 2015. Soil bioretention protects juvenile salmon and their prey from the toxic impacts of urban stormwater runoff. Chemosphere, 132:213-219.
• McIntyre, J.K., Davis, J.W., Incardona, J.P., Stark, J.D., and Scholz, N.L. 2014. Zebrafish and clean water technology: assessing the protective effects of bioinfiltration as a treatment for toxic urban runoff. Science of the Total Environment, 500-501:173-180.
• McIntyre, J. K., D. H. Baldwin, D. A. Beauchamp, N. L. Scholz. 2012. Low-level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators. Ecological Applications, 22:1460-1471.
• Scholz, N. L., M. S. Myers, S. G. McCarthy, J. S. Labenia, J. K. McIntyre, G. M. Ylitalo, L. D. Rhodes, C. A. Laetz, C. M. Stehr, B. L. French, B. McMillan, D. Wilson, L. Reed, K. D. Lynch, S. Damm, J. W. Davis, T. K. Collier. 2011. The next link will exit fromNWFSC web site Recurrent die-offs of adult coho salmon returning to spawn in Puget Sound lowland urban streams. PLoS ONE, 6(12):e28013.
• Linbo, T. L., D. H. Baldwin, J. K. McIntyre, N. L. Scholz. 2009. Effects of water hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved organiccarbon on the toxicity of copper to the lateral line of developing fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28:1455-1461.
• Hecht, S. A., D. H. Baldwin, C. A. Mebane, T. Hawkes, S. J. Gross, N. L. Scholz. 2007. An overview of sensory effects on juvenile salmonids exposed to dissolved copper: Applying a benchmark concentration approach to evaluate sublethal neurobehavioral toxicity. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NMFS-NWFSC-83, 39 p.
• Sandahl, J. F., D. H. Baldwin, J. J. Jenkins, N. L. Scholz. 2007. A sensory system at the interface between urban stormwater runnoff and salmon survival. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(8):2998-3004.
• Linbo, T. L., C. M. Stehr, J. Incardona, N. L. Scholz. 2006. Dissolved copper triggers cell death in the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(2):597-603.
Sources: Pesticides, Mixture Toxicity, Temperature
• Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., Labenia, J.S., Baldwin, D.H., and Collier, T.K. (2006). Dose-additive inhibition of chinook salmonacetylcholinesterase activity by mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25:1200-1207.
• Laetz, C.A., Baldwin, D.H., Collier, T.K., Herbert, V., Stark, J., and Scholz, N.L. (2009). The synergistic toxicity of pesticide mixtures: implications for ecological risk assessment and the conservation of threatened Pacific salmon. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117:348-353. (Feature Article)
• Laetz, C.A., Baldwin, D.H., Hebert, V.R., Stark, J.D., and Scholz, N.L. (2013). The interactive neurobehavioral toxicity of diazinon, malathion, and ethoprop to juvenile coho salmon. Environmental Science and Technology, 47:2925-2931
• Laetz, C.A., Hecht, S.A., Incardona, J.P., Collier, T.K., and Scholz, N.L. (2015). Ecological risk of mixtures. In: Aquatic ecotoxicology: advancing tools for dealing with emerging risks. C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard, and C. Mouneyrac (eds). Academic Press, pp. 441-462.
• Laetz, C.A., Baldwin, D.H., Hebert, V.R., Stark, J.D., and Scholz, N.L. (2014). Elevated temperatures increase the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to juvenile coho salmon. Aquatic Toxicology, 146:38-44.
• Macneale, K.H., Kiffney, P.M., and Scholz, N.L. (2010). Pesticides, aquatic food webs, and the conservation of Pacific salmonids. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9:475-482.
• Macneale, K.H., Spromberg, J.A., Baldwin, D.H., and Scholz, N.L. (2014). A modeled comparison of direct and food web-mediated impacts of common pesticides on Pacific salmon. Public Library of Science ONE, 9: e92436.
Sources ContinuedPesticides:
• NOAA ESA website on national pesticide consultations http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/consultation/pesticides.htm
• Sandahl, J.F., Baldwin, D.H., Jenkins, J.J., and Scholz, N.L. (2004). Odor-evoked field potentials as indicators of sublethalneurotoxicity in juvenile coho salmon exposed to copper, chlorpyrifos, or esfenvalerate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61:404-413.
• Stehr, C.M., Linbo, T.L., Incardona, J.P., and Scholz, N.L. (2006). The insecticide fipronil causes notochord degeneration and locomotor defects in zebrafish during early development. Toxicological Sciences, 92:270-278.
• Scholz, N.L. and Hopkins, W.A. (2006). The ecotoxicology of anticholinesterase pesticides: data gaps and research challenges. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25:1185-1186.
• Stehr, C.M., Linbo, T.L. Scholz, N.L., and Incardona, J.P. (2009). Evaluating effects of forestry herbicides on fish development using zebrafish rapid phenotypic screens. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 29:975-984.
• Weston, D.P., Asbell, A.M., Hecht, S.A., Scholz, N.L., and Lydy, M.J. (2011). Pyrethroid insecticides in urban salmon streams of the Pacific Northwest. Environmental Pollution, 159:3051-3056.
• Jorgenson, B., Brown, L., Fleishman, E., Macneale, K.H., Schlenk, D., Scholz, N.L., Spromberg, J.A., Werner, I., Weston, D., Young, T.M., Zhang, M., and Zhao, Q. (2013). Predicted transport of pyrethroid insecticides from an urban landscape to surface water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 32:2469-2477.
• Scholz, N.L. and McIntyre, J.K. (2015). Chemical pollution. In: Conservation of freshwater fishes. G.P. Closs, M. Krkosek, and J.D. Olden (eds.). Cambridge University Press, pp. 149-178.
• Sandahl, J.F., Baldwin, D.H., Jenkins, J.J., and Scholz, N.L. (2005). Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24:136-145.
• Labenia, J.S., Baldwin, D.H., French, B.L., Davis, J.W., and Scholz, N.L. (2007). Behavioral impairment and increased predation mortality in cutthroat trout exposed to carbaryl. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 329:1-11. (Feature Article)
• Baldwin, D.H., Spromberg, J.A., Collier, T.K.,and Scholz, N.L. (2009). A fish of many scales: extrapolating sublethal pesticide exposures to the productivity of wild salmon populations. Ecological Applications, 19:2004-2015. (Feature Article)
• McIntyre, J.K., Baldwin, D.H., Beauchamp, D.A., and Scholz, N.L. (2012). Low-level copper exposures increase the visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators. Ecological Applications, 22:1460-1471.
Sources: Riparian Areas
Conservation Buffers to Reduce Pesticide Losses. 2000. USDA-NRCS, National Water and Climate Center, and the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. http://www.in.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/agronomy/newconbuf.pdf
USDA-NRCS. Buffer Strips: Common Sense Conservation. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/newsroom/features/?&cid=nrcs143_023568
Bentrup, G. 2008. Conservation Buffers – Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-109. Asheville, NC: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 110 p. http://www.unl.edu/nac/bufferguidelines/docs/conservation_buffers.pdf