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Introduction to the Human Body
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Basic Organization
Cells Tissue Organs Systems Organisms.
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Cells
Cells are the building blocks of multicellular animals.
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Tissue
Tissues are groups of similar cells.
4 Types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue
Cover the inner and outer body surfaces
Some produce secretions – mucus and digestive enzymes
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Connective Tissue
Connect other tissues to each other
Solid – bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Fluid – blood and lymph
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Muscle Tissue
Contract and shorten to create movement
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Nerve Tissue
Send messages
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
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Organs
Groups of different types of tissues specialized to carry out a particular function.
Ex. Heart – pumps blood
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Organ Systems
Group of organs having related functions.
Ex. – Circulatory System – heart, arteries, veins, blood, capillaries
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Integumentary System
The skin, hair, nails, and a variety of glands make up the integumentary system.
The skin is the largest organ in the body.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Integumentary System
Functions of skin:
• a barrier against infection and injury.
• regulates body temperature.
• removes wastes.
• protection against ultraviolet light.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
The Skin
The skin is made up of two main layers—the epidermis and the dermis.
Beneath the dermis is a layer of fat that insulates the body.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
Structures of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Hair follicle
Sweat pore
Nerves
Muscle
Sweat gland
Fat
Sebaceous gland
Hair Blood vessels
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
Epidermis (outer layer)
The epidermis has two parts:
• The outer layer is dead cells.
• The inner layer is living cells.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
Older cells make keratin, a tough protein that forms a waterproof covering on the skin’s surface.
The epidermis also produces melanin, a dark brown pigment that protects the skin from sun damage.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
Dermis (inner layer)
The dermis contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and hair follicles.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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The Skin
The dermis contains two major types of glands:
• sweat glands – removes wastes & cools body
• sebaceous, or oil, glands – lubricates skin
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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Hair and Nails
Hair
Hair covers most body surfaces:
• protects the scalp from ultraviolet light
• provides insulation from the cold.
• prevents dirt particles from entering the body.
• Composed of dead cells with keratin in them.
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36–3 The Integumentary System
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Hair and Nails
Nails
Nails grow from cells dividing in the nail root.
Nail cells fill with keratin and produce a platelike nail that covers and protects the fingertips and toes.
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36–3
Keratin provides
a. insulation.
b. a waterproof covering.
c. pigmentation.
d. protection from UV radiation.
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36–3
The dermis contains two types of glands: sweat glands and
a. sebaceous glands.
b. pigment glands.
c. hair follicles.
d. dermal glands.
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36–3
All of the following are found in the dermis EXCEPT
a. nerve endings.
b. blood vessels.
c. sebaceous glands.
d. melanocytes.
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36–3
The function of melanin is to
a. help control the rate of heat loss by the skin.
b. produce sweat.
c. produce a waterproof covering on the surface of the skin.
d. absorb harmful UV radiation.
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36–3
The basic structure of human hair and nails is
a. melanin.
b. sebum.
c. keratin.
d. dermal cells.
