Upload
elizabeth-logan
View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
End-of-life Care in the ICU: Practical and Ethical Issues
Mazen Kherallah, MD, FCCP
ا و�م� غ�د�ا ب ت�ك س� اذ�ا م� ن�ف س� ت�د ر�ي ا و�م�الل�ه� إ�ن� ت�موت ض ر
أ� ي#ب�أ� ن�ف س� ت�د ر�ي
ب�ير� خ� ع�ل�يم�
: (34لقمان)
Case Scenario
• An 85-year-old man with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure, hypertension, and moderate Alzheimer’s disease is admitted to the hospital after a hip fracture.
• His postoperative course is complicated by pneumonia, delirium, and pressure ulcers on his heels and sacrum.
• Respiratory status is worsened with severe shortness of breath and hypoxemia requiring high flow O2 .
• A decision for intubation and mechanical ventilation needs to be made
What would you do next:
A. Intubate the patient and place on MVB. Do not intubate and Inform the family that
prognosis is bad based on his previous conditionC. Meet with the family and ask them what they want
to do and proceed based on their wishes D. Meet the family and help in making decision:
shared decision making11%11%11%11%
AAAA
16%16%16%16%
BBBB
24%24%24%24%
CCCC
49%49%49%49%
DDDD
Palliative care within the experience of illness, bereavement, and risk.
Risk-reducing Care
Risk Diagnosis Death
Bereavement CareSymptom Management/Supportive Care
Curative
Hospice Palliative Care
Life Closure(Planning for Death)
Last Hours of Life Care (Dying)
Risk Illness Bereavement
PatientFamily
End of Life Care
One in Five Deaths in the U.S. Occur in the ICU
Angus, Crit Care Med 2004; 32:638
Proportion of Deaths Preceded by CPR for Patients > 65 years old
Ehlenbach, NEJM, 2009; 361:22
Variability in Withholding and Withdrawing Life Support in the US
n = 6303 deaths, 131 ICU’s, 110 hospitals, 38 states
Prendergast, Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 1998. 158:1163
OUTLINE
Shared decision-makingTools for communicating with familiesInterdisciplinary communicationRole of culture and ethnicityWithdrawing life support
Shared Decision-making About End-of-life Care
Clinician decision
Family decision
Carlet, Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:770
Treatments that are indicatedPrognosis
Level of certaintyPatient/family: patient values & preferences
Family Preferences for Role in Decision-making
n=1123 families of patients in 6 ICU’s
Heyland, Intens Care Med, 2003; 29:75
Symptoms of PTSD Higher with Discordance in Decision-making Role
p=0.005p=0.10p=0.06
Gries, Chest 2010; 137:280
Parentalism or Doctor Decides
Autonomy or “Informed Choice”
Shared Decision Making
Default Starting Place
Family preferencePrognosis and Certainty
New Paradigm for “Right Approach” to Parentalism vs. Autonomy
DirectiveProvide some infoMake decision
InformativeProvide infoMake no recommendationShared Decision
Making
FacilitativeElicit patient valuesPlace in context
CollaborativeElicit patient valuesOffer recommendation
White, submitted, 2008
New Paradigm for “Right Approach” to Parentalism vs. Autonomy
White, Arch Intern Med, 2007, 167:461
OUTLINE
Shared decision-makingTools for communicating with familiesInterdisciplinary communicationRole of culture and ethnicityWithdrawing life support
Case Scenario
• 69 year old with PMH of HTN, DM, and COPD• Admitted with pneumonia and required to be
intubated and placed on MV• Condition is worsened with shock, renal
failure requiring dialysis, DIC, severe ARDS and lactic acidosis (LA 8.9)
What would you do next:
A. Continue current level of support, do not dialyze and no escalation of inotrops
B. Discontinue all life support modalities and provide comfort care
C. Escalate therapies, start hemodialysis, and do everything possible.
D. Arrange for family conference and discuss the current condition, prognosis and expectation with the family and make a shared decision
14%14%14%14%
AAAA
27%27%27%27%
BBBB
41%41%41%41%
CCCC
18%18%18%18%
DDDD
Study of ICU Family Conferences
• Daily screen of all ICUs in 4 hospitals• If conference planned, contact attending:
– Is discussion of withholding or withdrawing life support likely?
– Willing to have conference recorded?
• Consent/survey all participants• 51 family conferences recorded (46%)
McDonagh, Crit Care Med, 2004, 32:1484
Duration of Family Conferences and Proportion of Family Speech
McDonagh, Crit Care Med, 2004, 32:1484
Proportion Family Speech Correlates with Family
Satisfaction
McDonagh, Crit Care Med, 2004, 32:1484
Clinician Statements Associated with Increased Family Satisfaction
• Assure family that patient will not be abandoned prior to death
• Assure family that patient will be kept comfortable and not suffer prior to death
• Provide support for family around decisions to withdraw or continue life support
• Answer questions, clarify and follow up on family statements• Acknowledge and address emotions• Explore patient preferences• Affirm non-abandonment
Stapleton, Crit Care Med, 2006; 43:1679
VALUE: 5-step Approach to Improving Communication in ICU with Families
• V… Value family statements• A… Acknowledge family emotions• L… Listen to the family• U… Understand patient as a person• E… Elicit family questions
Curtis, J Crit Care, 2002; 17:147
Lautrette, N Engl J Med 2007;356:469-78
Randomized Trial of Communication Strategy
Lautrette, NEJM, 2007; 356:469
Randomized 126 patients if attending believed “patient would die in a few days”
Proactive family conference using VALUE strategy
63 patients
Usual practice atCenter
63 patients
Intervention Control
Family Member Outcomes: Clinically Significant Morbidity at 3 Months
p<0.02 for all
Lautrette, NEJM, 2007; 356:469
OUTLINE
Shared decision-makingTools for communicating with familiesInterdisciplinary communicationRole of culture and ethnicityWithdrawing life support
A meeting is scheduled, whom do want to be present?
A. Yourself and patient’s wifeB. Yourself, wife and closed relativesC. Yourself, wife, closed relatives and the
primary physicianD. Yourself, wife, closed relatives, primary
physician and the nurseE. Yourself, wife, closed relatives, primary
physician, the nurse and a religious person
20%20%20%20%
AAAA
40%40%40%40%
BBBB
7%7%7%7%
CCCC
13%13%13%13%
DDDD
20%20%20%20%
EEEE
Physician-Nurse Collaboration in the ICU
• Interdisciplinary collaboration associated with decreased– ICU mortality– ICU length of stay– ICU readmission rates– Physician and nurse conflict– Job stress for nurses
Doctor and Nurse Ratings of Interdisciplinary Communication
p<0.001 for all
Reader, Br J Anaesth, 2007; 98:347
Percent of Decisions with Physician-Nurse Collaboration in Decision-making
Ferrand, Am J Resp Crit Care Med, 2003; 167:1210
Percent of Physicians Involving Nurses in Decisions about Withdrawal
Yaguchi, Arch Intern Med, 2005; 165:1970
How do you assess the physician collaboration? (Nurses only)
A. PoorB. AverageC. GoodD. Very goodE. Excellent
14%14%14%14%
AAAA
29%29%29%29%
BBBB
10%10%10%10%
CCCC
14%14%14%14%
DDDD
33%33%33%33%
EEEE
How do you assess the nurses collaboration? (Physicians only)
A. PoorB. AverageC. GoodD. Very goodE. Excellent
0%0%0%0%AAAA
0%0%0%0%BBBB
0%0%0%0%CCCC
0%0%0%0%DDDD
0%0%0%0%EEEE
OUTLINE
Shared decision-makingTools for communicating with familiesInterdisciplinary communicationRole of culture and ethnicityWithdrawing life support
Case Scenario
• 54 year old male with 30 years of smoking history who was recently diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer
• The wife request not to inform the patient with his diagnosis or prognosis
What would you do next?
A. Tell the wife that it is his right to know the diagnosis and prognosis and inform the patient
B. Respect the wife’s wish and tell the patient that he has pneumonia and treatment will be given to him
C. Inform the wife to follow with other physician as you would not be able to carry on with her wish but do not inform the patient
13%13%13%13%
AAAA
38%38%38%38%
BBBB
50%50%50%50%
CCCC
In your opinion, should a patient be told of a cancer Dx?
A. YesB. No
0%0%0%0%YesYesYesYes
0%0%0%0%NoNoNoNo
In your opinion, should a patient decide about withdrawing life support treatment?
A. YesB. No
22%22%22%22%
YesYesYesYes
78%78%78%78%
NoNoNoNo
Cultural Differences: Survey of 800 Patients in LA
Should a patient:
Blackhall, JAMA, 1995; 274:820
OUTLINE
Shared decision-makingTools for communicating with familiesInterdisciplinary communicationRole of culture and ethnicityWithdrawing life support
A decision is made to withdraw LST, how would you
do it?A. Do not escalate treatment, do no labs and
continue with meds, fluids and feedingB. Do no labs, stop all medications except
sedatives and analgesia and stop fluids and feeding
C. Stop everything, sedate patient and extubateD. Stop everything, sedate patient and do
terminal wean
25%25%25%25%
AAAA
33%33%33%33%
BBBB
25%25%25%25%
CCCC
17%17%17%17%
DDDD
Needs of the Patient
• Receiving adequate pain and symptom management.
• Avoiding inappropriate prolongation of dying• Achieving a sense of control• Relieving burden• Strengthening relationships with loved ones.
Needs of Families
Components of the Withdrawal of Life Support Form
• Preparation– DNAR order; document discussion with family;
discontinue prior orders
• Ventilator withdrawal protocol• Analgesia and sedation
– Infusion with broad range; no maximum dose; document reason for increase
• Principles of withdrawing life support
Treece, Crit Care Med, 2004; 32:1141
Terminal Withdrawal of the Ventilator
Full ventilatory support
Remove supplemental O2 and PEEP
Reduce set rate or PS gradually
•Titrate sedation to ensure comfort•Takes 5 minutes
•Titrate sedation to ensure comfort•Takes 5 minutes
•Titrate sedation to ensure comfort•Takes 5-20 min
Should Patients Be Extubated After Withdrawing Mechanical Ventilation?
A. YesB. No
50%50%50%50%
YesYesYesYes
50%50%50%50%
NoNoNoNo
Should Patients Be Extubated After Withdrawing Mechanical Ventilation?
• Little evidence to guide decisions• Clinicians often have strong opinions • Recent study suggests family ratings of care
higher if patient extubated• Case-based judgment based on
– Family preferences– Level of support, amount of secretions, level of
consciousness
Glavan, Crit Care Med, 2008; 36:1138
Tips for Talking with Family About Withdrawal of Life Support
• When life support is withdrawn, stress– “Care” will not be withdrawn– Aggressive palliation will be used– avoid making firm predictions– about the patient’s clinical course – Time to death variable
• Offer option of family being present– Family presence associated with higher PTSD
• Describe process so they know what to expect
Kross, AJRCCM, 2009; abstract
Summary: Ethical and Practical Issues in End-of-life Care in the ICU
• Decision-making about end-of-life care common in the ICU and should start early
• Shared decision-making at the default– Need to adapt to individual patient and family
• Interdisciplinary communication essential• Incorporate and honor cultural difference• Withdrawal of life support is a clinical
procedure