ENCYCLOPEDIA of ENGINEERING GEOLOGY978-3-319-73568-9/1.pdfEncyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Volume Editors Peter T. Bobrowsky is a Research

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

Volume EditorsPeter T. Bobrowsky is a Research Scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada (Sidney, BC) and Adjunct Full Professor at Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, BC)and University of Victoria (Victoria, BC). He received his Ph.D. in Geology in 1988 from the University of Alberta, Canada, and formally registered as a professionalgeologist with Engineers and Geoscientists BC in 1992. During his 30-year career, he has worked extensively in engineering geology with a primary emphasis onmineral resource studies (aggregates) and natural hazards (landslides, paleotsunamis). He was the President of the Geological Association of Canada, President of theCanadian Quaternary Association, Secretary General of IUGS, and is currently the President of the International Consortium on Landslides.

Brian Marker received B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Geology from the University of London, UK, in 1968 and 1972, respectively. He became a Chartered Geologist in1992. He worked for over 30 years for the UK Department of the Environment and its successor departments advising on land use planning issues associated withminerals supply, natural hazards, contaminated land, and waste management. Since retirement in 2006, he had been an independent consultant as well as serving as anEditorial Board member of the Bulletin of the IAEG, a Councillor of the Geological Society (London), and, since 2013, as Chairman of the IUGS PublicationsCommittee.

Editorial BoardMartin G. CulshawBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UKUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, UK

Jerome De GraffDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesCollege of Science and MathematicsCalifornia State UniversityFresno, CA, USA

Laurance DonnellyBurnley, UK

Michael HendryDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Jeffrey R. KeatonAMEC AmericasLos Angeles, CA, USA

Claudio MargottiniItalian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – ISPRAGeological Survey of ItalyRome, Italy

Paul MarinosGeotechnical DepartmentSchool of Civil EngineeringNational Technical University of AthensAthens, Greece

Victor I. OsipovLaboratory of Soil and Rock Engineering and MechanicsSergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RASMoscow, Russia

Abdul ShakoorDepartment of GeologyKent State UniversityKent, OH, USA

Roy J. ShlemonNewport Beach, CA, USA

Aims of the SeriesThe Springer Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volumecomprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that thevolumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachersand students. Most volumes are also available online.

About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. He has been the Executive Directorof the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research for the past 35 years. He is also the SeriesEditor of the Coastal Research Library (Springer). In addition to these duties, he is Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University (FAU)(Boca Raton, Florida). He is a graduate of Oregon State University (Corvallis) and the University of Western Australia (Perth). Work experience includes theInternational Nickel Company of Australia (Perth), Coastal Planning & Engineering (Boca Raton, Florida), and Technos Geophysical Consulting (Miami, Florida). Hehas published numerous peer-reviewed technical research papers and edited or co-edited and contributed to many books. Dr. Finkl is a Certified Professional GeologicalScientist (Arvada, Colorado), a Certified Professional Soil Scientist (Madison, Wisconsin), a Certified Wetland Scientist (Lawrence, Kansas), and a Chartered MarineScientist (London). Academically, he served as a Demonstrator at the University of Western Australia, Courtesy Professor at Florida International University (Miami),Program Professor and Director of the Institute of Coastal and Marine Studies at Nova Southeastern University (Port Everglades, Florida), and Full Professor at FAU.During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Bahamas; Puerto Rico, Jamaica; Brazil; Papua New Guinea and other SW Pacific islands; southernAfrica; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA. Dr. Finkl is a member of several professional societies including the GeologicalSociety of America; Soil Science Society of America; Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology; and the Society of Wetland Specialists. He is arecipient of the International Beach Advocacy Award (Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association), Certificate of George V. Chilingar Medal of Honor (RussianAcademy of Natural Sciences), and Lifetime Commitment to Coastal Science Award (International Coastal Symposium).

Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career, he has worked as a petroleumgeologist in the Middle East and been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, andNew Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofENGINEERING GEOLOGY

edited by

PETER T. BOBROWSKYSidney, BC, Canada

BRIAN MARKERLondon, UK

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937970

ISBN: 978-3-319-73566-5
This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-319-73568-9 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-319-73567-2
Cover photo: Cheia, Prahova county, Romania. The DN1A is an alternative transit road that goes from Ploiesti to Brasov(Transylvania), through the Carpathian Mountain pass Bratocea (at the peak altitude of 1.263 m). The road was built inthe 60's to accommodate heavy transport trucks that are banned from using the main road - DN1 (E87) that goes throughwell-known touristic cities like Sinaia and Predeal. Image shot in July 2016 using a drone. Photo by Călin-Andrei Stan.

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced fromother sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.

All rights reserved for the contributions: Cambering; Dissolution; Earthquake Intensity; Earthquake Magnitude;Engineering Geomorphological Mapping; Evaporites; Glacier Environments; Ground Motion Amplification;Mountain Environments; Quick Clay; Voids

# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book arebelieved to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give awarranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may havebeen made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Editorial Board

Peter T. BobrowskyGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources CanadaSidney, BC, Canada

Martin G. CulshawBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UKUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, UK

Jerome De GraffDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesCollege of Science and MathematicsCalifornia State UniversityFresno, CA, USA

Laurance DonnellyBurnley, UK

vi EDITORIAL BOARD

Michael HendryDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Jeffrey R. KeatonAMEC AmericasLos Angeles, CA, USA

Claudio MargottiniItalian Institute for EnvironmentalProtection and Research – ISPRAGeological Survey of ItalyRome, Italy

Brian MarkerLondon, UK

Paul MarinosGeotechnical Department, School of Civil EngineeringNational Technical University of AthensAthens, Greece

Victor I. OsipovLaboratory of Soil and Rock Engineering and MechanicsSergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RASMoscowRussia

EDITORIAL BOARD vii


Roy J. ShlemonNewport Beach, CA, USA

Contents

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Preface x

Acknowledgments

AbrasionBrian R. Marker

AccreditationRobert E. Tepel

Acid Mine DrainagePaul L. Younger

Acidity (pH)I. V. Galitskaya

Aeolian ProcessesBrian R. Marker

Aerial PhotographyRichard Guthrie

Aeromagnetic SurveyWendy Zhou

AggregatePeter T. Bobrowsky

Aggregate TestsPeter T. Bobrowsky

Alkali-Silica ReactionBrian R. Marker

AlterationYonathan Admassu

Angle of Internal FrictionJeffrey R. Keaton

Angle of ReposeNian-Sheng Cheng

AquiferMaurizio Guerra

AquitardMaurizio Guerra

Armor StoneJeffrey R. Keaton

ArtesianMaurizio Guerra

Artificial GroundColin N. Waters

Atterberg LimitsAbdul Shakoor

AvalanchePeter T. Bobrowsky

Barton-Bandis CriterionNick Barton

Beach ReplenishmentD. E. Reeve and H. Karunarathna

Bearing CapacityJeffrey R. Keaton

BedrockMihaela Stãnciucu

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x CONTENTS

Biological WeatheringMaria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá andEliane Aparecida Del Lama

BlastingGregory L. Hempen

Borehole InvestigationsEduardo Kruse, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari and Sayedeh ZahraHosseini-Teshnizi

BoreholesNoureddine Gaaloul, Saeid Eslamian andKaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari

BouldersPeter T. Bobrowsky

BridgesVasant Matsagar, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Mohammad Raeisi, George Lee,Sona Pazdar and Aida Bagheri-Basmenji

Brownfield SitesBrian R. Marker

Building StoneMaria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá andCid Chiodi Filho

Bulk ModulusJeffrey R. Keaton

California Bearing RatioJeffrey R. Keaton

CamberingPeter Hobbs and A. J. Mark Barron

Cap RockRosalind Munro

CapillarityMihaela Stãnciucu

Casagrande TestGwyn Lintern

CasingRon C. K. Wong

CatchmentJerome V. De Graff

CementJohn L. Provis

Characterization of SoilsAbdul Shakoor

Chemical WeatheringIsabel M. R. Duarte, Celso S. F. Gomes andAntónio B. Pinho

Chézy FormulaRosalind Munro

Classification of RocksArpita Nandi

Classification of SoilsIsabel M. R. Duarte, Carlos M. G. Rodrigues andAntónio B. Pinho

ClayArpita Nandi

Climate ChangePaola Mercogliano, Edoardo Bucchignani,Alfredo Reder and Guido Rianna

CoalLaurance Donnelly

Coast DefensesH. Karunarathna and D. E. Reeve

Coastal EnvironmentsEnzo Pranzini and Allan Williams

Coefficient of UniformityJeffrey R. Keaton

CofferdamQin Qian, Saeid Eslamian, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari,Maryam Marani-Barzani, Farnaz Rafat andAli Hasantabar-Amiri

Cohesive SoilsTej P. Gautam

Collapsible SoilsMartin Culshaw and I. Jefferson

CompactionAbdul Shakoor

CompressionJoseph B. Adeyeri

ConcreteRosalind Munro

ConductivityMichael de Freitas

Cone PenetrometerWendy Zhou

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CONTENTS xi

ConsolidationRenato Macciotta

ContaminationI. V. Galitskaya

Cross SectionsMichael de Freitas

Crushed RockBrian R. Marker

Current ActionJeffrey R. Keaton

Cut and CoverZeynal Abiddin Erguler

Cut and FillHisashi Nirei and Muneki Mitamura

DamsWilliam H. Godwin and William F. Cole

Darcy’s LawRenato Macciotta

DatabasesDavid Christopher Entwisle

DeformationAndrea Manconi

DensityD. Jean Hutchinson

Desert EnvironmentsMartin Stokes

DesiccationJayantha Kodikara

Designing Site InvestigationsWilliam H. Godwin

Deviatoric StressJeffrey R. Keaton

DewateringMartin Preene

DiagenesisDavid J. Burdige

DilatancyJeffrey R. Keaton

DispersivityJeffrey R. Keaton

DissolutionMartin Culshaw and Anthony H. Cooper

DrillingZeynal Abiddin Erguler

Drilling HazardsAndrew J. Stumpf

DurabilityAntónio B. Pinho and Pedro Santarém Andrade

Dynamic Compaction/CompressionFook-Hou Lee

EarthquakeShengwen Qi

Earthquake IntensityJohn F. Cassidy and Maurice Lamontagne

Earthquake MagnitudeJohn F. Cassidy

Effective StressMichael T. Hendry

ElasticityMichael T. Hendry

Engineering Geological MapsMartin Culshaw

Engineering GeologyJerome V. De Graff

Engineering Geomorphological MappingBrendan Miller, Deepa Filatow, Anja Dufresne,Marten Geertsema and Meaghan Dinney

Engineering GeomorphologyJan Klimes and Jan Blahut

Engineering PropertiesRosalind Munro

Environmental AssessmentJerome V. De Graff

EnvironmentsBrian R. Marker

Equipotential LinesMichael de Freitas

ErosionRoland H. Brady III

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xii CONTENTS

EthicsSilvia Peppoloni and Giuseppe Di Capua

EvaporitesAnthony H. Cooper

ExcavationJeffrey R. Keaton

Expansive SoilsLee Jones

Exposure LoggingJames P. McCalpin

ExtensometerJan Klimes

FaciesBrian R. Marker

Factor of SafetyRenato Macciotta

Failure CriteriaSina Javankhoshdel and Brigid Cami

FaultsLaurance Donnelly

Field TestingZeynal Abiddin Erguler

FiltrationGiovanni B. Crosta

FloodsFabio Luino

Fluid WithdrawalGiuseppe Gambolati

FluidizationOsamu Kazaoka and Hisashi Nirei

Fluvial EnvironmentsJames E. Evans

FoundationsAlessandro Flora, Renato Lancellotta andCarlo Viggiani

GabionsRosalind Munro

GasesBrian R. Marker

GeochemistryI. V. Galitskaya and E. P. Yanin

GeohazardsMartin Culshaw

Geological StructuresRafi Ahmad

GeologyBrian R. Marker

Geophysical MethodsGeorge W. Tuckwell

GeopolymersBrant Walkley

Geostatic StressRosalind Munro

Geotechnical EngineeringMichael T. Hendry

GeotextilesSaeid Eslamian, Majedeh Sayahi, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Sayedeh Zahra Hosseini-Teshnizi,Sayed Alireza Zareei and Niloofar Salemi

Geothermal EnergyValentina Svalova

GISMarko Komac

Glacier EnvironmentsB. Menounos, Alexandre Bevington andMarten Geertsema

Gradation/GradingJeffrey R. Keaton

Ground AnchorsAlberto Ortigao

Ground Motion AmplificationDavid A. Gunn

Ground PreparationJeffrey R. Keaton

Ground PressureRobert (H. R. G. K.) Hack

Ground ShakingGiuliano F. Panza and Concettina Nunziata

GroundwaterCarlo Percopo and Maurizio Guerra

Groundwater ReboundGiovanni B. Crosta and Mattia De Caro

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CONTENTS xiii

GroutingKerry Cato

HazardRichard Guthrie

Hazard AssessmentClaudio Margottini and Scira Menoni

Hazard MappingRosalind Munro

Hoek-Brown CriterionWendy Zhou

Hooke’s LawJeffrey R. Keaton

Hydraulic ActionJeffrey R. Keaton

Hydraulic FracturingErik Eberhardt and Afshin Amini

HydrocompactionRosalind Munro

HydrogeologyCarlo Percopo and Maurizio Guerra

HydrologyArpita Nandi

Hydrothermal AlterationZeynal Abiddin Erguler

International Association of Engineering Geologyand the Environment (IAEG)

Scott Burns

Igneous RocksMaria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá andEliane Aparecida Del Lama

InclinometerGiorgio Lollino, Paolo Allasia and Daniele Giordan

Induced SeismicityErik Eberhardt and Afshin Amini

InfiltrationEmna Gargouri-Ellouze, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Rim Chérif, Maroua Bouteffehaand Fairouz Slama

InfrastructureBrian R. Marker

InSARMarko Komac

InstrumentationDavid E. Y. Elwood

International Association of Hydrogeologists(IAH)

John Chilton

International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM)Luís Lamas

International Society for Soil Mechanics andGeotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)

Rosalind Munro

Jacking TestRosalind Munro

KarstTony Waltham

Lacustrine DepositsG. Vessia and D. Di Curzio

Land UseJerome V. De Graff

LandfillBrian R. Marker

LandformsFrancisco Gutiérrez and Mauro Soldati

LandslideReginald L. Hermanns

Laplace EquationJeffrey R. Keaton

Laser ScanningHeinz Rüther

Lateral PressureJeffrey R. Keaton

LeveesJ. David Rogers

LidarWilliam C. Haneberg

LimestoneBrian R. Marker

LinersDavid Korte

LiquefactionThomas Oommen

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_152

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_156

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_157

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_158

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_159

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_160

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_161

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_311

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_163

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_164

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_164

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_166

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_167

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_168

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_169

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_170

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_171

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_172

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_165

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_165

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_173

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_174

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_174

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_175

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_177

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_179

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_182

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_180

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_181

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_183

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_184

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_300

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_185

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_186

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_187

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_188

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_189

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_190

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xiv CONTENTS

Liquid LimitJeffrey R. Keaton

LoessMihaela Stãnciucu

Manning FormulaJeffrey R. Keaton

Marine EnvironmentsBrian R. Marker

Mass MovementJames S. Griffiths

Mechanical PropertiesRobert (H. R. G. K.) Hack

Metamorphic RocksEliane Aparecida Del Lama and Maria HeloisaBarros de Oliveira Frascá

Mine ClosureJerome V. De Graff

MineralizationDavid H. Huntley

MiningLaurance Donnelly

Mining HazardsLaurance Donnelly

ModellingJosé Antonio Fernández-Merodo

Modulus of DeformationJeffrey R. Keaton

Modulus of ElasticityJeffrey R. Keaton

Mohr CircleJeffrey R. Keaton

Mohr-Coulomb Failure EnvelopeRobert (H. R. G. K.) Hack

MonitoringAndrea Manconi

Mountain EnvironmentsAlexandre Bevington, Marc-André Brideau andMarten Geertsema

Nearshore StructuresSusan Gourvenec

Noncohesive SoilsJeffrey R. Keaton

Normal StressJeffrey R. Keaton

Organic Soils and PeatsSina Kazemian

PeelsHisashi Nirei and Osamu Kazaoka

PercolationSaeide Parvizi, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Alireza Yazdani andVijay P. Singh

PermafrostWendy Zhou

Petrographic AnalysisMaria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira Frascá

PhotogrammetryK. S. Sajinkumar and Thomas Oommen

Physical WeatheringAntónio B. Pinho, Pedro Santarém Andrade andIsabel M. R. Duarte

PiezometerMichael de Freitas

Pipes/PipelinesRichard Guthrie

Plastic LimitJeffrey R. Keaton

Plasticity IndexJeffrey R. Keaton

Poisson’s RatioJeffrey R. Keaton

PollutionBrian R. Marker

Pore PressureMichael T. Hendry

PressureJeffrey R. Keaton

Probabilistic Hazard AssessmentRosalind Munro

ProbabilityRosalind Munro

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_191

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_192

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_194

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_195

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_196

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_197

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_198

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_199

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_200

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_201

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_202

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_203

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_204

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_205

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_206

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_207

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_208

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_209

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_210

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_212

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_213

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_214

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_215

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_216

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_217

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_218

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_221

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_219

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_220

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_222

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_224

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_223

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_225

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_314

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_226

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_230

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_303

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_228

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CONTENTS xv

Professional PracticeRuth Allington

Quick ClayMarten Geertsema

QuicksandGwyn Lintern

Reduced StressJeffrey R. Keaton

Remote SensingJanusz Wasowski, Daniele Giordan andVern Singhroy

ReservoirsSaeid Eslamian, Ali Reza Gohari,Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari and Negin Sadeghi

Residual SoilsIsabel M. R. Duarte and Carlos M. G. Rodrigues

RestorationJerome V. De Graff

Retaining StructuresRosalind Munro

Risk AssessmentRüdiger Escobar-Wolf, El Hachemi Boualiand Thomas Oommen

Risk MappingCees J. Van Westen

Rock BoltsAlberto Ortigao

Rock CoastsAllan Williams and Enzo Pranzini

Rock Field TestsYonathan Admassu

Rock Laboratory TestsTatiana Rotonda and Paolo Tommasi

Rock Mass ClassificationWilliam H. Godwin

Rock MechanicsD. Jean Hutchinson and Mark Diederichs

Rock PropertiesAbdul Shakoor

Run-OffJeffrey R. Keaton

SabkhaMatthew McMackin and William H. Godwin

Saline SoilsFrank Eckardt

SandGwyn Lintern

SaturationSaeid Eslamian, Majedeh Sayahi, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Shamsa Basirat, Mohsen Ghaneand Mohammed Matouq

Sea LevelMax Barton

Sedimentary RocksPaulo César Boggiani

SedimentsNicolas R. Dalezios, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari, Shahab Rabbani andAli Saeidi-Rizi

Sequence StratigraphyDavid H. Huntley

ShaleZeynal Abiddin Erguler

Shear ModulusJeffrey R. Keaton

Shear StrengthMichael T. Hendry

Shear StressRenato Macciotta

Shear ZoneRenato Macciotta

ShotcreteJeffrey R. Keaton

SiltGwyn Lintern

SinkholesVictor P. Khomenko and Vladimir V. Tolmachev

Site InvestigationJerome V. De Graff

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_229

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_231

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_232

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_234

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_235

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_236

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_237

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_233

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_238

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_239

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_240

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_241

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_315

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_242

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_243

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_244

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_245

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_246

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_247

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_248

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_249

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_250

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_251

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_252

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_253

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_254

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_310

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_255

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_256

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_257

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_258

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_259

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_260

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_261

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_262

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_263

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xvi CONTENTS

Slurry TrenchYu-Chao Li and Peter John Cleall

Soil Field TestsJerome V. De Graff

Soil Laboratory TestsBinod Tiwari and Beena Ajmera

Soil MechanicsJeffrey R. Keaton

Soil NailsJeffrey R. Keaton

Soil PropertiesJerome V. De Graff

StabilizationJeffrey R. Keaton

StrainJeffrey R. Keaton

StrengthRenato Macciotta

StressJeffrey R. Keaton

SubsidenceMilan Lazecky, Eva Jirankova and Pavel Kadlecik

Subsurface ExplorationPaula F. da Silva

Surface RuptureJames P. McCalpin

SurveyingThomas Oommen

TailingsJerome V. De Graff

Tension CracksMichael de Freitas

ThermistorXiaoqiu Yang and Weiren Lin

ThermocoupleJan Vlcko

TiltmeterDaniele Spizzichino

Tropical EnvironmentsRafi Ahmad

TsunamisKazuhisa Goto

TunnelsWilliam H. Godwin and Richard Escandon

Vegetation CoverJerome V. De Graff

Velocity RatioAleksandr Zhigalin

VibrationsAleksandr Zhigalin

ViscosityRobert (H. R. G. K.) Hack

VoidsAnthony H. Cooper

Volcanic EnvironmentsDavid K. Chester and Angus M. Duncan

Waste ManagementBrian R. Marker

WaterSaeid Eslamian, Saeide Parvizi, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari and Hossein Talebmorad

Water TestingAndrew J. Stumpf

WellsGiovanni Barrocu, Saeid Eslamian, KavehOstad-Ali-Askari and Vijay P. Singh

Young’s ModulusJeffrey R. Keaton

Zone of InfluencePavel Kuklik

Author Index

Subject Index

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_264

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_265

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_304

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_267

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_268

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_269

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_270

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_271

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_272

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_273

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_274

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_275

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_276

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_277

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_279

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_280

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_282

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_283

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_284

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_285

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_286

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_287

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_288

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_289

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_290

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_308

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_291

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_292

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_294

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_295

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_296

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_297

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_298

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_309

Contributors

Joseph B. AdeyeriFaculty of Engineering, Department of Civil EngineeringFederal University Oye-Ekiti, Ikole CampusOye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Yonathan AdmassuGeology and Environmental ScienceJames Madison UniversityHarrisonburg, VA, USA

Rafi AhmadMona GeoInformatics InstituteUniversity of the West IndiesKingston, JamaicaandDepartment of GeographyJamia Millia University (A Central University)New Delhi, India

Beena AjmeraCalifornia State UniversityFullerton, CA, USA

Paolo AllasiaResearch Institute for Hydrogeological Prevention andProtectionTorino, Italy

Ruth AllingtonGWP Consultants LLPCharlbury, Oxfordshire, UK

Afshin AminiGeological Engineering, Department of EarthOcean and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada

Pedro Santarém AndradeGeosciences Centre (UID/Multi/00073/2013),Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal

Aida Bagheri-BasmenjiDepartment of Water Resources EngineeringTabriz UniversityTabriz, Iran

Giovanni BarrocuDepartment of Civil Engineering, EnvironmentalEngineering and Architecture, Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of CagliariCagliari, Italy

A. J. Mark BarronBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UK

Max BartonFaculty of Engineering and The EnvironmentUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK

Nick BartonNick Barton & AssociatesOslo, Norway

Shamsa BasiratDepartment of Civil Engineering, Najafabad BranchIslamic Azad UniversityNajafabad, Iran

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Alexandre BevingtonNatural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute andGeography ProgramUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince George, BC, CanadaandMinistry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resources Operationsand Rural DevelopmentPrince George, BC, Canada

Jan BlahutInstitute of Rock Structure and MechanicsCzech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic

Peter T. BobrowskyNatural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of CanadaSidney, BC, Canada

Paulo César BoggianiDepartment of Sedimentary and EnvironmentalGeology, Instituto de GeociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão Paulo, SP, Brasil

El Hachemi BoualiDepartment of Geological and Mining Engineering andSciencesMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, MI, USA

Maroua BouteffehaUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationaled’Ingénieurs de Tunis, LR99ES19 Laboratoire deModélisation en Hydraulique et EnvironnementTunis, Tunesia

Roland H. Brady IIIBrady and Associates Geological ServicesSacramento, CA, USA

Marc-André BrideauDepartment of Earth SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnaby, BC, Canada

Edoardo BucchignaniCMCC Centro Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti ClimaticiCapua, ItalyandCIRA Centro Italiano Ricerche AerospazialiCapua, Italy

David J. BurdigeDepartment of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA, USA

Scott BurnsDepartment of GeologyPortland State UniversityPortland, OR, USA

Brigid CamiRocscience IncToronto, ON, Canada

John F. CassidyGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources CanadaSidney, BC, Canada

Kerry CatoDepartment of Geological SciencesCalifornia State University San BernardinoSan Bernardino, CA, USA

Nian-Sheng ChengSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore

Rim ChérifUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationaled’Ingénieurs de Tunis, LR99ES19 Laboratoire deModélisation en Hydraulique et EnvironnementTunis, Tunesia

David K. ChesterDepartment of Geography and Environmental ScienceLiverpool Hope UniversityLiverpool, UK

John ChiltonInternational Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH)Reading, UK

Cid Chiodi FilhoKistemann and Chiodi – Consultancy and ProjectsBelo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Peter John CleallSchool of EngineeringCardiff UniversityCardiff, UK

William F. ColeGeoinsite Inc.Los Gatos, CA, USA

CONTRIBUTORS xix

Anthony H. CooperBritish Geological SurveyKeyworth, Nottingham, UK

Giovanni B. CrostaDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Milano BicoccaMilano, Italy

Martin CulshawBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UKandUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, UK

Paula F. da SilvaGeoBioTec (UID/GEO/04035/2013) and Department ofEarth SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Technology, University NOVA ofLisbonCaparica, Portugal

Nicolas R. DaleziosDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity of ThessalyVolos, Greece

Mattia De CaroDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Milano-BicoccaMilano, Italy

Michael de FreitasImperial College LondonLondon, UKandReader Emeritus in Engineering GeologyFirst Steps Ltd.London, UK

Jerome V. De GraffCollege of Science and Mathematics, Department of Earthand Environmental SciencesCalifornia State UniversityFresno, CA, USA

Maria Heloisa Barros de Oliveira FrascáMHB Geological ServicesSão Paulo, SP, Brazil

Eliane Aparecida Del LamaInstitute of GeosciencesUniversity of São PauloSão Paulo, SP, Brazil

Giuseppe Di CapuaIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRome, ItalyandInternational Association for Promoting Geoethics – IAPGRome, Italy

D. Di CurzioEngineering and Geology Department (InGeo)University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-PescaraChieti Scalo/Chieti, Italy

Mark DiederichsDepartment of Geological Sciences and GeologicalEngineeringQueen’s UniversityKingston, ON, Canada

Meaghan DinneyDepartment of GeographySimon Fraser UniversityBumaby, BC, Canada

Laurance DonnellyManchester, UK

Isabel M. R. DuarteGeoBioTec Research Centre(UID/GEO/04035/2013), Department of GeosciencesSchool of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of ÉvoraÉvora, Portugal

Anja DufresneEngineering Geology and HydrogeologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany

Angus M. DuncanDepartment of Geography and PlanningUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK

Erik EberhardtGeological Engineering, Department of Earth, Ocean andAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada

Frank EckardtUniversity of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa

David E. Y. ElwoodUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada

xx CONTRIBUTORS

David Christopher EntwisleBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UK

Zeynal Abiddin ErgulerDepartment of Geological EngineeringDumlupinar UniversityKütahya, Turkey

Richard EscandonKleinfelderRiverside, CA, USA

Rüdiger Escobar-WolfDepartment of Geological and Mining Engineering andSciencesMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, MI, USA

Saeid EslamianDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

James E. EvansDepartment of GeologyBowling Green State UniversityBowling Green, OH, USA

José Antonio Fernández-MerodoGeological Survey of Spain (IGME)Madrid, Spain

Deepa FilatowKnowledge Management BranchMinistry of EnvironmentKelowna, BC, Canada

Alessandro FloraUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoli, Italy

Noureddine GaaloulWater Resource ManagementINRGREFAriana, Tunisia

I. V. GalitskayaSergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RussianAcademy of Sciences (IEG RAS)Moscow, Russia

Giuseppe GambolatiDepartment of Civil, Architectural and EnvironmentalEngineeringUniversity of PadovaPadova, Italy

Emna Gargouri-EllouzeUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationaled’Ingénieurs de Tunis, LR99ES19 Laboratoire deModélisation en Hydraulique et EnvironnementTunis, Tunesia

Tej P. GautamDepartment of Petroleum Engineering and GeologyMarietta CollegeMarietta, OH, USA

Marten GeertsemaMinistry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resources Operationsand Rural DevelopmentPrince George, BC, Canada

Mohsen GhaneDepartment of Civil Engineering, South Tehran BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehran, Iran

Daniele GiordanResearch Institute for Hydrogeological Prevention andProtectionTorino, ItalyandCNR-IRPITorino, Italy

William H. GodwinCarmel, CA, USA

Ali Reza GohariDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

Celso S. F. GomesGeoBioTec Research Centre (UID/GEO/04035/2013),Department of GeosciencesUniversity of AveiroAveiro, Portugal

Kazuhisa GotoInternational Research Institute of Disaster ScienceTohoku UniversityTohoku, Japan

Susan GourvenecFaculty of Engineering and the EnvironmentUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK

James S. GriffithsSoGEES University of PlymouthPlymouth, UK

CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Maurizio GuerraDepartment Geological Survey of ItalyISPRA, Italian National Institute for EnvironmentalProtection and ResearchRome, Italy

David A. GunnBritish Geological SurveyKeyworth, UK

Richard GuthrieGeohazards and GeomorphologyStantecCalgary, AB, Canada

Francisco GutiérrezDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversidad de ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain

Robert (H. R. G. K.) HackEngineering Geology, ESA, Faculty of Geo-InformationScience and Earth Observation (ITC)University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands

William C. HanebergKentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Ali Hasantabar-AmiriDepartment of Civil Engineering, Lenjan BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahan, Iran

Gregory L. HempenEcoBlast, LCSt. Louis, MO, USA

Michael T. HendryDepartment Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Reginald L. HermannsGeohazard and Earth Observation teamGeological Survey of Norway, NGUTrondheim, NorwayandDepartment of Geology and Mineral ResourcesEngineeringNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway

Peter HobbsBritish Geological SurveyNottingham, UK

Sayedeh Zahra Hosseini-TeshniziDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

David H. HuntleyGeological Survey of CanadaVancouver, BC, Canada

D. Jean HutchinsonDepartment of Geological Sciences and GeologicalEngineeringQueen’s UniversityKingston, ON, Canada

Sina JavankhoshdelRocscience IncToronto, ON, Canada

I. JeffersonUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, UK

Eva JirankovaInstitute of Geodesy and Mine SurveyingVSB-Technical University of OstravaOstrava, Czech Republic

Lee JonesBritish Geological SurveyKeyworth, Notts, UK

Pavel KadlecikInstitute of Rock Structure and MechanicsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech RepublicandFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic

H. KarunarathnaUniversity of SwanseaSwansea, UK

Osamu KazaokaResearch Institute of Environmental GeologyChiba City, Japan

Sina KazemianDepartment of Civil EngineeringPayame Noor UniversityTehran, Iran

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Jeffrey R. KeatonAmec Foster WheelerLos Angeles, CA, USA

Victor P. KhomenkoNational Research Moscow State University of CivilEngineeringMoscow, Russia

Jan KlimešInstitute of Rock Structure and MechanicsCzech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic

Jayantha KodikaraDepartment of Civil EngineeringMonash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia

Marko KomacResearch Institute for Geo and Hydro Hazards - RIGHTUniversity of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and GeodeticEngineeringLjubljana, Slovenia

David KorteDepartment of GeologyKent State UniversityKent, OH, USA

Eduardo KruseNational Research Council La Plata National UniversityArgentinaLa Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Pavel KuklikDepartment of Mechanics, Faculty of Civil EngineeringCTU in PraguePrague, Czech Republic

Luís LamasInternational Society for Rock MechanicsLisboa, Portugal

Maurice LamontagneGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada

Renato LancellottaDepartment of Structural, Geotechnical and BuildingEngineeringPolitecnico di TorinoTorino, Italy

Milan LazeckyIT4InnovationsVSB-Technical University of OstravaOstrava-Poruba, Czech Republic

Fook-Hou LeeNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore

George LeeInstitute of Bridge EngineeringUniversity at BuffaloNew York, NY, USA

Yu-Chao LiCollege of Civil Engineering and ArchitectureZhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Weiren LinGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan

Gwyn LinternGeological Survey of CanadaSidney, BC, Canada

Giorgio LollinoCNR – IRPITorino, Italy

Fabio LuinoCNR IRPI (National Research Council, Institute forGeo-Hydrological Protection and Prevention)Turin, Italy

Renato MacciottaSchool of Engineering Safety and Risk ManagementDepartment Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Andrea ManconiDepartment of Earth SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich, Switzerland

Maryam Marani-BarzaniDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Malaya (UM)Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Claudio MargottiniGeological Survey of ItalyItalian Institute for Environmental Research andProtection – ISPRARome, Italy

Brian R. MarkerLondon, UK

Mohammed MatouqChemical Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering TechnologyAl-Balqa Applied UniversitySalt, Amman, Jordan

Vasant MatsagarDepartment of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) DelhiNew Delhi, India

James P. McCalpinGEO-HAZ ConsultingCrestone, CO, USA

Matthew McMackinGardnerville, NV, USA

Scira MenoniDepartment of Architecture and Urban StudiesPolitecnico di MilanoMilano, Italy

B. MenounosNatural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute andGeography ProgramUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince George, BC, Canada

Paola MercoglianoCMCC Centro Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti ClimaticiCapua, ItalyandCIRA Centro Italiano Ricerche AerospazialiCapua, Italy

Brendan MillerMinistry of Forests, Lands, and Natural ResourceOperationsPrince George, BC, Canada

Muneki MitamuraGeosciences, ScienceOsaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan

Rosalind MunroAmec Foster WheelerLos Angeles, CA, USA

Arpita NandiDepartment of GeosciencesEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson City, TN, USA

Hisashi NireiNPO Geopollution Control Agency, JapanChiba City, JapanandMedical Geology Research Institute (MGRI)Motoyahagi, Katori City, Japan

Concettina NunziataDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelle RisorseUniversitá di Napoli Federico IINapoli, Italy

Thomas OommenDepartment of Geological and Mining Engineering andSciencesMichigan Technological UniversityHoughton, MI, USA

Alberto OrtigaoTerratekRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Kaveh Ostad-Ali-AskariDepartment of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan)BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahan, Iran

Giuliano F. PanzaInstitute of GeophysicsChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing, ChinaandInternational Seismic Safety Organization (ISSO)Rome, ItalyandAccademia Nazionale dei LinceiRome, ItalyandAccademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta deiXL, Rome, Italy

Saeide ParviziDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Sona PazdarCivil Engineering DepartmentAghigh UniversityShahinshahr/Isfahan, Iran

Silvia PeppoloniIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRome, ItalyandInternational Association for Promoting Geoethics – IAPGRome, Italy

Carlo PercopoMinistry of the Environment and the Protection of Landand SeaRome, Italy

António B. PinhoGeoBioTec Research Centre (UID/GEO/04035/2013),Department of Geosciences, School of Sciences andTechnologyUniversity of ÉvoraÉvora, Portugal

Enzo PranziniDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of FlorenceFlorence, Italy

Martin PreenePreene Groundwater ConsultingWakefield, UK

John L. ProvisDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffield, UK

Shengwen QiKey Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering,Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese University of GeosciencesBeijing, China

Qin QianCivil and Environmental EngineeringLamar University, Texas State University SystemBeaumont, TX, USA

Shahab RabbaniDepartment of Civil EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

Mohammad RaeisiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Khomeinishahr BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKhomeinishahr/Isfahan, Iran

Farnaz RafatDepartment of Civil Engineering, Khomeinishahr BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahan, Iran

Alfredo RederCMCC Centro Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti ClimaticiCapua, Italy

D. E. ReeveUniversity of SwanseaSwansea, UK

Guido RiannaCMCC Centro Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti ClimaticiCapua, Italy

Carlos M. G. RodriguesCONSTRUCT Institute of R&D in Structures andConstruction (UP), School of Technology andManagementPolytechnic Institute of Guarda (IPG)Guarda, Portugal

J. David RogersDepartment of Geosciences and Geological and PetroleumEngineeringMissouri University of Science and TechnologyRolla, MO, USA

Tatiana RotondaDepartment of Structural and Geotechnical EngineeringSapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy

Heinz RütherZamani Research GroupUniversity of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa

Negin SadeghiUrban Engineering Department, Isfahan (Khorasgan)BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahan, Iran

Ali Saeidi-RiziDepartment of Civil EngineeringShahid Bahonar University of KermanKerman, Iran

K. S. SajinkumarDepartment of GeologyUniversity of KeralaThiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Niloofar SalemiCivil Engineering DepartmentIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

Majedeh SayahiDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran


Vijay P. SinghDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineeringand Zachry Department of Civil EngineeringTexas A & M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

Vern SinghroyNatural Resources CanadaCanada Centre for Remote SensingOttawa, ON, Canada

Fairouz SlamaUniversity of Tunis El Manar, Ecole Nationaled’Ingénieurs de Tunis, LR99ES19 Laboratoire deModélisation en Hydraulique et EnvironnementTunis, Tunesia

Mauro SoldatiDepartment of Chemical and Geological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy

Daniele SpizzichinoDepartment of Geological Survey of ItalyISPRARome, Italy

Mihaela StãnciucuDepartment of Engineering Geology, Faculty of Geologyand GeophysicsUniversity of BucharestBucharest, Romania

Martin StokesSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouth, Devon, UK

Andrew J. StumpfIllinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, USA

Valentina SvalovaSergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RussianAcademy of Sciences (IEG RAS)Moscow, Russia

Hossein TalebmoradDepartment of Water EngineeringIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan, Iran

Robert E. TepelSan Jose, CA, USA

Binod TiwariCalifornia State UniversityFullerton, CA, USA

Vladimir V. TolmachevNizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture andCivil EngineeringNizhny Novgorod, Russia

Paolo TommasiInstitute for Environmental Geology and Geo-EngineeringNational Research CouncilRome, Italy

George W. TuckwellRSKHemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UKandDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirmingham, UK

Cees J. Van WestenFaculty of Geo-Information Science and EarthObservation (ITC)University of TwenteEnschede, The Netherlands

G. VessiaEngineering and Geology Department (InGeo)University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-PescaraChieti Scalo/Chieti, Italy

Carlo ViggianiUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoli, Italy

Jan VlckoComenius UniversityBratislava, Slovakia

xxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Brant WalkleyDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of SheffieldSheffield, UK

Tony WalthamNottingham, UK

Janusz WasowskiCNR-IRPI (National Research Council – Institute forGeohydrological Protection)Bari, Italy

Colin N. WatersSchool of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicester, UK

Allan WilliamsFaculty of Architecture, Computing and EngineeringUniversity of WalesSwansea, Wales, UKandCICA NOVANova Universidad de LisboaLisbon, Portugal

Ron C. K. WongUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada

Xiaoqiu YangCAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal SeaGeologySouth China Sea Institute of OceanologyGuangzhou, ChinaandGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan

E. P. YaninVernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and AnalyticalChemistry of the RAS (GEOKHI RAS)Moscow, Russia

Alireza YazdaniCivil Engineering Department, Najafabad BranchIslamic Azad UniversityNajafabad, Iran

Paul L. YoungerSchool of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Sayed Alireza ZareeiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan)BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahan, Iran

Aleksandr ZhigalinThe Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of theRussian Academy of Sciences (IPE RAS)Moscow, Russia

Wendy ZhouDepartment of Geology and Geological EngineeringColorado School of MinesGolden, CO, USA

Preface

Engineering geology provides a vital link between the formal definitions and descriptions in the format of the
established, traditional, and relevant disciplines that linkits identity and name; that is, “engineering” and “geology.”More recently, a variety of other fields of study are viewedas synonymous with engineering geology including butnot limited to geotechnics, geological engineering, envi-ronmental engineering, environmental geology, appliedgeology, and so on. Although generally related, each ofthese “labels” do indeed represent different aspects ofspecialization that reflect their own sets of objectives,skills, and approaches, as adopted by the respective prac-titioners, in their goals of understanding and managing thecomplex relationship between geosciences, engineering,and society. In contrast, the practitioners of engineeringgeology rely fundamentally on the basic principles andtenets of geosciences. Secondly, they extract, compile,and assess critical knowledge and information about theEarth’s properties and the behavior of nature. Next, theyanalyze the available evidence and then translate the resultsinto a practical format used by others such as civil, struc-tural, mining, construction, geotechnical, and environmen-tal engineers, who are pursuing answers to their own ques-tions and obligations.
Engineering geology deals with a broad but uniquespectrum of topics: environments of deposition; types,compositions, and relevant physical and chemical proper-ties of rocks and soils; the behavior of materials underchanging climatic conditions; the influence of naturalhazards on the natural and built environment; performancemodeling; etc., on land and in the water, are a few of themany aspects that characterize the scope of the practice ofengineering geology.

Although a long-standing discipline, engineering geo-logy is currently experiencing a surge and peak in visibi-lity, utility, relevance, and appreciation. A great manystudents are now pursuing this exciting field of study asboth employment and research prospects for specialistsgrow considerably. In response to this positive trend, theneed and critical timing for providing a compendium of

Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology was obvious.The aim of this volume is to provide technical definiti-

ons of the most basic and common terms, principles, phra-ses, concepts, and issues influencing the field of enginee-ring geology. This treatise defines and provides a readysource of explanation of those primary topics that enginee-ring geologists often cross in their daily lives. This volumedoes not replace the technical rigidity and knowledgeprovided by a great many essential and useful educationaland practical textbooks that students and professionalsdepend upon in their careers. Rather, this encyclopediaminimizes the efforts needed when searching for a clearand concise explanation and understanding of particulartopics, and how those topics are related to other terms.Definitions include recent and relevant technical referencesfor further information including well-illustrated graphic,detailed tabular, or striking visual images that also explainthe term or concept in question.

The Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology comprisesthree categories of definitions. Our flexibility for the lengthof contributions was constrained by the practical limit tothe length of the printed volume. This required us to assignindividual terms to one of the three “length” categories.Topics that require a lengthy, elaborate, and well-illustratedexplanation are included but are limited in their number.Broader issues and terms that need less explanation andillustration are more frequent, whereas those concepts andterms that are straight forward and easily explained infewer words and illustration are the most numerous.Collectively, just under 300 topics are included herein forthe sake of completeness. Each topic is accompanied by auseful cross-reference list of topics related to the term itselfand defined elsewhere within the volume.

Individual editorial teammembers were assigned a num-ber of topics from the total list that aligned most closelywith their areas of expertise. Each editor was responsiblefor appointing qualified authors, managing the editorialprocess, and seeing the works to their completion.

xxviii PREFACE

The Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology provides asingle platform for contributions from an internationalcross-section of some 200 specialists whose range ofexpertise competently addresses the nearly 300 topics thatare most pertinent to the field of engineering geology.A common structure and format is used for each of thetopics to ensure that readers did not experience changes instyle that is common to some works written by multipleauthors. The volume benefits considerably from an excep-tional number of tables, illustrations, and numerous colorimages to ensure our aim of communication and education

is satisfactorily achieved. This Encyclopedia of Enginee-ring Geology provides a standard reference of technicalreliability and should remain a primary choice for yearsto come.

The EditorsPeter Bobrowsky

Brian MarkerFebruary 2018

Acknowledgments

The editorial team is extremely grateful to the many aut-hors who graciously contributed their time, knowledge,and expertise to this volume. This effort, over severalyears, was efficiently and patiently handled by themanaging staff at Springer International Publishing, inparticular Petra van Steenbergen, Sylvia Blago, KavipriyaVenkataraman and Johanna Klute. Their doggeddetermination and relentless reminders provided the driveto complete the book in time for the 2018 IAEG Congressto meet our primary goal, when starting this project severalyears ago, to make this treatise accessible to a large gathe-ring of engineering geologists under the umbrella ofthe IAEG.

Peter Bobrowsky expresses his sincere thanks to hiswife Theresa for her understanding and tolerance duringhis execution of duties associated with the publication ofthis book. Special thanks also to Michiko and Toba, forproviding a stress release during certain times in the pro-duction of this work.

Brian Marker also thanks his wife, Barbara, who wasequally tolerant of the demands of this work.

We very much hope that this book delivers a ready andreliable source of information and facts for practicingengineering geologists, students, and all other related pro-fessional communities who rely on our profession forproviding society with a healthier, safer, and more prospe-rous existence.

Documents

ENCYCLOPEDIA of ENGINEERING GEOLOGY978-3-319-73568-9/1.pdfEncyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Volume Editors Peter T. Bobrowsky is a Research