HJBBBroffillHI^^

;v!A>

v v-.4V

GKBS3 *,\v"

,

/

11;Kwttt%^

Onomasticon

On the Names ; of Places in Holy Scripture.

Ges.-Bu.

.

.

mern), 9S (Buhl), 99. Gesenius-Buhl. See above, Ges.,

^

tific

Series.

De

Lectures,

89), 91.

Gent. Del.

.

. .

De

Gentibus.

See Wellhausen.

.

Aids

.

.

Aids

to

the

Devout Study of92.

Criticism,

FoundersJntr. Is.

.

Founders

of

Old94.the

Testament

Criticism,.

Introduction to Isaiah ( 95).

Book

of

Par. . Heb. Lang..

Delitzsch, Franz (1813-90), author of many commentaries on books of the OT, etc. or, Delitzsch, Friedrich, son of pre ceding, author of: IVo lag das Parodies ? (*8l).77ie

Hebrew Language viewed

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES HE fitstori a Ecclesiastica. in the light of Assyrian Re. .

Prol.

.

search, 83. Prolegomena eines86.

P\r(Ep.~\E\v.~\

neuen

hebr.-

Chron.

aram. WorterbuchszumA T,Ass.

EVEw.Lehrb.Gesch.

Prtzparatio Evangelica. Chronicon. English version (where authorised

HWB

and revised agree).Handworterbuch,Heinrich Ewald (1803-75) Lehrbuch der hebrdischen:

Assyrisches96.

DHM Ep. Denk.

D. H. Miiller, Epigraphische Denkmdler aus Arabien, 89.

Sprache,

44;

(

8>,

70.

Geschichte des

Die Propheten in ihren ursprunglichen Form. Die Grundgesetze der ursemitischen Poesie, 2 Bde., 96.Di..

i.-vii., ; 645 vols. (pre-Christian period),

W

Volkes Israel ;

68

ET

69- 8o.Dichter

.

.

Dillmann,in

(1823-94), Genesis, 3rd ed. of 6 82 Knobel, 75; 92 (ET by Stevenson, 97) Exodus und 2nd ed. of Knobel, Leviticus, 80 3rd ed. by Ryssel, 97;

KGH

August,

:

,

Propk.Expos..

Die Dichter des Alien Bundes W, 66 / Die Propheten, 40/5 2 ), 67,

f.^ndf.

;

FFP

Expositor, 5th ser., T\_imes\ Expository Times, 8g- g . . following (verse, or verses, etc.).. .

Fauna and flora ofSee Tristram.F. Field, Origenis

Palestine.

Field,

Hex.

.

Hexaplorum

qu,

Greece (translation notes, 6 vols., 98).

and

Fund.

J.

Marquart, Fundamente

israeliti-

Du.

.

.

. .

Bernhard

Duhm

:

scher u. judischer Geschichte, 96. Greek Version, see above, p. xv.yC

Proph.

Die

Iheologie der Propheten als Grundlage fiir die inner e En tw ickln ngsgesch ichte derisraelitischen Religion, in

and TEXT AND VERSIONS.d.

GA

.

.

Gesc/iichte

Altertlnims

(see

Is.

.

..

Das Buch Jesaia99.

HK,

75. 92.

GA GBA

.

.

.

Ps.

.

Die Psalmen erkldrt,\^KHC,

GASm.historical

.

E2. .

Old Hebrew

EB^Einl.

.

.

document. Later additions to E. See HIS TORICAL LITERATURE. Encyclopedia Britannica, gth ed.,75

GA T

.

Meyer, Floigl). Geschichte Agyptens (see Meyer). Gesch. Babyloniens u. Assvriem (see Winckler, Hommel). George Adam Smith. See Smith. Reuss, Geschichte des Alien Testainents,

81

;

(->,

90.

Gei. Urschr.

A. Geiger,

Ebers, Aeg. BM

- 88.

Georg EbersEinleilung

(

37-98), Aegypten

u.

Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel in ihrer Abhangigkeit von der inneren Entivicklung des Jtidenthums, 57.

die BiicherCornill, etc.

Mose

s, i.,

68.

Ges.

.

F.

H. W. Gesenius (1786-1842):Thesaurus PhilologicusCriti-

(Introduction).

See

Thes.

Eng.

Hist. Rev.

The English Historical J?eview,

cus Ling. Hebr. et Chald. Veteris Testamenti, 35- 42.

Gramm.Ent\_sf\.. .

Die Entstehung

des

Judenthums.Lex..

Hebrdische Grammatik, W, by E. Kautzsch,

13

;

ETEth. Eus.

.

.

.

See Ed. Meyer. English translation.Ethiopia.

ET

96

;

98.u.

Hebrdisches

. .

.

Handworterbuch,:

chalddisches 12

,

steed, 86.

premieres Melees des Peuples; ET by McClure.

x

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTESThe Struggle of the Nationsabout the end of the seventh See TEXT. century A.D. A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, ed. J. A.

MBBA MDPVMerxMey..

.

.

Monatsbericht der Berliner AkaMittheilun^en

H.Muss-Arn..

Murray,

88

ff.;

also

H.

.

.

und Nachrichten des

W.

Bradley, 97^.M\iss-&.rr\Q\\.,

A Concise Diction

.

.

A. Merx, Archiv f. wissenschaft"

MVGn..

.

.

Assyrian Language, 94-99 (A-MAG). VorderasiatMittheilungen der ischen Gesellschaft, 97 ff.note.

ary of

the

..

.

Ed. Meyer:

.

.

GA

Nabatsean.

See ARAMAIC, 4. Nominalbildung, Earth; see Ba.

Die

israelitischen

Eigennamen

ihrer religionsgeschichtlichen Bedeiitung, 76. Marginalien u. Materialien, 93.Entsi[eli\.

nach

A. Neubauer, Geogr aphie du Talmtid, 68.

Meyer

Natural History of theTristram.

Bible.

See

MGWJ MH.

Neu-hebr. u. chaldaisches Wort^erbuch. See Levy,.

number. Th. Noldeke

:

Utitersuchungen z. Kritik Alten Testaments, 69.

d.

Altteslamentliche Litteratur, 68.

MI

W. Nowack.

:

h.~\

Lehrbuch

d.

HebraischenPropheten(in

Archaologie, 94.

Die KleinenMidr. Mish.

New

HKC),

97.

Testament, Neues Testament.:

Justus Olshausen

Die Psalmen,

53.

Lehrbuch der hebr. Sprache,61 [incomplete]. Orientalistische Litteratur-Zei-

tung, ed. Peiser, 98 f. Historisch-critisch Onderzoek.

See

Kuenen.Onkelos, Onqelos.

See Targ.

See OS.Origin of the Psalter. See Cheyne. Onomastica Sacra, containing the name-lists of Eusebius and a Jerome (Lagarde, 87; the pagination of ^) printed on the is followed). margin of Old Testament. Old Testament in tlie Jewish Church. See \V. R. Smith.,

W

See HIST. LIT. Priestly Writer. Secondary Priestly Writers. F. Buhl, Geographie des alien PalSee also Baedeker astina, 96. and Reland. Palmyrene. See ARAMAIC, 4.

ARAMAIC, 4. Proceedings of American Oriental

Palestinian Syriac Palestinian. See

or

Christian

Wo

Society, 51 ff. (printed annually at end of JAOS).

lag

das

Paradies?

See

Delitzsch.

Sayce, Patriarchal Palestine, 95. Prieparatio Evangelica. See Euse-

MT

--,-

.

-

bius.

.

.

.

Massoretic

text,

the

Hebrew text

of

PEFAf\emJ\

.

Palestine Exploration Fund Me moirs, 3 vols., 8i- 83Palestine l- nnd Exploration

[founded 65] Quarterly State ment, 69 ff.

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTESPer.-Chip.

xi

Perrot and Chipiez Histoire de PArt dans:

Roscher

.

Ausfuhrliches Lextkon d. Griechischen u. Romischen Mythologit

quite.

Perse Grece

Assyrie Egyptt Asie Afineuere Etrurie Rome;Egypt,

RP

.

.

ET:

*lff.

Ancient

Chaldiza Phoenicia

and Assyria, and Cyprus,

Sardinia, Judaa, etc., Primitive Greece, 94.Pers.

83; 84; 85; 90;

RS orRV.

Rel. Sent.. .

Persian.Peshltta, the Syriac vulgate (2ndVetus 1 estamentum 3rd cent.). T and Syriace, ed. S. Lee, 23,

Pesh.

Records of the Past, being English translations of the Ancient Monu ments of Egypt and Western Asia, ed. S. Birch, vols. i.-xii. J (( 73- 8i). New series [AV )]ed. A. H. Sayce, vols. i.-vi., 88- 92. See ASSYRIA, 35. Religion of the Semites. See W. R. Smith. Revised Version (XT, 80 OT,;

O

RWBRys.

.

.

NT,

24..

84; Apocrypha, 95). G. B.Winer (1789- 1858), Biblisches Realworterbuch, 20; 3) , 2 vols.,\;,

Robertson Smith ( 46-^4): the Jewishrevised

and much

Proph.

.

enlarged, 92; (Germ, transl. by Rothstein, 94). The Prophets of Israel and their place in History, to the close ofthe eighth century B.C.,

82;

w,

with95-

introduction

tional notes by T.

and addi K. Cheyne,

Kin.

.

Kinship and Marriage in Early

Arabia, 85. R[el.~\S\_em.~\ Lectures on the Religion of the Semites: ist ser., The Funda mental Institutions, 89; new2 and revised edition ), 94; Germ, transl. by Stube, 99. [The MS notes of the later Burnett Lectures on Priesthood, Divina tion and Prophecy, and Semitic Polytheism and Cosmogony remain unpublished, but are(j?5

:

RWB.Gram..

Grammatik

Gesch. Pro/.

. .

Geschichte Israels, vol. i. ( 78). 2nd ed. of Gesch., entitled Prolegomena zur Gesch. Israels,

des neutestamentlichen Sprachidioms^, neu bearbeitet von Paul Wilh.

83;ed.

ET(

85;

4th

Germ.

IJG

.

.

Israelitischeschichte,

95. u. judische

WMMWr..

.

. .

Schmiedel, 94^; ET of 6th ed., W. F. Moulton, 70. See As. u. Eur.

Gean

.

W. Wright

:

97; amplification of Abriss der>,

94;

3

Comp.

Gram.Ar. Gram.

Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic

Gesch. Israels u.

Judo s

in

Vorarbeiten, Abriss was sub 84. a reproduction of stantially in Israel ( 8i; republished in ET of Prol. and separately as [ 85] Sketch of Hist, of Israel and

Skizzen

u.

A Grammar

The

EB^

Languages, 90. of the Arabic Language, translated from the German of Caspan and edited, with numerous additions(3

and

2 vols., 74- 75;

Judah,\ArJ\Heid.

(3),

91).

revised by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje,i.

Reste Arabischen Heidentums (in Skizzen u. Vorarbeiten )(

vol.

WRS

96, vol.

ii.

98.

.

.

87;

,

WZKMYakut

William Robertson Smith.

Smith.

See

.

.

Wiener

Zeitschrift fiir d. des Morgenlandes, 87 ff.

Kunde

CH

;

9 8).des

.

.

The

well-knownwriter

Arabian

.

.

Die Compositionteuchs

Hexa-

der historischen Bucher des Alten Testaments Zweiter Druck, mit ( 85;

und

Kitab Mo jam el-Bulddn edited by F. Wustenfeld (Jacut s Geographisches Worterbuch, 66- 70).

graphical

geo (1179-1229).

Nachtragen, 89; originallypublished[

mJDT2\ 392[

ff.,

Weber

.

.

77], and in Bleek, Einl. W, 78). System der Altsynagogalen Palasti76],

22 47

Z ZA ZA

.. .

.

Zeitschrift (Journal). Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie u. verwandte Gebiete, 86 ff.

.

.

.

Zeitschrift fur Agyptische Spracheu.

nischen Theologie ; orDieLehren des Talmud, 80 (edited by Franz Delitzsch and Georg Schneder2 mann) Judische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und( ;>,

ZATWZDMG ZDPV ZKF

Alterthumskunde,ff.

63^".

.

.

Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche

Wissenschaft, 81. .

Zeitschrift der Deutschen

Morgen-

Wetstein

.

.

verwandter Schriften, 97 (ed. Schnedermann). J. J. Wetstein, Novum Testamen-

.

.

Idndischen Gesellschaft, 46^". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastinavereins,78^".

.

.

tum Grcecum,Wetz.. .

etc.,

2 vols. folio

;

1751-1752. Wetzstein, Ausgewahlte griechischc

ZKMZLT

Zeitschrift fur Keilschriftforschung und veriuandte Gebiete, 84 /., continued as ZA.

und

lateinische Inschriften, ge-

ZKW

. .

.

See

WZKM.i.-ix.,

.

Zeitschrift

sammelt auf Reisen in den Trachonen und um das Hau-

fur kirchliche Wissen schaft u. kirchliches Leben (ed.Luthardt),

So- SgfcKirche, 40-

WF

.

.

.

WH [W & H]

.

Hauran und Trachonen, 60. Wellhausen- Furness, The book of Psalms ( 98) in (Eng.}. Westcott and Hort, The New Tes tament in the Original Greek,

rdngebirgeJbT,

;

Reisebericht uber

.

.

Zeitschriftfur die gesammte lutherische Theologie

und

SBOT

ZTK

78...

ZeitschriftZeitschrift

furff.

Theologie

und

ZWT

Kirche, 91..

fur wisstnschaftliche Theologie (ed. Hilgenfeld), 5

xiv

ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS,

AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONSACL.

Altchristliche Litteratur : e.g. Adolf Harnack, Geschichte der altchristlichen Litteratur bis Eusebius, of which there appeared in 1893 Pt. I. Die Ueberlieferung und der Bestand, and in 1897, Pt. II. Die Chronologie, vol. I. down to

Gustav

Irenceus (cited also as Chronol., i). Kriiger, Geschichte der altchristlichenersten drei Jahrhunderten,

1895

(in

Litteratur in den Grundriss der Theoiogischen(

APKGA OCL

.

\ \ issenschaften]. F. Spiegel, Die alt-persischen.

h eilinschriften, 1862,

2

;

cp 244?, where Bethuel, son of, should (Gen. 295 J be omitted as an interpolation). 1 He was also brother of Rebekah (2429), and became father of Leah and Rachel (chap. 29), and of several sons (30 35 31 he 1) was therefore uncle and father-in-law of Jacob. Accord;

(Dt. li); perhaps the

AoBON [BAFL]), an unknown locality same as LIBNAH (2, q.v. Cp).

WANDERINGS,

10.i

LABANALEBANA.

(ALBANIA [BA]),

Esd. 629

= Neh.748,Labourer

an Aramaean ing to P (25 20) he was, like Bethuel, but P does not mean to deny (anx, EV a Syrian );

LABOUR

(l^a, Gen. 31 42; tatf, Dt. 26 7 ),

Milcah and Aram are both Jerahmeel, and the northern the city of Nahor. It is in fact here that the tradition given by J places the home of Laban (24 10 2/43) the God of Laban, too, is called Elsewhere by E the God of Nahor (31 53).that he;

was a Nahorite

probably corruptions of Jerahmeelites dwelt at;

(eprATHC.Mt-937). See SLAVERY. The use of labour for fruit of labour (e.g. Hab. 817) is one of the most questionable Hebraisms of the EV.,

LACEDAEMONIANS (AAKeAAlMONioiK&|.

[AV],

Av

[A];

see

(see

NAHOR)

it is

suggested that;

miswritten for Hauran before them corrupt versions of the traditional narrative. It would be unfair to criticise the character of Laban as if he were a historical individual we can only ven ture to infer that the later Israelites criticised the char acter of the Aramaeans very It is unfavourably. essential, however, to notice the religious difference between Laban and Jacob note especially the incident with the teraphim (Gen. 31 30 cp 352, and see TEKASince Laban i.e. the Laban-tribe resides PHIM). in or near a city of Hauran it is archasologically important to try to clear up the name. very similar name, LIBNI [y.v.], is given in Ex. 617 Nu. 3 18 to a son of Gershon, son of Levi in i Ch. 617, however, Libni s father is called Gershom. Now, Gershom;

most probably very possibly J and E hadis

Nahor

2 elsewhere always Spartans See JASON, 2 (end), SPARTA. (CTTAPTIATAI) is used. The Jews claimed kinship with the Lacedaemonians (see SPAKTA for diplomatic relations between the two peoples about For the presence of Jews in Sparta, we 300 B.C. and 145 B.C.).

only in

Swete, Mace. 5 9

ad;

loc.

and App. ), mentioned

may compare i Mace. 1523, Philo, Leg. ad Cai. 36.

ar

>d

in the

Peloponnese generally,

LACHISH (pi?1H"

;

A&\eiC

[

BAL

.

etc.]).

Aab

city in

the Shephelah (Josh. 1639,torfr

;

;

,

A

;

name it corresponds to Leah, which is explained elsewhere (LEAH) as a fragment of a feminine form of The natural inference, if these data be Jerahmeel. granted, is that Laban and Libni are both connected with Leah and Levi p ?, Laban, may be from pi ?, and Libni may be a further development of pS. Hence the Levi-tribe was at one time viewed as the equal of the Jacob-tribe, though afterwards it had to accept an inferior, dependent position. It thus becomes unnecessary to combine Laban with an Assyrian god Laban (cp [ihi] libitti, god of;1 1

(= Gershon) is a Jerahmeelite name. Gershom in Ex. 222 is the son of Moshe (Moses), who was the son of Amrani (Ex. 6 20, P) Amram, like Abram, contains in our view an abbreviation of the name Levi Jerahmeel. too is claimed elsewhere (LEVI, i) as a Jerahmeelite;

k ng w defeated by Joshua at Gibeon on the i, MAKKEDAH) (Josh. 103-15; cp GIBEON, fate of the city and its population, see Josh. lOsi/. It seems to have been a chariot-city (Mic. 1 13 cp i K. 9 19 and BETH-MARCABOTH). The Chronicler speaks of its fortification by Rehoboam Amaziah fled (2 Ch. 11 9). thither from a conspiracy (2 K. 14 19 see AMAZIAH, Sennacherib besieged and took the place on his i). expedition against Egypt, and sei.t the Rabshakeh thence to Jerusalem (2 K. 1814, 17, cp 198; Is. 862 Xa[xhs |T], cp 378 [om. NAOQ]). Lachish was one of the two last fenced cities to be captured by Nebuchad rezzar s army (Jer. 34?). It is mentioned in a list of cities in Nehemiah (1130); but on critical grounds we cannot assume that Jews really dwelt there in the period

^

scr

kings,

^ was*

A^X 7

?!?

ts

[B*A], Xa. [B super^our otner Amorite

^

;

;

;

referred to (see

EZRA

ii.,

5, n.

3).

Prof. Petrie s infer

;

ences from his excavations entirely bear out this opinion viz. that, after the return of the Jews Lachish appears to have been hardly reoccupied (Tell el-Hesv, 29).,

In Mic.

1

13 LachishIs.

is

called

the beginning of sin for the

daughtertineis

(i.e.,

people) of Zion.2&)

rites

(cp

Possibly some heathen Philis had been introduced at Lachish, andthe

spread thence to Jerusalem.obscure.chariot horses1

end with

Similarly the references to Bethuel in Gen. 24 15 2450 (J) are to be viewed as interpolations. See Mez, Gescli. d. St. Harran, iqff. and Dillmann s Genesis. In Gen. 2220-23 (J) tne list should

1

The play on Read perhaps D -^f 11

name1.

of Lachish

f"l33"iD

PT

Make readyChe.

;1

cp Ass. narkabates.v.is

raklsit,

chariot-horses,rest,

See Ges.-Buhl,

and Laban and Rebekah.

10576./C [!8g8].

MT

pm

;

and, for the

JQRto the

rendered in

RV, Bind the chariot

87

2689

2690

LACHISHDel. Ass.

LADANUMproduce an assonance.flee,

HIVB 622

;

rakis and

liik ish

bas-relief,

The people

of Lachish have good cause to partners in the sins of Jerusalem.

for they are

and the remains in the tell permit a conception of the fortunes of the site which agrees with the data of history. His general F. J. Bliss took up Petrie s work in March 1891.;

antiquity of Lachish is proved by the references to it in some of the Amarna tablets (i5th cent. B.C.). Zimrida (cp ZIMKI) was prince of the city under the Efforts were made to Egyptian king Amen-hotep IV. shake his allegiance to Egypt but he handed over the man who had tried to seduce him to an Egyptian official. Soon after, however, Lachish rebelled against him the;

The

conclusion agrees with that of his predecessor the importance of the site is such that hardly any other identification appearspossible.

Lakis is really the site of a Jewish Whether settlement which took the place of the old Lachish, is G. A. Smith (Twelve Prophets, 2 80 /.) less certain. Lakis may represent the has suggested that

Umm

Umm

;

ancient

fate of

Zimrida remains uncertain. See Am. Tab. 217, 219, 181, and Peiser, OLZ, isth Jan. 1899. Max Miiller, however (OL/., isth March 1899), finds some2)

difficulties in the situation supposed by Peiser. famous tablet found at Tell el-Ht-sy (see below,

No. 219 is the and included

by Winckler in There is alsoKuyunjik) with

nacherib, king the throne, and the captives from Lachish marched up before him This confirms the inference from 2 K. ( Textbuch, 37). 198 that Sennacherib s siege of Lachish was successful.

his edition of the Amarna Tablets. the British Museum a bas-relief (found at according to Winckler, Sen of the world, king of Assyria, took his seat onin

this inscription,

which, according to Epiphanius, was (cp beyond bet Gabre, of the tribe of Simeon The consonants are suitable but ELKOSHITE, c). we should not have expected the vocalisation Lakis. Lakis with the Malagues of Conder has identified To the present writer the site of the Crusaders. Lachish appears to be identified with virtual certainty byElkos,;

Umm

Petrie s brilliant

investigation.

Cp BRONZE, HONEY,

POTTERY

;

and, on the strategical importance of Lachish,

Eusebius and Jerome place the site of Lachish 7 R.m. S. of Eleutheropolis, towards the Uarom (OS 274 9 This does not agree with the 13f>22). Q..Lakis, which most recent scholars have identified with Lachish, this place being In fact, its sole re \V. not S. of Eleutheropolis. commendations consist in a very slight resemblance of its name to that of Lachish (k, not k, is the second 2 consonant), and in its being only three-quarters of anposition of, ,

Umm

see GASm. HCii^f. See Flinders Petrie, Tell el-Hesy: a Memoir (1891): F. J. Bliss, A Mound of Many Cities; or Tell el-Hesy excavated For a fresh translation of the Lachish tablet see Peiser, (1898). OLZ, isth March 1899. OLZ, isth Jan. 1899, and cp LSkis (in spite of the k) as the W. Max Miiller adheres to

WMM, Umm

thinks the letter was addressed, not to the The Egyptian grand vizier, but to a neighbour of Zimrida. for the prevalent view are not, however, discussed. grounds T. K. C.site of

Lachish.

He

LACUNUS, KV LACCUNUS (AAKKOYNOCf)avaua;

from the names Chelal, Benaiah (n33 ^r). the final ^ of Chelal having been taken with the following name, and the 3 read as a 3 i.e., n jsh-

LADAN (n^,1.

38i

;

AA^AN26

[BL]).

An

whose name appears in v. 20 as ELADAH (q.v.). 12. See ERAN. EzKRii., 3 and cp EI-HRAIM i., 2. RV, AV LAADAN, a Gershonite name, i Ch. 23 7-9 (eSav [B]. AeaSai/ [A], Aaa. [L]) 26 21 (\aSav [B once], AeS. twice Aaafid [A],Ka.8a.av [A]);

Ephraimite,

Ch. 7

RV,

AV LAADAN

(\aBBav [B],

AaaSai/[L]).3. i

See LIBNI, r. Esd. 637 AV, RV DALAN.

See DELAIAH,

4.

Petrie in April 1890. study of the walls and of the pottery of different levels led him to the conclusion that the earliest dwellings are not later than the seventeenth

A

LADANUM

(D$,"K-

centuryB.C.

and the latest belong to the fifth century great walls below the level of the ash-bed The belong to the pre-Israelitish or Amorite times. stones below the bed of .ashes belong to the rude period desolation when The ashes represent a of the Judges.B. c.,

The

Gen. 3?2st (RV name of a resin called by the Arabs Iddhan or Iddan l It was which was yielded by some species of Cistus. known to the Greeks as early as the times of Herodotus

CTAKTH [ADEFL], RESINA). MYRRH) 43nf (EV MYRRH), is thelot.

and Theophrastus by the names \rjdavov, which are very closely name.

\-rjSov,

\ddavov, andto the Arabic

allied

the tell was used by alkali-burners. [Bliss accounts for The buildings the great bed of ashes differently.] above the ashes represent the cities of the various Jewish It was in the third kings to the time of the Captivity. that the city, in the stratum overspread by the ash-bed, cuneiform tablet was found other tablets must or may have been carried off by foes. Petrie identifies the tell with Lachish for three reasons.;

Ladanumfragrant,it

is

in

mode of obtaining ladanum. He relates that it is now gathered by means of a \aSa.vio7ripiov or kind of flail 2 with which the plants are threshed. When these thongs are loaded with the flagrant and sticky resin, they are scraped with a knife ; the substance is then rolled into a mass,of the

is described by Herodotus (8112) as particularly though gathered from the beards of goats, on which found sticking; similarly Dioscorides (1 128). Tournefort, modern times (I oyage, 1 29), has given a detailed description

1. The position commands the only springs in the district, except those of Tell en-Nejileh (see EGI.ON ii.). 2. It corresponds sufficiently with the geographical deter mination in \.\\eOnotasticon, being only three miles farther from Eleutheropolis than Eusebius and Jerome say that Lachish was. on Sennacherib s 3. It agrees with the situation represented

Ladanum called ladanum or labdanum. volatile oil, and is highly fragrant, and is often adulterated with sand in commerce. The ladanum which is used in Europe is collected It chiefly in the Greek isles, and also in continental Greece. is yielded by species of the genus Cistus (especially by C.in which state it consists of resinis

and

stimulant as a medicine, but

swift steed

;

but the

first

word (Qrn)

is,

strictly, untranslatable,

and BOT can hardly be used of a chariot-horse The order of the words chariot and i, 4).is is

(see HORSE, swift steed

also scarcely possible ; to alter it in the translation (G. A. Smith) If, however, Prof. Smith s rendering might stand, arbitrary. He sees an allusion his explanation would be at least plausible. to the Egyptian subsidies of horses and chariots (in which the politicians put their trust), which would be received at Lachish,

as being the1

last Judtean outpost towards Egypt. forward into his presence (M Curdy, Hist. Profih. Mon. 2427). Cp Meinhold, fcsaja u. seine Zeit (1898), who also adopts Wi. s translation of sal/at ntaftarsu etik. Bezold, however (KB l 115), renders received the spoil of Lachish and Del. brought up before himself took a minute survey of) the of Lachish (Ass. 159(1). spoil So Robinson. According to Conder the name is pronounced Lags. Sayce states that, after repeated inquiries of the fellahln, he assured himself (in 1881) that the name was Latis; but Bliss confirms Conder s statement Laggis is the form which he gives.

creticus) which are known in this country by the name of Rock Rose they are natives of the S. of Europe, the Mediterranean islands, and the N. of Africa. According to Tristram (FFP 235) Palestinian ladanum is derived from Cistus z illosus, L., which grows in the hill districts E. and W. of Jordan, and is Cistus creticus, which is only especially plentiful on Carmel. a variety of this and distinguished by its viscidity, is the common form on the southern hills. [Fonck thinks of the Cistus salvifo/ius, which is also plentiful on Carmel, for the ladanum; but H. Christ d^ff. [1899]) questions this identification.];

(ZDPT

Came

;

HWB

(>.f.,

is said by Pliny, as it was long before said by Herodotus, to be a product of Arabia, though this has not been proved to be the case in modern times. Enough, however, has been adduced to show that ladanum was known to, and esteemed by, the ancients and, as it is;

Ladanum

"

Umm

;

Umm

Miiller (Sab. Denk. 84) the According Iddhan is the proper Arabic form derived from Persian. 2 of the implement can be seen in the Museum at Specimensto

1

Moidtmann and

Kew

(Crete and Cyprus).

2691

2692

LADDERstated to have been a product of Syria, it was very likely to have been sent to Egypt both as a present and

LAMENTATION(whence Leshem) is a corruption of Luz, or of a name from which

Luz

is

corrupted.Is.

found in the in scription on a S. Arabian censer (Sab. Denk. 84), and in the list of objects received as tribute from in Assyrianas merchandise.is

The word Iddan

2.

1030.

See LAISHAH.;

T. K. c.1

Damascus by Tiglath-Pileser III. 151, 18). The biblical narrative (J) shows that oS was some precious produced in Canaan or at least in Gilead. See Royle s article Lot in Kitto s Bibl. Cycl., on which this article is mainly based. N. M. W. T. T.-D.

(KAT&

gum

as if lion, 68 in 2 S. 3 15 K l ? Kt. ). (8*7, evidently a short form of Laishah (Shalishah). See LAISHAH, PALTI. The name occurs in i S. 2644 (some MSS have Kt. ch ? ctyuas [B], Atus [A], iwaj [L]) and in 2 S. 815 (o-eX\7?y [B], Xaets [A], a-eXXe^ [L, for which, see BAHURIM, n. i]).1

LAISH

;

;

LADDER

(D^D

;

KAiM&I) Gen. 28;

i

2 f.

The render

ing ladder is unfortunate a flight of steps is meant accord 2. ing to most scholars. Cp BETHEL, Probably, however, nSj/D, ascent is the right reading (adapt suffixes accordingly),

cpNeh.3i 5

12 3 7

(aKes = ni ?i;o)-

The classical use of the term.. .

[ANY]), i Mace. 11 59, the northern limit of the region over which Simon the Maccabee was made commandant parr]y 6s) by Antiochus VI., son of Balas. Josephus (BJn. 102) defines it as a high mountain 100 stadia N. from Ptolemais. It is the steep and lofty headland now known as the Ras en-Nakiirah the natural barrier between Phoenicia and Palestine (Stanley). True, we should have expected the title to have been rather given(j3,

etc.).

2B |, ktseb. Lev. See SHEEP and cp;

CATTLE,

LAHADi

("in?),

b.

JAHATH

(q.v., i),

a clan of Judah,

For Gen. 33 19 (nB

AVmg. lamb18-24.

),

see

KESITAH.

Ch.4 2 f (AAA9 [B], AA[A]A [AL]), Jerahmeelite, to judge from the names (Che. ).

LAMECH CSJlp^),SETHITES.

Gen. 4

See CAINITES,

8/,

LAHAI-ROI

("iO

r6

RV

["IN?]),

Gen. 2462 25

xi

AV,

LAMENTATION.1.

BEER-LAHAI-ROI

(q.v.).

especially for deaths, held

LAHMASMAC[L]),

(OVrh; MAXGC

[B],or,

AAMAC

[A],

Josh. 1540

RV n

-,

according to

AAMmany

regard these lamentations in different aspects, according as they are private or public, nonor literary. The origin of lamentation is a simple cry or wail, and even when art had elaborated new kinds of lamentation in which musical instruments played a part, the simple cry was a necessary accom paniment such a cry as the prolonged well, woe is me, still customary in Syria, with which //, Adi dhi, hoi ddon, ah, me, ah, my brother, ah, lord, L in 2 K. 9 37 i K. 13 30 22 18 34s niay be ), Jer. This is what is primarily meant by the compared. nihl ( ru; cp vrjvia, and see BOB) i.e. wailingliterary