lateral buckling restraint - attaches - steel check - creep - charges c limatiques - dynamic analysis - lateral buckling -

brandweerstandsanalyse - timber - 1st order - verstijvers - buisverbinding - diseño de planos de armaduras - pandeo lateral -

verbindingen - shear connection - verificac ión - armatures longitudinales - pórtico - unión base columna - voorontwerp - unión tubular -

haunch - connexion moment - c imbras - vérification ac ier - unity check - Eurocode 2 - mesh - retaining wall -

raidisseur - Eurocode 3 - longitudes de pandeo - connections - ACI 138 - acero - 2nd ordre - portal frame - Eurocode 8 - andamios - kip -

dwarskrachtverbinding - BS 8110 - dalle de fondation - seismische analyse - armaduras longitudinales - BIM - gelaste verbinding - 2de

orde - buckling - funderingszool - poutre sur plusieurs appuis - maillage - malla - uniones - 2D raamwerken - fire resistance analysis -

voiles - cracked deformation - gescheurde doorbuiging - longueurs de flambement - pandeo - reinforcement -

unity check - cantonera - dynamische analyse - hout - ossatures 3D - koudgevormde profielen - placa de extreme - 1er orden -

continuous beam - connexion soudée - momentverbinding - praktische wapening - renforts au déversement - fluenc ia - estribos -

déformation fissurée - EHE - beugels - Eurocódigo 3 - platine de bout - análisis dinámico - column base plate - kruip - rigid link - welded

connection - charpente métallique - moment connections - estructuras 2D - kniestuk - assemblage métallique - 3D

raamwerken - second ordre - beam grid - cargas c limáticas - Eurocode 2 - Eurocode 5 - wall - deformac ión fisurada - lien rigide - enlace rígido -

2D frames - estructuras 3D - éléments finis - vloerplaat - steel connection - scheurvorming - integrated connection design -

armatures pratiques - analyse sismique - nieve y viento - practical reinforcement - charges mobiles - dalle - wapening - perfiles

conformados en frío - Eurocode 3 - connexion tubulaire - unión a momento - 3D frames - treillis de poutres - roof truss -

practical reinforcement design - portique - kipsteunen - análisis sísmico - Eurocode 8 - seismic analysis - B.A.E.L 91 - uniones atornilladas

- bolts - ossatures 2D - eindige elementen - losa de c imentac ión - restricc iones para el pandeo lateral - optimisation - wand -

kniklengtes - end plate - dakspanten - kolomvoetverbinding - stirrups - ac ier - staalcontrole - cálculo de uniones integrado - paroi -

dessin du plan de ferraillage - stiffeners - mobiele lasten - Eurocódigo 8 - Eurocódigo 5 - longitudinal reinorcement - doorlopende liggers -

rigidizador - beton armé - fluage - CTE - connexion pied de poteau - langswapening - connexions - hormigón - neige et vent -

elementos finitos - armaduras - cold formed steel - jarret - uittekenen wapening - puente grúa - analyse dynamique - flambement -

keerwanden - optimisation - steel - cercha - 2º orden - slab on grade foundation - entramado de vigas - Eurocode 5 -

prédimensionnement - multi span beam - bouten - armatures - floor slab - poutre continue - pared - staal - 1er ordre - NEN 6770-6771 -

connexion c isaillement - losa - déversement - viga continua - predimensionering - 1ste orde - unión metálica - CM 66 - madera - análisis

resistenc ia al fuego - verbindingen - 2nd order - bois - Eurocode 2 - profilés formés à froid - verificac ión acero - predesign - unión soldada -

fisurac ión - beton - muro de contenc ión - optimalisatie - foundation pads - fissuration - concrete - AISC-LRFD - HCSS -

assemblage métallique - Eurocode 3 - viga con varios apoyos - armaduras prácticas - balkenroosters - unión a cortante - buckling length -

boulons - cracking - Eurocode 8 - knik - Eurocode 2 - radier - eindplaat - Eurocódigo 2 - FEM - tornillos - NEN 6720 - moving

loads - balk op meerdere steunpunten - cargas móviles - funderingsplaat - étriers - analyse resistance au feu-

cercha- globale knikfactor- dynamische analyse- wapening - maillage - malla - uniones- radier

Release information

Diamonds 2014

3

Contents 1. Work environment .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. Intelligent cursor ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.2. Saving projects ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.3. Lay-out of the results configuration ........................................................................................ 5

2. Geometry ......................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1. Expansion intersection function .............................................................................................. 6

2.2. Torsional rigidity for plates bearing in one direction .............................................................. 7

2.3. Window for the support points ............................................................................................. 10

2.3.1. Support points and lines ................................................................................................ 10

2.3.2. Support under plates ..................................................................................................... 12

2.4. Expansion of material library................................................................................................. 13

3. Loads .............................................................................................................................................. 13

3.1. Changes in the loads window ................................................................................................ 13

3.1.1. Partial safety coefficients and combination factors according to SI 412 ...................... 13

3.1.2. De-grouping shared load groups ................................................................................... 14

3.1.3. Load groups for moving loads (crane track loads) ........................................................ 15

3.2. Moving loads ......................................................................................................................... 16

3.2.1. Library moving loads ..................................................................................................... 16

3.2.2. Allocate moving load to model ..................................................................................... 18

3.2.3. Summary of applied moving load .................................................................................. 19

3.2.4. Animation ...................................................................................................................... 20

3.3. Loads according to Israeli norm ............................................................................................ 21

4. Elastic analysis ............................................................................................................................... 21

4.1. Directions overall imperfections ........................................................................................... 21

4.2. Retrieve first buckling mode ................................................................................................. 21

5. Dimensioning ................................................................................................................................. 22

6. Reports .......................................................................................................................................... 22

6.1. Importing and exporting report configurations .................................................................... 22

6.2. ‘General’ tab .......................................................................................................................... 23

6.3. Generating loads ................................................................................................................... 25

4

1. Work environment

1.1. Intelligent cursor

In Diamonds, you can make use of an intelligent cursor. This is a cursor that detects when, for

example, you come near to the middle of a bar. The intelligent cursor has been expanded with a

SNAP-function to points and lines.

The intelligent cursor is particularly useful when drawing a structure and when selecting elements.

Thanks to the associated symbols, you can immediately see which element Diamonds will select or

where it will snap to.

The 2nd and 3rd function of the intelligent cursor ( ) will be disabled when you press the

SPACE bar. This is particularly useful when you want to select plates.

Remark: this function was already available in Diamonds 2013 R02.b15.

1.2. Saving projects

Since version 2013, Diamonds has a new calculation core. This new core requires a new data

structure. The presence of the new data structure can be particularly seen in the way in which

Diamonds saves the projects. Since Diamonds 2013, you see 4 files with the same name, but with a

different extension.

- *.bsf contains the geometry and the loads. The file is the actual model. If there is one file

you must not delete, then it is this one.

- *.bs! is a copy of the *.bsf. This file can sometimes come to the rescue when the *.bsf file

is damaged.

- *.bsr contains the mesh.

- *_bsr is a folder with results.

5

In Diamonds you can export certain data. A summary:

- *.prt: export report configuration(s)

- *.dsf: export seismic load

- *.dff: export dynamic load

- *.txt: export moving load or soil layer profile

Remark: if you want to deliver a calculation model to us, it is sufficient to send the *.bsf file.

Furthermore, you can zip this ( on *.bsf files � ‘Copy to’ � ‘Compressed folder’) if this is too large.

The size is then reduced by up to 95 times.

1.3. Lay-out of the results configuration

The lay-out of the results configuration has changed in Diamonds 2014. The advantage of this is that

you can switch more quickly between various results.

We will run through the new structure:

- At the top of this palette are a number of buttons that each represent a series of

sub-results. For a result to be shown in the model window, one of these buttons must be

pressed.

- If one of the above buttons is pressed, you can access the associated detailed results by

pressing one of the buttons below .

6

- Next you indicate the load combination for which you want to see the results.

Remarks:

- Buttons for which no results are available are greyed out.

- Using the icon you can retrieve the first buckling form (see §4.2).

2. Geometry

2.1. Expansion intersection function

The button contains functions to:

- intersect lines with each other

- intersect lines and plates with a reference plane.

From Diamonds 2014 onwards, you can also retain the intersection point between 2 lines.

- For that, select 2 (or more) cutting lines.

- Click on and choose ‘Keep only intersection points.

- Click on ‘OK’. Diamonds will remove the selected lines, but the intersection point of the lines

will remain.

7

In a DXF file, a point support or the position of a column is generally indicated by a cross. When you

import the DXF file into Diamonds, the intention is that only a single point remains to indicate the

position of the column. With this new function, this is now child’s play.

2.2. Torsional rigidity for plates bearing in one direction

From Diamonds 2013, the torsional rigidity of plates bearing in one direction is taken into account.

This is done because it is assumed that the elements in torsion act somewhat as beams with a width

of 3 times the thickness. Since Diamonds 2013 R02, the end user can manipulate this torsional

rigidity using a torsional factor �.

Which value can you best enter for the torsion factor?

The torsion factor � is determined as:

� =������� ���� ��� ���� ����� � �� �������

������� ���� ��� ���� ����� � ��� �������� [%]

The figure below shows 4 plates bearing in one direction with 2nd phase concrete. One plate has a

thickness � and a width �. The plates are interconnected by a strip with the thickness �/1000.

8

In the table below, the torsion factor for various width-thickness ratios is calculated. The second

column shows the course of the torsional rigidity ���

���

!"

as the #$%&' (

&'$)*+,-- &-ratio of the element. The third

column shows the associated torsional factor � of the element

.

/

012

3/4

5!6

7

0.1034 0.000416462 1.00%

0.2430 0.002083826 5.00%

0.3595 0.004167084 10.00%

0.4590 0.006249322 15.00%

0.5528 0.00833295 20.00%

0.6461 0.01041644 25.00%

0.7426 0.012500052 30.00%

0.8449 0.01458399 35.00%

0.9521 0.016666334 40.00%

1.0736 0.018749902 45.00%

1.2112 0.020833152 50.00%

1.3665 0.022916099 55.00%

1.5524 0.024999987 60.00%

1.7853 0.027083868 65.00%

2.0909 0.029167001 70.00%

2nd phase

concrete

4 predalles

b

t

4 predalles

b

t

strip

strip

9

2.5147 0.031249799 75.00%

3.1473 0.033333268 80.00%

4.1990 0.035416854 85.00%

6.2999 0.037500154 90.00%

12.5998 0.039583307 95.00%

63.0000 0.041250000 99.00%

From the table above we can conclude that for a plate bearing in one direction (� = � ) with � = �

40% of the torsional rigidity of an isotropic plate has already been achieved.

When the plates bearing in one direction are executed as strips with a thickness of 20cm and a width

of 60 cm (

8=

9:

;:= 3 we see that 80% of the torsional rigidity of the isotrope plate is reached. In this

case, you should fill in 80% in the window with the plate properties.

Remarks:

- For the versions up to and including 2012 R02, this torsional rigidity ���

���

!"

is allocated an

arbitrary small value (< 1>?:).

- Diamonds 2013 and Diamonds 2013 R01 assume a width/thickness relationship (

8= 3. The

calculation is thus based on 80% of the torsional rigidity of an isotrope plate.

- For predalles ( ), a width/thickness ratio (

8= 3 is assumed.

10

The theoretical background of the torsional rigidity can be found in: J. Blaauwendraad, Plates and

FEM, Surprises and Pitfalls, Springer, 2010, §21.2.2

2.3. Window for the support points

The layout and the contents of this window have been changed.

2.3.1. Support points and lines

The tabs for the allocation of support points and lines are very similar. We shall deal with them

together.

Top half of the window

With the buttons in the upper left of the window you can quickly allocate typical support points or

support lines.

Top right is the graphic representation of the restricted degree of freedom . The orientation of

this figure changes with the orientation of the overall coordinate system . If you had selected

several points, the point with the lowest point number is displayed in the figure.

In the middle of this window, the agreed degree of freedom is maintained.

Middle half of window

11

Here you can immediately restrict the various degrees of freedom. For each degree of freedom, you

can, via the expanding menu:

- retain the degree of freedom concerned. You can also make use of the check box.

- enter a displacement or rotational spring (depending on whether the degree of freedom is a

displacement or a rotation) using a value.

- enter a support point function.

• Click on to define a function.

• Next click on .

• Various functions can be defined in one project. All functions are available via the pull

down list

• Next define the function.

The function should be between the 1st and 3rd quadrant because in the formula @ = A ∙ C

the spring constant A cannot take on a negative value. If the function does not have a

valid range, a red message will appear below this window.

You can also indicate for each translatory spring that it cannot absorb any negative (tensile) or

positive (compression) reaction. In the vertical direction (moving according to the overall y-axis), this

means, for example, that an upwards or downwards displacement of the structure is not hindered at

that point or that line.

12

Bottom half

Finally, you can set the orientation of the support point, should it turn out that the restricted degrees

of freedom do not correspond with the actual situation, for example a diagonal beam whereby the

end point in the extension of the beam can move freely.

For points you can enter the angles D and E:

- the angle D will rotate the support point in the YX plane. A positive angle is equivalent with a

counter-clockwise rotation.

- the angle E will rotate in the XZ plane. A positive angle is equivalent with a clockwise

rotation.

Lines on the other hand are characterised by a local coordinate system. Support lines can thus be

rotated in a simple way according to the local coordinate system of the bar. To give a rotation to a

supporting line, you tick the option ‘Restraint defined relative to line orientation’. Next you enter the

angle D through which the supporting point must be rotated.

2.3.2. Support under plates

If the selected element is a plane, you are asked to indicate a support for this plane.

Top half

13

In the top half of this window, you see the graphic representation of the restricted degree of

freedom. The orientation of this figure follows the orientation of the overall coordinate system .

Middle half

In the middle half of this window, you indicate which displacements are blocked.

Here you can immediately restrict the various degrees of freedom. For each degree of freedom, you

can, via the expanding menu:

- retain the degree of freedom concerned. You can also make use of the check box.

- enter a displacement spring (coefficient of subgrade reaction) using a value.

- enter a support point function (same working principle as for support points and – lines).

- the soil layers to be used (same working principle as previously).

Bottom half

Finally you can define the condition relative to the orientation of the plate.

2.4. Expansion of material library

The material library is expanded with the following materials:

- Wood C20, C45, C50, D18, D24

- Steel FE 235W, Fe 355W (in response to the Israeli norm SI 1225)

All timber qualities have been subjected to an update to the norm EN 338:2009.

3. Loads

3.1. Changes in the loads window

3.1.1. Partial safety coefficients and combination factors according to SI 412

In Diamonds 2014, the partial safety coordinates and combination factors according to the Israeli

norm SI 412 are available.

14

The meaning of all parameters of the loads window according to the Israeli norm SI 412 run parallel

to Eurocode.

3.1.2. De-grouping sub load cases

Syb load cases can be de-grouped by selecting the load group concerned and clicking on the button

:

The result is that the sub load cases are now displayed as separate load groups:

15

Remarks:

- To combine several load groups into sub load cases:

• You select the load groups concerned while holding down the CTRL key.

• You then click on .

This function was already available in Diamonds 2011 R04.

- If the sub load cases were incompatible , the load groups will remain incompatible under

the button after de-grouping.

A similar story applies for sub load cases that were always together . After de-grouping,

the load groups will be linked together under the button .

- The result of a load group with sub load case is always an envelope. It is not possible to see

the influence on the structure of one of the sub load cases separately. If you nevertheless

want this, you can now easily de-group the sub load cases.

3.1.3. Load groups for moving loads (crane loads)

In order to define a moving load (see also §3.2), you must first create a load group for moving loads.

Comment:

16

- A load group for moving loads is always indicated by

- A load group for moving loads is always static

3.2. Moving loads

To define a moving load, you should do the following:

- Define the elements (lines or bars) in the geometry to which the moving load will engage.

- Define a load group ‘Moving loads’ (see §3.1.3).

- Add the moving load to the library (see §3.2.1)

- Allocate the moving load to the bars (see §3.2.2).

We use the example below to illustrate the functionalities: a train can drive over an L-shaped

trajectory with two tracks with the following characteristics:

0.20 0.45 0.35m

3.2.1. Moving loads library

One project can contain several trajectories and several moving loads. In one trajectory, several

moving loads can engage and one moving load can reoccur in several projects.

To keep everything manageable, the moving loads are placed in a library. Click on to open the

library.

A moving load can be preceded by the icons or .

- The icon indicates that the moving load is permanently in the library and therefore

available in all projects.

- The icon indicates that the moving load is floating in the library and therefore only

available in the current project.

20kN 10kN

0.5 m 1.0 m

17

- With the ‘New’ button, you can define a new moving load. We will run through the

parameters/possibilities of the window:

• Name: the name of the moving load in the library.

• Length: the total length of the train

• Number of loads: the number of points (or wheel axles) on which load engages.

• Reference for the load:

o Local coordinate system

o Global coordinate system

• Table: the number of rows in the table reflects the number of loads.

o The position of the loads in relationship to the train can be entered in 2 ways:

? is the distance from the end.

; is the distance from the beginning.

When you enter the distance ? , Diamonds will automatically calculate the distance

; as the length of the train minus ? and vice versa if you enter the distance ;.

o Next you can enter the value of the forces and moments for each load.

• With the buttons and you can import or export a moving load.

In the example, the window looks like the illustration above.

18

- Using the button ‘Change’ you can adjust the selected moving load.

- Using the button ‘Add’ you can place a floating moving load permanently in the library. The

icon for the moving load will change from to .

- Using the button ‘Remove’ you can place a permanent moving load in the library as floating.

The icon for the moving load will change from to . Diamonds will automatically remove

the moving loads that are not allocated to the trajectory.

3.2.2. Allocate moving load to model

You select the lines to which you wish to apply the moving load. We call this the ‘trajectory’. Notice

that you can select several trajectories at once. Then click on .

- Select the moving load from the pull down list with all the loads from the library. Using the

button you can open the library with moving loads and, if necessary, amend the load.

- You then choose whether you wish to apply the crane load to the group of lines or to the

individual lines. Diamonds will always try to make the longest possible continuous group of

lines.

- Finally you should indicate at which position the train starts and stops on the trajectory.

19

• In the first column F/G/ indicates the length of the selected trajectory. If the moving load

is longer than the selected trajectory, the distance H8I8 will be indicated in red.

Since various distances are displayed, it could be that several trajectories are selected.

• The second and last column contain pull down lists. From these lists you can choose,

respectively, the starting point and end point of the trajectory.

• In the first and last but one column, you indicate from where to where the moving load

can move on the trajectory.

• In the middle, you indicate the node numbers where the crane track load must be

synchronised at ‘Stops’.

- After you have clicked on ‘OK’, you will be shown a graphic illustration of the moving load.

3.2.3. Summary of applied moving load

You can receive a summary of all applied moving loads via .

20

- At ‘Number of positions’ you indicate in how many positions Diamonds must place and

calculate the moving load. The number of positions is limited to a minimum with respect to

the number of stops

The result is an envelope of all these positions.

- In the table below, the characteristics of the trajectory and the moving load are indicated

once again.

- Using the button ‘Remove’ you can remove a moving load from the project concerned. You

can also selected the trajectory concerned in the model window and click on .

If you remove a load by accident, you can replace the moving load on the track using this

button .

3.2.4. Animation

Click on the button to start/stop the animation of the moving load.

In a ‘stop’, for example, you clearly see that ‘the train’ passes here simultaneously on both

trajectories.

No stops used Stops used

Remarks:

- In order to calculate moving loads, you will need the ‘Moving loads’ license.

21

- When importing a Diamonds model with moving loads into PowerFrame, you are advised to

define these loads afresh. The same is true when importing a PowerFrame model into

Diamonds.

3.3. Loads according to Israeli norm

It is possible to define wind (SI 414), snow (SI 412) and seismic (SI 413) loads according to the Israeli

norm

4. Elastic analysis

4.1. Directions global imperfections

You can choose between 6 possible directions for the overall imperfections:

- Automatic (default): Diamonds itself determines the most adverse direction. This option is

the most complete calculation, but will also require the most calculating time.

- Av. horizontal distortion: the global imperfections are applied in the horizontal direction in

which the structure bends most. If the structure does not undergo any horizontal

displacement, Diamonds will fall back on the automatic determination of the direction. This

option corresponds most with global imperfections in Diamonds 2012 R02 or older versions.

- Global X and Z distortion: the global imperfections are applied in the direction of the global

X-axis and Z-axis.

- Global X-distortion: the global imperfections are applied in the direction of the global X-axis.

- Global Z-distortion: the global imperfections are applied in the direction of the global Z-axis.

- Imposed: with a rotation angle, the end user imposes the direction in which the global

imperfections must be applied. The rotation angle is the angle between the global X and Z

axes.

Remark: in Diamonds 2014, the calculation time for 2nd order and global imperfections has been

optimised in comparison to Diamonds 2013.

4.2. Retrieve first buckling mode

In a second order analysis, the global buckling factor DJK is calculated from Diamonds 2013 R0. An

global buckling occurs if DJK < 1.

From Diamonds 2014, you can, using the icon (in the results for distortions) retrieve which

elements global buckle.

In the example below, there is a clear dispacement from the plane of the framework as a result of

insufficient support in this direction.

22

Remarks:

- The displacements are scaled in such a way that a global buckling factor DJK = 1 is

equivalent to a deformation of 1m. A deformation greater than 1m is in accordance with an

overall buckling factor DJK < 1.

- To be able to calculate the overall buckling factor DJK you need a ‘second-order beams and

frames’ licence.

5. Dimensioning

It is possible to carry out a steel code check according to the Israeli SI 1225 norm.

6. Reports

6.1. Importing and exporting report configurations

The report of a project consists of 4 sub reports that are shown in the figure below.

23

In order to avoid having to define the contents of the reports for each new project, you can export

the configurations and import them into a different project.

- Up to and including Diamonds 2013 R02, you were required to export each report

configuration separately and then import it. In total, you had to carry out 4 export actions

and 4 import actions.

- From Diamonds 2014, all selected reports are exported with one click on the button

and imported into an operation with the button .

6.2. ‘General’ tab

24

The content of the ‘General’ tab in report management is changed so that you:

- can easily turn the grid on and off and define it.

- can easily indicate how large you wish the figures to be. Diamonds contains a range of

standard width – height proportions from which you can choose by clicking the button

. The selected proportion is always shown next to the icon.

You can also enter a scale yourself by choosing ‘Manual’ and entering a number. A

proportion of 2.0 means that the width is twice as large as the height.

The figures are always the same width as a page.

When you click on the button ‘Change selection and view’, the chosen window ratio is

retained and you can determine the size (at zoom level) further with the scroll of the mouse.

25

Scale 5:3 Scale 3:1

6.3. Generating loads

The moving loads can, just as the characteristics of wind, snow and seismic loads, be consulted in the

report manager using the option ‘Insert generated loads’.