EMTEMTHuman Anatomy Human Anatomy and Physiologyand Physiology

ObjectivesObjectives

• Identify and locate on the body the Identify and locate on the body the following topographic terms: following topographic terms: anterior, anterior, posterior, midline, right and left, bilateral, posterior, midline, right and left, bilateral, proximal and distal.proximal and distal.

• Describe anatomy and functions of the Describe anatomy and functions of the following major body systems: respiratory, following major body systems: respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine.endocrine.

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Body erect, feet Body erect, feet slightly apart, slightly apart, palms facing palms facing forward, thumbs forward, thumbs point away from point away from bodybody

Figure 1.7a

TopographTopography y

• Anterior/PosteriorAnterior/Posterior

• Proximal/DistalProximal/Distal

• Medial/LateralMedial/Lateral

• Midaxillary Midaxillary

• MidlineMidline

• Midclavicular lineMidclavicular line

• Right/LeftRight/Left

Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions

• ProneProne

• SupineSupine

Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions

•Trendelenburg’s Trendelenburg’s

positionposition

•Fowler’s positionFowler’s position

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

The Skin The Skin • Protects the body Protects the body

from the from the environmentenvironment

• Regulates body Regulates body temperaturetemperature

• Transmits Transmits information from information from environment to environment to the brainthe brain

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

• Gives form to the Gives form to the bodybody

• Protects vital organsProtects vital organs

• Consists of 206 bonesConsists of 206 bones

• Acts as a framework Acts as a framework for attachment of for attachment of musclesmuscles

• Designed to permit Designed to permit motion of the bodymotion of the body

The SkullThe Skull

The Spinal ColumnThe Spinal Column

The ThoraxThe Thorax

The PelvisThe Pelvis

Lower ExtremityLower Extremity

• HipHip

• ThighThigh

• KneeKnee

• LegLeg

• AnkleAnkle

• FootFoot

The Upper ExtremityThe Upper Extremity

• Shoulder girdleShoulder girdle

• ArmArm

• ElbowElbow

• ForearmForearm

• WristWrist

• HandHand

Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System

– Gives the body Gives the body shapeshape

– Protects internal Protects internal organsorgans

– Provides for Provides for movementmovement

– Consists of more Consists of more than 600 musclesthan 600 muscles

Types of Muscle Types of Muscle • Skeletal (voluntary) muscleSkeletal (voluntary) muscle

– Attached to the bones of the bodyAttached to the bones of the body

• Cardiac muscle (involuntary)Cardiac muscle (involuntary)

– Own blood supply and electrical systemOwn blood supply and electrical system

– Can tolerate blood supply interruptions for only Can tolerate blood supply interruptions for only a short timea short time

• Smooth (involuntary) muscleSmooth (involuntary) muscle– Carry out the automatic muscular functions of Carry out the automatic muscular functions of

the bodythe body

The Central Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous System

• The nervous system The nervous system controls the body’s controls the body’s voluntary and voluntary and involuntary actions.involuntary actions.

• Somatic nervous Somatic nervous system regulates system regulates voluntary actionsvoluntary actions

• Autonomic nervous Autonomic nervous system controls system controls involuntary body involuntary body functionsfunctions

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

• Links the organs of the Links the organs of the body to the central body to the central nervous system.nervous system.

• Sensory nerves carry Sensory nerves carry information from the information from the body to the CNS.body to the CNS.

• Motor nerves carry Motor nerves carry information from the information from the CNS to the muscles of CNS to the muscles of the body.the body.

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Complex message and Complex message and control systemcontrol system

• Made up of 7 glands: Made up of 7 glands: adrenal, pituitary, adrenal, pituitary, testes, ovaries, testes, ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, thyroid, pancreas, parathyroidparathyroid

• Glands produce and Glands produce and release hormones.release hormones.

The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System

• Functions to supply Functions to supply oxygen and oxygen and nutrients to tissues, nutrients to tissues, organs, and cellsorgans, and cells

• Removes CO2 and Removes CO2 and waste productswaste products

• Comprised of heart, Comprised of heart, arteries, veins, arteries, veins, arterioles, venules, arterioles, venules, and caprillariesand caprillaries

The HeartThe Heart

• Four chambered, Four chambered, muscular organ muscular organ that functions as a that functions as a pumppump

• Involuntary muscle Involuntary muscle under it’s own under it’s own blood supply and blood supply and electrical system electrical system

Blood Flow Through the Blood Flow Through the HeartHeart

Electrical Conduction Electrical Conduction SystemSystem

• SA nodeSA node

• AV nodeAV node

• Purkinje Purkinje fibersfibers

Normal Heart RatesNormal Heart Rates

AdultsAdults 60 to 100 bpm60 to 100 bpm

Children Children 80 to 100 bpm 80 to 100 bpm

Toddlers Toddlers 100 to 120 bpm100 to 120 bpm

Newborns Newborns 120 to 140 bpm120 to 140 bpm

Major ArteriesMajor Arteries

• CarotidCarotid

• BrachialBrachial

• Radial Radial

• FemoralFemoral

• PoplitealPopliteal

Components of BloodComponents of Blood

• PlasmaPlasma

• Red blood cellsRed blood cells

• White blood cellsWhite blood cells

• PlateletsPlatelets

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System PhysiologyPhysiology

• PulsePulse

– The wave of blood through the arteries The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contractsformed when the left ventricle contracts

• Blood pressureBlood pressure– Amount of force exerted against walls of Amount of force exerted against walls of

arteriesarteries•Systole: Left ventricle contractsSystole: Left ventricle contracts•Diastole: Left ventricle relaxesDiastole: Left ventricle relaxes

• PerfusionPerfusion– Circulation of blood within an organ or Circulation of blood within an organ or

tissuetissue– If inadequate, the patient goes into shockIf inadequate, the patient goes into shock

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

DiaphragmDiaphragm

• Has characteristics of both voluntary Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary musclesand involuntary muscles

• Dome-shaped muscleDome-shaped muscle

• Divides thorax from abdomenDivides thorax from abdomen

• Contracts during inhalationContracts during inhalation

• Relaxes during exhalationRelaxes during exhalation

Respiratory PhysiologyRespiratory Physiology

Inspiration Active process Chest cavity expands Intrathoracic pressure falls

Air flows in until pressure equalizes

Expiration Passive process Chest cavity size decreases Intrathoracic pressure rises

Air flows out until pressure equalizes

Respiratory ProcessRespiratory Process

– O2 & CO2 ExchangeO2 & CO2 Exchange– Oxygen-rich air is delivered to Oxygen-rich air is delivered to

alveoli with inspiration.alveoli with inspiration.– Oxygen diffuses into the blood.Oxygen diffuses into the blood.– The body does not use all the The body does not use all the

inhaled oxygen.inhaled oxygen.

Control of BreathingControl of Breathing

• Brain stem controls breathing.Brain stem controls breathing.

– Increases breathing rate if the Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too highbecomes too high

• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”

– Activates when oxygen levels fall Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathingto stimulate breathing

Normal Breathing Normal Breathing CharacteristicsCharacteristics

• Normal rate and depthNormal rate and depth

• Regular rhythmRegular rhythm

• Good breath sounds in both Good breath sounds in both lungslungs

• Regular rise and fall Regular rise and fall movements in the chestmovements in the chest

• Easy, not laboredEasy, not labored

Normal Breathing RatesNormal Breathing Rates

• AdultsAdults 12-20 Breaths per minute12-20 Breaths per minute

• ChildChild 15-30 Breaths per minute15-30 Breaths per minute

• InfantInfant 25-50 Breaths per minute25-50 Breaths per minute

• NeonatesNeonates 40-70 Breaths per minute40-70 Breaths per minute

Inadequate BreathingInadequate Breathing

• Irregular rhythmIrregular rhythm

• Labored breathingLabored breathing

• Muscle retractionsMuscle retractions

• Pale or cyanotic skinPale or cyanotic skin

• Cool, clammy skinCool, clammy skin

• Fast or slow rateFast or slow rate

Infant and Child AnatomyInfant and Child Anatomy

• Structures less rigidStructures less rigid

• Airway smallerAirway smaller

• Tongue Tongue proportionally proportionally largerlarger

• Dependent on Dependent on diaphragm for diaphragm for breathingbreathing

The Abdomen The Abdomen

• The abdomen is The abdomen is the second the second major body major body cavity.cavity.

• It contains the It contains the major organs of major organs of digestion and digestion and excretion.excretion.

Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal Quadrants

Digestive SystemDigestive System

• Processes food to Processes food to provide nutrition to provide nutrition to the cellsthe cells

• Comprised of Comprised of mouth, saliva mouth, saliva glands, pharynx, glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, pancreas, stomach, intestines, rectum, intestines, rectum, anusanus

Urinary SystemUrinary System

• Filters and controls Filters and controls discharge of waste discharge of waste materials from bodymaterials from body

• Blood pressure Blood pressure control (kidneys)control (kidneys)

• Comprised of Comprised of kidneys, ureters, kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethrabladder, and urethra

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Female Reproductive Female Reproductive SystemSystem

QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?