EMPLOYEE SAFETY MANUAL · 2020. 7. 28. · This manual is provided as a set of guidelines to help insure the safety of all personnel on our projects. Every employee must work diligently

A Guide to Safety Policies & Procedures to Support a Safety-First Work Environment

REVISED: November 13, 2019

EMPLOYEE SAFETY MANUALField Personnel

AJAX BUILDING COMPANY FIELD EMPLOYEE SAFETY MANUAL

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE This handbook is a general outline covering key points of the safety program. It is to be used as a reference to answer any questions you have regarding safety. If any questions are not answered within the handbook, contact your supervisor. All employees are required to conduct themselves in a manner that is consistent with company safety rules, policies, and procedures. To fulfill this duty, each employee must:

1) Attend and participate in all safety meetings.

2) Comply with all federal, state, county, city, client, and Ajax safety rules and regulations.

3) Immediately report all unsafe conditions or hazards to their supervisor

or the corporate safety director.

4) Immediately report all workplace accidents, injuries or illnesses, and near misses regardless of severity to their supervisor.

For further information or assistance concerning Ajax’s safety program, contact Marc Reeves, Director of Risk Management, at (850) 224-9571.

Revised: November 13, 2019


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TABLE OF CONTENTS Instructions for Use .......................................... 1 Statement of Safety and Health ...................... 5 Commitment .................................................... 7 Responsibilities ................................................. 7

Director of Risk Management ....................... 7 Supervisors .................................................... 7 Employees ..................................................... 7

Disciplinary Actions ......................................... 8 Communicating Safety and Health ................ 8

Written Communication ................................ 8 Written Safety Programs ............................... 9

Supervisor and Employee Training................ 9 Supervisor Training ...................................... 9 Employee Training ...................................... 10 Timing of Training ...................................... 10 New Employee Orientation ......................... 10 Documentation ............................................ 10

Emergencies .................................................... 11 Emergency Phone Numbers ........................ 11 Fire Emergencies ........................................ 11 Medical Emergencies .................................. 12 First Aid Instructions .................................. 13

Drug Testing ................................................... 15 First Aid Training .......................................... 15 Emergency Evacuation Procedures .............. 15 WRITTEN SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMS Hazardous Communication .......................... 19

Policy Statement .......................................... 19 Container Labeling ..................................... 19 Safety Data Sheets ....................................... 21 Employee Training ..................................... 21 Non-Routine Task ........................................ 22 Informing Other Employers ........................ 22 Appendix A - Guide to SDS ......................... 23

Workplace Violence Prevention ................... 31 Policy Statement .......................................... 31 Incident Reporting....................................... 31 Robberies or Violent Behavior .................... 32 Awareness ................................................... 32

Definitions................................................... 32 Warning Signs ............................................. 33 Mgmt. Commitment & Employee Resp. ..... 33

Fall Protection ................................................ 35 Application .................................................. 35 Exceptions ................................................... 35 Hazard Identification .................................. 35 Engineering Controls .................................. 36 Holes and Covers ........................................ 36 Guardrails .................................................. 36 Personal Fall Arrest ................................... 37 Other Fall Protection ................................. 38 Basic Safety Rules ....................................... 38 Falling Object Protection ........................... 38 Training ...................................................... 39 Enforcement ................................................ 39

Electrical Safety ............................................. 41 Application .................................................. 41 Responsibilities ........................................... 41 The Basics ................................................... 41 Hazards ....................................................... 43 Tool Safety Rules ........................................ 45

Stairs and Ladders ......................................... 49 Introduction ................................................ 49 Responsibilities ........................................... 49 General Requirements ................................ 49 Ladders ....................................................... 50 Fall Protection for Ladders ........................ 50 Ladder Use.................................................. 50 Stairways ................................................... 51 Stairrails and Handrails ............................. 51 Training ...................................................... 52

Driver and Vehicle Safety ............................. 53 Introduction ................................................ 53 Driver Licensing ........................................ 53 Fleet Safety Policies & Procedures ............ 53 Accident Investigations ............................... 54 Personal Use ............................................... 55 Preventable Accidents ................................ 55

Site Safety ....................................................... 57 Hazardous Substances ................................ 57 First Aid ...................................................... 57


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Site Safety Continued … Signs, Signals, Barricades .......................... 57 Emergency Egress ....................................... 58 Lighting ....................................................... 58 Sanitation .................................................... 59 Fire Protection / Prevention ....................... 59 Housekeeping .............................................. 60 Disposal of Waste Material ......................... 61

Personal Protective Equipment .................... 63 Introduction ................................................. 63 Responsibilities ........................................... 63 Head Protection .......................................... 64 Eye and Face Protection ............................. 65 Ear Protection ............................................. 65 Respiratory Protection ................................ 66 Hand Protection .......................................... 66 Clothing ....................................................... 67 Basic Safety Rules ....................................... 67

Equipment Safety ........................................... 69 Introduction ................................................. 69 Seatbelts ...................................................... 69 Brakes ......................................................... 69 Audible Alarms ............................................ 69 Roll Over Protection ................................... 69 Inspections .................................................. 69 Equipment Checklist ................................... 70 Operator Training ....................................... 71 Basic Safety Rules ....................................... 71

Scaffolding ...................................................... 73 Introduction ................................................. 73 Common Hazards ........................................ 73 Base Section ................................................ 73 Support Structure ........................................ 74 Access .......................................................... 75 Fall Protection ............................................ 76 Platform ...................................................... 77 Falling Object Protection ........................... 78 Keeping Upright .......................................... 79 Electrical Hazards ...................................... 79 Competent Person ....................................... 79 Training ....................................................... 80 Mobile Scaffolds / Aerial Lifts .................... 80 Basic Safety Rules ....................................... 80

Hand and Power Tools .................................. 83 Hazard Recognition .................................... 83

Hand Tools.................................................. 83 Power Tool Precautions ............................. 84 Guards ........................................................ 84 Safety Switches............................................ 85 Electric Tools .............................................. 85 Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools .................. 86 Pneumatic Tools ......................................... 87 Powder Actuated Tools ............................... 87 Fasteners .................................................... 88 Hydraulic Power Tools ............................... 88 Jacks ........................................................... 88 General Safety Precautions ........................ 89 Basic Safety Rules ....................................... 90 Hand Tool Safety ....................................... 92

Concrete Construction .................................. 95 Introduction ................................................ 95 Precautions When Handling ....................... 95 Formwork ................................................... 95 Housekeeping .............................................. 95 Fall Protection ............................................ 96 Form Shoring .............................................. 96 Form Stripping and Shoring Removal ........ 96 Timing ......................................................... 96 Form Ties .................................................... 96 Cranes and Buckets .................................... 97 Mixers ......................................................... 97 Ready Mix Trucks ....................................... 97 Precast Concrete ........................................ 97 Concrete Pumping ...................................... 98

Material Handling ......................................... 99 Introduction ................................................ 99 Methods of Prevention ................................ 99 Ergonomic Safety and Health .................. 100 Proper Material Lifting ............................ 101 Rigging Equipment ................................... 101 Basic Sling Use ......................................... 101 Alloy Steel Chains ..................................... 102 Wire Rope ................................................. 102 Synthetic Web Slings ................................. 103

Workers Compensation .............................. 105 Introduction .............................................. 105 Reporting an Injury ................................... 105 Workers Compensation ............................. 106 Rights/Responsibilities .............................. 106 Return to Work .......................................... 107


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STATEMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY

It is the policy of Ajax to strive for the highest standards of safety and quality of construction on our projects. Our approach to safety is different; for us safety is a passion, not an obligation. We encourage behavioral change and taking a 360-degree view of safety on the job and in our personal lives, we call that Safety 360°. Our employees and workforce should never worry about returning home safely and our clients should never worry about the safety of their staff and visitors. It is our belief that all accidents are preventable. Because of this belief, we are committed to providing all employees with not only a safe worksite, but with the mindset it takes to act safely in all activities around the clock. It is not possible to include specific instructions for every safety condition or local regulation, so we encourage our employees to avoid risky behaviors all together. Participating in unsafe and uncertain activities is the primary contributing cause of over 80% of accidents. To combat this, at Ajax we foster a 360° view of safety physically and philosophically.

This manual is provided as a set of guidelines to help insure the safety of all personnel on our projects. Every employee must work diligently to insure their personal safety, the safety of the general public, fellow employees, and the employees of our subcontractors. It is the responsibility and obligation of Ajax employees, at all levels, to know the standards established and to implement the rules, regulations, and procedures contained herein. We believe that the best way to increase accountability is to increase responsibility, so every member of the Ajax team is as engaged in safety as our dedicated Safety Department team members. With the Safety 360° initiative we are changing behaviors to support a strong safety culture that solicits feedback, engages our workforce and empowers people to make a difference. Every employee receives annual safety coaching from our dedicated Safety Department that includes role playing of scenarios tailored to specific work environments; lessons-learned discussions and new best practices; and leadership training so that every employee is engaged and becomes a voice for safety. We expect continuous growth and innovation from our teams, which ranges from adopting new technology to testing cutting-edge emergency and safety measures.

“Safety 360° centers on the idea that we all must be aware of our environment and in keeping it safe—everybody, everywhere, every day—on our jobsites, in the office or at home.” – Bob Mullen, President of Structure Tone


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It is our policy and every employee’s responsibility to report unsafe conditions and not to perform a task if the work is considered unsafe. All accidents, injuries, near misses, and unsafe conditions must be reported to your supervisor immediately. No such report will result in retaliation, penalty, or other disincentive. Employees are encouraged to recommend ways to improve safe and healthy working conditions. Every recommendation will be given thorough consideration; Management gives top priority to safety and will provide the financial resources for the correction of unsafe conditions. Similarly, Management will take disciplinary action against an employee who willfully or repeatedly violates workplace safety rules. This action may include verbal or written reprimands and may ultimately result in termination of employee.

This policy statement serves to express Management’s commitment to, and involvement in, establishing and maintaining an effective safety program. This safety program will be incorporated as the standard of practice for this organization, therefore it is of the utmost importance that all aspects of this program are strictly adhered to and the intent of this program be followed to the letter. Compliance with the safety rules will be required of all employees as a condition of employment.

“We’re also helping elevate the importance of safety throughout our industry so that no matter the project or the workforce, we’re all living up to the same high standards.”

– Bill Byrne, President of Ajax


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I. Commitment to Occupational Safety and Health Ajax is firmly committed to providing a safe and healthy working environment for all employees. To achieve our goals it is essential that all employees comply with federal occupational safety and health standards as well as all Ajax safety policies and procedures.

II. Responsibilities All employees are responsible for working safely and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment. There are several levels of responsibility including the following: A) Director of Risk Management: Marc Reeves is Ajax’s Director of Risk Management. Marc has overall authority for our safety program and is responsible for implementing and enforcing all aspects of the program. B) Supervisors: Supervisors are responsible for the safety and health of employees who report to them. To fulfill this duty supervisors shall do the following:

1) Monitor safety performance of employees who report directly to them. 2) Take all reasonable steps necessary for employees to avoid unsafe working

conditions, accidents, injuries, and illnesses. 3) Report all workplace accidents, injuries, illnesses, and near-miss incidents to

the Director of Risk Management. C) Employees: All employees are required to conduct themselves in a manner that is consistent with the company safety rules and policies. To fulfill this duty each employee shall do the following:

1) Attend and participate in all weekly safety meetings. 2) Report all unsafe conditions or hazards to their supervisor. 3) Comply with all safety rules, policy and procedures. 4) Comply with all safe work practices as stated by equipment manufactures. 5) Report all workplace accidents, injuries, illnesses, and near-miss incidents to

their supervisor.


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III. Disciplinary Actions Safety rules have been established to protect employees. Failure to abide by the safety rules puts an employee as well as their fellow workers at risk. Ajax strictly enforces the disciplinary actions below with employees who work in an unsafe manner. Safety violation notices shall be issued to any Ajax employee, subcontractor, or anyone on an Ajax jobsite violating the safety rules and regulations. Issuance of safety violation notices shall be by foreman and above, including the Director of Risk Management. • Any violation of the safety rules can result in suspension or immediate termination. • Any employee receiving three (3) written general violations within a six (6) month

period shall be terminated. • Issuance of a safety violation notice for failure to use fall protection or the failure to

report a job injury (at the time of the injury) will result in immediate termination.

It is understood that Ajax is not restricting itself to the above rules and regulations. Additional rules and regulations, as dictated by the job, will be issued and posted as needed. “No job is so important and no service is so urgent that we cannot take time to perform our work safely.”

IV. Communicating With Employees on Safety and Health Issues Ajax believes the key to having a good safety and health program is through communication between all employees. This communication ensures that employees are familiar with the safety program and are up to date on specific safety issues that develop. A) Written Communication Each jobsite maintains a safety and health bulletin board. Employees are encouraged to take time to read the postings. The bulletin board consists of the following:

1) Equal Opportunity Employment Poster 2) Federal Minimum Wage Poster 3) Right to a Safe and Healthful Workplace Poster 4) Family and Medical Leave Act Poster 5) Polygraph Protection Act Poster 6) Drug Free Workplace Poster 7) Employment Eligibility Poster 8) Unemployment Compensation Poster 9) Payday Notice 10) Workers Compensation Poster 11) Right to Know Poster


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12) Emergency Phone Numbers 13) Sexual Harassment Poster 14) Child Labor Laws 15) Anti-Discrimination Poster

B) Written Safety and Health Programs All employees are given a copy of this program and are kept updated on all new and revised safety programs. The following programs are maintained and implemented as part of Ajax’s safety program:

1) Hazard Communication 2) Workplace Violence 3) Fall Protection 4) Electrical Safety 5) Stairs and Ladders 6) Driver/Vehicle Safety 7) Site Safety 8) Personal Protective Equipment 9) Equipment 10) Scaffolding 11) Hand/Power/Powder Actuated Tools 12) Concrete/Masonry 13) Material Handling and Storage 14) Workers Compensation Reporting

V. Supervisor and Employee Training

It is critical that employees are aware of hazards and potential hazards they may encounter when working on the job. The safety department has developed a training program that focuses on hazard identification and the procedure used to correct and/or safely work with the hazard. A) Supervisor Training The safety department provides training to keep supervisors informed on all safety and health regulations. Supervisor training covers:

1) All safety and health hazards to which employees under their immediate control may be exposed.

2) The goals and objectives of the safety program. 3) Current regulations that pertain to specific operations. 4) How to conduct safety inspections. 5) How to conduct weekly safety meetings.


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6) Documentation that is required to be developed and maintained by the supervisor.

B) Employee Training Employees receive training in general safety and health work practices, as well as specific instruction with regard to the hazards unique to each employee’s job assignment. Employee training includes the following topics:

1) Safety rules, policies, and procedures. 2) Disciplinary procedures for failure to follow safety rules. 3) Personal protective equipment that is required on the job. 4) How to identify and report unsafe conditions and potential hazards. 5) What to do when a hazard is identified. 6) Whom to contact with questions regarding safety and health.

C) Timing of Employee Training Employees shall receive training on the following schedule:

1) Prior to new employees performing their assigned task. 2) Prior to any employee performing a new assignment. 3) On a weekly basis, supervisors will conduct a safety meeting for all field

personnel. 4) Whenever a new substance, process, procedure, or piece of equipment is

introduced.

D) New Employee Orientation Prior to beginning work, new employees will be trained by their supervisor on the following:

1) General safety rules, policies and procedures. 2) Disciplinary procedures for failure to follow safety rules. 3) Potential hazards the employee may encounter in the workplace. 4) How to identify and report unsafe conditions and potential hazards. 5) Personal protective equipment that is required on the job. 6) Whom to report work related injuries to. 7) Job specific hazards.

E) Documentation of Training All training shall be documented and copied to the Director of Risk Management.


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VI. Emergencies Ajax has developed a set of procedures to avoid injuries in the event of an emergency. All employees shall become familiar with these procedures. To obtain further information about emergency procedures and duties under the emergency action plan, employees should contact their supervisor. Prior to the start of a project, the safety department shall determine the closest medical clinic or hospital, make contact, and set up an account. A dry run will be made and timed for the record in the event of an OSHA inspection. The closest fire rescue facility will be contacted and site inspection set up.

A) Emergency Phone Numbers

Safety Director: 850-224-9571 Poison Control: 1-800-222-1222 First Aid: Contact your supervisor Fire Department: 911 Ambulance: 911 Police: 911 Medical Clinic: Varies per project, contact your supervisor Clinic Address:

B) Fire Emergencies

In case of a fire, employees are to call 911 immediately. Fire extinguishers are located in each office and throughout every project. However, each employee must use his/her own judgment on fighting the fire or evacuating. Employees are not required to attempt to extinguish fires.

1) Potential Fire Hazards

a) Smoking in the workplace:

Ajax does not permit smoking inside any office. b) Coffee pots, toasters, heaters, etc.:

All such appliances are to be kept clean and turned off when not in use.

c) Poor Housekeeping: All combustible scrap, debris, and waste shall be stored in suitable containers and removed from the work area daily.

d) Electrical hazards: All electrical equipment is to be properly grounded. Electrical outlets shall not be overloaded. All exposed wiring or cords shall be repaired or replaced.


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2) Responsibility for Fire Prevention

All employees are responsible for eliminating fire hazards and reporting such hazards to their supervisor.

3) Training Supervisors are required to train new employees on Ajax’s fire prevention plan including the following:

a) How to protect themselves in case of a fire. b) The fire hazards of materials and processes they may be exposed to.

4) Fire Extinguisher Use

The best way to protect yourself in a fire is to prevent the fire from starting, however, in the event of a fire remember PASS and RACE PASS is the acronym to remember, for proper fire extinguisher use. P – Pull the pin A – Aim at the base of the flame S – Squeeze the handle S – Sweep side to side RACE is the acronym to remember for the steps to take in the event of a fire R – Rescue trapped or injured employees A – Activate the alarm C – Confine the flames E – Escape

C) Medical Emergencies

1) Minor First Aid Treatment

First aid kits are located in each office and at all jobsite office trailers. If you sustain an injury or are involved in an accident that requires minor first aid treatment:

a) Inform your supervisor and Administer first aid to the injury or wound. b) Complete and copy Safety Department Accident Investigation Report c) If first aid kit is used, indicate usage on the Accident Investigation

Report d) Secure signature of employee on waiver if employee does not want or

need medical treatment.


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e) Access to a first aid kit is not intended to be a substitute for medical attention.

2) Non-Emergency Medical Treatment

For non-emergency work related injuries requiring professional medical assistance, management must first authorize treatment. If you sustain an injury requiring treatment other than first aid:

a) Inform your supervisor. b) The supervisor shall notify the Director of Risk Management and

Human Resources Manager immediately. c) Proceed to the posted medical facility. Your supervisor will assist with

transportation if necessary. d) Provide details for the completion of the Accident Investigation Report

3) Emergency Medical Treatment

If you sustain a severe injury requiring emergency treatment:

a) Call for help and seek assistance from a co-worker b) Use emergency telephone numbers and instructions posted at your

office or jobsite to request assistance and transportation to the local hospital emergency room

c) Notify the Director of Risk Management and Human Resources Manager immediately.

d) Provide details for completion of the Accident Investigation Report.

D) First Aid Instructions

In all cases requiring emergency medical treatment, immediately call, or have a co-worker call, to request emergency medical assistance.

1) WOUNDS Minor - Cuts, lacerations, abrasions, or punctures: • Wash the wound using soap and water; rinse it well. • Cover the wound using clean dressing.

Major - Large, deep and bleeding: • Stop the bleeding by pressing directly on the wound, using a bandage or

clothe. • Keep pressure on the wound until medical help arrives.


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2) BROKEN BONES

• Do not move the victim unless it is absolutely necessary. • If the victim must be moved, "splint" the injured area. Use a board,

cardboard, or rolled newspaper as a splint.

3) BURNS Thermal (Heat):

• Rinse the burned area, without scrubbing it, and immerse it in cold water; do not use ice water.

• Blot dry the area and cover it using sterile gauze or a clean cloth. Chemical

• Flush the exposed area with cool water immediately for 15 to 20 minutes.

4) EYE INJURY Small particles: • Do not rub your eyes. • Use the corner of a soft clean cloth to draw particles out, or hold the eyelids

open and flush the eyes continuously with water.

Large or stuck particles: • If a particle is stuck in the eye, do not attempt to remove it. • Cover both eyes with bandage.

Chemical: • Immediately irrigate the eyes and under the eyelids, with water, for 30

minutes.

5) NECK AND SPINE INJURY

• If the victim appears to have injured his or her neck or spine, or is unable to move his or her arm or leg, do not attempt to move the victim unless it is absolutely necessary.

6) HEAT EXHAUSTION

• Loosen the victim's tight clothing. • Give the victim "sips" of cool water. • Make the victim lie down in a cooler place with the feet raised.

In the event of an accident in which blood or other bodily fluids have been spilled. Notify your supervisor immediately and block of the area to prevent access by other personnel. No employee of Ajax is authorized to clean any area contaminated with bodily fluids.


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VII. Drug Testing

All employees must be drug tested if involved in an accident in which injury to persons or damage to property occurred. See drug-testing policy for further information.

VIII. First Aid Training

All jobsite superintendents are required to be certified in basic first aid and CPR. Each employee shall receive training from his/her supervisor on first aid procedures.

IX. Emergency Evacuation Procedures

Because of each projects uniqueness, an emergency evacuation procedure will be developed to address fire escape plans, foul weather and hurricane preparedness. These plans shall be posted on site for quick access.


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Written Safety

And Health Programs


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Hazardous Communication Program

Ajax is firmly committed to providing all employees with a safe and healthy work environment. To ensure that information about hazardous chemicals in the workplace is known to all affected workers, the following hazardous communication program has been implemented. Under this program employees will be informed of the requirements of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and how to access this program, as well as labels and safety data sheets (SDS). The Director of Risk Management has overall responsibility for administering, reviewing, updating, and monitoring compliance with this program for Ajax. Project Managers shall implement this program and coordinate with subcontractors to ensure compliance on Ajax jobsites. Container Labeling It is the policy of Ajax to ensure each container of hazardous chemicals on a jobsite is properly labeled. The Superintendent / Jobsite Safety Coordinator shall verify that all containers received for use will be clearly labeled in accordance with the following:

• Name, Address, and Telephone Number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party.

• Product Identifier is how the chemical hazard is identified. This can include the chemical name, code number, or batch number. The same product identifier must be on both the label and the SDS.

• Signal Words are used to indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard. There are only two words used for signal words. “Danger” used for more severe hazards and “Warning” used for less severe hazards. There is to only be one signal word on the label.

• Hazard Statement describes the nature of the hazard(s) of the chemical, including where appropriate, the degree of the hazard.

• Precautionary Statements describes the recommended measures that are to be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to the hazardous chemical or improper storage or handling. There are four types of precautionary statements: Prevention, Response, Storage, and Disposal

• Pictogram(s) are graphic symbols used to communicate specific information about the hazards of a chemical. See figure 1.


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Figure 1: HazCom Pictograms

Note: OSHA pictograms do not replace labeling requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation for transportation of chemicals. To further guarantee that employees are aware of chemical hazards used in their work areas, it is also the policy of Ajax to label all secondary containers. The secondary containers label will be either a copy of the manufactures label or will have a sign or generic label that includes the containers contents and appropriate hazard warnings. If a chemical is transferred from a labeled container to a portable container, such as but not limited to a pump up sprayer, that is only intended for immediate use by the employee who performs the transfer, no labels are required for the portable container. No chemical shall be stored in an unlabeled portable container.


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Safety Data Sheets (SDS) Safety Data Sheets shall be readily available to all workers in each work area during each work shift. The Director of Risk Management is responsible for maintaining a master file of safety data sheets for Ajax. The SDS master file shall be maintained electronically and be accessible to all Ajax employees. Any Ajax employee purchasing a hazardous chemical / material shall request an SDS from the supplier. The SDS shall be forwarded to the Director of Risk Management for inclusion in the master safety data sheet file. Each Ajax jobsite shall maintain copies of safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical to which employees on site may be exposed. The Project Manager shall ensure that each subcontractor provides an SDS for each hazardous chemical they bring onto the project. Subcontractor may submit SDS’s in either a binder or in a digital format. All subcontractor SDS submittals, whether in a binder or digital format, shall include an index/list of all safety data sheets included in the submittal In addition to keeping site specific safety data sheets, Ajax utilizes the 3E Company which allows access to any SDS 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. To request a SDS call 1-800-451-8346, identify yourself, request the information you need, and provide an e-mail address or fax number to send it to. You will need to provide information to the operator such as product name, manufacture name, and manufacture number. Employee Training Each employee who will be potentially exposed to a hazardous chemical will receive initial training by their supervisor on hazard communication requirements prior to beginning work. The training session will include the following:

• An overview of hazardous communication requirements • A review of the chemicals present in their work area • The location and availability of our written hazardous communication program,

list of hazardous chemicals, and SDS • Methods and observation procedures that may be used to discern the presence or

release of hazardous chemicals in the work area • The physical hazards of chemicals in the work area • The health hazards of chemicals in the work area, including sign and symptoms of

exposure and any medical condition which is known to be aggravated by exposure.


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• How to lessen or prevent exposure to hazardous chemicals in the workplace by using good work practices, personal protective equipment, etc.

• Emergency procedures to follow if employees are exposed to hazardous chemicals.

• An explanation of our hazardous communication program, including how to read SDS and labels and how to obtain appropriate hazard information.

When a new type of product is used in the work area or the chemical composition of a product changes, each worker in the area will be given information and training on the hazards and safety requirements associated with the product. Periodically the Director of Risk Management shall conduct training on the OSHA Hazardous Communications Standard and Ajaxs Hazard Communication policy.

Non-Routine Task Sometimes employees are assigned to perform non-routine task. Prior to beginning work on these projects, each employee will be notified by the superintendent about the hazards of this area, chemical to which he/she may be exposed, and the appropriate safety and protective measures. Informing Other Employers To assure that employees of other contractors on site have access to information on the hazardous chemicals on that site, it is the responsibility of the superintendent to furnish other contractors with the information below

• Where safety data sheets (SDS) are kept • The name and location of the hazardous chemicals to which their employees may

be exposed and appropriate safety measures require to minimize their exposure • A detailed explanation of the labeling system used at the jobsite

Each subcontractor bringing chemicals on the jobsite is contractually obligated to provide Ajax with the appropriate hazard information on those chemicals to which our employees may be exposed.


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Hazardous Communication Appendix A

A Guide to Understanding Safety Data Sheets (SDS) What is a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) (29 CFR 1910.1200(g)), revised in 2012, requires that the chemical manufacturer, distributor, or importer provide Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) (formerly MSDSs or Material Safety Data Sheets) for each hazardous chemical to downstream users to communicate information on these hazards. The information contained in the SDS is largely the same as the MSDS, except now the SDSs are required to be presented in a consistent user-friendly, 16-section format. This brief provides guidance to help workers who handle hazardous chemicals to become familiar with the format and understand the contents of the SDSs.

The SDS includes information such as the properties of each chemical; the physical, health, and environmental health hazards; protective measures; and safety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical. The information contained in the SDS must be in English (although it may be in other languages as well). In addition, OSHA requires that SDS preparers provide specific minimum information as detailed in Appendix D of 29 CFR 1910.1200. The SDS preparers may also include additional information in various section(s).

Sections 1 through 8 contain general information about the chemical, identification, hazards, composition, safe handling practices, and emergency control measures (e.g., firefighting). This information should be helpful to those that need to get the information quickly. Sections 9 through 11 and 16 contain other technical and scientific information, such as physical and chemical properties, stability and reactivity information, toxicological information, exposure control information, and other information including the date of preparation or last revision. The SDS must also state that no applicable information was found when the preparer does not find relevant information for any required element.

The SDS must also contain Sections 12 through 15, to be consistent with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), but OSHA will not enforce the content of these sections because they concern matters handled by other agencies.

A description of all 16 sections of the SDS, along with their contents, is presented below:

Section 1: Identification This section identifies the chemical on the SDS as well as the recommended uses. It also provides the essential contact information of the supplier. The required information consists of:


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Product identifier used on the label and any other common names or synonyms by which the substance is known.

Name, address, phone number of the manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party, and emergency phone number.

Recommended use of the chemical (e.g., a brief description of what it actually does, such as flame retardant) and any restrictions on use (including recommendations given by the supplier). 1

Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification This section identifies the hazards of the chemical presented on the SDS and the appropriate warning information associated with those hazards. The required information consists of:

The hazard classification of the chemical (e.g., flammable liquid, category1). Signal word. Hazard statement(s). Pictograms (the pictograms or hazard symbols may be presented as graphical reproductions

of the symbols in black and white or be a description of the name of the symbol (e.g., skull and crossbones, flame).

Precautionary statement(s). Description of any hazards not otherwise classified. For a mixture that contains an ingredient(s) with unknown toxicity, a statement describing

how much (percentage) of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) with unknown acute toxicity. Please note that this is a total percentage of the mixture and not tied to the individual ingredient(s).

Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients

This section identifies the ingredient(s) contained in the product indicated on the SDS, including impurities and stabilizing additives. This section includes information on substances, mixtures, and all chemicals where a trade secret is claimed. The required information consists of: Substances Chemical name. Common name and synonyms. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and other unique identifiers. Impurities and stabilizing additives, which are themselves classified and which contribute to

the classification of the chemical. Mixtures Same information required for substances.

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3514.html#footnote1



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The chemical name and concentration (i.e., exact percentage) of all ingredients which are classified as health hazards and are: o Present above their cut-off/concentration limits or o Present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limits.

The concentration (exact percentages) of each ingredient must be specified except concentration ranges may be used in the following situations: o A trade secret claim is made, o There is batch-to-batch variation, or o The SDS is used for a group of substantially similar mixtures.

Chemicals where a trade secret is claimed A statement that the specific chemical identity and/or exact percentage (concentration) of

composition has been withheld as a trade secret is required.

Section 4: First-Aid Measures This section describes the initial care that should be given by untrained responders to an individual who has been exposed to the chemical. The required information consists of: Necessary first-aid instructions by relevant routes of exposure (inhalation, skin and eye

contact, and ingestion). Description of the most important symptoms or effects, and any symptoms that are acute or

delayed. Recommendations for immediate medical care and special treatment needed, when

necessary.

Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures This section provides recommendations for fighting a fire caused by the chemical. The required information consists of: Recommendations of suitable extinguishing equipment, and information about extinguishing

equipment that is not appropriate for a particular situation. Advice on specific hazards that develop from the chemical during the fire, such as any

hazardous combustion products created when the chemical burns. Recommendations on special protective equipment or precautions for firefighters.

Section 6: Accidental Release Measures

This section provides recommendations on the appropriate response to spills, leaks, or releases, including containment and cleanup practices to prevent or minimize exposure to people, properties, or the environment. It may also include recommendations distinguishing between


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responses for large and small spills where the spill volume has a significant impact on the hazard. The required information may consist of recommendations for:

Use of personal precautions (such as removal of ignition sources or providing sufficient ventilation) and protective equipment to prevent the contamination of skin, eyes, and clothing.

Emergency procedures, including instructions for evacuations, consulting experts when needed, and appropriate protective clothing.

Methods and materials used for containment (e.g., covering the drains and capping procedures).

Cleanup procedures (e.g., appropriate techniques for neutralization, decontamination, cleaning or vacuuming; adsorbent materials; and/or equipment required for containment/clean up)

Section 7: Handling and Storage This section provides guidance on the safe handling practices and conditions for safe storage of chemicals. The required information consists of: Precautions for safe handling, including recommendations for handling incompatible

chemicals, minimizing the release of the chemical into the environment, and providing advice on general hygiene practices (e.g., eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas is prohibited).

Recommendations on the conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities. Provide advice on specific storage requirements (e.g., ventilation requirements)

Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection This section indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls, and personal protective measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure. The required information consists of: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), American Conference of Governmental

Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), and any other exposure limit used or recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing the safety data sheet, where available.

Appropriate engineering controls (e.g., use local exhaust ventilation, or use only in an enclosed system).

Recommendations for personal protective measures to prevent illness or injury from exposure to chemicals, such as personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., appropriate types of eye, face, skin or respiratory protection needed based on hazards and potential exposure).

Any special requirements for PPE, protective clothing or respirators (e.g., type of glove material, such as PVC or nitrile rubber gloves; and breakthrough time of the glove material).


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Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties This section identifies physical and chemical properties associated with the substance or mixture. The minimum required information consists of: Appearance (physical state, color, etc.); Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits; Odor; Vapor pressure; Odor threshold; Vapor density; pH; Relative density; Melting point/freezing point; Solubility(ies); Initial boiling point and boiling range; Flash point; Evaporation rate; Flammability (solid, gas); Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water; Auto-ignition temperature; Decomposition temperature; and Viscosity.

The SDS may not contain every item on the above list because information may not be relevant or is not available. When this occurs, a notation to that effect must be made for that chemical property. Manufacturers may also add other relevant properties, such as the dust deflagration index (Kst) for combustible dust, used to evaluate a dust's explosive potential.

Section 10: Stability and Reactivity This section describes the reactivity hazards of the chemical and the chemical stability information. This section is broken into three parts: reactivity, chemical stability, and other. The required information consists of: Reactivity Description of the specific test data for the chemical(s). This data can be for a class or family

of the chemical if such data adequately represent the anticipated hazard of the chemical(s), where available.


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Chemical stability Indication of whether the chemical is stable or unstable under normal ambient temperature

and conditions while in storage and being handled. Description of any stabilizers that may be needed to maintain chemical stability. Indication of any safety issues that may arise should the product change in physical

appearance. Other Indication of the possibility of hazardous reactions, including a statement whether the

chemical will react or polymerize, which could release excess pressure or heat, or create other hazardous conditions. Also, a description of the conditions under which hazardous reactions may occur.

List of all conditions that should be avoided (e.g., static discharge, shock, vibrations, or environmental conditions that may lead to hazardous conditions).

List of all classes of incompatible materials (e.g., classes of chemicals or specific substances) with which the chemical could react to produce a hazardous situation.

List of any known or anticipated hazardous decomposition products that could be produced because of use, storage, or heating. (Hazardous combustion products should also be included in Section 5 (Fire-Fighting Measures) of the SDS.)

Section 11: Toxicological Information This section identifies toxicological and health effects information or indicates that such data are not available. The required information consists of: Information on the likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact). The

SDS should indicate if the information is unknown. Description of the delayed, immediate, or chronic effects from short- and long-term

exposure. The numerical measures of toxicity (e.g., acute toxicity estimates such as the LD50 (median

lethal dose)) - the estimated amount [of a substance] expected to kill 50% of test animals in a single dose.

Description of the symptoms. This description includes the symptoms associated with exposure to the chemical including symptoms from the lowest to the most severe exposure.

Indication of whether the chemical is listed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found to be a potential carcinogen in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest editions) or found to be a potential carcinogen by OSHA


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Section 12: Ecological Information (non-mandatory) This section provides information to evaluate the environmental impact of the chemical(s) if it were released to the environment. The information may include: Data from toxicity tests performed on aquatic and/or terrestrial organisms, where available

(e.g., acute or chronic aquatic toxicity data for fish, algae, crustaceans, and other plants; toxicity data on birds, bees, plants).

Whether there is a potential for the chemical to persist and degrade in the environment either through biodegradation or other processes, such as oxidation or hydrolysis.

Results of tests of bioaccumulation potential, making reference to the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF), where available.

The potential for a substance to move from the soil to the groundwater (indicate results from adsorption studies or leaching studies).

Other adverse effects (e.g., environmental fate, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, endocrine disrupting potential, and/or global warming potential).

Section 13: Disposal Considerations (non-mandatory) This section provides guidance on proper disposal practices, recycling or reclamation of the chemical(s) or its container, and safe handling practices. To minimize exposure, this section should also refer the reader to Section 8 (Exposure Controls/Personal Protection) of the SDS. The information may include: Description of appropriate disposal containers to use. Recommendations of appropriate disposal methods to employ. Description of the physical and chemical properties that may affect disposal activities. Language discouraging sewage disposal. Any special precautions for landfills or incineration activities

Section 14: Transport Information (non-mandatory)

This section provides guidance on classification information for shipping and transporting of hazardous chemical(s) by road, air, rail, or sea. The information may include: UN number (i.e., four-figure identification number of the substance)1. UN proper shipping name1. Transport hazard class(es)1. Packing group number, if applicable, based on the degree of hazard2. Environmental hazards (e.g., identify if it is a marine pollutant according to the International

Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)).




https://www.osha.gov/Publications/2


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Guidance on transport in bulk (according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/783 and the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code)).

Any special precautions which an employee should be aware of or needs to comply with, in connection with transport or conveyance either within or outside their premises (indicate when information is not available).

Section 15: Regulatory Information (non-mandatory) This section identifies the safety, health, and environmental regulations specific for the product that is not indicated anywhere else on the SDS. The information may include: Any national and/or regional regulatory information of the chemical or mixtures (including

any OSHA, Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency, or Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations)

Section 16: Other Information This section indicates when the SDS was prepared or when the last known revision was made. The SDS may also state where the changes have been made to the previous version. You may wish to contact the supplier for an explanation of the changes. Other useful information also may be included here.

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3


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Workplace Violence Prevention Program

Policy Statement It is Ajax’s policy to promote a safe environment for its employees. Ajax is committed to working with employees to maintain a work environment free from violence, threats of violence, harassment, intimidation, and other disruptive behavior. While this kind of conduct is not pervasive at our company, no company is immune. Every company will be affected by disruptive behavior at one time or another. Violence, threats, harassment, intimidation, and other disruptive behavior in our workplace will not be tolerated; that is, all reports of incidents will be taken seriously and will be dealt with appropriately. Such behavior can include oral or written statements, gestures or expressions that communicate a direct or indirect threat of physical harm. Individuals who commit such acts may be removed from the premises and may be subject to disciplinary action, criminal penalties, or both. We need every employee’s cooperation to implement this policy effectively and maintain a safe working environment. Do not ignore violent, threatening, harassing, intimidating, or other disruptive behavior. If you observe or experience such behavior by anyone on Ajax property, whether he or she is an employee or not, report it immediately to a supervisor or manager. Supervisors and managers who receive such reports should seek advice from the Safety Department and/or the Human Resource Department regarding investigating the incident and initiating appropriate action. Please note: Threats or assaults that require immediate attention by the police should be reported first to the police at 911. Company executives will work closely with supervisors and managers in dealing with violent, threatening, harassing, intimidating, or other disruptive behavior in our workplace and will monitor to ensure this policy is being implemented effectively. Incident Reporting All incidents must be reported immediately to a supervisor or a member of the management team. All incidents must be reported to the Safety and Human Resource Departments. Each incident will be evaluated by the management team as to the proper course of action to be taken. The management team will also discuss the causes of the incident and make revisions to the program to prevent similar incidents from occurring.


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Robberies or Violent Behavior In the event of violent behavior, employees are instructed not to resist or argue, to remain calm and provide the assailant with whatever he/she request. If the assailant is unknown to the employee, the employee should remain alert and try to remember the assailants description including any identifying characteristics, clothes or jewelry. As soon as the employee believes it is safe to do so, they should call 911 and write down what they recall about the assailant. Awareness Awareness is a major component of this program. The following factors may increase an employee’s risk of workplace violence:

• Working alone or in small numbers • Working late at night or early in the morning • Working in high crime areas • Working in community settings

Because of the nature of our business, it is difficult if not impossible to avoid the above situations. Employees must remain aware of their surroundings at all times and take the appropriate security precautions. Definitions There are many types of workplace violence, to assist employees in recognition and avoidance the following definitions are offered:

• Workplace Violence is any physical assault, threatening behavior or verbal abuse occurring in the work setting. It includes but is not limited to beatings, stabbings, suicides, shootings, rapes, near suicides, psychological traumas such as threats, obscene phone calls, an intimidating presence, and harassment of any nature such as being followed, sworn at, or shouted at.

• Workplace may be any location, either temporary or permanent where employees perform work related duties. This includes but is not limited: to the buildings and surrounding perimeters including parking lots, field locations, client’s offices, and traveling to and from work assignments.

Incidents of workplace violence can be divided into categories depending on the relationship between the assailant and the worker. These categories are:

• Violence by a stranger the assailant has no legitimate relationship with the employee or workplace.


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• Violence by a coworker the assailant is a current or former employee, a prospective

employee, or a current or former supervisor or manager.

• Violence by personal relations the employee has a personal relationship with the assailant. He or she may be a current or former spouse or partner, a relative or a friend.

Warning Signs While no one can predict human behavior and there is no specific profile of a potentially dangerous individual, there are indicators of increased risk of violent behavior. The following are some of the indicators.

• Direct or veiled threats of harm • Intimidating, belligerent, harassing, bullying, or other inappropriate and aggressive

behavior • Numerous conflicts with supervisors and other employees • Bringing a weapon to the workplace • Statements showing fascination with workplace violence or statements indicating

approval of workplace violence to resolve a problem • Statements indicating desperation over family, financial, and other personal problems • Drug and alcohol abuse

Management Commitment and Employee Responsibilities The management team at Ajax is committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment to all of its employees. We strongly encourage employees to report all incidents and threats of workplace violence. The management staff will thoroughly investigate all violent incidents and threats and institute corrective actions. Employee participation in this workplace violence prevention program is critical. Employees should:

• Learn to recognize, avoid, and diffuse potentially violent situations • Alert supervisors to any concerns about safety or security and report all incidents

immediately • Avoid traveling alone in unfamiliar locations whenever possible • Do not enter any area where you feel unsafe, particularly at night


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Fall Protection Program

Application At Ajax, fall protection applies to employees who are on a walking or working surface, horizontal or vertical, with an unprotected side or edge that is 6 feet or more above a lower level or at lower levels when working above dangerous equipment or materials. Fall Protection systems must be installed before an employee begins work that exposes them to fall hazards. Exceptions to the Fall Protection Program

A) Ladders: Fall Protection requirements for ladders are in the ladder section

B) Scaffolding:

Fall Protection requirements for scaffolding are located in the scaffolding section. C) Scissor Lifts / Boom Lifts:

Fall Protection is not required when working on scissor lifts that have guardrails on all open sides. Fall Protection (harness and lanyard) is required when working on an articulating boom lift.

Hazard Identification Employees and supervisors will evaluate the area where they will be performing work that requires them to use fall protection. Hazards and potential hazards will be recognized before an employee can use any type of fall protection. Hazards can include poor housekeeping, chemicals, electrical hazards, sharp objects, abrasive surfaces, moving equipment, unguarded openings, wet or slippery surfaces, poor lighting, etc. Steps to control or eliminate any hazards found must be taken prior to beginning work.


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Engineering Controls Engineering controls seek to eliminate and/or reduce fall hazards. The following steps should be taken when evaluating fall protection

A) Eliminate the hazard – Ask yourself, Can the work be performed on the ground or a lower level? If the answer is yes, then you have eliminated the hazard.

B) Guard against the hazard – If the hazard cannot be eliminated, take action to guard against falls. Examples would be guardrails, scaffolding, and aerial lifts.

C) Personal Fall Arrest System – In the event a hazard cannot be eliminated or guarded, the last option is a personal fall arrest system (harness, lanyard, anchorage point).

Holes and Covers A “hole” is any gap or void at least two inches in its least dimension in a floor or other walking/working surface. All holes must be protected with guardrail systems or covers. A ”cover” is a method of protecting holes. Covers must me designed to carry at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that might be imposed upon them. Covers must be secured to prevent displacement and marked with the words “hole” or “cover” to provide hazard warning. Guardrails Guardrails must be installed around every opening and along every unprotected edge 6 feet or more above a lower level. This includes any ramps, stairs, runways, trenches, manholes, leading edges, roofs, etc, which are otherwise unprotected. Guardrails must be able to support a force of at least 200 pounds when applied at the top edge in any outward or downward direction. Guardrails must consist of a top rail, mid rail, and toe board. The top rail must be between 39” and 45” above the walking/working surface, the mid rail must be installed midway between the walking/working surface and the top rail, and the toe board must rise from the walking/working surface to a minimum height of 3-1/2”. Removable guardrail sections at hoist openings must be replaced immediately after the load being raised is set on the walking/working surface.


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Personal Fall Arrest A personal fall arrest system stops an employee in a fall from making contact with the floor or other structural object; it will not prevent a fall. This system should be the last option when deciding what type of fall protection to be used. The system includes a full body harness, lanyard with shock absorber, and an anchorage device. There are many items to consider when using a personal fall arrest system. Supervisors must always be involved with planning when employees are to use personal fall protection equipment. The following guidelines must be used:

A) Anchorage and anchorage connectors selection 1. Determine the location of the anchorage to assure that the employee will be

continuously connected when exposed to the hazard of falling. Carefully select the location of the anchorage to:

a. Reduce possible free fall distance. b. Prevent the risk of swinging into a structural object while the employee is

falling. c. Provide a clear space for fall so that the employee does not hit an object

when falling.

2. Never select an anchorage point below the working site, as that will increase the fall distance.

B) Free fall distance and deceleration device

1. Free Fall Distance

Free fall is the act of falling before the personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to stop the fall. Personal fall arrest systems must be rigged so that the potential free fall distance will not exceed 6 feet.

2. Deceleration Distance

After the free fall the shock absorber on the lanyard will activate and apply force to stop the fall. The deceleration distance cannot exceed 3-1/2 feet.

C) Calculating Fall Distances

Failure to calculate fall distances is perhaps the single largest problem associated with using a personal fall arrest system. Many times employees wear the harness and lanyard but due to the anchorage height, working surface height, and/or lanyard length they may still hit the lower level in the event of a fall.


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The following illustrates how to calculate fall distances: Height of Anchorage Point Above Working Surface = -2.0 feet (varies)

Free Fall Distance (Lanyard) = 6.0 feet

Shock Absorber = 3.5 feet (max)

Stretch = 1.0 foot (approx)

Distance from Harness d-ring to employees feet = 5.0 feet (varies)

Total Fall Distance = 13.5 feet This is just one example of how to calculate fall distances. There are many variables to consider. To decrease the fall distance, increase the height of the anchorage point

D) Inspecting Equipment

Personal fall arrest systems must be inspected prior to each use for wear damage and other deterioration. Defective components must be immediately removed from service.

Other Fall Protection Procedures Other fall protection procedures including but not limited to warning line systems, safety monitors, safety nets, and controlled access zones, must not be used by Ajax employees without prior approval by the safety director. Basic Safety Rules for Fall Protection

• Only self-closing, self-locking snap hooks will be used. • Do not tie knots in a lanyard. • Do not hook the lanyard back into itself. • Do not connect snap hooks to each other. • Do not attach two lanyards to one anchorage point.

Falling Object Protection When guardrails systems are used to prevent materials from falling from one level to another, any openings must be small enough to prevent passage of potential falling objects. No material, equipment, or debris shall be stored within 4 feet of the working edge. Toe boards must be installed on all guardrail systems. Toe boards must be able to withstand 50lbs of force applied in any outward or downward direction. Toe boards must rise from the


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walking/working surface to a minimum height of 3-1/2” and have no more than ¼” clearance above the walking/working surface. Where tools, equipment, or materials are piled higher than the top edge of a toe board, paneling or screening must be erected from the walking/working surface to the top edge of the guardrail system. Training Prior to assigning a task to an employee who might be exposed to a fall hazard, supervisors must ensure the employee knows how to recognize such hazards and how to minimize them. Employees exposed to fall hazards must be trained in the following areas:

• The nature of fall hazards in the work area • The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting fall

protection systems. • The use and operation of guardrails and personal fall arrest systems.

No employee shall use a personal fall arrest system without proper training. Enforcement All employees are responsible for identifying fall hazards and taking corrective measures to ensure safety. Any employee who fails to use fall protection is subject to immediate termination.


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Electrical Safety Program

Application Electricity is essential to modern life; we would be unable to work without it. Many of us tend to overlook the hazards electricity poses and fail to treat it with the respect it deserves. Annually, approximately 17 percent of all fatalities in construction are caused by electrocution. It can also be responsible for burns, fires, and explosions. All employees of Ajax are required to follow the policies contained herein. Responsibilities

Supervisors: Are responsible for ensuring employees are aware of electrical hazards in their work environment and that all safeguards for such hazards are in place. Employees: Are responsible for inspecting any tools, equipment, and/or work areas, prior to working with or in to ensure they are free from electrical hazards. If any hazardous conditions are found your supervisor should be notified and the condition corrected prior to starting work.

Employees of Ajax may not alter, repair, enhance, install, or otherwise modify any type of electrical equipment, tool, or device. Any alterations, repairs, enhancements, and/or installations must be made by a certified electrician. Electricity: The Basics What affects the flow of electricity? Electricity flows more easily through some objects than others. Some substances such as metals generally offer little resistance to the flow of electrical current and are called “conductors”. Glass, plastic, porcelain, clay, pottery, dry wood, and other similar substances generally slow or stop the flow of electricity. They are called “insulators”. How does water affect the flow of electricity? Pure water is a poor conductor but small amounts of impurities in water like salt, acid, solvents, or other materials can turn water itself and substances that generally act as insulators into conductors. Dry wood, for example, generally slows or stops the flow of electricity but when saturated with water wood becomes a conductor. Any employee working with electricity in a wet or damp location must exercise extreme caution to prevent electrical hazards.


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What causes shocks? Electricity travels in closed circuits, normally through a conductor. But sometimes a person’s body, an efficient conductor of electricity, mistakenly becomes part of the electrical circuit. This can cause an electrical shock. Shocks occur when a person’s body completes the current path with:

• Both wires of an electrical circuit • One wire of an electrical circuit and the ground • A metal part that becomes energized • Another conductor that is carrying a current

When a person receives a shock, electricity flows through the body to a ground or the earth. Effects of electrical current on the human body

An electrical shock can result in anything from a slight tingling sensation to immediate cardiac arrest. The severity depends on the following:

• The amount of current flowing through the body • The current’s path through the body • The length of time the body remains in the circuit • The current’s frequency

The following table shows the general relationship between the amount of current received and the reaction when current flows from the hand to the foot for just 1 second. CURRENT REACTION

Below 1 milliamp Generally not perceptible

1 Milliamp Slight tingle

5 Milliamps (GFCI trip threshold) Slight shock felt: not painful but disturbing. Average person can let go. May cause involuntary reactions that lead to other injuries.

6-30 Milliamps Painful shock, loss of muscular control. Individual cannot let go but may be thrown away from the circuit.

50-150 Milliamps Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions, death is possible.

1,000-4,300 Milliamps Rhythmic pumping action of the heart ceases. Muscular contraction and nerve damage occur. Death is likely.

10,000 Milliamps Cardiac arrest, severe burns, Death is probable.


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Hazards Most electrical accidents result from one of the following three factors:

• Unsafe equipment or installation • Unsafe environment • Unsafe work practices

The following hazards are what you are most likely to encounter while on a construction site. Rules to protect you from the hazard are also included. Contact With Power Lines Overhead and buried power lines on a jobsite are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. Fatal electrocution is the main risk, but burns and falls from elevation are also hazards. Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk. Examples of equipment that can contact power lines include:

• Aluminum paint rollers • Backhoes • Concrete pumps • Cranes • Long handle concrete tools • Metal building materials • Metal ladders • Raised dump truck beds • Scaffolding (for more information see the scaffolding section)

To avoid the hazards:

• Look for overhead power lines and buried power line indicators • Contact your supervisor for buried power line locations on the jobsite • Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead power lines • Unless you know otherwise, assume that overhead lines are energized • If you must work near power lines contact your supervisor to have them de-energized and

grounded or guarded • Use non-conductive wood or fiberglass ladders when working near power lines

Path To Ground Missing Or Discontinuous If the power supply to electrical equipment is not grounded or the path to ground has been broken, fault current may travel through a workers body, causing electrical burns or death. Even


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when the power system is properly grounded, electrical equipment can instantly change from safe to hazardous because of extreme conditions and rough treatment. To avoid hazards:

• All power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment must be grounded

• Electrical systems must be frequently inspected to ensure path to ground is continuous

• Visually inspect all electrical equipment before each use and take defective equipment out of service

• Do not remove ground prongs from equipment, tools or extension cords • Use double insulated tools

Misused Equipment If electrical equipment is used in ways for which it is not designed, you can no longer depend on safety features built in by the manufacturer. This may damage tools and equipment and cause employee injuries. Common examples of misused equipment:

• Using multi-receptacle boxes designed to be mounted by fitting them with a power cord and placing them on the floor.

• Fabricating extension cords with ROMEX® wire. • Using equipment outdoors that is labeled for use only in dry, indoor locations. • Attaching ungrounded, two-prong adapter plugs to three-prong cords and tools. • Using circuit breakers or fuses with the wrong rating for over-current protection,

e.g. using a 30-amp breaker in a system with 15- or 20-amp receptacles. Protection is lost because it will not trip when the system's load has been exceeded.

• Using modified cords or tools, e.g., removing ground prongs, faceplates, insulation, etc.

• Using cords or tools with worn insulation or exposed wires. To avoid hazards:

• Use only equipment that is approved to meet OSHA standards

• Use all equipment according to the manufacturer's instructions • Do not modify cords or use them incorrectly • Shop fabricated equipment is not allowed.


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Extension Cords The normal wear and tear on extension and flexible cords at the jobsite can loosen or expose wires, creating hazardous conditions. Only cords that are 12 gauge or larger, the 3-wire type, designed for hard or extra hard - usage, and that have not been modified, can be used. To avoid hazards:

• Use factory-assembled cord sets • Use only extension cords that are 12gauge or larger and the 3-wire type • Use only extension cords that are marked with a designation code for hard or

extra-hard usage. Examples are S, ST, SO, and STO • Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings that are equipped with strain

relief • Remove cords from receptacles by pulling on the plugs, not the cords • Inspect cords prior to use. Any cords found not to be marked for hard or extra-

hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service immediately • Protect cords from damage such as pinch points at doors and windows and traffic • Avoid wet conditions • Cords may not be repaired with electrical or any other type of tape

Power Tools Because power tools are so common in construction, workers are constantly exposed to a variety of hazards. The very tool that makes their job easy and efficient may one day be the cause of a tragic accident. It is good to be reminded of common-sense safety practices. TOOL SAFETY RULES

1. Never carry a tool by the cord 2. Never yank the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle 3. Keep cords away from heat, oil, and sharp edges (including the cutting surface of a

power saw or drill) 4. Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories

such as blades, bits, etc. 5. Avoid accidental starting. Do not hold fingers on the switch button while carrying a

plugged-in tool 6. Use gloves and appropriate safety footwear when using electric tools 7. Store electric tools in a dry place when not in use 8. Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved for that

purpose


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9. Keep work areas well lighted when operating electric tools 10. Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present a tripping hazard 11. Remove all damaged portable electric tools from use and tag them: "Do Not Use" 12. Use Double-Insulated Tools

Double-Insulated Tools Hand-held tools manufactured with non-metallic cases are called double insulated. If approved, they do not require grounding under the National Electrical Code. Although this design method reduces the risk of grounding deficiencies, a shock hazard can still exist. Such tools are often used in areas where there is considerable moisture or wetness. Although the user is insulated from the electrical wiring components, water can still enter the tool's housing. Ordinary water is a conductor of electricity. If water contacts the energized parts inside the housing, it provides a path to the outside, bypassing the double insulation. When a person holding a hand tool under these conditions contacts another conductive surface, an electric shock occurs. If a power tool, even when double insulated, is dropped into water, the employee should resist the initial human response to grab for the equipment without first disconnecting the power source. Portable Tool Use with Extension Cords Another potential hazard is using extension cords with portable tools. In construction, these cords suffer a lot of wear and tear. Often the damage is only to the insulation exposing energized conductors. When a person handling the damaged cord contacts the exposed wires while holding a metal tool case or contacting a conductive surface, serious electrical shock can result causing a fall, physical injury, or death. Since neither insulation nor grounding protects you from these conditions, use other protective measures. One acceptable method is a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) A GFCI is a fast acting circuit breaker that senses small imbalances in the circuit caused by current leakage to the ground and, in a fraction of a second, shuts off the electricity. The GFCI continually matches the amount of current going to an electrical device against the amount returning from the device along the electrical path. Whenever the amount going differs from the amount returning by approximately 5 milliamps, the GFCI interrupts the electrical power within as little as 1/40 of a second.


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Ajax requires all temporary receptacles on our projects to be protected by a GFCI, furthermore, Ajax requires any receptacles that are installed as part of the permanent wiring of the structure and that are used for temporary power, to be protected by a GFCI.


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Stairs and Ladders Program

Introduction Stairways and ladders are very common on constructions sites. They are also a major source of injuries and fatalities among construction workers. OSHA estimates there are more than 24,000 injuries and as many as 36 fatalities caused by working on stairs and ladders every year. As these numbers indicate, work on and around stairways and ladders is hazardous. Responsibilities Supervisors Supervisors shall instruct their employees on the correct use of ladders and make sure their employees use the correct ladder for the job. Employees

• Utilize the correct ladder for the job. • Inspect the ladder for structural defects prior to each use. • Tag ladders with structural defects “Do Not Use” and notify the supervisor. • Use ladders as they were intended to be used. (Stepladders in the open position)

General Requirements A stairway or ladder must be provided at all worker points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches or more. Points of access between levels must be kept clear to permit free passage by workers. A point of access must be provided for every 25 employees on a single level. All required stairway and ladder fall protection systems must be installed and all duties required by the ladder and stairway rules must be performed before employees begin work that requires the use of stairways or ladders.


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Ladders The following requirements apply to all ladders including job made ladders:

• Portable ladders must be able to support at least four times their maximum intended load. Extra heavy-duty ladders must sustain 3.3 times the maximum intended load.

• Ladder rungs, cleats, and steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use.

• Rungs, cleats, and steps of ladders must not be spaced more than14 inches nor less than 10 inches apart

• A metal spreader or locking device must be provided on each stepladder to hold the front and back sections in the open position when the ladder is being used.

• Job-made ladders must have blocking between each step. • Ladders will have nonconductive side rails if they are being used where the employee or

ladder could come into contact with exposed energized electrical equipment. • Ladder components must be surfaced to prevent punctures or lacerations. • Wood ladders must not be coated with any opaque covering.

Fall Protection for Ladders Step Ladders Fall protection is not required when working on a stepladder except when working adjacent to a wall opening or guardrail system where working on a ladder would place the employee above the guardrail system at a point where the employee could fall over the guardrail to a lower level. Extension Ladders Fall protection is only required on an extension ladder if the employee cannot maintain a three point contact with the ladder at all times or when working adjacent to a wall opening or guardrail system as above. Ladder Use

• When portable ladders are used to gain access to an upper level, the side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the landing surface and be secured.

• Ladders must be maintained and free of oil, dirt, grease, and other slipping hazards. • Extension ladders must be used at a 4 to 1 angle. (For every 4 feet in height the foot of

the ladder must be 1 foot away from the support.) • Ladders must be used only on stable and level surfaces. • Ladders must not be used on slippery surfaces unless properly secured.


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• The area around the top and bottom of ladders must be kept clear. • The top or top step of a stepladder must not be used. • Do not climb the cross bracing on the rear section of stepladders. • Ladders must not be moved, shifted, or extended while in use. • Ladders used in passageways or doorways or where they could be displaced by

workplace activities must be secured to prevent accidental displacement or barricaded to keep traffic or activities away.

• Employees must always face the ladder and grasp the ladder with one hand when ascending or descending the ladder.

• Employees must not carry any object that could cause them to lose their balance. • Extension ladders may not be separated and used as two separate ladders.

Stairways The following general requirements apply to all stairways used during the construction process as indicated:

• Stairways that are not a permanent part of the structure must have landings at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide at every 12 feet of vertical rise.

• Variations in riser height or tread depth must not exceed ¼ inch on any stairway. • Where doors or gates open directly onto a stairway, a platform must be provided that

extends at least 20 inches beyond the swing of the door. • All stairway parts must be free of dangerous projections such as protruding nails. • Slippery conditions on stairways must be corrected.

The following requirements apply to stairs in temporary service during construction:

• Except during construction of the actual stairway, stairways with metal landings and treads must not be used where the treads and/or landings have not been filled with concrete or other materials.

• Pans may be temporarily filled with wood or other solid material installed the full width and depth of the stair.

Stairrails and Handrails The following general requirements apply to all stairrails and handrails

• Stairways having 4 or more risers or rising more than 30 inches in height must have at least one handrail. A stairrail must also be installed along each unprotected side or edge. When the top edge of a stair rail system also serves as a handrail, the height of the top


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edge must be no more than 37 inches nor less than 36 inches from the surface of the tread.

• Midrails, screens, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent structural members must be provided between the top rail and the stairway steps.

• Handrails and top rails must be able to withstand 200 lbs of weight applied at the top edge in any downward or outward direction.

• Stairrails and handrails must be surfaced to prevent injuries such as punctures or lacerations and to keep clothing from snagging.

• The ends of stairrails and handrails must be built to prevent dangerous projections such as rails protruding beyond the end post.

Training Requirements Prior to assigning work requiring the use of a ladder or stairs, supervisors are required to ensure the employee is knowledgeable in the following areas:

• The nature of fall hazards they may be exposed to. • The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling fall protection

systems to be used. • The proper construction, use, placement, and care in the handling of all stairways and

ladders. • The maximum intended load carrying capacities of ladders used.


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Driver and Vehicle Safety Program

It is the policy of Ajax that all company owned, rented, or leased vehicles be operated in a safe and responsible manner in accordance with local and federal regulations, that all operators pocess a valid drivers license of the appropriate classification from a U.S. state, and that all operators follow the requirements and procedures set forth in Ajax’s Driver and Vehicle safety Program. Ajax has a sincere concern for the welfare and safety of its employees as well as the general public. The purpose of this policy is to promote the safe operation of company owned, rented, or leased motor vehicles, to encourage the safety of drivers, passengers, and the general public, and to minimize physical damage to the Ajax fleet. Company vehicles are provided to support business activities and are to be used only by qualified authorized employees. Employees that fail to operated vehicles in accordance with these policies and procedures will be subject to disciplinary action. Driver Licensing Company drivers and anyone authorized to drive the company vehicles must have a valid driver’s license issued in the state of residence for the class of vehicle being operated and must be able to drive a vehicle. Obtaining a drivers license is a personal expense. Fleet Safety Policies and Procedures Each driver is responsible for the actual possession, care and use of the company vehicle in their possession. Therefore, a driver’s responsibilities include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Operation of the vehicle in a manner consistent with reasonable practices that avoid abuse, theft, neglect, or disrespect of the equipment.

• Operation of a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including medications which may cause impairment is strictly prohibited

• Obey all traffic laws. • Prohibit the use of Ajax vehicles by anyone other than authorized Ajax employees. • The use of seatbelts is mandatory for driver and passengers. • Adhering to company / manufacturer’s recommendations regarding service, maintenance

and inspection. Vehicles should not be operated with any defect that would prevent safe operation.


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• Attention to and practice of safe driving techniques and adherence to current safety requirements.

• Drivers shall report the occurrence of any moving violations to their supervisor and the Safety Director.

• Accurate, comprehensive and timely reporting of all accidents by an authorized driver and the theft of a company vehicle to the company Fleet Manager, their supervisor and the Safety Director.

• Drivers must not allow themselves to be distracted while driving. o Cell phone use should be very limited while driving. If cell phone use is necessary

while driving a hands free device shall be used. o Reading and/or writing text messages and e-mails while driving is strictly

prohibited. o Other distractions including, but not limited too, eating, grooming, smoking,

reading, and use of GPS (input and programming) and computers is prohibited. GPS destinations shall be entered when the vehicle is not moving.

• Avoid aggressive driving, this can include but is not limited to: o Speeding o Tailgating o Failure to signal a lane change o Running red lights / stop signs o Weaving in traffic o Yelling o Making obscene gestures.

Ajax reserves the right to, and shall at the company’s discretion; request a copy of the motor vehicle record of any employee who drives for work purposes. Employees with poor driving records, whether while operating a company vehicle or personal vehicle, may be subject to losing their driving privileges. Accident Reporting and Investigation All crashes, regardless of severity, shall be reported to the Safety Director as soon as feasible after the incident.

• All employees involved in a vehicle accident shall obtain appropriate medical attention. • The involved employee, if physically able, shall call for a police officer. The employee

should also request that all parties, including witnesses, and property involved remain at the scene until the crash investigation is completed by law enforcement.

• The involved employee shall refrain from making statements regarding the crash with anyone involved other than the investigating officer. Statements shall be confined to factual statements.


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• The Safety Director shall obtain a written report of the accident from the employee involved along with the police report and any witness statements and report the incident to the insurance company as appropriate.

Personal Use of Company Vehicles Ajax discourages personal use of company vehicles except for commuting to and from work and “De Minimis” (of little value) use as defined by the Internal Revenue Service. For example:

• stop by a grocery store to pick up items on the way home • drop off dry cleaning on your way in to work

These brief excursions are acceptable personal use of a company provided vehicle. If you use your company vehicle to run errands on the weekend or after work, or to travel on vacation, this would be a taxable benefit to you and the value would be added to your W-2 as taxable wages.

Preventable Accidents A preventable accident is defined as any accident involving a company vehicle – whether being used for company or personal use – or any vehicle being used on company business that results in property damage and/or personal injury and in which the driver in question failed to exercise every reasonable precaution to prevent the accident. Classification of preventable accidents:

• Following too close. • Driving too fast for conditions. • Failure to observe clearances. • Failure to obey signs. • Improper turns. • Failure to observe signals from other drivers. • Failure to reduce speed. • Improper parking. • Improper passing. • Failure to yield. • Improper backing. • Failure to obey traffic signals or directions. • Exceeding the posted speed limit. • Driving while intoxicated (DWI) or Driving under the influence (DUI) or similar charges.

Employees involved in Preventable Accidents are considered as being careless and complacent and may be subject to disciplinary action as a result of this behavior.


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Site Safety Program

The key to safety on a construction project is awareness. All employees should be aware of hazardous conditions or acts that could result in an injury. The following guidelines are designed to raise awareness and to provide a safer work environment. It is important that employees remember that everyone is responsible for safety on a construction project. If an employee observes an unsafe situation, they should notify their supervisor immediately. Disciplinary action will never be taken against an employee who refuses to work in an unsafe environment. However, any employee who knowingly works in and unsafe environment or manner will be subject to disciplinary action. Hazardous Substances There are many hazardous substances on a construction site. They may include harmful plants or animals, flammable liquids, gases, poisons, caustics, or toxic materials. The effects of hazardous substances can change depending on the environment in which they are in. For example, gasoline should only be stored in proper containers in an area with adequate ventilation. Otherwise, fumes can build up and become explosive. Supervisors are required to instruct any employee required to handle or use hazardous substances in the safe handling and use of the product including the proper personnel protective equipment required. Ajax maintains a log and copies of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) for all hazardous substance known to be on the jobsite (See Hazardous Communication Policy). Prior to use employees are required to review and understand the MSDS for the product to be used. First Aid Ajax maintains first aid kits in each office and jobsite trailer. All project superintendents are trained in first aid and CPR. In the event of an accident requiring first aid, report immediately to you supervisor. Signs, Signals, and Barricades There are many signs, signals, and barricades on a construction project. It is very important for employees to be vigilant for, and to follow all additional safety instructions, warnings, signs, procedures, and rules.


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• Do not begin work until barricades, barrier logs, signs or other protection is in place to

isolate the work area • Upon completion of work, remove all barricades, signs, etc. • Reflective vest must be worn when exposed to vehicular traffic. • Do not cross warning lines or enter controlled access zones without permission of the

competent person • Damaged tools and/or equipment should be reported to your supervisor and tagged “Do

Not Use”. • Do not approach heavy equipment until the operator has seen you and has signaled that it

is safe for you to approach Emergency Egress In the event of an emergency being able to get out of the building or area is extremely important. Since we cannot predict when an emergency situation will occur, we must always insure proper egress is maintained:

• Do not block or obstruct stairwells, exits, or accesses to safety and emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers and fire alarms.

• Do not store or leave items on stairways and landings. • Keep floors and walkways clear of debris and materials. • Keep stairways, walkways, work areas, and exits adequately lighted. • Keep supplies and materials stacked properly to avoid trip hazards. • Keep exits properly marked.

Lighting Proper lighting shall be maintained in all construction areas, ramps, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas. The minimum illumination intensities are listed below. Foot-Candles Area or Operation

5 General construction area lighting

3 General construction areas, concrete placement, excavation and waste areas, access ways, active storage areas, loading platforms

5 Indoors: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exits

30 First aid stations and infirmaries


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Sanitation Potable (Drinking) Water

• An adequate supply of potable water shall be maintained at all times. • Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly

closed and equipped with a tap; water shall not be dipped from the container. • A common drinking cup is prohibited. Single use cups shall be provided and used. • Tampering with or placing items such as drinks, etc., in the water cooler will result in

immediate termination. Non-Potable Water

• Outlets for non-potable water, such as water for industrial or firefighting purposes only, shall be clearly marked “Unsafe for drinking or washing purposes”.

Toilets at Construction Sites Toilets shall be provided according to the following: Number of Employees Minimum Number of Facilities

20 or less 1

20 or more 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40 workers

200 or more 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50 workers Fire Protection / Prevention The following fire protection / prevention requirements must be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work. As fire hazards occur, there shall be no delay in providing the necessary equipment. Firefighting Equipment

• Access to firefighting equipment shall be maintained at all times. • Know where fire extinguishers are located. • Firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously located. • The project superintendent shall inspect all fire extinguishers and initial the inspection tag

monthly. • A fire extinguisher rated not less than 2A shall be provided for each 3000 sqf of building

area. Travel distance within the protected area shall not exceed 100 feet.


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• A fire extinguisher rated not less than 10B shall be provided within 50 feet of where 5 gallons or more of flammable liquid is being stored.

• A fire extinguisher shall be in the immediate work area during any welding or cutting operations.

• Each service or fueling area shall have at least 1 fire extinguisher rated not less than 20 B:C located within 75 feet of each pump.

Ignition Hazards

• Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or power shall be installed in accordance with OSHA and the manufacture’s requirements.

• Smoking is prohibited at or in the vicinity of operations which constitute a fire hazard. • Combustible materials shall be removed or protected in any area where welding or

cutting is being done. • Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not in actual use. • Open flames or other sources of ignition shall not be within 50 feet of flammable liquids. • Permission must be obtained from the project superintendent before starting any fires.

Storage

• Storage shall not obstruct or adversely affect means of exit. • Material shall be piled to minimize the spread of fire. • Approved metal safety cans shall be used for storage of 5 gallons or less of flammable

liquids. • Plastic gas cans are prohibited. • Flammable liquids shall not be stored in areas used for exits, stairways, or corridors. • No more than 25 gallons of flammable liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an

approved storage cabinet. • Additional storage requirements can be found in OSHA CFR 1926.152 Flammable and

Combustible Liquids. Housekeeping As the saying goes “A clean job is a safe job” During the course of construction, materials and debris shall be kept cleared from work areas, passageways, stairs, and in and around buildings and other structures

• Keep walking surfaces of elevated work platforms, such as scaffolds, clear of tools, materials, and debris that are not being used.

• Return tools to their storage places after use. • Use caution tape or barricades to guard slippery areas.


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• Do not store or leave items on stairways. • Do not block or obstruct stairwells, exits, or access to safety and emergency equipment. • Keep floors, landings, steps, and walkways clear of debris and materials. • Keep stairs and work areas adequately lighted. • Keep supplies and materials properly stacked to prevent tripping. • Bend or remove nails from scrap lumber immediately. • Gas cylinders must be stored in the upright position and secured. Caps must be on

cylinders when they are not in use. • Walk around materials, equipment, or debris in your pathway. • Report unsafe work areas, walkways, stairways, etc. to your supervisor. • Remove scrap material daily.

Disposal of Waste Material

• When materials are to be dropped more than 20’, an enclosed chute must be used. • All scrap lumber, waste material, and rubbish shall be removed from the immediate work

area as the work progresses.


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Personal Protective Equipment Program

Introduction Personal protective equipment should not be used as a substitute for engineering, work practice, and/or administrative controls. Personal protective equipment should be used in conjunction with these controls to provide for employee safety and health in the work place. Personal protective equipment includes all clothing and other work accessories designed to create a barrier against workplace hazards. Using personal protective equipment requires hazard awareness and training on the part of the user. Employees must be aware that the equipment does not eliminate the hazard. If the equipment fails, exposure will occur. To reduce the possibility of failure, equipment must be properly fitted and maintained in a clean and serviceable condition. Selection of the proper personal protective equipment for a job is important. Employers and employees must understand the equipment's purpose and its limitations. The equipment must not be altered or removed even though an employee may find it uncomfortable. (Sometimes equipment may be uncomfortable simply because it does not fit properly.) This program discusses those types of equipment most commonly used for protection for the head including eyes and face, the torso, arms, hands, and feet. The use of equipment to protect against life-threatening hazards also is discussed. Information on respiratory protective equipment may be found in the respiratory protection program Responsibilities Supervisors: Supervisors are responsible for assessing the workplace to determine if hazards that require the use of personal protective equipment are present or are likely to be present. If hazards or the likelihood of hazards are found, supervisors must select and have affected employees use properly fitted PPE suitable for protection from these hazards. Supervisors must train employees when PPE is necessary, what type is necessary, how it is to be worn, and what its limitations are. Employees: Employees are the key to having a successful PPE program. Employees are responsible for knowing the proper use and limitations of PPE that they are using, using the proper PPE


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whenever it is required, contacting their supervisor whenever they have questions concerning PPE, and participating in safety training. Head Protection Prevention of head injuries is an important factor in every safety program. A survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of accidents and injuries noted that most workers who suffered impact injuries to the head were not wearing head protection. The majority of workers were injured while performing their normal jobs at their regular worksites. Head injuries are caused by falling or flying objects or by bumping the head against a fixed object. Head protection, in the form of protective hats, must do two things -- resist penetration and absorb the shock of the blow. This is accomplished by making the shell of the hat of a material hard enough to resist the blow, and by utilizing a shock-absorbing lining composed of headband and crown straps to keep the shell away from the wearer's skull. Protective hats are also used to protect against electric shock. Headband Fit Headbands are adjustable in 1/8-size increments. When the headband is adjusted to the right size, it provides sufficient clearance between the shell and the headband. The removable or replaceable type sweatband should cover at least the forehead portion of the headband. The shell should be of one-piece seamless construction and designed to resist the impact of a blow from falling material. The internal cradle of the headband and sweatband forms the suspension. Any part of the headband and sweatband that comes into contact with the wearer's head must not be irritating to normal skin. Inspection and Maintenance Manufacturers should be consulted with regard to paint or cleaning materials for their helmets. Some paints and thinners may damage the shell and reduce protection by physically weakening it or negating electrical resistance. A common method of cleaning shells is dipping them in hot water (approximately 140º F) containing a good detergent for at least a minute. Shells should then be scrubbed and rinsed in clear hot water. After rinsing, the shell should be carefully inspected for any signs of damage. All components, shells, suspensions, headbands, sweatbands, and any accessories should be visually inspected daily for signs of dents, cracks, penetration, or any other damage that might reduce the degree of safety originally provided. Users are cautioned that if unusual conditions occur (such as higher or lower extreme temperatures than described in the standards), or if there are signs of abuse or mutilation of the helmet or any component, the margin of safety may be reduced. If damage is suspected, helmets should be replaced.


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Helmets should not be stored or carried on the rear-window shelf of an automobile, since sunlight and extreme heat may adversely affect the degree of protection. Eye and Face Protection Suitable eye protection must be worn where there is a potential for injury to the eyes or face from flying particles, chemicals, acids, gases, injurious light radiation or a combination of these. Protection must meet the following minimum requirements:

• Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are designed.

• Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the wearer. • Be durable. • Be kept clean and in good repair.

Each affected employee shall use equipment with filtered lenses that have a shade number appropriate for the work being performed for protection from injurious light radiation (cutting and welding). Employees using prescription glasses and who are required to wear eye protection must wear face shields, goggles, or glasses of one of the following types:

• Glasses with protective lenses providing optical protection • Goggles worn over the corrective glasses

Safety glasses require special frames. Combinations of normal street wear frames and safety lenses are not in compliance. Inspection and Maintenance It is essential that the lenses of eye protectors be kept clean. Continuous vision through dirty lenses can cause eyestrain. Daily inspection and cleaning of eye protection is required. Pitted or deeply scratched lenses, like dirty lenses, can be a source of reduced vision. They should be replaced. Ear Protection Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing loss or impairment. There is no cure for noise induced hearing loss so the prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing damage.


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Disposable earplugs are to be used one time and then thrown away. The non-disposable type should be cleaned after each use. Before inserting ear plugs, roll the plug tightly between your thumb and forefinger lengthwise to reduce the size. The whole plug should be in a tight oblong shape. With one hand, pull your ear up and back and insert the plug into your ear canal with the other hand. Pulling the ear up and back decreases the natural bend of the ear canal allowing the plug to fit tighter. When wearing earmuffs, make sure they form a complete seal around the ear. Earrings, glasses, and long hair may interfere with the seal. Wear ear plugs or ear muffs in all areas posted “Hearing Protection Required” and/or at all times when operating heavy equipment and other noise producing equipment (i.e. hand saws, chippers, grinders, etc.). Respiratory Protection For a complete copy of the respiratory protection program, contact Marc Reeves, Ajax, Safety Director. The primary means for respiratory protection is through engineering controls. These controls are determined specifically for each project and may included water or other dust controlling agents, fans, and vacuums. Respirators shall be used in the following circumstances:

• In activities and brief or intermittent operations where exposures exceed the permissible exposure limit (PEL) and engineering controls are not feasible.

• When all feasible engineering controls have been implemented and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL.

• In regulated areas. • In emergencies.

Employees may voluntarily wear respirators when performing activities even if effective engineering controls are in place. Hand Protection Examples of injuries to hands are burns, cuts, electrical shock, amputation, and absorption of chemicals. There is a wide assortment of gloves for protection against various hazards. Employees and supervisors need to work together to determine what hand protection is needed.


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Wear work gloves when handling wire mesh, rebar, wood, rough or sharp objects, or equipment that vibrates. Rubbers gloves shall be worn when handling chemicals such as acids, solvents or other material that can irritate the skin. Clothing Your clothing is as equally important for protection as the above PPE. Clothing must provide adequate protection to the body without interfering with job duties.

• Shirts must be full length with at least a 6 inch t-sleeve • Work boots are to be sturdy with rigid slip resistant soles which give adequate

protection to the feet and ankles. SNEAKERS, SANDLES, AND OTHER LIGHT WEIGHT FOOTWEAR WILL NOT BE ALLOWED.

• Pants, only long pants in good condition shall be worn on the project site. SHORTS AND SWEATPANTS WILL NOT BE ALLOWED.

Always be aware of loose clothing or jewelry that could be caught by moving objects. Prior to working with power tools or equipment that could snag loose clothing and jewelry, take steps to control the hazard. Basic Rules for Personnel Protective Equipment

• HARD HATS: OSHA approved nonconductive hard hats shall be worn by ALL personnel on the project site AT ALL TIMES. Metal hard hats will not be allowed. The bill of the hard hat will be worn in front at all times. Alterations or modifications of the hardhat or hart hat liner shall be prohibited.

• SAFETY GLASSES: Approved safety modifying glasses (bearing the Z87 label on the frames) shall be worn by personnel on the project site At All Times. Clear lens safety glasses are required when working inside buildings. Eyeglass cords on safety glasses are prohibited. Remember, additional eye and face protection such as mono goggles and face shields are required for such operations as grinding, jack hammering, utilizing compressed air, handling of chemicals, acid and caustic materials. Burning goggles for cutting, burning or brazing, and welding hoods for welding are required.

• RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Respiratory protection is required when engineering controls are not feasible or when they do not provide adequate protection. Examples of work that may require engineering controls or respiratory protection are:

o Cutting masonry o Grinding concrete o Cutting joints


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o Drywall dust o Sweeping o Demolition o Cutting or grinding any type of aggregate

Note: The first step is to eliminate the hazard, i.e. wet cut, fans, vacuums, and/or sweeping compound.


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Equipment Safety Program

Introduction These rules apply to all types of earth or material moving equipment such as, but not limited to, forklifts, loaders, tractors, back hoes, bulldozers and scrapers on Ajax jobsites. Seatbelts Seatbelts shall be installed and worn by the operator at all times on any piece of equipment operating on the jobsite. Brakes All equipment shall have a braking system capable of stopping and holding the equipment while fully loaded. Audible Alarms All bi-directional equipment must have a horn and reverse signal alarm that is distinguishable from the surrounding noise level. The horn and reverse signal alarm must be maintained in operative condition. Roll Over Protection All equipment, if so designed by the manufacture, must be equipped with the appropriate roll over protective structure. Inspections All heavy equipment shall be inspected prior to each work shift. The following checklist is a sample. Please check the Ajax Forms drive for the most up to date Equipment Checklist that pertains to the piece of equipment you are using at your project. That form should completed and filed within the project files for future reference. Any issues that arise with the equipment should be directed to the Resource Manager.


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AJAX HEAVY EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST

DATE: LOCATION: EQUIPMENT: HOURS:

_______ Battery _______ Running Lights

_______ Body _______ Mirrors

_______ Brakes _______ Muffler _______ Clutch _______ Oil _______ Drive Line _______ Radiator Water

_______ Engine _______ Rear End

_______ Front Axle _______ Hydraulic Oil Level

_______ Fuel Tank _______ Starter

_______ Transmission _______ Wheels

_______ Power Steering _______ Grease All Fittings (Daily)

_______Check Tires Back up Alarm

REMARKS: EQUIPMENT SAFE FOR OPERATION. DRIVER / OPERATOR:

(Signature) EQUIPMENT MANAGER:

(Signature)


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Operator Training Prior to an employee operating heavy equipment, the employee shall be required to attend and successfully complete a safety-training course. Training shall include but not be limited to:

• Operating instructions, warnings, and precautions for the type of truck being operated • Truck controls and instrumentation • Steering and maneuvering • Visibility • Vehicle capacity • Vehicle stability • Inspection and maintenance requirements • Refueling requirements • Operating limitations • Surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated • Load manipulation • Pedestrian traffic

Basic Safety Rules Heavy Equipment Safety

• No passengers are permitted on heavy equipment. • Keep windows and windshield clean. • Do not use heavy equipment if its horn or backup alarm does not sound. • Turn off the engine before leaving heavy equipment unattended. • Do not jump off of or onto any heavy equipment. • Keep heavy equipment in gear when going down grade. Do not use neutral. • Display the “Slow Moving Vehicle” sign when operating heavy equipment on roads. • Do not operate backhoes, power shovels and other heavy equipment within two (2) feet

from the edge of an excavation. • Lifting personnel with any type of equipment is prohibited.

Backhoe and Shovel Operations

• Do not use a bucket or other attachments for a staging or temporary platform for workers.


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• Do not operate backhoe over or across underground utilities that are marked by paint, flagged, or staked.

• Set swing brake of the bucket arm when moving the vehicle to and from the digging site. • Stay in the compartment during operation of the backhoe or power shovel. Do not reach

in or attempt to operate controls from outside the backhoe or power shovel. Refueling Equipment

• All fuel powered tools and equipment shall be stopped while being refueled, serviced or maintained, and fuel shall be transported, handled and stored in accordance with OSHA regulations.

• NEVER SMOKE during refueling operations.


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Scaffolding Safety Program

Introduction An estimated 2.3 million construction workers or 65 percent of the construction industry work on scaffolds frequently. Bureau of Labor and Statistics studies show that 25 percent of workers injured in scaffold accidents had received no scaffold safety training and 77 percent of scaffolds were not equipped with guardrails. OSHA estimates that informed employers and workers, in compliance with correct safety standards, can save as many as 50 lives and prevent 4,500 accidents every year and that American employers can save up to $90 million in workdays not lost. A scaffold is defined as any elevated, temporary work platform. This section will cover two basic types: Supported Scaffolds – Consist of one or more platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, outriggers, etc. Mechanical Scaffolds – Man lifts, scissor lifts, and other personnel hoists. Common Hazards The common hazards associated with all scaffolds are:

• Falls from elevation due to lack of fall protection • Collapse of the scaffold caused by instability or overloading • Being struck by falling tools, work materials, or debris • Electrocution principally due to the proximity of the scaffold to overhead power lines

Base Section It is impossible for a stable structure to be built upon a foundation that does not start out firm and level. The following standards and regulations must be followed to assure a stable scaffold base:

• Footings must be able to support the loaded scaffold without settling or displacing. Grading and / or compacting soil may be necessary.


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• Unstable objects such as concrete blocks, bricks, wood with excessive knots or splits, etc., shall not be used to support scaffolds

• Forklifts, loaders, or other equipment shall not be used to support scaffolds • Base plates or screw jacks must be used on all scaffolds • Mud sills shall be used on any surface unable to support loaded scaffold without settling

or displacing • Scaffold foundations shall be inspected prior to personnel working on scaffolds and after

any rain or other event that may have undermined the scaffold support structure Support Structure To control the risk of the scaffold falling or collapsing, scaffold shall be built in accordance with the following standards relating to strength and structural integrity: Plumb

• Supported scaffold frames, poles, uprights, etc. must be plumb, level, square, and braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

• A level shall be used frequently during assembly to guarantee structural components remain in line.

Capacity

• Scaffolds and scaffold components must be able to support, without failure, their own weight and at least four times the maximum intended load.

• Scaffold shall be altered only under the direct supervision and direction of a competent person.

Bracing

• Frames must be connected by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, alone or in combination, which secure the members together laterally.

• All brace connections shall be secured to prevent dislodging. • All frames must be braced on both sides of the scaffold.

Pinning

• Frames must be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins. • Frames must be locked together to prevent uplift. Uplift can occur in high winds or when

personnel climb end frames, overload the platform, or strike the scaffold with material or equipment.


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Components

• Scaffold components by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed. • All scaffold components shall be inspected for defects prior to use. Any components

found to have defects will be immediately with drawn from service. Access Workers are most vulnerable to fall hazards when climbing on or off a scaffold. Safe access must be provided to all working levels of the scaffold. Erectors and dismantlers face additional access problems due to the incomplete condition of the scaffold. Requirements to prevent falls that apply to only these workers are addressed in this section. General

• Climbing frames or cross bracing is strictly prohibited. • Safe access must be provided to all working levels of a scaffold.

Ladders

• Portable and attachable ladders must be positioned so as not to tip the scaffold. • Ladders must be secured to prevent displacement. • Rest platforms must be provided at a maximum of 35 feet intervals. • Ladders used for scaffold access shall meet all requirements as stated in the stairs and

ladders section. Stair Towers

• Stair towers must have a stair rail consisting of a top and mid rail on each side of the stairway.

• The top rail shall be capable of serving as a handrail unless a separate handrail is provided.

• A landing platform at least 18” x 18” must be provided at each level. Direct Access

• Direct access to or from another surface through a window or door opening is prohibited. Erectors and Dismantlers

• Safe access must be provided to employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds where it is feasible and does not create a greater hazard.


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• Ladders or other safe means of access shall be installed as soon as scaffold erection has progressed to the point that permits safe installation and use.

• When erecting and dismantling tubular, welded frame scaffolds, frames may be used as climbing devices for access provided that:

o Horizontal members are parallel, level and are not more than 22 inches apart vertically

o They are erected in a manner that creates a usable ladder and provides a good handhold and foot space

• Cross braces on tubular, welded frame scaffolds shall not be used as a means of access or egress.

• The competent person is responsible for determining the need and feasibility of installing and using safe means of access during erection or dismantling.

Fall Protection The number one scaffold hazard is worker falls. Fall protection must be provided on any scaffold six feet or more above a lower level. The primary means for fall protection is a guardrail system. The following are requirements for guardrail systems on scaffolds:

• Guardrail systems must be installed along all open sides and ends of work platforms and be in place before the scaffold is released for use by employees.

• Guardrail systems consist of a top rail, mid rail, and toe board • The top rail of a guard rail system shall:

o Be able to withstand a force of at least 200lbs applied in a downward or outward direction.

o Be installed between 36 and 45 inches above the working surface. If conditions warrant, the top rail height may exceed 45 inches.

• The mid rail of a guard rail system shall: o Be able to withstand a force of at least 150lbs applied in a downward or outward

direction. o Be installed midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the work

platform. • Toe boards are used for falling object protection. They shall:

o Be able to withstand a force of at least 50lbs applied in a downward or outward direction.

o Be at least 3-1/2 inches tall from the top edge to the working surface. o Be securely fastened in place.

• Guardrails must be surfaced to prevent punctures or lacerations to employees and to prevent snagging clothing.

• In lieu of guard rails, cross bracing may be used as a top rail OR mid rail if the crossing point is:


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o Between 20 and 30 inches above the work platform for a mid rail. o Between 38 and 48 inches for a top rail. o And if the end points at each upright are no more than 48” apart.

Platform The platform is the work area of the scaffold. An inspection of the scaffold platform requires safety checks of both the platform structure and how workers use the platform. Planking

• Each platform must be fully planked or decked between the front uprights and the guardrail system.

• No gaps greater than 1 inch are permitted between planks or between the platform and the uprights.

• Wood planking cannot be covered with opaque finishes. • Excess material, debris, and tools shall be removed from work platforms to prevent

accumulation and slip, trip, or fall hazards. • When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed

until the new frames have been installed and braced. Working distance

• The front edge of all platforms shall not be more than 14 inches from the face of the work.

• The maximum distance from the face for outriggers shall be 3 inches • For plastering or lathing operations, the maximum distance shall be 18 inches from the

face. Overlap

• To prevent slippage, the ends of platforms must be cleated or otherwise restrained at each end or else overlap the centerline of the support at least 6 inches.

• Each end of a platform shall not extend more than 12 inches over its support unless guardrails to block employee access have been installed.

• On scaffolds where platforms overlap to create a long platform, the overlap may only occur over supports and be no less than 12 inches.

• When scaffold platforms change direction such as turning a corner, platforms that rest on a support at an angle other than a right angle shall be laid first.


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Brackets When brackets are use to support cantilevered platforms, the brackets must be:

• Seated at 90 degrees to the frames. • Used only to support personnel.

Capacity Scaffold platforms must be able to support their own weight plus four times the maximum intended load.

• Do not load the scaffold or any component parts beyond the maximum capacity. A

scaffold can be overloaded by: o Too may people on the platform. o Too much material stored on the platform. o Point loading or concentrating too much of the load in one spot.

To prevent point loading immediately distribute loads placed on the scaffolding.

Falling Object Protection There are two kinds of falling object hazards associated with scaffolds. The first one concerns employees on the scaffold itself. The other concerns employees who may work in or enter the area below the scaffold.

• Each employee on a scaffold must be protected from falling tools, debris, and other small objects by:

o Hardhats and toeboards or o Screens, nets, and canopy structures

• To prevent tools, materials, or equipment from falling off a scaffold onto employees

below: o Toeboards must be installed. o If tools, materials, or equipment are piled higher than the top edge of the

toeboard, they shall be prevented from falling by paneling or screening. Otherwise, barricade the area below the scaffold in which it could fall to prevent employees from entering.


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Toeboards used for falling object protection must be:

• Able to withstand a force of at least 50 pounds • At least 3 ½ inches high from the top edge to the walking/working surface • Securely fastened in place

Keeping Upright When a scaffold reaches a height that is more than 4 times its base dimension, it must be restrained with guys, ties, or braces to prevent it from tipping. Electrical Hazards Overhead Power Lines Scaffolds must not be close enough to overhead power lines that they or any conductive materials (e.g. building materials, paint roller extensions) that may be handled on them come closer than 10 feet to the power line Scaffolds may be closer to overhead power lines than specified if such proximity is necessary for the type of work being done and if the power company has been notified and has either:

• De-energized the lines • Relocated the lines • Installed protective covers

Competent Person A competent person is one who has the knowledge to recognize hazards and has the authority to take immediate corrective action. A competent person is critical to scaffold safety for the purposes of design, erection/dismantling, and maintenance of scaffolds and training employees.

• Scaffolds are to be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the direct supervision of a competent person.

• The competent person shall inspect scaffolds prior to each work shift and after any occurrence that may affect a scaffold’s integrity such as severe weather or being struck by a piece of equipment.


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Training The project superintendent is responsible for training all employees engaged in erection, dismantling, moving, and alteration of scaffolds in hazards associated with those activities and the correct procedures for those activities. Any employee performing work while on a scaffold must be trained in the hazards associated with scaffolds, correct procedures for dealing with those hazards, and the proper use of scaffolds. Mechanical Scaffolds / Aerial Lifts Vehicle mounted aerial devices used to elevate employees, such as, extendable boom platforms, articulating boom platforms and scissor lifts are considered mechanical scaffolds / aerial lifts. Some specific requirements for mechanical scaffolds are:

• Only trained and authorized personnel can operate mechanical scaffolds. • The manufacturer must certify any modifications. • Lifts must be inspected and all controls tested daily. • Controls must be clearly marked. • Brakes must be set and outriggers used. • Employees must stand on the basket floor at all times. • Employees must wear a personal fall arrest system with lanyard attached to the boom or

basket. Basic Safety Rules GENERAL RULES

• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions when erecting the scaffold.

• Do not work on scaffolds outside during stormy or windy weather.

• Do not climb on scaffolds that wobble or lean to one side.

• Initially inspect scaffold prior to mounting. Do not use a scaffold if any pulley, block, hook or fitting is visibly worn, cracked, rusted or otherwise damaged. Do not use a scaffold if any rope is frayed, torn or visibly damaged.

• Do not use any scaffold tagged “Out of Service”.

• Do not use boxes, concrete blocks, bricks or other objects to increase working height on scaffolds

• Scaffolds must not be moved with employees on them


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• Do not use unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick or concrete blocks to support scaffolds or planks.

• Do not work on platforms or scaffolds unless they are fully planked.

• Do not use a scaffold unless guardrails and all flooring are in place.

• Level the scaffold after each move. Do not extend adjusting leg screws more than twelve (12) inches.

• Do not walk or work beneath a scaffold unless a wire mesh has been installed between the mid-rail and the toe board or planking.

• Do not climb the cross braces for access to the scaffold. Use a ladder.

• Do not jump from, to, or between scaffolding.

• Do not slide down cables, ropes or guys used for bracing.

• Keep both feet on the decking. Do not sit or climb on the guardrails.

• Do not lean out form the scaffold. Do not rock the scaffold.

• Keep the scaffold free of scraps, loose tools, tangled lines and other obstructions.

• Do not throw anything “overboard” unless a spotter is available. Use debris chutes or lower things by hoist or by hand.

• Inspect assembly daily. SCAFFOLDING ERECTION

• The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement.

• Any scaffold including accessories such as braces, brackets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc., damaged or weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired or replaced.

• All planking of platforms shall be overlapped (minimum 12 inches) or secured from movement.

• Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than six (6) inches nor more than twelve (12) inches.

• The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall be plumb and securely and rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

• Scaffolding should be equipped with proper railings when over six (6) feet above ground.


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SCAFFOLDING TUBULAR WELDED-FRAME

• Scaffolds shall be properly braced by cross bracing or diagonal braces or both for securing vertical members together laterally, and the cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, square and rigid. All brace connections shall be made secure.

• Scaffold legs shall be set on adjustable bases or plain bases placed on mudsills or other foundations adequate to support the maximum rated load.

• To prevent movement, the scaffold shall be secured to the building or structure at intervals not to exceed thirty (30) feet horizontally and twenty-six (26) feet vertically.


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Hand And Power Tool Program

Hazard Recognition Tools are such a common part of our lives that it is difficult to remember that they may pose hazards. All tools are manufactured with safety in mind, but tragically a serious accident often occurs before steps are taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards. In the process of removing or avoiding the hazards, workers must learn to recognize the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the safety precautions necessary to prevent those hazards. Hand Tools Hand tools are non-powered. They include anything from axes to wrenches. The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance. Some examples:

• Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly hitting the user or other employees.

• If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker.

• Because it might slip a wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung. • Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed

heads. The heads might shatter on impact sending sharp fragments flying. The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees but the employees have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining tools. Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be directed away from aisle areas and other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones. Appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc.,) should be worn due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools. Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools.


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Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood, will provide for safety. Power Tool Precautions Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used. There are several types of power tools, based on the power source they use: electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated. Employees should be trained in the use of all tools, not just power tools. They should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent those hazards from occurring. The following general precautions shall be observed by power tool users:

• Never carry a tool by the cord or hose. • Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle. • Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges. • Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories such

as blades, bits and cutters. • All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area. • Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool. • Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button while

carrying a plugged-in tool. • Tools should be maintained with care. They should be kept sharp and clean for the best

performance. Follow instructions in the user's manual for lubricating and changing accessories.

• Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance. • The proper apparel should be worn. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in

moving parts. • All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged "Do

Not Use." Guards Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded. For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees.


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Guards, as necessary, should be provided to protect the operator and others from the following:

• Point of operation • In-running nip points • Rotating parts • Flying chips and sparks

Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used. For example, portable circular saws must be equipped with guards. An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw. A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes contact with the work material. The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the work. Safety Switches The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact "on-off" control switch: drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with wheels larger than 2 inches in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other similar tools. These tools also may be equipped with a lock-on control provided that turnoff can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers that turn it on. The following hand-held powered tools may be equipped with only a positive "on-off" control switch: platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less in diameter, grinders with wheels 2 inches or less in diameter; routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, scroll saws and jigsaws with blade shanks <-inch wide or less. Other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2 inches, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released. Electric Tools Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers. The most serious is the possibility of electrocution. Among the chief hazards of electric-powered tools are burns and slight shocks which can lead to injuries or even heart failure. Under certain conditions, even a small amount of current can result in fibrillation of the heart and eventual death. A shock can also cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface. To protect the user from shock, tools must either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, be double insulated, or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer. Three-wire


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cords contain two current-carrying conductors and a grounding conductor. One end of the grounding conductor connects to the tool's metal housing. The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug. Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground. The third prong should never be removed from the plug. Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in two ways: by normal insulation on the wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction. These general practices should be followed when using electric tools:

• Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations. • Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools. • When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place. • Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations. • Work areas should be well lighted.

Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments. Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and sound- or ring tested to be sure that it is free from cracks or defects. To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light non-metallic instrument. If they sound cracked or dead, they could fly apart in operation and so must not be used. A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or "ring." To prevent the wheel from cracking, the user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle. The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel specifications. Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating (exploding) during start-up, the employee should never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed. Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface, but also from flying fragments in case of breakage. In addition, when using a powered grinder:

• Always use eye protection. • Turn off the power when not in use. • Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.


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Pneumatic Tools Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders. There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools. The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool. Eye and face protection is required for employees working with pneumatic tools. Noise is another hazard. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of hearing protection. When using pneumatic tools, employees must check to see that they are fastened securely to the hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safeguard. A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments such as chisels on a chipping hammer from being unintentionally shot from the barrel. Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills. Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Users should never "dead-end" it against themselves or anyone else. Powder-Actuated Tools Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated with the same respect and precautions. In fact, they are so dangerous that they must be operated only by specially trained employees. Safety precautions to remember include the following:

• These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere. • Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all

moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions. • The tool should never be pointed at anybody. • The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded tool should

not be left unattended especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons. • Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end. To prevent the tool from firing accidentally,

two separate motions are required for firing: one to bring the tool into position, and another to pull the trigger. The tools must not be able to operate until they are pressed against the work surface with a force of at least 5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool.


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If a powder-actuated tool misfires, the employee should wait at least 30 seconds then try firing it again. If it still will not fire, the user should wait another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge is less likely to explode then carefully remove the load. The bad cartridge should be put in water. Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder-actuated tool. The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicularly on the barrel to confine any flying fragments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard when the tool is fired. All powder-actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so that the user can select a powder level necessary to do the work without excessive force. If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of service immediately until it is properly repaired. Fasteners When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, there are some precautions to consider. Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to the other side. The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3 inches to an edge or corner. In steel, the fastener must not come any closer than one-half inch from a corner or edge. Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials that might chip or splatter or make the fastener ricochet. An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole. A fastener must not be driven into a spalled area caused by an unsatisfactory fastening. Hydraulic Power Tools The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid and must retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed. The manufacturer's recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and other fittings must not be exceeded. Jacks All jacks (lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks) must have a device that stops them from jacking up too high. The manufacturer's load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not be exceeded. A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked up.


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Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure. If the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage. To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

• The base rests on a firm level surface • The jack is correctly centered • The jack head bears against a level surface • The lift force is applied evenly

Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be inspected before each use and lubricated regularly. If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has not been damaged. Hydraulic jacks exposed to freezing temperatures must be filled with an adequate antifreeze liquid. General Safety Precautions Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the hazards of falling, flying, abrasive and splashing objects, or exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases, must be provided with the particular personal equipment necessary to protect them from the hazard. All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules:

• Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance. • Use the right tool for the job. • Examine each tool for damage before use. • Operate according to the manufacturer's instructions. • Provide and use the proper protective equipment.

Employees and employers have a responsibility to work together to establish safe working procedures. If a hazardous situation is encountered, it should be brought to the attention of the proper individual immediately.


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Basic Safety Rules A) ELECTRICALLY POWERED TOOLS

• All power tools shall be either approved double insulated or grounded in accordance with OSHA regulations.

• Do not use power equipment or tools on which you have not been trained. • Keep power cords away from path of power saws. • Do not use cords that have exposed wires or cracked or frayed ends. • Do not carry plugged in equipment or tools with your finger on the switch. • Do not carry equipment or tools by the cord. • Turn the tool off before plugging or unplugging it. • Do not leave tools that are AOn@ unattended. • Do not handle or operate electrical tools when your hands are wet or when you are

standing on wet floors or wet ground. • Do not use extension cords or other grounded, three-pronged power cords that have the

ground plug removed or broken off. • Do not use an adapter that eliminates the ground such as a cheaper plug. • Do not drive over, drag, step on, or place objects on a cord. • All electrical cords are to be of the three-wire type having one wire grounded in

compliance with OSHA requirements. Electrical cords with damaged insulation are to be removed from service. Electrical cords are not to be used in puddles of water, during rain, etc.

• Report to Superintendent any defective tools. B) PNEUMATIC TOOLS / COMPRESSED AIR

• Do not point a charged compressed air hose at bystanders or use it to clean your clothing. • Lock and/or tag tools “Out of Service@ to prevent usage of the tool. • Do not use tools that have handles with burrs or cracks. • Do not use compressors if their belt guards are missing. Replace belt guards before using

the compressor. • Turn the power switch of the tool to off and let it come to a complete stop before leaving

it unattended. • Disconnect the tool from the airline before making any adjustments or repairs to the tool. • All pneumatically driven nailers, staplers, and other similar equipment provided with

automatic fastener feed shall have a safety device on the muzzle to prevent he tool form ejecting fasteners unless the muzzle is in contact with the work surface.


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• The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for hoses, pipes, valves, filters and other fittings shall not be exceeded.

• Report to superintendent any defective tools. C) GENERAL POWER SAW SAFETY

• Wear the prescribed personal protective equipment such as goggles, gloves, dust masks and hearing protection when operating the power saw.

• Do not use a power saw that has cracked, broken or loose guards or other visible damage. • Turn off the saw before making measurements, adjustments or repairs. • Keep your hands away from the exposed blade. • Operate the saw at full cutting speed with a sharp blade to prevent kickbacks. • If the saw becomes jammed, turn the power switch of the saw to AOFF@ before pulling

out the incomplete cut. • Do not alter the anti-kickback device or blade guard. • When using the power saw, do not reach across the cutting operation. • When using the power saw, do not hold the work piece against your body when making

the cut. • Keep control of saws by releasing downward pressure at the end of the stroke. • Do not use a saw that has dull saw blades. • Keep hands and fingers away from the saw blade while you are using the saw. • Do not carry a saw by the blade. • When using a handsaw, hold the work piece firmly against the worktable.

D) POWER ACTUATED TOOLS

• All tools shall be used with the correct shield, guard, or attachment recommended by the manufacturer.

• Operators shall be authorized (with current card on file) to operate tools.


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Hand Tool Safety A) GENERAL HAND TOOL SAFETY

• Use tied-off containers to keep tools from falling off of scaffolding and other elevated work platforms.

• Keep the blade of all cutting tools sharp. • Carry all sharp tools in a sheath or holster. • Tag worn, damaged or defective tools “Out of Service@ and do not use them. • Do not use a tool if its handle has splinters, burrs, cracks or splits, or if the head of the

tool is loose. • Do not perform Amake-shift@ repairs to tools. • Do not use impact tools such as hammers, chisels or steel stakes that have mushroomed

heads. • Do not carry sharp or pointed hand tools such as screwdrivers, scribes, scrapers or chisels

in your pocket unless the tool or pocket is sheathed. • Do not carry tools in your hand when climbing. Carry tools in tool belts or hoist the tools

to the work area with a hand line. • Do not throw tools from one location to another, from one employee to another, from

scaffolds or other elevated platforms. • Transport hand tools only in toolboxes or tool belts. Do not carry tools in your clothing.

B) HAMMERS

• Do not use a hammer if your hands are oily, greasy or wet. • Do not strike nails or other objects with the cheek of the hammer. • Do not strike one hammer against another hammer. • Use correct size hammer for the job. • Do not use a hammer that is cracked or has a loose or makeshift handle.

C) PLIERS

• Do not attempt to force pliers by using a hammer on them. • Do not use pliers that are cracked, broken or sprung.

D) KNIVES / SHARP OBJECTS

• Use knives for the operation for which they are made. • Do not use knives with broken or loose handles. • Do not use knives as screwdrivers or pry bars.


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• When handling knife blades and other cutting tools, direct sharp points and edges away from you.

• Cut in a direction away from your body when using knives. • Do not use honing steels that do not have disc guards.

E) SCREWDRIVERS

• Do not use a screwdriver if your hands are oily, greasy or wet. • Always match the size and type of screwdriver blade to fit the head of the screw. • Do not put your fingers near the blade of the screwdriver when tightening a screw. • Do not force a screwdriver by using a hammer or pliers on it. • Do not use a screwdriver as a punch, chisel, pry bar or nail puller.

F) WRENCHES

• Do not use wrenches that are bent, cracked, badly chipped or that have loose or broken

handles. • Do not slip a pipe over a single head wrench handle for increased leverage. • Do not use a shim to make a wrench fit. • Size the adjustable wrench to fit the nut before turning. • Do not use a wrench with broken or battered points. • Discard any wrench with spread, nicked or battered jaws, or if the handle is bent. • Use box or socket wrenches on hexagon nuts and bolts as a first choice and open-ended

wrenches as a second choice.

G) SNIPS

• Wear safety glasses or safety goggles when using snips to cut materials. • Wear work gloves when cutting materials with snips. • Keep the blade aligned by tightening the nut and bolt on the snips. • Do not use snips as a hammer or pry bar.

H) CHISELS

• Keep the cutting edge of the chisel sharp. • Do not use chisels with damaged striking ferrules. • Hold a chisel with a tool holder if possible.


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I) TOOL BOXES / CHESTS / CABINETS

• Do not use a toolbox or chest as a workbench. • Use the handle when opening and closing a drawer or door. • Do not open more than one drawer of a toolbox at a time. • Do not stand on toolboxes, chests, or cabinets to gain extra height. • Close and lock all drawers and doors before moving the tool chest to a new location. • Do not move a toolbox, chest or cabinet if it has loose tools or parts on top. • Push large chests, cabinets and toolboxes; do not pull them. • Lock the wheels on large toolboxes, chests or cabinets to prevent them from rolling.


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Concrete Construction Program

Introduction The term “concrete construction” includes a wide range of activities and structures from sidewalks and slab on grade to elevated slabs, beams, columns, and precast structures. No attempt is made in this chapter to cover all safety problems to be solved for every conceivable type and size of concrete project. Instead, this chapter is intended to make workers aware of the general safety requirements for concrete construction. Precautions when Handling Cement and Concrete

• Wear long pants and other appropriate clothing to prevent getting cement or fresh concrete on your skin.

• Wear rubber gloves to protect your hands. • Wear proper eye and face protection and respirators when handling bulk cement. • Wear rubber boots when working in wet cement; do not allow concrete inside the boots. • When concrete comes into contact with the skin, wash it off immediately with clean

potable water to prevent skin irritation. • If dust or fresh concrete gets into someone’s eyes, flush the eyes with clean potable water

thoroughly. If irritation persists or damage exist; seek medical help immediately. Formwork Proper form lumber and supports should be selected after full consideration of load factors, spans between supports, support lengths, setting temperature, rate of casting, rate of strength gain, all temporary loads to be supported during placing, compacting, finishing, curing, and any other construction loads to be supported before, during, and after forms are stripped. Housekeeping

• Keep all areas on and around forms free of debris and construction materials at all times. • Strip forms methodically and thoroughly. Remove all hardware, nails, screws, etc. as

stripping progresses and dispose of properly. • Remove dismantled form members from the work area as soon as possible.


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Fall Protection

• All employees working at heights greater than six (6) feet must wear fall protection equipment or otherwise be prevented from falling by guardrails or other pre-approved methods.

Form Shoring

• Inspect shoring equipment before erection. • Materials and equipment must meet the requirements in the specifications and on the

formwork drawings. • Damage shoring shall be repaired or discarded immediately. • Erected shoring equipment shall be inspected prior to, during, and immediately following

the placing of concrete. • Shoring equipment found to be damaged or weakened after erection shall be properly

reinforced or replaced. Form Stripping and Shoring Removal

• Only workers engaged in form stripping or shoring removal shall be allowed in the area during removal.

• Hard hats, gloves, safety glasses, and work boots shall be worn. Timing

• Job specifications and local building code requirements should be followed before removing forms and shoring.

• Do not remove forms until the specified concrete strength has been reached. • Concrete test cylinders are used to determine when the concrete has reached the strength

specified for stripping forms. • Reshoring may be required after form removal.

Form Ties

• Wear eye and face protection when cutting form ties after concrete has been cast. • Stand clear of the projected trajectory or backlash of the ties as you cut.


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Cranes and Buckets

• Concrete buckets positioned by a crane should be suspended from deep-throated hooks equipped with a swivel and safety latch.

• Inspect buckets frequently for damage. • Do not allow buckets to pass over the heads of workers. • Riding concrete buckets is prohibited at all times, under any circumstances.

Mixers

• Gears, chains, and rollers of mixers shall be guarded. • Never remove guards while the mixer is in use. • Inspect guards frequently and keep them in good condition.

Ready Mix Trucks

• Drivers are under the orders of the crew supervisor and are not permitted to enter the area until signaled to do so.

• A signaler shall be stationed on the driver’s side, to the rear of the truck, in full view of the driver to aid in backing.

• Drivers shall follow the signaler’s direction at all times. • Trucks must be stopped far enough from an excavation to avoid a cave-in. They shall

never be closer than two feet from the edge. • Never move the truck with the chute unattended, unless the chute is closed. • Keep fingers out of the chute hinge area.

Precast Concrete

• Precast concrete, columns, beams, floor slabs, wall panels, etc. must be properly supported at all times.

• Erection of precast units on crowded job sites requires special attention and pre-planning. • The designer of the structure should develop an erection plan including the design of any

needed bracing. • Special attention must be paid to fall protection during erection of precast units. • Lifting inserts attached to precast concrete members, other than tilt walls, shall be able to

support at least 4 times the maximum intended load. • No one is permitted under precast concrete members that are being lifted into position.


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Concrete Pumping

• Inspect the pump prior to each use. • Make sure all safety devices including safety labels, signs, and guards are in place. If they

are missing, replace them prior to starting. • The pump shall be set on solid ground, concrete, or asphalt. • Make sure all outriggers are fully deployed and properly supported. • When attaching the hose to the boom, make sure all clamps are closed tightly and the

safety pins are inserted to prevent the clamps from opening. • Make sure the pump truck is level and kept a safe distance from all high-powered

electrical sources such as overhead power lines. (See electrical section for safe working distances.) If the clearances from power lines cannot be met, the line must be de-energized or moved.

• Only qualified concrete pump operators may operate pumping equipment. • The placing crew must wear the proper clothes and protective equipment for their job. • Employees must watch boom movement when working in elevated positions so as not to

be struck by the boom or hose. • Never place your body between the boom and a stationary object. • Never work directly beneath the boom. If the boom, hose, or clamp falls you may be hit

by falling concrete or parts. • Do not kink the hose. Pump pressure may cause it to straighten forcefully knocking you,

or some one else off the deck or wall.


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Material Handling and Storage Program

Introduction Handling and storing materials involves diverse operations such as hoisting tons of steel with a crane; driving a truck loaded with concrete blocks; carrying bags or materials manually; and stacking palletized bricks or other materials such as drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber. The efficient handling and storing of materials are vital to industry. In addition to raw materials, these operations provide a continuous flow of parts and assemblies through the workplace and ensure that materials are available when needed. Unfortunately, the improper handling and storing of materials often results in costly injuries. Workers can be injured by falling objects, improperly stacked materials, or by various types of equipment. When manually moving materials, workers should be aware of the following types of injuries:

• Strains and sprains from lifting loads improperly or from carrying loads that are either too large or too heavy.

• Fractures and bruises caused by being struck by materials or by being caught in pinch points.

• Cuts and bruises caused by falling materials that have been improperly stored or by incorrectly cutting ties or other securing devices.

Methods of Prevention General safety principles can reduce workplace accidents. These include safe work practices, ergonomic principles, and training. When moving or storing materials manually or mechanically, employees shall abide by the following:

• When manually moving materials, employees should seek help when a load is so bulky

or heavy that it cannot be properly grasped or lifted or when they cannot see over or around it.

• When placing blocks under a raised load, ensure the load is not lowered until the employee’s hands are clearly removed from under the load.

• Handles shall be used or attached to loads to reduce the chances of getting fingers pinched or smashed.

• Wear gloves when handling loads with sharp or rough edges. • Do not overload mechanical equipment, (refer to the owners manual for load capacities.)


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• Storage areas shall be kept clean and free of accumulated materials that may cause tripping, fires, or explosions.

• Material stacks must be stable and self supporting or braced to prevent collapse. • Lumber must have all nails removed prior to stacking. • Stack bagged material in interlocking rows. • Drums must be stacked symmetrically. The bottom tiers must be blocked if stored on

their sides. When stacked on ends plywood or other dunnage must be used to provide a firm flat stacking surface.

• Do not store material within 6 feet of any hoist way or floor opening within 10 feet of an exterior wall which does not extend above the material.

• Do not store noncompatible materials in the same area (i.e. flammable liquids and oxidizers).

Ergonomic Safety and Health Principles Ergonomics is the study of work based on the principle that the job should be adapted to fit the person rather than forcing the person to fit the job. Ergonomics includes restructuring or changing workplace conditions, to make the job easier and reducing stressors that cause musculoskeletal disorders. In the area of materials handling and storing, ergonomic principles may require controls such as reducing the size or weight of the objects lifted, using a mechanical lifting aid, or changing the height of stacked material. The following safety rules shall be followed when manually moving a load:

• Chose the flattest, straightest, and clearest route. • Move objects that you might trip over prior to lifting the load. • Look for areas where you can stop and rest. • Make sure the unloading area is clear. • Check the material to make sure:

o The weight is stable and evenly distributed. o There’s nothing sharp sticking out. o It is light enough for one person to carry. If not get help.

• Warm up / stretch before lifting. • Break large loads into smaller ones. • Wear safety shoes. • Tuck in loose clothing that might get in the way. • Try to load and unload at waist height. • Push objects, don’t pull.


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Proper Material Lifting Method

• Grip the load firmly. • Bring the load close to your body for more strength and less strain. • Your arms and elbows should be tucked in and your weight centered. • Let your legs do the work. • Lift your head and shoulders first. • Push up slowly with your legs. • Make sure you can see where you are going. • Move slowly and in small steps. • Do not twist or move suddenly in an awkward direction. • Face the unloading point and lower your body slowly bending your knees. • Keep your fingers from the bottom of the load.

Lift and lower loads with your legs, stomach, and buttocks muscles. Not with your Back!

Rigging Equipment for Material Handling

When using slings for material handling, there are four primary factors for safely lifting loads:

• The size, weight, and center of gravity for a load. • The number of legs and the angle the sling makes with the horizontal line. • The rated capacity of the sling. • The history of the care and usage of the sling.

Basic Sling Use and Maintenance Rigging equipment for material handling shall be:

• Inspected prior to each use. Defective equipment must be removed from service. • Loaded only within its recommended safe working load capacity.

Basic safe lifting techniques include:

• Keep all personnel clear while the load is being lifted, moved, or lowered. Never work under a suspended load or allow anyone else to do so.

• Ensure the load is not bolted, strapped, clamped, or otherwise attached to the floor, truck bed, or other object.

• Do not shock load slings: take up slack slowly.


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• Check the tension on the sling, the balance, and for a clear path of travel. • Do not shorten slings with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices. • Do not kink sling legs. • Do not load slings beyond their rated capacity. • Keep suspended loads clear of all obstructions. • Never raise a load more than necessary. • Never leave a load suspended in the air. • Only one person may control the lift or give signals to the operator. • Protect slings from sharp edges by padding.

Upon completion of a lift, clean the sling, check it for damage, and store it in a clean dry place. Alloy Steel Chains Chains are commonly used because of their strength and ability to adapt to the shape of the load. Care should be taken, however when using alloy steel chains because they are subject to damage by sudden shocks. Misuse of chain slings could damage the sling resulting in sling failure and possible injury to employees. When inspecting alloy steel chain slings, pay special attention to any:

• Stretching • Wear • Nicks and gouges

Wire Rope A second type of sling is wire rope. Wire rope is composed of individual wires that have been twisted to form strands. The strands are then twisted to form a wire rope. Important characteristics for wire rope selection:

• Strength – A function of the rope’s size, grade, and construction. • Fatigue – Wire rope must have the ability to withstand repeated bending without failure. • Abrasive Wear – The ability of a wire rope to withstand abrasion is determined by the

size, number of wires, and construction of the rope. • Abuse – Misuse of wire rope will cause the rope to become unsafe. Structural damage

such as kinking or bird caging will result.


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Basic Safety Rules for Wire Ropes:

• Protruding ends must be covered or blunted. • Wire ropes shall not be secured by knots. • Safe working loads shall be determined using charts and manufacturer supplied ratings. • Eyes in slings shall not be formed with wire rope clips. • Slings shall not be shortened by the use of knots. • Slings shall not have their legs kinked. • Do not place hands or fingers between the sling and its load.

Features that indicate that wire rope should be discarded include:

• Severe corrosion • Localized wear on the outside • Bird caging • Excessive broken wires • A 1/3 reduction in the outer wire diameter • Damage or displacement of fittings

Synthetic Web Slings Synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes. The most commonly used web slings are made of nylon, Dacron, and polyester. They have the following properties in common:

• Strength – Can handle very heavy loads • Convenience – Can conform to any shape • Safety – Will adjust to the load contour and hold it tight • Load protection – Will not mar, deface, or scratch surfaces • Economy – Low cost plus long service life • Shock absorbency – Can absorb heavy shocks

Each synthetic web sling shall be marked with:

• The name of the manufacturer • Rated capacities for the type of hitch that is to be used • Type of material


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Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if any of the following conditions exist:

• Acid or caustic burns • Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface • Snags, punctures, tears, and cuts • Broken or worn stitches • Distortion of fittings


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Workers Compensation Reporting Program

Introduction You know how important safety is on the job and how Ajax is working to improve their safety performance by minimizing work related injuries. Unfortunately, the use of safe work practices you have learned through safety training and on the job experience don’t always prevent injury. Think about what would happen if you were ever injured on the job. How would you report your injury? What benefits would you be eligible for? Who would answer your questions? Could you return to your pre-injury job following your recovery? In case you are ever injured on the job, it is important that you understand what to expect from workers compensation in terms of benefits, and what your rights and responsibilities are under the system. Reporting an Injury

• What do I do if I have an injury on the job?

First, the injury needs to be reported immediately to your supervisor. The injury needs to be reported before you see a doctor unless of course it is an emergency situation.

• What happens after I report a claim?

Your supervisor will send you for treatment to an occupational medical physician who specializes in work related injuries. You will be required to take a drug screen as required in our drug free workplace policy.

• After I see a doctor, then what?

Following medical treatment, you will need to return to your project to update your supervisor on your condition including work restrictions, follow up appointments, and any other information. Your supervisor will ask you to describe the events that led to your work related injury so that they can complete the accident investigation form. Once complete this form will be routed to the Safety Director and the Human Resource Director for their review.

• What if an injury cannot be reported on the same day it occurs?

There is no reason why an injury cannot be reported immediately. Reporting your injury without delay could help prevent injury to fellow employees by allowing corrective


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action to be taken. Also, any lag in reporting an injury may make it hard to determine if it is work related and jeopardize your eligibility for workers compensation benefits.

Workers Compensation

• What is workers compensation?

Workers compensation is a program of health care and income protection benefits for individuals injured on the job. Those eligible for workers compensation receive necessary and reasonable medical care, and temporary wage loss benefits. If you’re injured, workers compensation is designed to get you through your recovery period with a minimum loss in wages and maximum assistance in medical care. Most importantly, workers compensation is there as a safety net to get you back to work as soon as possible because Ajax needs you and your skills back on the job.

• How do I know when an injury is covered by workers compensation?

Any injury related to conditions on the job is covered. An injury has to occur at the jobsite, on company property, or when traveling on company business, but not to and from home to your normal place of work. If an injury is related to a personal medical condition, then workers compensation will not cover it. Our insurance claims adjusters determine eligibility for workers compensations claims.

• What wage loss and medical benefits am I eligible for if injured?

Wage replacement benefits are usually two-thirds of your average weekly wage up to a maximum weekly benefit dictated by the state. Reasonable and necessary medical care is provided at no cost to the employee for treatment related to their work related injury. There are no deductibles or co-payments.

Employee Rights and Responsibilities Under Workers Compensations You have been given certain rights under workers compensation which are there to help make your recovery period as smooth as possible for you. Those rights are:

• To receive all reasonable and necessary medical care • To have medical bills paid promptly by the program • To receive a quick decision on eligibility • To receive wage loss benefits promptly • To return to work after recovery if a job is available based on skill and physical ability


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Along with your rights are responsibilities. These are as important as your rights in helping make sure that your benefits and your job are protected if you are injured at work. They are:

• To report all injuries to your supervisor • To assist with the accident investigation • To report changes in your medical status during recovery • To work closely with the person handling your workers compensation claim • To follow your medical program provided by your treating doctor • To return to work in your regular or an alternative job as soon as you are medically able

Returning To Work Following An Injury Returning to work after an injury is the best outcome for the injured employee and Ajax, and must be the common goal. If you are injured we will want you if at all possible, to return to your original job. Because of physical restrictions recommended by your treating doctor however, coming back to work may mean temporary restrictions such as limited hours or light duty work. The majority of injured employees return to their original job once they have recovered from their injury. In a few cases however, employees cannot return to their original job. In these cases we will help the injured employee who is willing to work find a job he or she is willing to do. This may mean coming back to work in another job for which you are qualified or can become qualified for quickly.

Documents

EMPLOYEE SAFETY MANUAL · 2020. 7. 28. · This manual is provided as a set of guidelines to help insure the safety of all personnel on our projects. Every employee must work diligently