EMPIRES AND EMPIRES AND KINGDOMSKINGDOMS

SSWH6 The student will describe the diverse

characteristics of early African societies before 1800.

a. Identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture.

b. Describe the development and decline of the Sudanic kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai); include the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca.

c. Describe the trading networks by examining trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves; include the Swahili trading cities.

d. Analyze the process of religious syncretism as a blending of traditional African beliefs with new ideas from Islam and Christianity.

Approximately 2000 years ago, a massive Approximately 2000 years ago, a massive migration of peoples, which continued for 1500 migration of peoples, which continued for 1500 years, began in Central Africayears, began in Central Africa

This migration is sometimes called the This migration is sometimes called the Bantu Bantu MigrationMigration

It is given this name since it involved the It is given this name since it involved the movement of people whose indigenous language movement of people whose indigenous language belonged to the same language family-the Kongo-belonged to the same language family-the Kongo-Niger language group Niger language group

Within this language group, there is a common Within this language group, there is a common word for human beings: word for human beings: BantuBantu

Result, the Kongo-Niger language group is Result, the Kongo-Niger language group is commonly referred to as the Bantu Language commonly referred to as the Bantu Language Group. Group.

BANTU MIGRATIONSBANTU MIGRATIONS

The The Bantu expansionBantu expansion or or Bantu Bantu migrationmigration was a millennia-long series of was a millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original migrations of speakers of the original BantuBantu language group language group

BantuBantu - a family of languages widely - a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African spoken in the southern half of the African continentcontinent

BantuBantu - of or relating to the African people - of or relating to the African people who speak one of the Bantoid languages who speak one of the Bantoid languages or to their culture; "the Bantu population or to their culture; "the Bantu population of Sierra Leone" of Sierra Leone"

What is the significance of the Bantu What is the significance of the Bantu migrations? How did they impact migrations? How did they impact sub-Saharan Africa? sub-Saharan Africa?

The Bantu migrations were closely related The Bantu migrations were closely related to agriculture and iron-workingto agriculture and iron-workingin a continuous reciprocal processin a continuous reciprocal process

Developing agriculture expanded BantuDeveloping agriculture expanded Bantupopulationspopulations

iron tools and weapons provided the iron tools and weapons provided the means to acquire new landsmeans to acquire new lands

the resulting migrations spread both the resulting migrations spread both technologies through the wholetechnologies through the wholesub-Sahara region sub-Sahara region

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SUDANIC KINGDOMSSUDANIC KINGDOMS

b. Describe the development and decline of the Sudanic kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai); include the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca.

SUNDANIC KINGDOMSSUNDANIC KINGDOMS

KINGS OF GHANAKINGS OF GHANA

Strong rulers who governed without Strong rulers who governed without any lawsany laws

Played active roles in the kingdomPlayed active roles in the kingdom Vast wealthVast wealth Relied on the well trained army of Relied on the well trained army of

thousands of men to maintain their thousands of men to maintain their kingdomkingdom

ECONOMICS/TRADEECONOMICS/TRADE Lived off landLived off land Prospered from possession of both iron & gold Prospered from possession of both iron & gold Skilled blacksmiths- highly valued because of their Skilled blacksmiths- highly valued because of their

ability to turn ore into tools & weapons ability to turn ore into tools & weapons Gold made in the center of an enormous trade empireGold made in the center of an enormous trade empire Muslim merchants brought metal goods, textiles, Muslim merchants brought metal goods, textiles,

horses, and salt to Ghanahorses, and salt to Ghana Used silent tradeUsed silent trade Other exports included ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, Other exports included ivory, ostrich feathers, hides,

and slavesand slaves Most of the trade was by the Berbers – “fleets of the Most of the trade was by the Berbers – “fleets of the

desert”desert” Ghana flourished for several hundred yearsGhana flourished for several hundred years Collapsed during the 1100sCollapsed during the 1100s

MALIMALI Mali, the greatest of West African trading Mali, the greatest of West African trading

societies, established in the mid 13societies, established in the mid 13thth century by century by Sundiata Keita. Sundiata Keita.

Sundiata defeated the Ghanaians and captured Sundiata defeated the Ghanaians and captured their capital in 1240. their capital in 1240.

United the people of Mali and created a strong United the people of Mali and created a strong government. government.

Timbuktu was its most famous trading city Timbuktu was its most famous trading city Built its wealth and power on gold and salt tradeBuilt its wealth and power on gold and salt trade Most were farmers who lived in villages with local Most were farmers who lived in villages with local

rulersrulers

MANSA MUSAMANSA MUSA One of the richest and most powerful kingsOne of the richest and most powerful kings Ruled from 1312-1337Ruled from 1312-1337 Mansa means kingMansa means king Doubled size of MaliDoubled size of Mali Created a strong central government divided one Created a strong central government divided one

kingdom into provinceskingdom into provinces Devout MuslimDevout Muslim Timbuktu recognized as one of the intellectual Timbuktu recognized as one of the intellectual

capitals of the Muslim world capitals of the Muslim world Last powerful ruler of MaliLast powerful ruler of Mali By 1359 civil war divided Mali By 1359 civil war divided Mali

MANSA MUSA AND HAJJ TO MANSA MUSA AND HAJJ TO MECCAMECCA

Musa was a devout Muslim and his pilgrimage to Musa was a devout Muslim and his pilgrimage to MeccaMecca, a , a command ordained by command ordained by AllahAllah according to core teachings of according to core teachings of IslamIslam, , made him well-known across northern Africa and the Middle East. made him well-known across northern Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was the foundation of the "cultured world of the To Musa, Islam was the foundation of the "cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". He would spend much time fostering the Eastern Mediterranean". He would spend much time fostering the growth of Islam in his empire.growth of Islam in his empire.

Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to include 60,000 men, 12,000 slaves who all carried 4-lb. gold bars, include 60,000 men, 12,000 slaves who all carried 4-lb. gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds of gold dust each. He gave away the gold to the and 300 pounds of gold dust each. He gave away the gold to the poor he met along his route. Musa not only gave to the cities he poor he met along his route. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to passed on the way to MeccaMecca, including , including CairoCairo and and MedinaMedina, but also , but also traded gold for souvenirs. Furthermore, it has been recorded that traded gold for souvenirs. Furthermore, it has been recorded that he built a mosque each and every Friday.he built a mosque each and every Friday.

Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Al-NasirNasir Muhammad Muhammad of Egypt in July 1324. of Egypt in July 1324.

Musa's generous actions, however, inadvertently Musa's generous actions, however, inadvertently devastated the economy of the region. In the cities of Cairo, devastated the economy of the region. In the cities of Cairo, Medina and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the Medina and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares super metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares super inflated in an attempt to adjust to the newfound wealth that inflated in an attempt to adjust to the newfound wealth that was spreading throughout local populations. To rectify the was spreading throughout local populations. To rectify the gold market, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry gold market, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the controlled the price of gold in the MediterraneanMediterranean..

From the far reaches of the From the far reaches of the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea to to the the Indus RiverIndus River, the faithful approached the city , the faithful approached the city of Mecca. All had the same objective to worship of Mecca. All had the same objective to worship together at the most sacred shrine of together at the most sacred shrine of IslamIslam, the , the KaabaKaaba in in MeccaMecca. One such traveler was . One such traveler was Mansa MusaMansa Musa, , SultanSultan of of MaliMali in Western Africa. in Western Africa. Mansa Musa had prepared carefully for the long Mansa Musa had prepared carefully for the long journey he and his attendants would take. He was journey he and his attendants would take. He was determined to travel not only for his own religious determined to travel not only for his own religious fulfillment, but also for recruiting teachers and fulfillment, but also for recruiting teachers and leaders, so that his realms could learn more of leaders, so that his realms could learn more of the the ProphetProphet's teachings.'s teachings.

Mahmud KatiMahmud Kati, , Chronicle of the SeekerChronicle of the Seeker

KINGDOM OF SONGHAIKINGDOM OF SONGHAI In 1009, a ruler established the Dia dynastyIn 1009, a ruler established the Dia dynasty First Songhai state benefited from the Muslim trade First Songhai state benefited from the Muslim trade

routes linking Arabia, North Africa, and West Africaroutes linking Arabia, North Africa, and West Africa Gao- chief trading center Gao- chief trading center Trade in gold and salt made the empire so prosperous Trade in gold and salt made the empire so prosperous Songhai empire reached its heights of its power under Songhai empire reached its heights of its power under

Muhammad TureMuhammad Ture Maintained peace and security with a navy and Maintained peace and security with a navy and

soldiers on horsebacksoldiers on horseback Declined during the 16Declined during the 16thth century. By 1600 were little century. By 1600 were little

more than a remnant of their former power.more than a remnant of their former power.

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TRANS-SAHARAN TRADETRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

Trans-Saharan tradeTrans-Saharan trade requires requires travel across the travel across the SaharaSahara to reach to reach sub-Saharan Africasub-Saharan Africa from the North from the North African coast, African coast, EuropeEurope, or the , or the LevantLevant. . While existing from prehistoric times, While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the late 16th 8th century until the late 16th century century

1400, TRADE ROUTES, NORTH 1400, TRADE ROUTES, NORTH AFRICAAFRICA

TRADE PRODUCTS AND TRADE PRODUCTS AND ROUTESROUTES

The rise of the The rise of the Ghana EmpireGhana Empire paralleled the increase in paralleled the increase in trans-Saharan trade. Mediterranean economies were short trans-Saharan trade. Mediterranean economies were short of gold but could supply saltof gold but could supply salt

West African countries like Wangara had plenty of gold but West African countries like Wangara had plenty of gold but needed saltneeded salt

The trans-Saharan slave trade was also important because The trans-Saharan slave trade was also important because large numbers of Africans were sent north, generally to large numbers of Africans were sent north, generally to serve as domestic servants or slave concubinesserve as domestic servants or slave concubines

The West African states imported highly trained slave The West African states imported highly trained slave soldiers. It has been estimated that from the 10th to the soldiers. It has been estimated that from the 10th to the 19th century some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported 19th century some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each yearnorth each year

Perhaps as many as nine million slaves were exported Perhaps as many as nine million slaves were exported along the trans-Saharan caravan route along the trans-Saharan caravan route

EAST AFRICAN TRADING CITIESEAST AFRICAN TRADING CITIESSWAHILI TRADING CITIES, SWAHILI TRADING CITIES,

KINGDOMSKINGDOMS Swahili kingdoms are known to have had island trade ports, Swahili kingdoms are known to have had island trade ports,

described by Greek historians as "metropolises“described by Greek historians as "metropolises“ established regular trade routes with the Islamic world and established regular trade routes with the Islamic world and

AsiaAsia Ports such as Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa were known to Ports such as Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa were known to

Chinese sailors under Zheng He and medieval Islamic Chinese sailors under Zheng He and medieval Islamic geographers such as the Berber traveller Abu Abdullah ibn geographers such as the Berber traveller Abu Abdullah ibn BattutaBattuta

The main Swahili exports were ivory, slaves, and goldThe main Swahili exports were ivory, slaves, and gold They traded with Arabia, India, Persia, and China.They traded with Arabia, India, Persia, and China. The Portuguese arrived in 1498. On a mission to The Portuguese arrived in 1498. On a mission to

economically control and Christianize the Swahili coast, the economically control and Christianize the Swahili coast, the Portuguese attacked Kilwa first in 1505 and other cities Portuguese attacked Kilwa first in 1505 and other cities later. Because of Swahili resistance, the Portuguese later. Because of Swahili resistance, the Portuguese attempt at establishing commercial control was never attempt at establishing commercial control was never successful.successful.

SYNCRETISMSYNCRETISM

SyncretismSyncretism combining of different (often seemingly combining of different (often seemingly

contradictory) beliefs, often while melding contradictory) beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thoughtpractices of various schools of thought

As Christianity and Islam were diffusing As Christianity and Islam were diffusing into Africa, there was a blending of into Africa, there was a blending of traditional African beliefs with new ideas traditional African beliefs with new ideas from CH and IS.from CH and IS.