Emotions Psychology Seminar

8/7/2019 Emotions Psychology Seminar

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Emotions: A Brief Review

Chairperson: Ms Sushila RussellPresenter: Dr. Cherian John


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Critical to survival is the ability to identify quickly in

the environment emotionally salient information,

including danger and reward, and to form rapid and

appropriate behavioral responses.

(Darwin(Darwin 18721872))


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Melanie Klein :

Normality is characterized

by strength of character,

the capacity to deal with conflicting emotions,

the ability to experience pleasure without conflict,

and the ability to love


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Introduction

Definitions

Theories

Clinical Implications


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IntroductionIntroduction

The way we feel when we feel emotional

The physiological basis of emotional feelings.

Effect of emotion on perception/thinking/behavior

Motivational properties of certain behavior.

Expression - language, facial expressions, gestures


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ThereThere isis anan inborninborn basisbasis forfor thethe facialfacialexpressionsexpressions ofof certaincertain emotionsemotions..

(Darwin(Darwin 18721872))

PrimaryPrimary emotionsemotions areare thosethose thatthat wewe feelfeelfirst,first, asas aa firstfirst responseresponse toto aa situationsituation ..

IzardIzard 19711971 provedproved primaryprimary emotionsemotions arearelargelylargely innateinnate..


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Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and

behavioral components.

(Synopsis :Kaplan)

-- a relatively brief episode of coordinated brain,

autonomic, and behavioral changes that facilitate a

response to an external or internal event of

significance for the organism.

(Handbook of Affective Sciences)

Definitions of Emotion


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-- Complex condition arising in response to an

affectively toned experience.

(Hilgard Atkinson)

Definitions of Emotion


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Components of EmotionComponents of Emotion

Subjective experience

Bodily reactions

Connection of thoughts and beliefs

Facial Expression

Global reactions

Action tendencies


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Primary EmotionsPrimary Emotions

Anger

Disgust

Grief

Fear

Anticipation

Surprise

Joy

Trust


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Dimensions of EmotionsDimensions of Emotions

Pleasant

Desirability of Situation

Unpleasant

Amount of effort a person anticipates

Certainty of the situation

Amount of attention devoted

in environment

Degree of control

within a person


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Mood congruent emotions

Mood affects reactions to perception and situation.


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Physiology of EmotionPhysiology of Emotion

Active aroused states

(Sympathetic System predominates)

Secretion of Epinephrine

Heart beats faster

Sugar mobilized from muscles & liver

Constriction of peripheral blood vessels

Increased blood pressure


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Calm Relaxed states

(Parasympathetic System predominates)

Heart beats slower

Reduced blood pressure


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Heart rate

HighSkin

Temperature

High: Anger

Low: Fear

Sadness

Low:

Happiness

Disgust

Surprise


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Specific patterns of body responses are present indifferent emotions.

e.g. Anger , fear.

Different bodily response patterns may be present ina number of emotions and these patterns are relatedto the facial expression.


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Specific emotions can result in specific body changes

Facial muscle movements are closely related to thebodys internal adaptive response in emotion.


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Experiment show that voluntary facial activityproduced significant levels of subjective experienceof the associated emotion, and that autonomicdistinctions among emotions were found.


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EEG

Aroused

State

High

frequency

Low

Amplitude

Relaxed

state

Low

frequency

Higher

Amplitude


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Orientation reaction

Tensing muscles, changing position of head, body in

order to maximize effectiveness of the stimulus .

Orientation response depends on

Exact nature of the stimulus

Species

Age

Its present state of arousal


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Orientation reaction in a cat to

a threat.


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Theories of EmotionTheories of EmotionCharles Darwin Theory

Principle of habitsIf teeth are bared in fighting=Baring of

teeth ;expression of Anger

If protruding lips used in dischargingsubstances from the mouth=Expression ofDisgust.

Principle of AntithesisA gesture of friendliness=defenseless

fawning gesture which is opposite to that of athreatening gesture


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Theories of EmotionTheories of Emotion

Charles Darwin Theory

Arousal/Activation

e.g. writhing in pain has no meaning otherthan being an intense physiological response=Arousal response


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James Lange Theory

We are afraid because we run

Our awareness of bodily states notonly involves a judgment of the situationevolving the emotion, but also involves afeedback from the bodily responses releasedin the emotion.

E.g.; the realization of a poundingheart, heavy breathing comes after the crises.


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James Lange Theory

Perception of anenvironmental stimulus

Reaction to the stimulus

Felt emotion is based onthe reaction


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Canon Bard Theory


Activation of Lowerbrainstem centers'

Cerebral cortexperceives felt

emotion

Bodily activity ofemotion


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Schater Singer Theory

Emotions result from the interpretations wearrive at to explain why we are in the state ofgeneral arousal.

E.g. suproxin injection


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SchaterSinger Theory


Aroused bodily state

Interpretation ofaroused bodily state

Felt Emotion reasonsgiven for the

generalized arousalstate


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Perception Motivation Theory

Motivational and emotional significance ofwidespread bodily changes in emotion arises

only because, these changes affect theorganization of cortical processes, which arethe true motivational processes.

Role of perception in emotione.g. letter bearing bad news Tears


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Perception Motivation Theory


Appraisal

Emotion Expression and action


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Cognitive appraisal Theory

Emotions are evaluations of information fromthe environmental stimulation and from withinthe body.


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Cognitive appraisal Theory

E.g. Movie of circumcision of AdolescentAustralian Aborigines' with 3 sound tracks.

The sound tracks induced the subjects tomake differential appraisal of the samestimulus.

Reappraisal: An important way of coping

E.g. Dean calls student only to tell him to be

the student representative.


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Theories of Relationships amongTheories of Relationships amongEmotionsEmotions

Robert Plutchik Theory

A descriptive theory concerned with primary

emotions.

Emotions-similarity/intensity/polarity


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RobertRobert PlutchikPlutchik TheoryTheory....


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Motivation and Emotions

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Motives and Emotions

Motives guide the person towardimportant tasks and goals.

Emotions serve to amplify or diminishspecific motives, and help integratemotivated behavior in a person's socialinteractions.

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Motives and Emotions.

SSRI induced Emotional blunting

A major cause of poor compliance

SSRI-Induced Apathy Syndrome: A Clinical Review

Journal of Psychiatric Practice:

May 2004 - Volume 10 - Issue 3 - pp 196-199

An amotivational, or apathy, syndrome has been reported withsignificant negative consequences for adults as well as social andacademic difficulties in adolescents.

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Theories of Emotion and MotivationTheories of Emotion and Motivation

Sustained goal directed behaviour is emotionallytoned and its the emotional tone whichprovides us the motivation for long sequences

of behaviour. (Leeper,1970)

Motives are indicators of needs.

Emotions gives these motives the motivationalpower. (Tomkins)


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Clinical ImplicationsClinical Implications

There is an inverted U shaped relationshipbetween efficiency of functioning and level ofemotional arousal.

The more aroused people are, the better theirperformance...up to a point. After a certainpoint of arousal/anxiety performance on

complex tasks are impaired.


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Clinical Implications.........Clinical Implications.........

Life change units Susceptibility to Illness.

As the sum of LCUs , Susceptibility to illness

then stress becomes distress.


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Coping with Stressors

Seek information/Alternatives

Direct action to reduce stressor impact.

Flexibility in coping.

Reduce impulsive actions

Use cognitive techniques like reappraisal to deal withstressor


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General adaptationsyndrome


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Stage of Alarm

Emergency response of the body

Sympathetic nervous system.


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Stage of Resistance

Hormonal responses - ACTH activity

=> Cortisol secretion

=> breakdown ofproteins/fats.

Adaptive in the short run

Harmful effects BP.


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Stage of Exhaustion

Capacity to respond to stresscompromised

Excessive cortisol secretion/Stresshormone inducedsusceptibility to infection--Stomach ulcers

--Asthma--Hypertension

Psychosomatic disorders.


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Stage of Exhaustion.

Psychosomatic disorders

Mental events increase the susceptibility of the bodyto disease.

Treatment - medical help / psychological factors

- Need to identify bodily reactions

- Need to identify boily changes- First step hence is to calm down before

attempting any cognitive reappraisal.


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Thank YouThank You

Documents

Emotions Psychology Seminar