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(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 1 Emotional Engineering - - Stanford University (Fuzzy Front) 2009 12 19

Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

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Page 1: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 1

Emotional Engineering- -

Stanford University

(Fuzzy Front)

2009 12 19

Page 2: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 2

Emotion

E=OutMotion=Movere (Move)Move out

Motivation=Movere

Page 3: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3

mission

TrustInternet

Emotional ReliabilityTrust Design

Page 4: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 4

Emotional Design

Visceral DesignBehavioral DesignReflective Design

Donald Norman ,

Basic Books

Page 5: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 5(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 5

Maslow

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Performance

(

(

Page 6: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 6(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 6

Homo Faber

elan vitalWilliam James

PragmatismHomo Ludens

Johan HuizingaHomo Loquens Homo Narrans

StoriesHomo Mobens

Page 7: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 7

Dettmar Cramer (Body, Brain, Balance

Page 8: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 8

System

Body, Brain, Balance

Environment

EnvironmentEnvironment

Hardware

Software

-

Humanware

-

Machine or System

Environment

EnvironmentEnvironment EnvironmentEnvironment

Hardware

Software

-

Humanware

Machine or System

System

(

Dynamic

Interaction

Page 9: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 9

(Rationality) Bounded Rationality)

Herbert A. Simon

Economic Agents)

GPS (General Problem Solver)AI ?

Page 10: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 10

John Maynard Keynes

--

Page 11: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 11

Donald Norman

Trust ConfidenceVertrauen =

Trust, ConfidenceAffordance

Page 12: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 12

Design

Design

( (active

Page 13: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 13

(Rationality) Rational

Reason

Language) Logic

(

Page 14: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 14

Closed World Open World (1/5)

20 Closed World

Page 15: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 15

Closed World Open World (2/5)

Open World

Page 16: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 16

Closed World Open World (3/5)

Closed World

Open World

AbductionCharles Sanders Peirce

Page 17: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 17

Closed World Open World (4/5)

Open World

Donald Schon 1980

The Reflective Practice

Page 18: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 18

Closed World Open World (5/5)

Open World

Closed World

Open World Closed World

Page 19: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 19

Pragmatism (1/2)

Open World Tomorrow is another day

Action Soccer

dynamic

Page 20: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 20

Pragmatism (2/2)

de Madriaga

Page 21: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 21

20Closed World

Master-Slave

Page 22: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 22

21Open World

(

Page 23: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 23

One Way

Win-Lose

Cyclic

Win-Win

Page 24: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 24

Restore

Maintenancein Use

Production

Design Function

Time

Shipping

Degradation

Restore

Maintenancein Use

Production

Design Function

Time

Shipping

Degradation

Page 25: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 25

Open World

Service

Customizingfunction

UseShipping

Function

Time

Customizingfunction

UseShipping

Function

Time

Page 26: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 26

Time

Manuf.

UseDesign

Time

Manuf.

UseDesign Experience

Page 27: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 27

Shewhart Cycle

Plan

Do

Act Plan

Do

Act

Deming Cycle

Shewhart

Pragmatism

PDCA

(Plan-Do-Check-Act)

PDSA

(Pan-Do-Study-Act)

Shewhart Cycle Abduction

Page 28: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 28

Feedback Loop

= PDSA (Abduction)

Plan

Do

Study

ActPlan

Do

Study

ActPlan

Do

Study

ActPlan

Do

Study

Act

Page 29: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 29

Logistic CurveGompertz CurveSigmoid Curve

Open World

Page 30: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 30

(1/3)Expectation Management

de MadriagaSpain journalist

Page 31: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 31

(2/3)

Donald NormanEmotional Design

Page 32: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 32

(3/3)

(feedback)

Vertrauen)( Vertrauen)

Trust Emotional Reliability

Page 33: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 33

Open World

Page 34: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 34

QFD: Quality Function Deployment

Quality FunctionQuality = (Function Action

QFD

( ,

roast, broil, grill, bake, toast,

Page 35: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 35

Open World

http://www.yuragi.osakau.ac.jp/introduction/yuragi.html

dx/dt = du(x)/dt x activity u(x)

global miniimumSimulated Annealing

risk = utility= Prob(x) Options

21,6, pp.44-62

Page 36: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 36

dx/dt = du(x)/dt x activity u(x)

Vol.78, No.8, 2009

risk = utility= Prob(x) Options

Vol.21, No.6, pp.44-62, 2009Serendipity, fluffy system

Page 37: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 37

[email protected]

Page 38: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 38

Page 39: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 39

(1) 2005(2) 2006(3) = ? 2009(4) 2009(5) HCD -

2006(6)

2008

(8)

Page 40: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 40

Page 41: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 41

Design

plan, scheme, project purpose, intention, aim a plan or sketch to work from; pattern

the art of making designs, the arrangement of parts, form, color, etc, especially so as to produce an artistic unit a finished artistic work

Page 42: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 42

--

Page 43: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 43

( /2) -- Wikipedia

19

Page 44: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 44

(2/2) -- Wikipedia

Page 45: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 45

Page 46: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 46

-- Wikipedia

: emotion moodweather climate

Page 47: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 47

Emotion -- WikipediaAn emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings,thoughts, and behavior. Emotions are subjective experiences, often associated with mood,temperament, personality, and disposition. The English word 'emotion' is derived from the French wordémouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-) means 'out' and moveremeans 'move'.[1] The related term "motivation" is also derived from movere.

No definitive taxonomy of emotions exists, though numerous taxonomies have beenproposed. Some categorizations include:

'Cognitive' versus 'non-cognitive' emotions Instinctual emotions (from the amygdala), versus cognitive emotions (from the prefrontal cortex). Basic versus complex: where base emotions lead to more complex ones. Categorization based on duration: Some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g. surprise) where others can last years (e.g. love).

A related distinction is between the emotion and the results of the emotion, principallybehaviors and emotional expressions. People often behave in certain ways as a directresult of their emotional state, such as crying, fighting or fleeing. Yet again, if one canhave the emotion without the corresponding behavior then we may consider the behaviornot to be essential to the emotion. The James-Lange theory posits that emotionalexperience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes. The functionalistapproach to emotions (e.g. Nico Frijda) holds that emotions have evolved for a particularfunction, such as to keep the subject safe.

Page 48: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 48

Emotion -- Webster

1. strong, generalized feeling2. any specific feeling, as love, hate, fear,

anger, etc.

Page 49: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 49

Affordance (1/2) -- Wikipediaaffordance

Jafford

demand characterinvitation character valence

Page 50: Emotional Engineering - GB1 '! {B;B1 · 2015. 10. 9. · (C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 3 >5ì H >5ì H Ï(»mission - GB. »B B) ¼ ÙB BN %uAî G ÞBUB BNB - 5 {B BN Ï ¾Aî Â Õ6ÎB1

(C) Shuichi Fukuda, 2009 50

Affordance (2/2) -- Wikipedia

1988