EMISSIONEN Modul Luftchemie 15.01.2010 Andreas Kerschbaumer

EMISSIONEN

Modul Luftchemie

15.01.2010

Andreas Kerschbaumer

Modul Luftchemie, 15.11.2010

Gliederung

• Anthropogene und biogene Emissionen

• Anthropogene Emissionen:– Quellen - Einteilung in SNAP level 1– Spezies

• Biogene Emissionen– Landnutzungsdatenbasis– Wind-blown-Dust– Seesalz– Biogene Spezies (VOC, NO, SO2 …)

• Beispiele


Warum braucht man Emissionskataster?

• Beschreibung von zeitlichen Entwicklungen in Emissionsmengen (Vergangenheit, Heute, Zukunft)

• Identifizierung von Trends (um gegebenenfalls eingreifen zu können)

• Identifizierung der (relativen) Bedeutung von Quellen• Abschätzung von Emissionsminderungen durch

politische, technische … Maßnahmen • Weitere Minderungspotenziale bei bestimmten Quellen

(Kostenfrage)• Eingangswerte für Ausbreitungsrechnungen


Modellhafte Darstellung der Luftverunreinigung


Kausalität: Luftverunreinigung

Pressures

State

Impact

ResponsesDrivin

g forces

e.g. health,

ecosystems

Pressures

ResponsesDrivin

g forces

Causes(economic growth,

increasing mobility)

Emissions of

pollutants

Policy(e.g., regulation of

emissions, filters, new technologies

PM10, NOx, ……


Emissionsquellen


Emissionsquellen

• Unterscheidung zwischen Punktquellen und diffusen Quellen– Punktquellen geographisch eindeutig zuordenbar – Emissionsstärke einfacher abzuschätzen

• Diffuse Quellen sind schwierig zu messen, zu quantifizieren und zu kontrollieren

• BEISPIEL: Feinstaub– Feinstaub aus Punktquellen:– Schlot: Ort, Höhe und Überhöhung mess- bzw. abschätzbar– Produktion und Verbrennungsprozesse bekannt – Feinstaub aus diffusen Quellen:– Produktion unter freiem Himmel– Transport


Emissionsquellen http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4Source sectors Description

1 Combustion Energy sector, utilities, refinaries 2 Combustion small sources (residential) 3 Combustion in industry 4 Process emissions (industry) 5 Mining and extraction of fossil fuels 6 Solvent use, use of products 7 Road transport

71 Road transport gasoline 72 Road transport diesel 73 Road transport LPG 741) Road transport non-exhaust (volatilization) 752) Road transport non-exhaust (tire, break and road wear)

8 Non-road transport 9 Waste processing

10 Agriculture 1) Relevant for NMVOC emissions 2) Relevant for PM emissions

“SNAP” Selected Nomenclature for sources of Air Pollution


Emissionsspezies:• Main pollutants (gaseous)

• CO

• NH3

• NMVOC

• NOx

• SOx

• Heavy Metalls

• As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn

• POP (persistent organic pollutants)

• PAH, benzo(a), benzo(b) …

• PM (particulate matter)

• PM10, PM2.5, TSP


Example of TNO project:COORDINATED EUROPEAN PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION

INVENTORY PROGRAM (CEPMEIP)

• Activity_ID• Sector

• Location

• Time

Activities

• AR-Value

• EF_ID• Technology_ID

• TSP PM10 PM2.5

• EF-Value

Emission Factors• Technology_ID• Description

Technology level

Covers all known anthropogenic emission causes of primary particulate matter; ~ 200 source categories - For each source category TSP, PM10 & PM2.5 emission factors derived.Emission factor : Representative index number that expresses the emission of a pollutant per unit of activity (e.g., g PM10 / GJ fuel)Emission is highly determined by emission control measures – technology level information is crucial!

By source

• By country /grid

Emissions


But…in underlying inventory much detail is necessary! Example combustion in industry:

Fuels (influence on emissions due to quality and composition):

• Heavy fuel oil• Lighter fuel oil• Gas • Coal, brown coal, peat• Wood• Industrial waste

Installation types (influence on emissions due to emission limits, removal efficiencies, Emission control technologies)

• Autoproducers (> 50 MWth)• Other large boilers (50 - 300 MWth)• Large and small furnaces where

combustion gases and proces emissions are emitted through the same stack (covered by Industrial process emissions, 10 - 300 MWth)

• Small Boilers (< 50 MWth)


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

WesternEurope

Central &EasternEurope

Russia &Western NIS

kton PM10 10 Agriculture

09 Waste sector

08 Other mobile sources

07 Road transport

06 Product use

05 Extraction fossil fuels

04 Processes industry

03 Combustion industry

02 Combustion other

01 Combustion energy supply

Emissionserhebung: ResultatBeispiel anthropogene PM10


Emissionserhebung: Resultat Beispiel anthropogene PM2.5 – Bezugsjahr 2000


Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - I

The main emission sources of SO2 are combustion processes, especially the combustion of coal and heavy fuel oil. In addition there are non-ferrous metals smelting processes of which the ores are generally in sulphide form.

• Activity data for fossil fuel combustion are taken from the IEA Energy Statistics [IEA 2003]. The IEA distinguishes several coal ranks and heavy and medium distillate fuel oils, as well as different types of lighter fuels and gasses.

• Emission factors - Combustion related SO2 emission by fuel type i and process j is calculated according to:

• Emissionfuel(i) = [Usefuel(i) x Sulphur contentfuel(i) - Sulphur retentionprocess(j)] x Removal efficiencyprocess(j)

• Values per country, by fuel type and by process for sulphur contents, sulphur retention in ashes and removal efficiencies have been taken from RAINS 7.2. [Cofala et al. 1998].


Beispiel (TNO-Erhebung): Sulphur dioxide (SO2) in Europe - II

NEW_cc_SNAP_SOx incl RUS_TNO (17471 GG)

69%

6%

16%

5%

2% 0%0%2%

0%0%

Energy sector, utilities, refinariesFossil fuels, small sourcesFossil fuels, industryProcess emissionsMiningSolvent use, use of productsRoad transport Non-road transportWaste processingAgriculture


Trends….

• Importance of sources shifts over time! • What is <10% today may dominate emissions in the future.

Past Present





Road transport (Quelle: TNO)

• Large activity growth• Decreasing tail pipe emissions due to technological improvements• None-tail pipe emissions (wear of tires etc.) follow the trend of acticity

growth • Relative importance of non-tail pipe is increasing

To make an inventory of road transport emissions we need to know:• Activity data – fuel consumption (by type: diesel, gasoline, LPG) by

vehicle category (passenger cars, HDV, LDV, motorcycles)• fuel quality / composition (S content, Pb, ..)• technology level of fleet by year (emission limits, requirements)• Split in number of km driven urban / rural


Emission inventories for AQ Teheran – what is needed?

• Activity_ID• Sector• Location• Time

Activities

• AR-Value

• Activity_ID• Technology_ID• Penetration

Select_Techn

• EF_ID• Technology_ID• Pollutant• EF-Value

EmissionFactors• Technology_ID• Description

Technologies

Tables of the relational TEAM database need to be filled – asking for 1) activity (statistical) data on energy consumption, industrial production,

….. 2) technologies present in Iran and their relative importance (penetration); 3) technology specific emission factors.



.


Jahressummen für viele Spezies und Quellen!!!!

• Und nun????


Time- and temperature factors!!!!










VOC – Splitting !!!!


Biogene Emissionen - Waldbrände


Biogene Emissionen – Blitze (NOx)


Biogene Emissionen – Vulkane (SO2 – SO4)


Biogene Emissionen - Seesalz


Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)


Biogene Emissionen – Seesalz (Beispiel RCG-Modell)


Biogene Emissionen


Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust














Winderosion – Wind-blown-dust in Modellen (Beispiel RCG)


Biogene VOC aus Wäldern

• Biogenic emissions are important for Ozone production• 60-70% of secondary aerosols are of biogenic origin• Biogenic aerosol formation is not well understood• Quantify the impact of biogenic emission information on simulations








Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit!

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EMISSIONEN Modul Luftchemie 15.01.2010 Andreas Kerschbaumer