Emission of mm-Wave and THz Scanners...Davos, Switzerland, 29th May, 2015 2 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt •Scanners •Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt 1

Emission of mm-Wave and

THz Scanners

Thomas Kleine-Ostmann

Working Group 2.21 –

Electromagnetic Fields and Antenna Measuring Techniques

THz Security Workshop

Davos, Switzerland, 29th May, 2015


• Scanners

• Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and

Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011

• Measurement Campaign QPS100 at

R&S Munich, 2012 and 2014

Content


Person scanners L3 ProVision 100

24.25 – 30 GHz

Smith Detection Eqo

24.16 GHz

Photograph: R&S

Photograph: Smith Detection

Photograph: L3

R&S QPS 100

70 – 80 GHz


Power density measurement for person scanners

measurement of power level

correction due to cable attenuation

and calibration factor of power meter

determination of power density from

corrected power and effective area of antenna

HP power meter

Thermal Field Probes too insensitive !

Diode Field Probes not suitable for pulsed signals !

measurement with antenna and spectrum analyzer

or suitable power measurement head

spektrum analyzer


• Scanners





Content


Commercially Available Scanners L3 ProVision 100 Smith Detection Eqo

http://www.smithsdetection.com/eqo.php

http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0107_airp

ort_security_technology/image/018_l3_provision.jpg

• mechanically moved antenna arrays with

192 transmission antennas

• µs pulses with frequency ramp

24.25 GHz to 30 GHz

• illumination of a passive array with 2x 0 dBm

at 24.16 GHz and 10 dB antenna gain

• scanning with 107 Voxel/s

Space and time variable frequency modulated fields::

Appropriate choice of measurement parameters and positions Worst-Case Analysis

http://www.smithsdetection.com/eqo.php

http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0107_airport_security_technology/image/018_l3_provision.jpg

http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/01/0107_airport_security_technology/image/018_l3_provision.jpg


L3 Provision 100


L3 Provision 100: Measurements

Horn antenna measurement

Horn antenna measurement without cover

HL050 measurement

Spectrum analyzer


L3 Provision 100: Measurements

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

0,000000

0,000005

0,000010

0,000015

0,000020

Le

istu

ng

sflu

ssdic

hte

[m

W/c

m²]

Frequenz [GHz]

160 cm


Smith Detection Eqo


Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements

Horn in front of illuminating horn antenna Field probe in front of illuminating horn antenna

Horn at scanning position HL050 at scanning position


Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements

24,10 24,12 24,14 24,16 24,18 24,20 24,22

0,00000

0,00001

0,00002

0,00003

0,00004

0,00005

0,00006

0,00007

Le

istu

ng

sflu

ssdic

hte

[m

W/c

m²]

Frequenz [GHz]

144,5 cm / 20 cm Abstand


Results

L3 Provision 100

cw test mode, distance 2.5 cm

approx. 0.1 µW/cm2

scan mode, distance 3.7 cm

approx. 0.015 µW/cm2 peak

scan mode, distance 33 cm


scan mode, distance 58 cm (scan position)


Smith Detection Eqo

cw illumination, at cover

approx. 30 µW/cm2

cw illumination, 5 cm from cover

approx. 10 µW/cm2

cw illumination, 30 cm from cover (person

distance)

approx. 1 µW/cm2

pulsed in front of array,

max. 3 µW/cm2

pulsed in front of array, at scan position)

approx. 0.4 µW/cm2

cw illumination,, at scan position)

approx. 0.025 µW/cm2


• Scanners





Content


Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100

Tx Rx


Distance dependent antenna calibration

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 7520

20.2

20.4

20.6

20.8

21

21.2

21.4

Frequenz / GHz

An

ten

na

Ga

in / d

B

30 cm

50 cm

75 cm

100 cm

75 76 77 78 79 80 81 8218

18.2

18.4

18.6

18.8

19

19.2

Frequenz / GHz

An

ten

na

Ga

in / d

B

20 cm

50 cm

75 cm

100 cm

Pcg

f

f

cg

P

A

PS

eff

2

2

2

2

4

4


Uncertainty analysis

;30

;10

10

4

10

110

210

2

PESWDBMMixMAntACLMMP

c

fS

P

g

Quantity

Unit Definition

S mW/cm2 Determined Power Density

pi

f Hz Frequency

g dB Antenna Gain

c m/s Speed of Light

P dBW Measured Power

M dBm Power Reading before Correction

CLM dB Conversion Loss Mixer

A dB 20 dB Attenuator

MAnt dB Mismatch error between Antenna and Attenuator

MMix dB Mismatch error between Mixer and Attenuator

DB dB Correction due to deviation between measurement bandwidth 20 MHz and calibration bandwidth 3 MHz

SW dB Correction due to standing wave pattern

PE dB Correction due to positioning error


Uncertainty budget for the V band Quantity Value Standard

Uncertainty

Distribution Sensitivity

Coefficient

Uncertainty

Contribution

Index

pi 3.1415926535898

f 74.127000·109 Hz 577·103 Hz rectangular 960·10-15 550·10-9 mW/cm2 0.0 %

g 19.240 dB 0.200 dB normal -8.2·10-3 -1.6·10-3 mW/cm2 8.5 %

c 299.8·106 m/s

P -44.120 dBW 0.655 dBW

M -60.370 dBm 0.100 dBm normal 8.2·10-3 820·10-6 mW/cm2 2.1 %

CLM 26.640 dB 0.250 dB normal 8.2·10-3 2.0·10-3 mW/cm2 13.3 %

A 19.6100 dB 0.0500 dB normal 8.2·10-3 410·10-6 mW/cm2 0.5 %

MAnt 0.0 dB 6.36·10-3 dB U 8.2·10-3 52·10-6 mW/cm2 0.0 %

MMix 0.0 dB 0.0262 dB U 8.2·10-3 210·10-6 mW/cm2 0.1 %

DB 0.0 dB 0.398 dB rectangular 8.2·10-3 3.3·10-3 mW/cm2 33.8 %

SW 0.0 dB 0.393 dB rectangular 8.2·10-3 3.2·10-3 mW/cm2 32.9 %

PE 0.0 dB 0.202 dB rectangular 8.2·10-3 1.6·10-3 mW/cm2 8.7 %

S 0.03544 mW/cm2 5.60·10-3 mW/cm2 relative expanded uncertainty of 32 %

(k=2, 95% confidence interval, same for W band)


Measurement positions and approaches front view top view

1) maximum power densities at distinct locations using the MaxHold modus with Peak detector

(upper limit but high measurement dynamics for mapping the field, scanner in sweep mode)

2) averaged power densities as required by the ICNIRP guidelines using the RMS detector,

the 0-Hz-Span modus, sweep times of 44 s (ICNIRP requirement for 75 GHz) and Time-Domain Power

averaging at few distinct locations with less measurement dynamics (scanner at fixed frequency).



70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

left 50 cm

left 105 cm

left 140 cm

left 165 cm

center 50 cm

center 105 cm

center 140 cm

center 165 cm

right 50 cm

right 105 cm

right 140 cm

right 165 cm

P

ow

er

De

nsity / m

W/c

m2

Frequency / GHz

5 cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation



70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 800.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0.0010 left 50 cm

left 105 cm

left 140 cm

left 165 cm

center 50 cm

center 105 cm

center 140 cm

center 165 cm

right 50 cm

right 105 cm

right 140 cm

right 165 cm

Pow

er

De

nsity / m

W/c

m2

Frequency / GHz




70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 800.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

left 50 cm

left 105 cm

left 140 cm

left 165 cm

center 50 cm

center 105 cm

center 140 cm

center 165 cm

right 50 cm

right 105 cm

right 140 cm

right 165 cm

P

ow

er

De

nsity / m

W/c

m2

Frequency / GHz




75 76 77 78 79 800.00000

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.00010

0.00012

0.00014

0.00016

0.00018

0.00020

50 cm

105 cm

140 cm

165 cm

Pow

er

De

nsity / m

W/c

m2

Frequency / GHz

operator position, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.000000

0.000005

0.000010

0.000015

0.000020

0.000025

Pow

er

De

nsity / m

W/c

m2

Distance to panel / cm

averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with

scanner operated in single frequency test mode

(RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at 75.396 GHz, time-domain averaging over 44 s,

noise floor correction)



70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 800.00000

0.00001

0.00002

0.00003

0.00004

0.00005

0.00006

0.00007

0.00008

5.5 cm

55.5 cm

Po

we

r D

en

sity / m

W/c

m2

Frequency / GHz

averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with

scanner operated in single frequency test mode for two typical distances)

(RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at multiple frequencies, time-domain averaging over 44 s,

noise floor correction)


• repeat selected measurements of the previous

campaign

• extend measurements to 170 GHz with external

WR06 mixer (RPG SAM-170, 20-30 dB conversion

loss):

FCC and ETSI EN 305 550 foresee emission

measurements at second harmonic

Measurement Campaign QPS100 at

R&S Munich, 2014



R&S Munich, 2014

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200-64

-62

-60

-58

-56

-54

-52

Sig

na

l P

ow

er

/ d

Bm

Frequency / GHz

FSW67+

SAM-170

overrange

mode

normal scanner

operation



R&S Munich, 2014

110 120 130 140 150 160 170-80

-75

-70

-65

-60

Sig

na

l P

ow

er

/ d

Bm

Frequency / GHz

FSW67+

SAM-170

overrange

mode with

Auto-ID

scanner

at 69.895 GHz

Documents

Emission of mm-Wave and THz Scanners...Davos, Switzerland, 29th May, 2015 2 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt •Scanners •Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection