Emerging Technologies in Broadcasting

7/31/2019 Emerging Technologies in Broadcasting

1/44


2/44

Broadcasting, conventionally, means free to airtransmission of Radio and Televisionprogrammes in terrestrial mode.

Presently, satellite TV transmission, multi-channel distribution through Cable TV andDirect to Home (DTH) service have assumedbigger roles.


3/44

Micro-electronics, Material science and Spacescience are the Key Technologies which havebrought Broadcasting to its present status.

There are many developments based on thesetechnologies. Some of the important ones arebriefly presented here.


4/44

It is a Digital World. Digital in TV/Video is,however, convenient only with compression.Uncompressed video is immense data at 270Mbps and requires large bandwidth to transmitand formidable storage space to record.

Digital compression techniques take advantageof inherent content of television pictures whichhave repetition and redundancy both withinand between frames and this repetitive andredundant data can be discarded.


5/44

DV and MPEG are the main compression types. DV compression being intra-frame is the most

appropriate for video recording and post-production.

MPEG compression being inter-frame takesadvantage of repetition and redundancy over agroup of frames. It can have highercompression ratio, suitable for storage andtransmission.

Only one Analogue TV channel can be

transmitted through one transponder.Withcompression, upto 10 TV channels can be senton the same X-ponder.


6/44

Un-compressed D-1 and D-2, in. tape. Un-compressed D-3 and D-5, in. tape. With Motion-JPEG compression techniques,

Digi-Beta. MPEG compression based, Beta-SX and IMX. Cost-effective, DV-compression based, Mini

DV, DVCPRO, DVCPRO 50, DVCAM, I-MAX

and Digital-S. DVCPRO-HD, HD-CAM and D-5 HD for

HDTV.


7/44

Moores Law for modern electronics also truefor the capacity of hard drives.

Capacity doubles every two years, cost falls to

half. Between 1995-2004, capacity of 3.5 inchdisk increased from 4 GB to 160 GB and costdropped from $1000 to $200.

Drives getting bigger and faster but cheaper.

Used for NLEs, Multi-channel transmissionservers, promos, commercials, NVOD in DTH,PVR in STBs etc.,


8/44

CD-ROM, Audio CD and Video CD. Larger capacity Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

and affordable DVD players. DVD capacity 4.7 GB to 18.8 GB depending

upon single layer-single side to double layer-

double side. Blue laser technology enhances the capacityfive-fold from 4.7 GB to 23 GB. Suitable forArchives.

Professional/Broadcast camcorders with re-recordable optical disc using blue laser (Sony)for ENG/EFP.


9/44

Flash memory storage media such as CompactFlash, Smart Media, SD card and Memorystick.(familiarly used in still cameras and hand-held computers)

Stamp size card having 1GB capacity. Capacitylikely to increase to 16/32 GB in the next fewyears.

New generation Professional/BroadcastCamcorders for ENG using solid state memory(P2 cards) by Panasonic.


10/44

Using neither tape nor hard disk nor opticaldisc this new generation digital A-V systembrings higher levels of speed, reliability andeconomy to News Gathering.

No moving mechanism in camcorder,thereby, no maintenance, no noise, lowpower consumption and less weight.

Low cost as the SD memory card is aconsumer and IT device and can be read/re-written 100,000 times.


11/44

Random Access. Faster Editing. Datarecorded on P2 cards requires no digitizingor downloading.

Card recognised instantly when inserted

into PCMCIA slot. Transfers data at a higher speed than optical

disc or hard disk. DVCPRO compatible data. DVCPRO-HD

equipment with SD memory cards will bemarketed as higher capacity SD cards areavailable.


12/44

Professional Plug-in Card

For professional use Advantageof the card

MemoryCard

I/F : PC Card (Type II) *Known as PCMCIA card :

Transfer Rate : Achieving up to 640Mbps

Reliability : More than 100,000 time overwrites

Transfer Rate : Achieving up to 640Mbps

Reliability : More than 100,000 time overwrites

The P2 card


13/44

Camcorder Migration

SD

25M/50M

100M

HD

4GB 128GBP2 card 8GB


14/44

Digital techniques already deployed in filmsfor editing and special visual effects.

35 mm film has undoubtedly the bestquality as regards resolution ,Gamma i.e.,dynamic range or light handling capacity(6times of TV camera) and contrast ratio withpleasingFilm Look.

Hi Res HDTV cameras now available withfilm camera features of 24P and variableframe rate shooting and near-film Gamma.


15/44

HDTV cameras like Panasonic Varicambeing used in Hollywood, Bollywood andother places for making documentaries,commercial TV spots, music videos and low

budget films. Once shot on video and edited, prints or

copies are made on film and video.

Projection with DLP projectors gives quality

close to 35 mm film in multiplexes or smallcity cinema theatres.


16/44

Digital cinema delivery 70% cheaper thanfilm print cost.

Expensive and cumbersome distribution ofheavy canisters of film to cinemas may bereplaced with fast, high bandwidth deliveryvia satellite for projection with DLPprojectors.

In India, HDTV far in horizon for TV X-missions, but already arrived for filmmaking.


17/44

Revolution in Visual Image technology. Emissive flat panel technique, mere 3.5 inch

thick, 65 inch dia.to hang on wall like a pictureframe.

High Resolution, one million pixels per frame,contrast ratio 4000:1, high brightness, naturalcolours, flicker free progressive scan pictures ona wide screen in high-light ambient.

In TV Bcasting, used as backdrops for Newsand single display viewing alternative(with

processor) to multi-monitor MCR and PCRsituations.


18/44

Satellites for Commn., Re-Broadcasting, DirectTo Home and V-SAT.

More than 200 Geo-stationary satellites in

Clarkes belt over the Equator. Broadband Cable networks, Fibre and Coax.

Fibre Optic link around the Globe(FLAG) withunder ocean fibre optic cable provide

alternate/supplement to satellite connectivity.


19/44

Digital Pay-TV service through satellite on Ku-Band providing 100-plus TV channels.

Digital compression and statistical multi-plexing enables 10 TV ch. per transponder.

Reception with personal 45-60cms.dish andSTB without Cable TV Operator.

Content, Convenience, high digital picture andsound quality and value-added services makesDTH very attractive.


20/44

Inter-activity with built-in modem in STB,telephone line and remote control unit providespay-per-view for live sports and movies on nearvideo on demand (NVOD) using electronicpgm. guide (EPG).

STBs have built-in hard disk drive as PVR torecord programmes at home and viewingthe same afterwards.

Encryption, conditional access(CA) andsubscriber management system(SMS) ensurethe DTH service provider that viewers see onlythe pgms. for which they have paid.


21/44

DTH service by Zee and Doordarshanalready started. Service by Space TV( STAR-TV) expected soon.

More than 100 chnls, played-out, pass-through, NVOD, EPG, data, radio chnls etc.,need to be uplinked from a very large tele-port to high-power Ku-Band transponders

of one or more co-located satellites. Involves marketing, customer support,

billing thru SMS and distn. of STBs.


22/44

Overlapping of traditionally separate marketsof Telecom and Broadcasting.

Increasing traffic requires increasing

bandwidth. To reach millions over the internetas in broadcasting requires those manysimultaneous streams of video or audio, i.e., forevery customer.

Comparatively, hardware for broadcasttelevision or radio is independent of thenumber of users within the coverage area.


23/44

Quality of pictures and reliability in Broadcastservice can not be compromised. Difficult to achieve these conditions on the

Internet due to bandwidth limitations andconnectivity thru telephone line.

Internet supplements broadcasting byproviding addl. information on programmes.Each channel has its site on the world wideweb.

What Internet can do, Broadcasting can also notreplicate. There are more than 1600 millionpages of data base on the world wide web onany conceivable topic.


24/44

Satellite digital radio, WorldSpace, has becomepopular in Africa and Asia. There are more than 30

channels available in India. There is thus choicebetween All India Radio, private FM channels andWorldSpace.

In USA, XM radio and Sirius Satellite Radioservices, even cater to listening in automobiles.

In fact, Radio is an unspoilt media compared toTelevision. While performing its role to entertain,inform and educate the viewers, TV is over-indulging both in entertainment/music and newschannels; and often going out of codes ofethic.What TV is doing to society in general, isdebatable.


25/44


26/44

VSAT technology(1980-1990). VSAT: very small aperture terminal.

Ku band (uplink 14 Ghz, downlink 12 Ghz).

Both way communication capability. 1.8m-2.4m dish size.

Point to point communication.

Star topology.

Mesh topology.


27/44


28/44

Internet


29/44


30/44


31/44

Digital Video BroadcastingHandheld (DVB-H)

DVB-H transmission standards are developed to deliver high quality

video for handheld devices like mobile phones and developed in June2004.

DVB-H is mainly utilizing field proven DVB-T standards with some

additional modifications and improvements.

There are some inevitable issues to be resolved in DVB-H:

Efficient source encoding ( predominantly MPEG-4 part 10, also

known as H.264/AVC) to achieve low bit rate ( bit rate ranging from

Kbps to Mbps)

Power consumption is a key issue for battery driven devices. Time

slicing technique is adopted to reduce the power consumption by 90%.

Time slicing is mandatory in DVB-H.


32/44


33/44


34/44

Broadcasting

InternetTelecom

Services offered as aresult of convergence: IPTV Mobile TV

Streaming Internet TV VoIP Triple Play = TV +

Internet + Phone(Voice, Video and Data)


35/44

ADSL

Splitter

ADSL Modem

IPTV Set Top Box (STB)

Internet

Voice service

Video

Landline

Normal Telephone

VoIPTelephone

Micro filter

CopperPair


36/44

Internet Protocol + Television Closed and managed network

IPTV is a secure closed system with premium

content , particularly for video Internet TV

Best effort video service

Video on demand (Push and pull)


37/44

Broadcast TV

VoD

Distance Learning

Tele medicine

Video Conferencing

Many more


38/44

To Broadcasters, IPTV is a new emerging platform for distributing

digital television channels to home consumersusing a TV screen

To Telecom Industry, IPTV is a new opportunity to take part in an

attractive and dynamic media market

To Content Producer,

A new way to reach consumers and generateincreased revenue and profits


39/44

Bandwidth efficient towards the accessnetwork Channel switching is performed in the network

Infinite number of channels

Interactive (two-way) Bi-directional: IP Transport

anything, any time, any where, any device

Time Shifted TV Signal are purely digital


40/44

Compression Data RateNo Compression

SDTV 270 Mbps

HDTV 1.5 Gbps

MPEG-2SDTV 4-8 Mbps

HDTV 12-20 Mbps

MPEG-4

SDTV 2-4 Mbps

HDTV 12-15 Mbps

MPEG-4 AVC H.264/VC-1

SDTV 1.5 Mbps

HDTV 8 Mbps


41/44

Live broadcasts: It's like watching live TV on yourcomputer screen. You can NOT pause, back up or skipthrough parts of the broadcast that do NOT interestyou.

On-demand videos: Arranged like a playlist.Episodes or clips are arranged by title or channel or incategories like news, sports or music videos. Youchoose exactly what you want to watch, when you

want to watch it.


42/44

Integrated services such as voice (Telephony), video(IPTV, broadcast TV, VoD etc.), and high speed data(Internet) over same IP network

Assuming 1 SD channel (3 Mbps) and1 HD (8 Mbps), then 24 Mbps link perHousehold is enough for triple play.(2 SD, 2 HD, VoIP, and data)


43/44

VIRTUAL STUDIO


44/44

blue-screen or chroma-key technology has been anessential part of daily television production.

The presenter in the studio is recorded in front of ablue screen by the so-called foreground camera.

The background either a video image from a VTR oran image created by a graphics designer at a computer

workstation is mixed in to take the place of the bluescreen in the foreground recording.

Documents

Emerging Technologies in Broadcasting