Emergency Vehicle Operator Refresher - MFRI · PDF fileEmergency Vehicle Operator Refresher Lesson 1-1 FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.0 ... – Appoint a safety officer to oversee EVO training

Emergency Vehicle Operator Refresher

Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute University of Maryland

Steven T. Edwards, Director

Fall 2012

Note Taking Guide

Copyright 2012 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may by copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.

The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the University of Maryland is the State’s compre-hensive training and education system for all emergency services. The Institute plans, researches, develops, and delivers quality programs to enhance the ability of emergency service providers to protect life, the environment, and property.

Legal Aspects of Emergency Vehicle Operations

Emergency Vehicle Operator Refresher

Lesson 1-1

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.0

Student Performance Objective

Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe Maryland emergency vehicle statutes, the national standard, safety procedures, organizational responsibility, true

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.1

p , g p y,emergency situations and response priorities, and due regard for the safety of others.

Overview

• Maryland Emergency Vehicle Statutes

• The National Standard, Safety Procedures, and Organizational Responsibility

True Emergency Situations and Response Priorities

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.2

• True Emergency Situations and Response Priorities

• Due Regard for Safety of Others

Maryland Emergency Vehicle Statutes

• Maryland uses the transportation article of the Maryland Motor Vehicle Laws, 2006 edition, Laws for

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.3

006 ed o , a s oEmergency Vehicles, from the Annotated Code of Maryland as its reference.

PrivilegePrivilegeAndAnd


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.4

AndAndExemptionExemption

• EVOs using audible and visual warning signals or devices have qualified privilege from the statutory rules of the road; however, they are bound to exercise due regard reasonable care


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.5

bound to exercise due regard, reasonable care, caution, and attention.

National Standard, Safety Procedures, and Organizational Responsibility

• NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program

– Identifies components for safe and effective

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.6

Identifies components for safe and effective driver training programs

– Applies to all fire departments and rescue squads

– Stresses safe arrival at the scene as a first priority

• Safety procedures for EVOs and riders– Comply with NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire

Department Occupational Safety and Health Program


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.7

(Chapter 4-2)– Comply with NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire

Department Vehicle Drive/Operator Professional Qualifications (Chapter 2-7)

– Drive to reduce collisions, injuries, and deaths while responding to, or returning from, calls

– Appoint a safety officer to oversee EVO training

Components of OrganizationalResponsibility


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.8

Adoption RiskManagement

Inspectionand

Maintenance

Instruction Safety Officer

• Rules of the road for operators– Do not drive vehicles without prior training– Complete the annual recertification requirements


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.9

Complete the annual recertification requirements for each class vehicle

– Be familiar with the 1992 Federal Commercial Motor Vehicle Act and state requirements for obtaining a CDL

– Understand all local, state, and federal rules for emergency and non-emergency responses

• Rules of the road for operators (continued)– Do not drive under the influence of alcohol or

drugs


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.10

– Maintain proper following distances that allow stopping time to avoid rear-end collisions

– Exercise extreme caution when overtaking other emergency vehicles

– Respond in non-emergency status for station fill-ins

• Rules of the road for operators (continued)– Notify other drivers of changes in primary routes of

travel


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.11

– Do not operate vehicles in reverse unless it is unavoidable

– Use spotters with a communication system whenever backing up

• Rules of the road for operators (continued)

– Bring the vehicle to a full stop when required• Stop signals (signs, lights, or traffic officers)


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.12

• Blind intersections• Intersections with some lanes obscured• A school bus with flashing warning lights• Unguarded railroad crossings• Activated railroad crossing stop signals

• Rules of the road for operators (continued)

– Use fire apparatus to shield personnel and equipment


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.13

q p– Act responsibly for the safe operation of the vehicle– Do not move a piece of apparatus unless all

personnel are seated and secured– Wear personal protective equipment when on the

roadway. Do not don or doff PPE while the vehicle is in motion.

• Crash investigation– Conduct a post-crash testing program to

determine possible alcohol and drug use


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.14

– Implement a crash investigation procedure– Take appropriate action, correct problems, and

prevent reoccurrences– Maintain a collision data collection system– Give the fire chief reports

CRASH!CRASH!


• The definition of a “true emergency” is often subjective and unclear. When in doubt, downgrade the response priority, drive

ti l b ll t ffi l d h d

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.15

cautiously, obey all traffic laws, and show due regard, reasonable care, caution, and attention to others.


• When 9-1-1 centers receive calls for fire or police d t t

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.16

departments, dispatchers may or may not receive enough information to determine the urgency of a response.


• Responses to structural fires, possible entrapments, “across from” calls, cardiac arrests, medical assists for unconscious

h d t i l i id t

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.17

persons, hazardous materials incidents, collapses, and confined space incidents all require upgraded priority responses.


• When in doubt, ask the dispatcher for additional information– A jury or state’s attorney will decide if the

response was legitimate

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.18

response was legitimate– EVOs must explain the results of a crash if they

were not following the laws and policies

• Courts will hold EVOs responsible and accountable for their actions, along with the right-seat officer


• Responses are viewed as emergencies when units use audible and visual warning signals or devices. Speed must also be compatible

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.19

with environmental and road conditions.

True Emergency Situations andResponse Priorities

• Priority 1: full emergency response– Obey all traffic control signals or devices

– Use all audible and visual warning signals or

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.20

g gdevices

– Drive at a speed reasonable and prudent for conditions


• Priority 2: reduced emergency response– Obey all traffic control signals or devices

– Stop at controlled intersections

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.21

p

– Use all audible and visual warning signals or devices and drive no more than 10 mph above the posted speed limit

True Emergency Situations andResponse Priorities

• Priority 3: non-urgent response conditions– May also be designated for all units responding to

a box assignment after the first arriving unit gives b i f i iti l t (BIR) ith thi id t

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.22

brief initial report (BIR) with nothing evident

– May use audible or visual warning signals or devices

– Obey all traffic laws, signs, and signals, and must drive at the posted speed limit


• Priority 4: non-emergency response conditions– First arriving unit declares a reduced response for

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.23

the rest of the run assignment

– Use no audible or visual warning signals or devices

– Obey all posted speed limits, traffic signals, and traffic control devices

Due Regard for Safety of Others

• EVOs must consider that citizens on the roadways may react either appropriately or inappropriately to the extraordinary set of circumstances created by EVOs

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.24

circumstances created by EVOs.

• EVOs have a higher standard of responsibility and accountability when collisions occur as a result of citizens’ reactions.

Due Regard for Safety of Others• Issues or factors affecting whether or not an EVO

displayed due regard, reasonable care, caution, and attention to the safety of others:– The type of call that the 9-1-1 center received

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.25

– The content of the tape(s) that recorded the incoming call, the outgoing dispatch, and arrival information of the first unit

– The speed of the emergency vehicle as determined by crash reconstruction testimony

– Use of all emergency warning signals or devices at the time of the collision and their effect on other traffic


Given information from discussion, handouts, and reading materials, describe Maryland emergency vehicle statutes, the national standard, safety procedures, organizational responsibility, true

FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.26

p , g p y,emergency situations and response priorities, and due regard for the safety of others.

Review

• Maryland Emergency Vehicle Statutes

• The National Standard, Safety Procedures, and Organizational Responsibility


FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.27

• True Emergency Situations and Response Priorities

• Due Regard for Safety of Others

Leadership and Management

Emergency Vehicle Operator RefresherLesson 1-2

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.0


• The student will be able to explain the roles and responsibilities of an emergency vehicle operator and risk management using local, state, and federal laws, and standards and

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.1

statistics.

Overview

• Leadership and Management• Risk Management• Developing the Proper Mind Set

Physical and Mental Fitness

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.2

• Physical and Mental Fitness• The SIPDE Process• Defensive Driving Habits

Overview

• Making the Right Decisions• Statistics • Defensive Driving Goals

Education versus Training

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.3

• Education versus Training• Initiatives


• Leadership– It’s a style…everyone has their own– Leaders don’t just do everything the old way– Leaders

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.4

• Have integrity• Display initiative• Maintain interest• Are authoritative• Accept responsibility


• Management– Focuses on the task that is to be accomplished

• What needs to be accomplished? Who will accomplish it? How will it be accomplished?

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.5

• Effective managers:– Motivate people to accomplish the task– Lead by example– Supervise, train and inspire– Get the crew to follow the leader


• Research and Theories– X and Y Leaders

• X leaders believe people are lazy. X leaders are authoritative and give rewards for following the directives/SOPs

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.6

directives/SOPs• Y leaders believe in a positive work environment, are

participatory, tap into employees’ creativity and ingenuity

– Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs• Starts with Safety

– If you don’t feel safe you won’t work

How do these two apply to an EVO?

Risk Management

• Risk is the measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects, resulting from an exposure to a hazard or a danger.

• Risk Management is about preventing disability

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.7

Risk Management is about preventing disability, loss of life, and property.

• Safety is the control of recognizable hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.

Risk Management

• Leadership and Management Work Together– Leadership writes a policy regarding risk management

– Leadership and Management establish safety goals and standards

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.8

– Management develops a risk management program

– Leadership and Management perform to a standard and hold employees accountable for standards

– Leadership and Management demonstrate the knowledge of the risk management program through supervision, evaluation and feedback

Risk Management

• All EVO Risk Management Programs should :– Identify driving and operational risks– Evaluate driving and operational risks– Build a consensus on driving risk control

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.9

– Implement means for a driving risk control– Monitor the training process related to driving risk

control– Initiate required changes as needed

What are your organizations’ SOPs for EVOs?

Risk Management

• Does your company’s risk management policy cover…– Wearing of safety restraints– Donning PPE before boarding the apparatus

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.10

– Using a spotter when backing– Alcohol use with a “bottle to throttle” time

• Preventable collisions

Developing the Proper Mind Set

• The BIG Picture– EVs share the road with others!!

– Smaller, lighter vehicles fare better than EVs

Passenger vehicles have a lower center of gravity

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.11

– Passenger vehicles have a lower center of gravity

– Passenger vehicles face the same challenges as EVs

– Larger vehicles have a huge amount of energy

– Loss of traction/friction with roadway may signal a crash


• The HTS System consists of:– People and other drivers– Passenger and commercial

vehicles

• EVs are part of the Highway Transportation System (HTS)

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.12

– Highways, expressways and roadways

• The purpose of the HTS is to get people and cargo from Point A to Point B

• EVOs are held to a higher standard than others drivers on the HTS.


• Safety Elements

– Driving is a privilege, not a right!

– National Highway Safety Act

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.13

– Flag Program

– Point System

• Targeted to change drivers’ behaviors


• Safety Elements– Driver’s License Compact

• There are 47 jurisdictions• A person receives one license governed by the state in

hi h th d i id

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.14

which the driver resides• A person’s driving record follows him from state to state• Offenders receive uniform treatment

– Considerations• Insurance• Employment

Physical/Mental Fitness

• Physical Fitness Considerations:– Functioning of limbs – Hearing capacity– Cardiovascular disease/history

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.15

– Neurological problems/ disorder/history

– Inner ear problems/spatial issues– Height of the operator– Illness (cold, flu, etc…)– Level of fatigue (shift work)– Weight


• Mental/Emotional Considerations:– Age (minimum according to the AHJ)– Maturity necessary to take on the responsibility– Defensive driving habits

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.16

– Potential issues regarding• Anger management• Family• Drug/alcohol dependency• Station problems• Depression/euphoria


• Acquired Abilities– Judgment

• Ability to make good decisions based upon maturity

– Coordination

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.17

• Split second decisions/multi-tasking

– Good Driving Characteristics

– Motivation (The Psychological Set)• Routine – we’ve always done it this way• Comfort – this is the easiest way• Confidence – it’s not the safest way but it will be done

The SIPDE Process

• Scan – look across the roadway for potential hazards

• Identify – focus on operational hazards that may interfere with the vehicle’s safe passage

• Predict – anticipate other vehicular movements and where

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.18

Predict anticipate other vehicular movements and where potential conflict will develop

• Decide – the timing of when, where and how to adjust speed or position to avoid conflicts with other vehicles or hazards

• Execute – the corrective action or actions taken to avoid conflicts, collision, and hazards

Defensive Driving Habits

• Defensive Driving- the concept and related practice of protecting the driver and crew from dangerous operational conflicts and unexpected driving situations

– EVOs must interact and cooperate with citizens on th d

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.19

the roadway

– EVOs must develop physical skills until they become habit.• After basics are accomplished a driver can develop the

mental skills needed

Making the Right Decisions

• New EVOs may learn just enough to make them confident

• The right decisions come from Due Regard and caution

• Rules of the road apply to everyone

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.20

• Factors to consider– Weather– Traffic– Pedestrians– Road design– Construction


• EVOs must multi-task behind the wheel by:

– Using visual skills and interpreting ongoing traffic dynamics

– Obeying all traffic laws and comprehending signs,

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.21

signals, and roadway markings

– Judging time, distance, speed, and spatial relationships that are constantly changing

– Anticipating what other vehicles are going to do and identifying escape routes


• EVOs must multi-task behind the wheel by:– Determining emergency mode from proceeding mode

– Performing basic maneuvers that will navigate the EV out of harm’s way

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.22

y

– Not being show-offs

– NOT TALKING ON CELL PHONES, TEXT MESSAGING, TURNING RADIOS UP LOUDLY, OR DOING ANY OTHER ACTIVITY THAT WILL DIVERT ATTENTION FROM THE ROADWAY!

Statistics

• Fatalities– In 2011, 5 firefighters died in vehicle crashes—

6.0% of total on-duty firefighter fatalities (83)• 3 of the fatalities occurred in personal vehicles• 2 of the fatalities occurred in fire department apparatus

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.23

– In 2011, 9 firefighters were killed while responding to calls—10.8% of total fatalities (83)

– In 2011, 2 firefighters were killed while returning from emergency incidents – 2.4% of total fatalities (83)

Statistics

• Injuries

– In 2010, there were 14,200 collisions involving EVs that resulted in 770 injuries

– In 2010, there were 1000 collisions involving

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.24

, gfirefighter POVs that resulted in 75 injuries

Defensive Driving Goals

• Develop and implement new methods with the Psychological Set in mind

– Routine: Drive in a safe manner

C f t I k th t I’ d i i thi f l

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.25

– Comfort: I know that I’m driving this as safely as possible

– Confidence: In new methods of driving because they work


• Education – how and why– Classroom and bookwork– Understanding the SOPs– Emotional and physical limitations of the EVO– Understanding policies, procedures, laws and regulations

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.26

g p , p , g

• Training – hands on, in depth, and behind the wheel– Obstacle course– Roadway training– Simulator training – if available

Initiatives

• #3 Focus greater attention on the integration of risk management…

• #4 Empower all firefighters to stop unsafe practices.

• #5 Develop and implement national standards for

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.27

#5 Develop and implement national standards for training, qualifications, and certifications…

• #6 Develop and implement national medical and fitness standards…

Initiatives

• #10 Ensure that grant programs support the implementation of safe practices and/or mandate safe practices as an eligibility requirement.

#11 D l d h i ti l t d d f

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.28

• #11 Develop and champion national standards for emergency response policies and procedures.

• #16 Make safety a primary consideration in the design of apparatus and equipment.


• The student will be able to explain the roles and responsibilities of an emergency vehicle operator and risk management using local, state, and federal laws, and standards and

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.29

statistics.

Review

• Leadership and Management• Risk Management• Developing the Proper Mind Set

Physical and Mental Fitness

FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.30

• Physical and Mental Fitness• The SIPDE Process• Defensive Driving Habits

Review

• Making the Right Decisions• Statistics • Defensive Driving Goals


FIRE 131-PPT-1-2.31

• Education versus Training• Initiatives

Operating an Emergency Vehiclein Emergency Mode


FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.0


• The student will be able to explain the purpose and use of emergency signaling equipment, how basic vehicle control tasks are accomplished, required urban driving skills, how to negotiate

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.1

intersections, and how to make vehicle turnabouts.

Overview

• The Purpose and Use of Emergency Vehicle Signaling Devices

• Emergency Vehicle Signaling Equipment• Other Considerations regarding Emergency

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.2

Other Considerations regarding Emergency Mode

• Basic Vehicle Control• Urban Driving Skills

The Purpose and Use ofEmergency Signaling Devices

• Lights and sirens are used to inform traffic that an EV is present

• Maryland law requires an EVO to activate and use emergency warning and signaling

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.3

use emergency warning and signaling devices while responding to an emergency call– You must exercise due regard– Emergency signaling does not guarantee safety– You are granted “qualified privilege” while in

emergency mode

Emergency VehicleSignaling Equipment

• Lighting or visual warning devices– Warning lights must be seen 500 feet in all

directions– Use high beams or alternating headlights

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.4

– Oscillating or RotoRay devices should be mounted at rearview mirror level

– All emergency lighting devices should be in use on scene

Emergency Signaling Devices

• Sirens or Audible Warning devices– Must be heard 500 feet ahead of and behind

the emergency vehicle

– Cannot be heard around buildings

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.5

Cannot be heard around buildings• Sound travels in a cone-like shape• At high speeds the siren can be outrun

Emergency Signaling Devices

– Pitches should be changed often• High frequencies are better for alerting ahead

– Audible warning devices do not always clear traffic

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.6

• Motorists might not hear the siren• Drive with the driver’s and officer’s windows cracked,

allowing the driver to hear approaching traffic and other hazards

– Audible warning devices may cause motorists to respond in strange ways

Other Considerations Regarding Emergency Mode

• Hypnotic Effects– Hypnotic drivers become inattentive

• Vary the siren to avoid hypnosis

• Tunnel Vision

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.7

– As speed increases the field of vision narrows

• Adrenaline Kicks– Give the driver a greater time-distance-

speed sense• The driver may feel extremely confident

Basic Vehicle Control

• Backing

– Backing accounts for a large number of EV accidents

Most backing accidents are minor but keep

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.8

– Most backing accidents are minor but keep the EV out of service and cost a tremendous amount of money.

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.9

Basic Vehicle Control

• Parking– Requires basic skills

– Is difficult when performed under stress

Can be one of three types

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.10

– Can be one of three types• Angular• Perpendicular• Parallel

Urban Driving Skills

• Successful Driving Points– Stay Alert– Watch for pedestrians and children– Watch for joggers and bicyclists

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.11

j gg y– Be careful at alleys and crosswalks– Try to anticipate motorist actions– Expect the unexpected


• Emergency Mode– Speeds over the limit are rarely justified– There is a high chance that pedestrian or

motorist actions can lead to a crash

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.12

– A reasonable speed allows for more time to react

– Most motorists will pull to the right and slow or stop• NOT ALL MOTORISTS WILL PULL TO THE RIGHT• New Move Over Laws are in effect


• Traffic– Slow down before the blockage

– Use headlights, spotlights or horns to get the attention of other drivers

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.13

– BE PATIENT!!!

– Vary the siren and use intermittently


• Intersections– Are the most accident prone areas

• 40% of all vehicle crashes

• 50% of all emergency vehicle crashes

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.14

50% of all emergency vehicle crashes

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.15

What could have been done to prevent this collision?


• Intersections– Intersections may restrict visibility

– Because of intersections, many motorists may not hear or see an EV coming

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.16

not hear or see an EV coming

– IF THERE IS A RED LIGHT OR STOP SIGN YOU MUST COME TO A COMPLETE STOP, CHECK FOR HAZARDS, AND THEN PROCEED ONLY WHEN THE PATH OF TRAVEL IS CLEAR!

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.17

What could have been done differently here?


• Intersections– Make sure there is an adequate gap in traffic

– Give other motorists as much information as possible

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.18

p

– Check for hazards well in advance• Bad road surfaces• Motorists in your lane• Bicyclists• Pedestrians


• Turning vehicles around– Creates a hazard when performed on the road

– Is illegal in some states unless in emergency mode

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.19

mode

– Requires an area that has good visibility• Must have visibility of the entire path of travel• Must avoid hills, curves, and blind intersections


• Turnabouts– The U Turn

• Is the least hazardous• Is easiest to perform

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.20

– The Two Point Turnabout• Use only when there is a side street or an

alley• Do not use private property such as

driveways


– The Three Point Turnabout• Is the most hazardous

• Is only used when:– A “U turn” is not feasible

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.21

– No alleys or side roads are available

– Traffic is light


• The student will be able to explain the purpose and use of emergency signaling equipment, how basic vehicle control tasks are accomplished, required urban driving skills, how to negotiate

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.22

intersections, and how to make vehicle turnabouts.

Review

• The Purpose and Use of Emergency Signaling Devices

• Emergency Vehicle Signaling Equipment• Other Considerations regarding Emergency

FIRE 131-PPT-2-1.23

Other Considerations regarding Emergency Mode

• Basic Vehicle Control• Urban Driving Skills

Operating an Emergency Vehicle and Scene Safety


FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.0


• The student will be able to explain the safe operating procedures for following and passing vehicles, expressway operations, and driving at high speeds.

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.1

Overview

• Following Distances• Passing a Vehicle• Expressway Operations• Safety Precautions

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.2

• Safety Precautions

Following Distances

• Safe Distances• Total Stopping Distance

– Reaction Distance

Braking Distance

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.3

– Braking Distance• Higher speed = greater braking distance

• Heavier vehicle = greater stopping distance

Following Distances

• Speed Limit Following Distance– Use the posted speed limit to determine how

far behind you should be following.

– If the speed limit starts with 2 then follow two

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.4

If the speed limit starts with 2 then follow two seconds behind...

– If the speed limit ends in a 5 round up the first number

Following Distances

• Increasing following distances– Using common sense

– Operating in emergency mode

Heavy traffic

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.5

– Heavy traffic

– Deteriorating weather or road conditions

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.6

How could the driver/operator have avoided this collision?

Passing Another Vehicle

• Passing a vehicle can usually be completed in 10 seconds.

• Passing times vary depending on the vehicle.• Passing a vehicle requires distance and depth

perception

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.7

perception.• Drive with the driver’s and officer’s window

cracked.• Use 1/10 mile markers to judge distances.• Do not rely on the siren to clear traffic!


• Considerations before initiating a pass– Is it necessary?

– Is the driver simply being impatient?

Will traffic move?

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.8

– Will traffic move?

– Can the pass be conducted safely?

– Does the vehicle respond to the added power demands?


• Be aware of the vehicle characteristics• Read informational signs and road markings• Look for road configuration• Be aware of road signs prohibiting passing

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.9

• Be aware of road signs prohibiting passing• Consider traffic flow


• Maneuvers for passing another vehicle– Check mirrors and remember your blind spots– Signal for lane change– Accelerate prior to changing and while changing

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.10

p g g g glanes

– Signal before returning to the right lane– Return to the right lane and cancel signal


• DO NOT HESITATE! Conditions could deteriorate!

• Constantly scan for hazards

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.11

• Be prepared to abort…always have a way out!

Expressway Operations

• Terms– Advance Warning

– Block

Buffer zone

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.12

– Buffer zone

– Downstream


– Flagger– Shadow– Taper– Temporary Work Zone

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.13

– Transition zone– Upstream


• Entering and exiting an expressway– When on entry ramps stay well behind the vehicle

ahead of you

– Be prepared to stop abruptly

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.14

p p p p y

– Look for a gap to blend into traffic

– Notice yield signs which• Show the right of way to flowing traffic

• Give an idea of what is ahead; for example, a short acceleration lane


• Entering and exiting an expressway– Use the exit lane for deceleration

– When on exit ramps stay well behind the vehicle in front of you

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.15

y

– Observe the ramp posted speed limits

– Look ahead and maintain a five to eight second following distance


• Driving at high speeds– Vehicles transporting stabilized patients

should never speed

– Larger fire apparatus are much harder to

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.16

g pphandle at high speeds

– Drive according to the conditions of the roads


• Driving at high speeds– Negotiate curves at a lower speed than posted

• Decelerate as needed to maintain control

• Enter the curve to the far outside

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.17

• Note that the center of gravity of the vehicle should be set once in the apex of the curve

• Keep a slow and steady speed once past the apex of the curve

• Adjust for conditions ahead


• Stopping at high speeds– Laws of physics, particularly generation of heat

in reducing speed, are operating on brakes

– Don’t abuse the brakes because mechanical

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.18

devices will fail

– Use a lower gear while going on a long downhill grade


• Stopping at high speeds– Do not lock the wheels (little beads of rubber will

act as a propellant). Use a smooth braking motion.

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.19

– Keep pressure on brake until the EV is slowed to the desired speed.

– NEVER PUMP AIR BRAKES.

Safety Precautions

• High Speed Areas– Never trust approaching traffic

– Avoid turning your back on traffic (keep your eyes on traffic at all times)

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.20

y )

– Establish an initial block with apparatus

– Wear class III high visibility reflective vests during daylight operations

Safety Precautions

• High Speed Areas– Always wear your helmet

– Wear full PPE plus safety vest at all vehicle related incidents

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.21

– Use fire/police vehicles to redirect traffic

Safety Precautions

• High Speed Areas– Establish advance warning and adequate

transition area upstream of the incident

– Use traffic cones and/or flares where

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.22

appropriate for sustained highway incident traffic control

– Establish a fire department member to be a flagger to monitor approaching traffic and activate an emergency signal if the motorists do not conform

Safety Precautions

• Parking of EVs while on scene– Position the first arriving apparatus to protect the

scene, patients, and emergency personnel

– Provide a work area protected from traffic

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.23

• Damaged vehicles

• Roadway debris

• Patient triage

• Extrication area

• Personnel and tool staging

Safety Precautions

• Parking of EVs while on scene– Angle the apparatus “block to the left” or

“block to the right”

– Allow apparatus to slow moving traffic and

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.24

redirect it around the incident

– Use apparatus to block at least one other lane other than the one obstructed by the incident

Safety Precautions

• Parking of EVs while on scene– Position large apparatus to create a safe parking

zone for EMS units or other apparatus

– Where the incident is in the middle, protect two

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.25

sides• Use police to expand the work zone if needed

• Prioritize by protecting the side with the most amount of traffic first

• First arriving with a charged hose line position so the pump panel is down stream on the opposite side of traffic

Safety Precautions• VFIS 10 Cones of Safety

– There is no substitute for training• SOPs or SOGs, directives, memorandums• Hands on• Simulator

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.26

– Multi agency coordination and communications are a must (unified command)• Makes the scene safer• Makes for a more cohesive environment

– Limit your exposure• Do what needs to be done and get out


– Give traffic plenty of warning• Place your signs, cones, flares as a pre-incident

buffer zone• Motorists should follow directions

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.27

– Protect the scene with apparatus• Angling vehicles gives a strategic way to create a

safe work zone• Apparatus can absorb the impact of a collision and be

pushed away from the active scene

– Always work away from traffic• No zone is 100% safe• Never trust traffic


– Be prepared to shut down the roadway• It is not ideal but must be kept as an option

– Be seen and not hurt• Use warning signs, message boards, flares,

anything that will keep you safe

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.28

anything that will keep you safe

– Dress for the occasion• PPE, Class III safety vest, helmet

– Remember that• Everyone is held accountable

• Everyone is accounted for

Safety Precautions

– Training

– On scene actions

– Responses

• Be safe during

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.29

– Parking/ positioning

– Clearing traffic lanes

– Clearing incident scenes


• The student will be able to explain the safe operating procedures for following and passing vehicles, expressway operations, and driving at high speeds.

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.30

Review

• Following Distances• Passing a Vehicle• Expressway Operations• Safety Precautions

FIRE 131-PPT-2-2.31

• Safety Precautions

Vehicle Preparation, Inspection, and Maintenance


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.0


• The student will be able to identify major mechanical systems and explain how to perform a complete inspection and provide proper documentation. The student will also be able to

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.1

perform a complete emergency vehicle inspection using the model checklist.

Overview

• Emergency Vehicle Technicians• Major Mechanical Systems• Pre-Trip Preventative Maintenance• Routine Maintenance

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.2

• Safety Checks and Adjustments• Starting the Emergency Vehicle• Precautions Before Moving• Documentation

Emergency Vehicle Technicians

• NFPA standards– NFPA 1071—Standard for Emergency

Vehicle Technician Professional Qualifications

– NFPA 1911—Standard for the Inspection,

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.3

p ,Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus

• Certification Commission– Tests resemble ASE certifications

Major Mechanical Systems

• Braking systems– Hydraulic (liquid) or

Pneumatic (air)– Drums or Discs– Antilock Brakes

Air BrakesRetarders – Exhaust, Engine, Hydraulic, or Electric

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.4

– Antilock Brakes

Disc Brake

Disc Rotor

Drum Brake

Brake Shoe and Pad

Brake Drum

Dual Chamber

Slack adjuster

Automatic Adjuster

Air Lines

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.5

Pushrod

Clevis

j

Photo Courtesy of Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Services


• Engine– Gasoline Engines

• Fuel Injection• Combustion

Ch b

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.6

Chambers• Crankshaft

– Diesel Engines• Combustion

chambers• Pistons• Crankshaft


• Exhaust systems– Mufflers– Exhaust pipes– Tailpipes

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.7

– Vertical stacks

*Loose, cracked, bent, broken, or missing exhaust parts may emit poisonous fumes into the cab


• Driveline– Transmission

• Standard or automatic

• Clutch pedal if

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.8

standard

– Driveshaft– Differential– Front and rear axles– Computer control

Modules


• Steering– Wheel– Column

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.9

• Electrical System– Primary functions: powers generator, power

distribution, timing, spark generation, etc…

– Auxiliary functions: inside and outside lighting, air/heat, horns, on board O2 systems, etc…

Steering Gear Box


• Suspension– Leaf springs

– Shock absorbers

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.10

– Air rides

– Wheels

– Tires

Axle

U-Bolts

Leaf Spring

Pre-Trip Preventive Maintenance

• Pre-trip preventive maintenance– Should occur prior to and within 24 hours of an

emergency• Identify problems

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.11

• Correct unsafe conditions

– Occurs on a daily and weekly basis


– All systems and components are checked according to manufacturer’s specifications

– A safe and operational status is verified

Th i l d hi l

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.12

– There is only one record per vehicle• Includes all dates of inspections and work done


• NINE CORE AREAS OF INSPECTION

– Check prior PM records

– Conduct a vehicle overview

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.13

– Conduct an engine compartment check

– Conduct an interior cab check


• NINE CORE AREAS OF INSPECTION

– Conduct a vehicle walk around

– Conduct a compartment and equipment check

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.14

– Conduct an undercarriage check

– Conduct a moving and driving test

– Complete the inspection process


• Obtain prior PM records for vehicle

• Perform vehicle overview, checking for

– Body damage and cleanliness

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.15

– Leveling of the vehicle (indication of suspension problems)


• Engine compartment check (ENGINE OFF!)– Oil level

– Coolant level

– Power steering fluid level

Transmission fluid level

Air compressor belts

Hydraulic reservoir

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.16

Transmission Dipstick and fill siteTransmission Dipstick and fill site

Oil Fill

Dipstick


– Pump primer level

– Brake fluid level

– Battery fluid level (left and Power Steering

• Engine compartment check (ENGINE OFF!)

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.17

Battery fluid level (left and right banks)

– Turbo equipment (clamps)

– Windshield washer fluid level

– Belts and wiring harnesses

Reservoir

Pre-Trip Preventive Maintenance• Engine compartment

check (ENGINE OFF!)– Steering gear box

– Hood lighting

C diti f h

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.18

– Condition of hoses

– Protective caps/fuel cap

– Safety devices• Hood latches• Safety bars for tilt cabs• Lock pins/pivot pins• Rubber bumper mounts


• Engage parking brake system

• Chock the wheelsT th b tt

• Interior Cab Check - PREPARATION

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.19

• Turn the battery on• Turn the ignition

master on• Place the gears in

neutral or park• Start the engine


• Interior Cab Check– Check instrument panel gauges

• Are they at operating levels according to specifications?

– Inspect the accelerator

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.20

• Pedal padding in place• No looseness in pedal mechanism

– Engage or disengage emergency air brake system

– Conduct hydraulic/air brake test (listen for leaks)

– Check steering wheel for excessive play (10 degrees or more)


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.21

What’s wrong with these gauges?

• Interior Cab Check– Check electric and air horns for

equal tone quality

– Check electronic and mechanical sirens


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.22

sirens• Excessive draw on ammeter and

voltage

– Check windshield wipers and washers; heating and defrosting equipment

– Check air conditioning units

• Interior Cab Check

– Check transmission controls• No slipping in clutch pedal or

through the friction point• No hang up or binding


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.23

• No hang up or binding• No jumping out of gear

– Check all radio equipment

– Check interior lighting systems

– Check seat adjustment

– Inspect occupant restraints

• Vehicle Walk Around– Windshield and glass

– Headlights (low and high beams)


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.24

– Four way flashers and turn signals

– Strobes and emergency vehicle lighting

– Side markers and reflectors

– Brake lights

• Vehicle Walk Around– Generators and auxiliary

power

– Quartz floodlight systems


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.25

– License plates

– PTO levers and switches

– Ground pads

– Electric and mechanical throttle (extend outriggers all the way)

• Vehicle Walk Around– Levers and primer valve

on panels

– Outrigger warning lights


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.26

– Pump panel lighting and water level indicator

– Ladder or tower lighting system (turntable and distal end of the ladder/platform)

– Water curtain or pre-piped nozzle appliance on ladder or tower tips

• Vehicle Walk Around—Tires and Wheels– Obvious gouges, slashes,

cuts, or bubbling– Proper tire size for the vehicle


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.27

p(not mismatched)

– Rust indicators– Peeling paint on non-

aluminum rims– Lug nut condition

• Vehicle Walk Around—Tires and Wheels


• Grease leaks from wheel hubs

• Rim damage and i i i ht

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.28

missing weight• Correct tire pressure• Intact valve stems• Tread depth:

– Front 4/32”– Rear 2/32”

• Vehicle Walk Around– Automatic chain systems

for rear wheels

– Obvious undercarriage


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.29

gleaks

– Fuel cap (diesel or unleaded markings intact)

• Compartment and Equipment Check– Function of latching mechanisms

– Powered tools and equipment


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.30

Powered tools and equipment

– Compartment equipment matching inventory

– Spare electrical fuses

– Road hazard signaling: cones, flares, and reflective triangles

• Compartment and Equipment Check– Assortment of fire extinguishers– Fire prevention kits


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.31

– Accident reporting kits– Tire chains and wheel chocks– Crew equipment: SCBAs, hand

lights, AEDs and EMS equipment, rescue equipment

– Hard and soft sleeves

• Compartment and Equipment Check– Ladders– Supplemental air systems or tanks– Specialty equipment


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.32

• Dive rescue• High angle• Hazmat• Confined space• Trench• Water rescue• Hydraulic tools: spreader, cutters, combi tools

• Undercarriage Check– Bleed moisture from air

tanks as required and check for sludge, leaks, alcohol levels Dual Chamber

Automatic Adjuster

Air Lines


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.33

levels

– Check brake line hoses and connections• Cracking • Fraying• Dry rot• Pulling or distortion• Wear marks

Dual Chamber

Pushrod

Clevis

Slack adjuster

• Undercarriage Check– Driveline

• Are the parts properly greased?


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.34

• Are the joints in working condition?

• Are the dust covers intact?

– Exhaust systems• Soot • Black smoke • Clamps • Hangers

• Pitting on underside

• Undercarriage Check—Suspension Systems


• Spring shifts, cracks or brakes

• Shackles and hangers

• Shock towers or leaks

• Air leaks (shocks or bags)

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.35

• Undercarriage Check– Automatic chain

systems• Are installed and aligned

t f t ’


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.36

to manufacturer’s specs

• Hit points on tires, not wheels

• Have a proper angle and clearance

• Are not worn, rusty, or leaky

• Undercarriage Check


– Obvious damage – Inner sides of wheels

and tires

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.37

and tires– Wiring harness: loose

belts and hoses– Fuel tanks (obvious

leaks in tanks or lines)– Any fluids and point of

origin

• Moving and Driving Test– Parking brake system

– Service brake

Steering system


FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.38

– Steering system

• Complete the inspection process– DOCUMENT

– Compare to previous reports

Routine Maintenance

– Operator safety is dependent on vehicle condition

– No matter who performs the maintenance, it is the operator’s responsibility to see that it is performed

• An engineer or company officer schedules i t d ifi h l t

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.39

maintenance and verifies when complete

• The operator reports problem to those responsible for scheduling maintenance and verifies when it is complete

• A qualified operator performs the maintenance

Safety Checks and Adjustments

• Occupant Restraint Systems– WHY?

• SOPs/SOGs dictate

• Insurance carriers require them

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.40

Insurance carriers require them

• Restraints reduce the likelihood of serious injury

• Restraints improve the operator’s ability to control the vehicle


• Occupant Restraint systems– Proper adjustments

• Lap Belts: snug across the lower pelvis

• Shoulder Harness: loose enough to fit a fist

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.41

Shoulder Harness: loose enough to fit a fist between harness and chest

• Head restraints: center of the restraint positioned at the base of the skull


• Seat Position

– Brake and accelerator can be applied without fully extending the leg

Steering wheel can be held with a slight bend

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.42

– Steering wheel can be held with a slight bend in the elbow

– Seat is fully locked

Safety Checks and Adjustments• Mirrors

– Proper adjustment• Inside rearview mirror:

entire rear window visible• Outside view mirror: edge

of EVs rear fender and side

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.43

of EVs rear fender and side lanes visible

– Blind spots• The most dangerous blind

spot is the rear quarter panel

• The larger the vehicle the bigger the blind spot

Starting the EV

• Ensure transmission is in neutral or park

• Depress clutch if manual transmission

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.44

• Start engine– Look for changes in gauges

• Release parking brake before moving EV

Precautions Before Moving

• Audible and visual signal from all personnel• One person besides operator in cab• Bay door open with no obstacles in path of EV

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.45

• All emergency lights on if responding

Documentation

• PM Record Check

• Vehicle overview

• Engine compartment

• Interior cab

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.46

• Interior cab

• Vehicle walk-around

• Compartment and equipment check

• Undercarriage check

• Moving and driving test


• The student will be able to identify major mechanical systems and explain how to perform a complete inspection and provide proper documentation. The student will also be able to

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.47

perform a complete emergency vehicle inspection using the model checklist.

Review

• Emergency Vehicle Technicians• Major Mechanical Systems• Pre-Trip Preventative Maintenance• Routine Maintenance

FIRE 131-PPT-3-1.48

• Safety Checks and Adjustments• Starting the Emergency Vehicle• Precautions Before Moving• Documentation

Driving Range Rules


FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.0


• The student will be able to explain and demonstrate application of rules and procedures during driving range exercises, with guidance.

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.1

Overview

• Range Safety Rules• The Serpentine Exercise• The Stall Parking Exercise

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.2

• The Lane Change Exercise

Overview

• The Turning Around Exercise• The Diminishing Lane Clearance

ExerciseTh C t ll d B ki E i

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.3

• The Controlled Braking Exercise

Range Safety Rules

• Headlights must be on• No unauthorized vehicles or people can

be on course• All vehicle occupants must wear

t i t

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.4

restraints• Resetting cones will be done when there

are NO vehicles on the course• Fire extinguishers will be carried on all

vehicles in the range

Range Safety Rules

• The maximum speed is 25 mph

• The driver will be signaled by verbal means

• The distances between cones will be adjusted to fit the vehicles as required

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.5

the vehicles as required

• Range exercises will not be held if the range is wet, icy, or snow covered

• All vehicles will be inspected by instructors and EVOs that day

• Students will dress appropriately for the weather

Range Safety Rules

• Guidelines– Students must present a valid driver’s license

for the proper class of vehicle they will drive

– Instructors will drive the course to demonstrate

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.6

– It is the students’ responsibility to make arrangements with their departments to have an emergency vehicle for the driving range

Range Safety Rules

• Guidelines– The student must bring a copy of his or her

station’s pre-response checklist

– Students must be accompanied by an instructor

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.7

while negotiating the course

– Students must complete the exercises without striking cones

– Instructors must sign off on all six exercises and obtain the sign off sheet for the vertical clearance exercise from each student

Range Safety Rules• The Safety Officer

– Designates the secure area for conducting activities

– Keeps bystanders and observers clear of the activity

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.8

activity

– Sets up a system of uniform hand signals and backing procedures

– Ensures that all pre-response safety checks are completed prior to the start of the driving range

Range Safety Rules• The Safety Officer

– Ensures non-participating vehicles are restricted from the area

– Monitors the use of range safety equipment

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.9

– Controls all people and vehicles in the driving area

– Alerts the lead instructor and stops all activities that are deemed unsafe

The Serpentine Exercise

• Purpose – measures driver’s ability to steer the vehicle within close limits without stopping

• Repetition – driver moves forward and

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.10

Repetition driver moves forward and backward through the evolution

• Pattern – driver will properly steer the vehicle in and out between adjacent cones


• The serpentine exercise provides practice in directional steering.

• Potential performance problems:I t l

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.11

– Improper entry angle – Under- or over-steering– Improper use of mirrors


• Set Up– Three cones spaced 30 to 38 feet apart

• Operator’s responsibility:

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.12

– Drive the vehicle through and then back through

The Stall Parking Exercise

• Purpose – Drive past a docking bay and back into the space

– Back down a street or alley, confined space with vehicles on either side

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.13

• Repetition – driver moves forward and backward through the evolution

• Pattern – driver will properly steer the vehicle into a confined space


• The stall parking exercise– Provides practice in backing up

– Provides practice for parking an ambulance at a hospital emergency room unloading point

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.14

p g y g p

• Potential performance problems– Under- or over-steering in reverse

– Relying on a partner rather than mirrors


• Set Up– 20 to 40 feet from the “street” line

– Stall at least 12 feet wide by 20 feet deep

O ’

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.15

• Operator’s responsibility:– Back into a stall from the left or sight side

– Drive out 40 feet then back into the stall from the right or blind side

– Stop the vehicle 12 inches from the “street” line markers

The Lane Change Exercise

• Purpose – measures driver’s ability to make sharp turns and steer the vehicle within close boundaries.

• Repetition – driver moves forward and backward

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.16

Repetition driver moves forward and backward through the evolution.

• Pattern – driver will properly steer vehicle from lane to lane between adjacent cones. This maneuver should be done without stopping.


• The lane-change exercise provides practice in making right and left turns and establishing precise alignment through lanes.

• Potential performance problems:

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.17

Potential performance problems:– Speed fluctuation

– Beginning turns too early or too late

– Under- or over-steering


• Set Up– The course is 250 to 270 feet long and 46 feet

wide

– Have alternating cones placed every 80 to 85

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.18

g p yfeet, 12 feet wide.

• Operator’s responsibility – make the series of right and left turns to move through each of the successive stalls and then reverse direction and back through

The Turning-Around Exercise

• Purpose – measures driver’s ability to turn the vehicle around in a confined area in order to move or position it

• Repetition – driver moves vehicle forward and

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.19

Repetition driver moves vehicle forward and backward through evolution

• Pattern – driver will properly steer vehicle into confined area between adjacent cones and back out to reverse direction


• The turning-around exercise– Provides practice in pulling into a narrow space

and backing up.

– Develops valuable skills for making various types

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.20

p g ypof turnabouts

• Potential performance problems– Under- or over-steering in forward and reverse

– Not using mirrors appropriately to judge distances

– Crossing too many lanes of traffic


• Set Up– A course 12 feet wide and 20 feet deep

• Operator’s responsibility

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.21

• Operator s responsibility – Back into a confined area from the left or

sight side

– Drive out 40 feet, then back into the area from right or blind side

The Diminishing Lane Clearance Exercise

• Purpose – measure driver’s ability to steer the vehicle in a straight line while braking, judge distance to objects, and stop within one foot of an obstacle

R titi d i hi l f d d

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.22

• Repetition – driver moves vehicle forward and backwards through evolution

• Pattern – driver will properly steer the vehicle within a course bordered by cones which are progressively closer together without stopping


• The diminishing lane exercise provides practice in negotiating a narrow track with a wide vehicle and maintaining a straight path of travel if emergency braking or stopping is required

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.23

q

• Potential performance problems:– Speed fluctuations

– Improper use of mirrors


• Set Up– A course 75 feet long

– For an 8-foot vehicle the lane should be 9 feet 6 inches wide at the start and 8 feet 2 inches wide at the end

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.24

the end

• Operator’s responsibility – driver must drive the vehicle between the cones until reaching the end of the course and then back through it.

The Controlled Braking Exercise• Set Up

– A cone-marked approach lane 12 feet wide, leading to a cone barrier and continuing 100 feet beyond the barrier.

A left lane adjacent to the approach lane starting

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.25

– A left lane adjacent to the approach lane, starting 50 feet from the barrier and extending 60 feet beyond the barrier with the ends closed.

– A double cue cone in the approach lane 50 feet from the barrier

The Controlled Braking Exercise• Reminder

– Hands at 9 and 3

– If the brakes lock up ease up on the brakes to get the wheels rolling and then resume braking

Th h ld b ki i b ki t th i t f l k

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.26

– Threshold braking is braking to the point of lock up but lock up does not occur.

The Controlled Braking Exercise• Operator’s responsibility

– The student will proceed down the approach line at a pre-selected speed of 20-25 mph as conditions permit

– At the double cue cone, the instructor will give a verbal command to initiate braking and evading the barriers

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.27

g g

– When the command is given the student should steer the vehicle to evade the barrier, and simultaneously brake.

– As soon as the driver clears the first barrier, he or she should steer back to the right or left hand lane and come to a full stop prior to the second barrier

*If ABS apply firm constant pressure to the brakes*

The Controlled Braking Exercise

• Potential performance problems:– Locking brakes and wheels and losing steering

control

– Over-steering and not making it back to the proper lane in time

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.28

lane in time

– Under-steering and hitting the first barrier

– Anticipating the cue and braking too soon

– Not coming to a full stop at the end of the course

– Brake fade


• The student will be able to explain and demonstrate application of rules and procedures during driving range exercises, with guidance.

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.29

Review

• Range Safety Rules• The Serpentine Exercise• The Stall Parking Exercise

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.30

• The Lane Change Exercise

Review

• The Turning Around Exercise• The Diminishing Lane Clearance

ExerciseTh C t ll d B ki E i

FIRE 131-PPT-3-2.31

• The Controlled Braking Exercise

Documents

Emergency Vehicle Operator Refresher - MFRI · PDF fileEmergency Vehicle Operator Refresher Lesson 1-1 FIRE 131-PPT-1-1.0 ... – Appoint a safety officer to oversee EVO training