Email: Transmits final draft of sampling & analysis plan

SDMSDocID 2030052

2030052

[email protected] on 02/11/2000 12:50:06 PM

To- Steve WalI/R9/USEPA/US@EPA, [email protected] [email protected]: Sections I.2.3&4 of SAp for Sunrise Mt. Landfill

Steve and Sandra:

Attached is the final draft of the Sampling and Analysis Plan,Sections I, 2, 3, and 4 with the comments incorporated from theWork Plan.

The remaining Sections (5 & 6) will be sent to you over theweekend, so that you may review them first thing Monday.

It is our anticipated schedule that the drilling of the exploratoryboreholes will start on Wednesday, February 16, 2000.

If you have any questions, please feel free to call Tom Gardner at(702) 644-4210, x224.

Sincerely,SteveStephen B. SmithSCS Engineers2702 North 44th Street, Suite 105BPhoenix, AZ 85008-1583(602) 840-2596(602) 224-0572 (FAX)[email protected]

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SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN (SAP)TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1.0 METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF WASTE TYPES AND LIMITS (AP)

I. I GENERAL (A) I

1.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (A) I

1.3 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND AERIAL PHOTOS (A) 21.3.1 Methodology (A) 21.3.2 Estimating Limits of Waste and Disturbed Area (A) 2

1.4 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY (A) 21.4.1 Induced Polarization (IP) Method (A) 21.4.2 Electromagnetic Conductivity Method (A) 5l.4.3-CSAMTMethod(A) 6

1.5 TEST PIT/TRENCH PROCEDURES (A) 91.5.1 Methodology (A) 91.5.2 Excavation Procedure (A) 101.5.3 Visual Observation and Data Recording (A) 10

1.6 CONFIRMATION AND SHALLOW BORINGS (AP) 1 11.6.1 Confirmation Borings (A) 1 11.6.2 Shallow Borings (AP) 12

2.0 METHODS FOR CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE (AP)

2.1 GENERAL (AP) IS

2.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (AP) 15

2.3 SAMPLE HANDLING (AP) 162.3.1 Sample Collection Procedures (AP) 162.3.2 Sample Container Requirements (AP) 162.3.3 Sample Identification Procedures (AP) 162.3.4 Procedures to Avoid Sample Contamination (AP) 162.3.5 Sample Packaging and Transportation Procedures (AP) 172.3.6 Chain-Of-Custody Procedures (AP) 172.3.7 Sample Preservation. Holding Times,

Analytical Parameters, and Methods (AP) 17

(A) = USEPA APPROVED I2/OI/99(AP) = USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN (SAP)TABLE OF CONTENTS continued

Section Page

3.0 METHODS FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COVER SOIL (AP)

3.1 GENERAL (AP) 19

3.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (AP) 19

3.3 SAMPLE HANDLING (AP) 193.3.1 - Sample Collection Procedure (AP) 193.3.2 - Sample Container Requirements (AP) 193.3.3 - Sample Identification Procedures (AP) 203.3.4 - Chain-Of-Custody Procedures (AP) 203.3.5 - Sample Handling And Transportation (AP) 21

3.4 SAMPLE PRESERVATION, TEST PARAMETERS, AND METHODS (AP) 21

4.0 LANDFILL GAS CHARACTERIZATION (AP)

4.1 GENERAL (A) 22

4.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (A) 23

4.3 PROCEDURE FOR SURFACE EMISSIONS MONITORING (A) 234.3.1 - Sampling Methodology (A) 234.3.2 - Survey Control Methodology (A) 24

4.4 PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING IN STRUCTURES (A) 25

4.5 PROCEDURE FOR GAS MONITORING DURING PERFORMANCE OF WORK (A) 254.5.1 - Routine Procedure for Hydrogeologic Borings and Wells (A) 254.5.2 - Second Level Procedure for Hydrogeologic Borings and Wells (A) 254.5.3 - Procedure for Test Pit/Trenches. Confirmation Borings or

Shallow Borings (A) 264.5.4 - Procedure for Removal/Relocation of Waste (A) 26

4.6 PROCEDURE FOR SUBSURFACE METHANE MONITORING (AP) 264.6.1 - Landfill Gas Sampling Probes (AP) 26

4.7 PROCEDURE FOR AMBIENT AIR HYDROGEN SULFIDE MONITORING (A) 264.7.1 - Routine Procedure for Ambient Air Hydrogen Sulfide Monitoring (A) 26

(A) = USEPA APPROVED 12/01/99(AP) = USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00


Section Page

5.0 METHODS FOR GEOLOGIC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION (AP)

5.1 ENGINEERING GEOLOGIC MAPPING (A) 285.1.1 - Procedures (A) ?. 285.1.2 - Equipment (A) 29

5.2 EXPLORATORY DRILLING (AP) 295.2.1 - Drilling and Sampling (AP) 305.2.2 - Borehole Sample Logging (AP) 325.2.3 - Geophysical Logging (AP) 33

5.3-WELL INSTALLATION (AP) 375.3.1 - Installation Decision Criteria (AP) 375.3.2 - Installation Procedures (AP) 385.3.3 - Well Materials (AP) 39

5.4 WELL DEVELOPMENT (AP) 405.4.1 - Equipment (AP) 405.4.2 - Procedure (AP) 415.4.3 - Field Parameter Measurement (AP) 415.4.4 - Development Water Containment and Disposal (AP) 42

5.5 WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT (AP) 42

5.6 - GROUNDWATER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS (AP) 425.6.1 - Presample Purging (AP) 435.6.2 - Sample Collection (AP) 435.6.3 - Sampling Procedure (AP) 435.6.4 - Sample Containers, Parameters, Holding Times, and Methods (AP) 45

5.7 AQUIFER TESTING (AP) 465.7.1 - Equipment (AP) 475.7.2 - Procedures (AP) 47

6.0 FIELD QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS (AP)

6.1 DOCUMENTATION OF FIELD ACTIVITIES (AP) 516.6.6.6.6.6.

. I - Field Activity Documentation (AP) 51

.2 - Boring Logs (AP) 51

.3 - Monitoring Well Installation Record (AP) 52

.4 - Well Purging Logs (AP) 52

.5 - Groundwater Sample Collection Log (AP) 52

.6 - Surface Water Sample Log (AP) 52

(A) = USEPA APPROVED 12/01/99(AP) = USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00


Section Page

6.1.7 - Sediment Sample Collection Log (AP) 526.1.8 - Sample Documentation (AP) 526.1.9 - Landfill Gas Monitoring Data (AP) 53

6.2 DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES (AP) 536.2.1 -Water Sampling Equipment (AP) , 536.2.2 - Monitoring Well Installation Equipment (AP) 536.2.3 - Soil and Sediment Sampling Equipment (AP) 54

6.3 CALIBRATION AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE (AP) 546.3.1 -Calibration (AP) 546.3.2 - Preventive Maintenance (AP) 54

6.4 SAMPLE BOTTLE PREPARATION AND SAMPLE PRESERVATION (AP) 58

6.5 REAGENTS AND STANDARDS (AP) 58

6.6 SAMPLE CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY (AP) 58

6.7 SAMPLE SHIPMENT (AP) 59

6.8 FIELD QUALITY ASSURANCE SAMPLES (AP) 60

6.9 FIELD DATA REVIEW AND STORAGE (AP) 61

7.0 PROPOSED LABORATORIES (AP)

7.1 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FOR SOIL AND WASTE SAMPLES (AP) 62

7.2 GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY FOR SOIL SAMPLES (AP) 62

7.3 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FOR GAS/AIR SAMPLES (AP) 63

7.4 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FOR GROUNDWATER SAMPLES (AP) 64

F:\DATA\PROJECTS\9900700\SECOND APPROVED WORK PLAN\SAP SECTIONS\SECTION l,2,3,4&6.doc

(A) = USEPA APPROVED 12/01 /99 jv(AP) = USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN (SAP)

1.0 METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF WASTE TYPES AND LIMITS (USEPAAPPROVED 01/28/00)

1.1 GENERAL (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. The assessment of waste types and limits will focus on the Sunrise Mountain Landfill(720-acre parcel), the Northeast Canyon Area, the Eastern Perimeter Area, and theWestern Burn Pit Area. Appropriate emergency response and health and safetyprocedures are provided in the Health and Safety Plan (HASP). QualityAssurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures are provided within this Samplingand Analysis Plan (SAP).

1.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99, MODIFIED 01/28/00))

1. Existing information will be used to establish an estimated limit of waste for each ofthe four disposal areas. Existing information includes topographical maps and aerialsurveys, sice reconnaissance, previous reports, and information gathering andinterviews that include personnel from Clark County Health Department, ClarkCounty Public Works, Clark County Department of Comprehensive Planning, NevadaDepartment of Environmental Protection (NDEP), Bureau of Land Management(BLM), Republic DUMPCo, and any other persons or companies identified throughthe interview process. Existing information will also be used to establish types ofwaste disposed within the four disposal areas. The existing information will becompiled and shown on a map of the Site.

2. A geophysical survey will be performed to better define the limits of waste.

3. Intrusive field methods will be used to confirm or verify the horizontal and verticallimits of waste. The intrusive methods will be used to provide QA/QC for thegeophysical survey.

4. Samples of waste materials will-be collected and analytically tested in a laboratory forcharacterization purposes.

5. Samples of soil materials in the existing final cover will be collected and analyticallytested in a laboratory to provide assessment data for the soils in the existing finalcover.

6. Landfill gas will be monitored for methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations duringall intrusive procedures.

1.3 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND AERIAL PHOTOS (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1.3.1 Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. It has been reported that Clark County has topographic maps and aerial photos ofthe Site dating back to about 1952. This information would give an indication ofbaseline grades of the native area prior to any landfill operations. It has also beenreported that the County has several more topographic and aerial maps available thatspan the Site's history and include a recent (1999) photo. Electronic copies of someof these maps are available. Others may have to be digitized into electronic form,which may take some time to complete. This existing information will be used toestimate the limits of waste and disturbed area.

1.3.2 Estimating Limits of Waste and Disturbed Area (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Topographic and aerial maps can, after they are in electronic format, be compared bycomputer software to assess the limits and depths of waste as well as the areas thathave been disturbed. The areas that have been disturbed and/or have had wasteplacement will be placed on a drawing of the Site.

1.4 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1.4.1 - Induced Polarization (IP) Method (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Further identification or verification of waste limits will be required. A geophysicalsurvey method using induced polarization and resistivity (IP/resistivity method,henceforth cited as "IP method" for brevity) will be used. The IP method will be usedto locate the horizontal limits of waste and to confirm portions of the vertical limitsof waste materials around the boundaries of the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acreparcel), specifically in the adjacent boundaries of the Northeast Canyon and EasternPerimeter Area. This same method will be used in the Northeast Canyon and theEastern Perimeter Area to locate the horizontal and vertical extent of wastematerials. In the Northeast Canyon and Eastern Perimeter Area this method will alsolocate the boundaries between soil and/or rock. This method may be used in theWestern Burn Pit Area or in the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acre parcel), if wasteis present that exceeds the depth range of the EM method and adequate resolutioncan not be obtained with the CSAMT method.

1.4.1.1 - Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. The estimated limits of waste established from the effort described in subtask 3.4.1.1of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan will be used to develop the rationale andspecific investigation areas for the geophysical survey.

2. The IP method produces a measurement of two electrical characteristics of thesubsurface. One electrical property of the ground that can be measured in thismanner is called resistivity; a change in ground resistivity (the ability of the ground toconduct electrical current) affects the strength of the received signal. A differentelectrical property is called chargeability, or induced polarization (IP); a change in IP(the ability of material in the ground to polarize at interfaces) affects the shape ortiming of the received waveform. Waste material is typically low resistivity, and

exhibits an IP effect. If the background material is high resistivity, waste material isoften detectable using only resistivity (or its mathematical inverse, conductivity).Most background materials have no IP response, so waste material is also easilydistinguishable by its IP effects. Since some background material at the Site is lowresistivity, it will be necessary to use both data sets to delineate waste.

3. The equipment proposed is a multi-function geophysical receiver called a GDP-32,manufactured by Zonge Engineering & Research Organization, Inc. The GDP-32receiver is a backpack-portable, 16-bit, microprocessor-controlled receiver capable ofgathering data on as many as 16 channels simultaneously. This receiver is capable ofperforming a wide variety of electrical geophysical surveys, including resistivity, IP,transient EM, shallow NanoTEM, CSAMT, and MT. Operating software in thereceiver allows the operator to select different survey types, as well as differentsurvey arrays, such as dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole, Schlumberger VES,Wenner, gradient, or downhole arrays. This Zonge receiver series is in use on aworld-wide basis by mining, oil, power, environmental, and contracting companies, aswell as numerous universities. In addition, 17 different government agencies andnational laboratories own and operate GDP receivers, including the USGS, SandiaNational Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The transmitterwill be a ZT-30 transmitter, also manufactured by Zonge Engineering, which is abattery-powered, voltage-controlled transmitter capable of transmitting up to 400volts into a grounded dipole. An MX-30 multiplexer will be used for electrodeswitching, and data acquisition will be controlled by a laptop computer.

1.4.1.2 - Field Procedures and Data Collection (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. The array to be used for data acquisition will be the dipole-dipole array which is acommonly used electrical array, and for which there is commercially available 2-Dinversion software. In the dipole-dipole configuration, a controlled electrical signal istransmitted into the ground via a grounded dipole (two short metal braids in theground, connected to the transmitter with insulated wire). At varying distances fromthis dipole, the transmitted signal is received on different grounded dipoles andrecorded digitally by the microprocessor controlled receiver electronics.

2. The transmitting and receiving electrodes consist of tin-coated copper groundingbraids buried approximately I inch deep in the soil, at a predetermined interval alonga straight line. The interval is dependent on the depth of investigation and the lateralresolution required. At the Site, the electrode interval will be 10 feet, transmitting onelectrode pairs that are 20 feet apart to provide data down to a depth ofapproximately 50 feet. In areas where deeper data are required, the dipoles can beexpanded. In areas where higher resolution, shallow data are required, the dipolescan be contracted. Connection of the electrodes to the multiplexer switching unit isthrough insulated 22 gauge cadmium-bronze wires.

3. At the beginning of each day of data acquisition, an equipment calibration will beperformed and recorded (in computer memory). The calibration consists of inputtinga known, carefully controlled signal into all channels of the receiver for measurementof received magnitudes and phases. Daily calibrations will be monitored during theQA/QC process to ensure proper operation of the electronics.

4. At each measurement site in the field, a spread of 30 electrodes is located along astraight line using a measuring chain. The electrode spread is connected to themultiplexer unit via the cables described above. At that point, the data acquisitionbegins while the next spread of 30 electrodes is prepared. Each set of readings beginswith a contact resistance check of all electrodes and storage of header informationsuch as time, location, active channels, line or segment numbers, temperature ofelectronics, etc. Both data sets (IP and resistivity) are acquired simultaneously.

5. The transmitted signal will be a 0.5 Hz time domain signal (50% duty cycle), and eightcycles will be stacked and averaged to comprise a measurement. All measurementswill be repeated at least once to allow quantification data repeatability. The laptopcomputer will control the measurements and switching of electrodes, storing themeasurements along with standard error of the mean (SEM) statistics in memory. Oncompletion of the spread measurements, the plots of resistivity and IP will beexamined to ensure that the data fall within reasonable ranges, and a plot of SEMvalues will also be examined. Assuming the data are found to be acceptable, theequipment will be moved to the center of the next spread, where data acquisition willresume. Actual data acquisition time per 30-electrode spread is approximately 20minutes. Move-out time to the next spread varies from 5 minutes to 15 minutes,depending on access.

6. At the end of each day, digital data will be transmitted from the field by modem toZonge's office for processing. These data will be processed the following morning,generating preliminary pseudosections of resistivity and IP, and cross section plots ofresistivity and IP versus depth from 2-D

smooth-model inversion processing. Preparation of these plots will requireapproximately 2 to 3 hours. The raw and processed data will be reviewed forQA/QC purposes, which should require 0.5 hours each per field day of dataacquisition. Processed cross sections will be sent via facsimile or e-mail back to thefield for in-progress planning purposes.

7. As described in subtask 3.4.1.7 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan, after all datareduction has been completed, a map of the site will be produced identifying thehorizontal limits and to some extent the vertical limits of waste materials near thewaste boundary in the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acre parcel). The horizontaland vertical limits of waste will be shown for the Northeast Canyon and the EasternPerimeter Area. If required, the horizontal and vertical limits of waste will be shownfor the Western Burn Pit Area. The maps will have cross-sections that willdistinguish vertical extents in the identified areas. This data will be compared to theeffort in Section 1.3 of the SAP and data collected in Section 4.3 of the SAP.

1.4.2 - Electromagnetic Conductivity Method (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. An Electromagnetic Conductivity geophysical survey technique (EM method) will beemployed in the field to confirm the location and acreage of disturbance or wastedisposal for the boundaries of the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acre parcel) notadjacent to the Northeast Canyon or Eastern Perimeter Area, as defined in subtask3.4.1.5.1 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan. The EM method will also be used toconfirm the location and acreage of disturbance or waste disposal in the WesternBurn Pit Area, as defined in subtask 3.4.1.5.1 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

1.4.2.1 - Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)••

1. EM is a non-intrusive method that typically collects conductivity information withinthe upper 20 feet (6 meters) of material. Consequently, this technique is well suitedfor finding the lateral limits of waste or the presence of shallow buried waste. TheEM instrumentation will be manually carried along and across the predefined gridpattern to obtain the limits of waste. Higher conductivity readings will signify thepresence of waste. The EM instrument will be equipped with a datalogger that willelectronically record and store conductivity readings at user defined data collectionpoints/stations.

2. The EM instrument proposed is a Geonics EM-31 electromagnetic terrainconductivity meter. This instrument directly measures terrain conductivity inmillimhos per meter (mmho/m) to a depth of approximately 6 meters (20 feet) usingelectromagnetic inductive techniques. The EM-3 I is an effective instrument indetecting and mapping lateral changes in

subsurface conditions (e.g. location of landfill boundaries, buried metallic debris).Both the vertical and horizontal dipole will be collected for depth measurements.The Geonics EM-3 I manual will be used for the operation of the machine and fordepth calculations.


I. The general field procedures that will be followed for defining the location andacreage of disturbance or waste disposal for the defined portions of the SunriseMountain Landfill (720-acre parcel) and Western Burn Pit Area are described asfollows:

• The Site coordinate system and the field grid system will be used to establish thelines for the EM method. Specifically, an internal 50-foot grid layout will beestablished within each 200-foot Site grid line. Conductivity readings will beperformed at the intersection of each 50-foot grid line. Using the coordinateinformation, the EM operator will establish in the field the "estimated" limits ofwaste along each survey grid line.

• Terrain conductivity will be measured continuously along each 50-foot grid lineand a reading will be recorded in the datalogger at 50-foot intervals or when asubstantiated change in conductivity occurs. By continuously monitoring terrainconductivity as surveying progresses, areas of high terrain conductivity gradientswill be measured at intervals less than 50-feet. By rotating the instrument 90degrees using the operator as a pivot point at each measurement station, thelateral changes in conductivity can also be recorded. The cross over from wasteto no waste (or visa versa) will be indicated by changes in the subsurfaceconductivity. The exact location of the EM determined limits of waste (along eachgrid line) will be defined by using the survey control methodology in Section 4.3.2of the SAP. The EM line will be continued a minimum of 50 feet into the wasteboundary to obtain waste depth information.

• If appropriate, conductivity readings will also be recorded between grid lines torefine the limits of waste boundary. Sudden or abrupt changes in the limits ofwaste relative to two adjacent grid lines is a situation that would warrantadditional EM survey measurements.

1.4.3 - CSAMT Method (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. In addition to confirming the landfill base grade elevations, as detailed in Subtasks3.4.1 and 3.4.1.5 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan, deep geophysical resistivitysurveys will be used to evaluate the geological environment surrounding andunderneath the Site. The method used will be controlled

source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT). CSAMT is a far-field geophysicalsurvey method that should provide the necessary resolution at large depths. Inconjunction with surface geologic mapping, the survey will provide confirmatoryinformation on the location and nature of, lithologic contacts, faults, and fracturezones, as well as information on the occurrence and depth of water-bearing zones.The information obtained from the geophysical survey will allow better interpolationof the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions between the exploratory boreholes.

1.4.3.1 - Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. A series of parallel lines of resistivity data, oriented approximately perpendicular tothe Frenchman Mountain Fault, will be spaced approximately 2500 feet apart. Thesurvey will cover the area from approximately two miles southeast of the landfill toapproximately two miles northwest of the landfill and obtain data to a depth ofseveral hundred meters. Station spacing along these lines will be 200 feet. This dataset should provide information with respect to the exact locations of faults, as well astheir character (conductive or resistive, for example, possibly indicating water-bearingor impermeable conditions). Active flow paths should be evident as low resistivityfeatures, and perched water may be evident as low resistivity features. The locationof the CSAMT lines will be determined by using the survey control methodolgy inSection 4.3.2 of the SAP.

2. Although there are numerous methods for measuring resistivity, the large depth ofinvestigation required for the Site eliminates most near-field, galvanic methods. Inthese near-field methods, depth of investigation is determined by dipole size anddipole separation. Expanding dipole size and separation includes a larger volume ofearth in the measuring process, reducing significantly the resolution of themeasurement. These methods, such as dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, and SchlumbergerVES, will not provide the resolution necessary for characterizing faults or fracturezones at large depths.


I. A station spacing and electric-field dipole size of 200 feet will be used on all of thelines on this project. Data will be gathered in sets of five stations simultaneously.Lines or line segments will consist of one or more adjoining 5-station set-ups. Thedata acquired will include electric-field dipoles approximately parallel to thetransmitting dipole plus the horizontal magnetic field perpendicular to the electric-field dipoles. At each set-up, the transmitter will generate a square-wave signal atdiscrete frequencies from 16 Hz to 8192 Hz in binary increments (i.e., 16 Hz, 32 Hz,64 Hz, etc.). In addition, the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonics of each transmittedfrequency will be measured, in order to provide the best

possible vertical resolution. The transmitter dipole will consist of a grounded dipole,approximately 4,000 feet long, located approximately 2 to 4 miles from the receiversite. The transmitter will remain fixed throughout the course of the survey, while thereceiver moves along survey lines.

2. The electric-field signal will be sensed at the receiver site using non-polarizableporous pot electrodes, connected to the receiver with 14 gauge insulated wire. Themagnetic-field signal will be sensed with an ANT/1 B ferrite-core magnetic fieldantenna, manufactured by Zonge Engineering.

3. At the beginning of each day of data acquisition, the field crew chief will perform andrecord (in computer memory) an equipment calibration, which consists of inputting aknown, carefully controlled signal into all channels of the receiver for measurement ofreceived magnitudes and phases. Daily calibrations will be monitored during theQA/QC process to ensure proper operation of the electronics. Also each morning,the time-base quartz oscillators in the receiver and transmitter controller equipmentwill be trimmed and synchronized in order to allow the crew to acquire phase data ofthe individual electric and magnetic field components. This synchronization will berecorded for comparison to a synchronization measurement at the end of the day forQA/QC purposes.

4. To begin each field set-up, the field crew will use a compass and measuring chain tolay out an array of five electric-field dipoles, connecting the wires to the receiver inthe middle of the spread. The crew chief will test contact resistance, and contact thetransmitter operator by radio to begin transmission. The crew chief will record dataat a given frequency until standard error values are below acceptable levels; onceacceptable data is acquired, the measurement will be repeated. When sufficient dataare acquired, the crew chief instructs the transmitter operator to change frequencies,and the recording process is repeated. All data, along with header information, isrecorded in solid-state memory in the receiver. During the data acquisition process,the field crew will be preparing the next set-up of five electric-field dipoles. When allfrequencies are recorded for a given set-up, the receiver equipment is moved to thenew set-up, and the recording process is repeated. Data acquisition times for eachset-up at Sunrise Mountain are estimated at 45 minutes per set-up. Equipment move-out times are estimated at 15 minutes to 45 minutes, depending on access.

5. At the end of each day, the field crew chief will transfer the digital data by modem tothe field crew supervisor. During the following morning, the crew supervisor willprocess the raw data, generating preliminary pseudosections of resistivity, and crosssection plots of resistivity versus depth from 2-D smooth-model inversion processing.Preparation of these plots will require approximately I to 2 hours. The raw andprocessed data will be passed on to the Project Supervisor for QA/QC purposes.QA/QC review by the supervisor is expected to require 0.5 hours per field day ofdata acquisition. Processed cross sections will be sent via facsimile or e-mail backto the crew chief and to the primary client contact for in-progress planning purposes.

6. The equipment proposed is a multi-function geophysical receiver called a GDP-32,manufactured by Zonge Engineering & Research Organization, Inc. The GDP-32receiver is a backpack-portable, 16-bit, microprocessor-controlled receiver capable ofgathering data on as many as 16 channels simultaneously. This receiver is capable ofperforming a wide variety of electrical geophysical surveys, including resistivity, IP,

8

transient EM, shallow NanoTEM, CSAMT, and MT. Operating software in thereceiver allows the operator to select different survey types, as well as differentsurvey arrays, such as dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole, Schlumberger VES,Wenner, gradient, or downhole arrays. This Zonge receiver series is in use on aworld-wide basis by mining, oil, power, environmental, and contracting companies, aswell as numerous universities. In addition, 17 different government agencies andnational laboratories own and operate GDP receivers, including the USGS, SandiaNational Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The transmitterwill be a ZMG-30 transmitter, also manufactured by Zonge Engineering, which is amotor-generator powered, current-controlled transmitter capable of transmitting upto 30 amps into a grounded dipole.

1.5 TEST PIT/TRENCH PROCEDURES (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1.5.1 Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99. MODIFIED 01/28/00))

1. The description of the test pit/trench excavation procedures for the assessmentactivities at the Site is presented herein. Test pit/trench procedures will be used as aquality assurance procedure for the geophysical survey (EM method) to verify andconfirm horizontal extent of waste materials, as specified in subtask 3.4.1.6.1 of theLandfill Assessment Work Plan. Additionally, 14 test pit/trenches will be conductedto assess the final cover as specified in subtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill AssessmentWork Plan.

2. Test pit/trenches will be located as specified in subtasks 3.4.1.6.1 and 3.4.3.3 of theLandfill Assessment Work Plan. Test pit/trench excavation activities include thefollowing:

• Excavating a small pit/trench (typically 2-foot wide by 10 or 12 feet in length anddepth varying from 5 to 15 feet, depending on field requirements).

• Visual observation and logging of the test pit/trench will be performed during theexcavation (as specified in Section 1.5.3 of the SAP). The type of wasteencountered will be visually classified and recorded on the log. Both ends of thetest pit/trench will be located using the survey methodology in Section 4.3.2 ofthe SAP and the location of waste materials will be referenced to the surveyedpoints. Coordinates will be recorded on the log. Photos with a visible scale willbe taken to document the test pit/trench. This data will be compared to thegeophysical survey data for confirmation of horizontal waste limits.

1.5.2 Excavation Procedure (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Test pits/trenches will be excavated using a backhoe or hydraulic excavator capable ofdigging to a minimum depth of 15 feet. Soil cover material (approximately the firsttwo feet of excavation) shall be cast to one side of the pit/trench. Soil covermaterials will be kept separate from waste materials to allow backfilling of thepit/trench to maintain the integrity of the soil cover. Waste materials excavated fromthe test pit/trench will be stockpiled on the other side of the pit/trench from the soilcover materials on plastic sheeting. The excavations will not be left open for moretime than necessary. In any event, the area of excavation will be clearly marked anddelineated using barricades to prevent people from falling into the excavation.

2. Excavation operations will be monitored as specified in Section 4.5 of the SAP and asrequired by the Health and Safety Plan (HASP) in Appendix D. Personnel will notenter the excavation under any circumstances.

3. Once the test pit/trench has been completed, the test pit/trench will be backfilledwith any removed waste material and cover soils. The cover soils will be placed at athickness and compaction level similar to pre-excavation conditions.

1.5.3 Visual Observation and Data Recording (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. During each test pit/trench excavation, a test pit or trench log will be maintained.The log will detail all visual observations of where waste is encountered, visualclassification of the type of waste, and extent of waste along the linear dimension ofthe trench, etc. Photos documenting the dimensions recorded in the log will beobtained. In addition, recorded data on the log will include survey coordinates forthe test pit/trench, survey coordinates of the boundary of waste materials, depth ofwaste, thickness of cover materials, visual classification of waste and cover materials,and methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations measured in accordance withSection 4.5 of the SAP. The log of the test pit/trench, as specified herein, mustinclude the logging/objectives of all the attributes needed for the other task itemsdescribed in subtasks 3.4.2, 3.4.3, and 3.4.4 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

10

1.6 CONFIRMATION AND SHALLOW BORINGS (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1.6.1 Confirmation Borings (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. As specified in subtask 3.4.1.6.2 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan, shallowborings (anticipated to be less than 40 feet in depth) will be performed in the EasternPerimeter Area and the Northeast Canyon to verify the extent of waste as a qualityassurance procedure for the geophysical survey (IP method).

1.6.1.1 Confirmation Boring Procedure (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. The type, location and frequency of the confirmation borings shall be as specified insubtask 3.4.1.6.2 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

2. These borings will be drilled using a hollow-stem auger drill rig. This drilling methodconsists of advancing hollow augers in five-foot flights. As the auger is advanced, drillcuttings are carried up the outside of the augers and discharged at the surface.

3. Confirmation borings (anticipated to be less than 40 feet in depth) in the EasternPerimeter Area and Northeast Canyon will be terminated in native soils, or bedrockcontact, whichever occurs first.

4. Prior to abandoning the confirmation boring, survey coordinates for each boringlocation will be established and recorded on the log for each boring.

5. All confirmation borings will be abandoned by placing drill cuttings or on-site soilwithin the boring to a level of 3 feet from the surface. A continuous granularbentonite column will be placed in the upper 3 feet.

1.6.1.2 Visual Observation and Data Recording (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. Drill cuttings discharged at the surface from each confirmation boring will be visuallyobserved by a qualified geologist or engineer and visual observations of soil type andwaste type will be recorded on a log of the shallow boring. At a minimum,observations will include color and type of waste (if applicable), odor or smell,discolored soils, type of soil in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System,moisture conditions, and type of soil or rock encountered. In addition, recorded dataon the log will include survey coordinates for the confirmation boring, depth of waste,thickness of cover materials, visual classification of waste and cover materials, andmethane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations measured in accordance with Section4.5 of the SAP. The log of the confirmation boring, as specified herein, must includethe logging/objectives of all the attributes needed for the other task items describedin subtasks 3.4.2, 3.4.3, and 3.4.4 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

2. Borings will be monitored as specified in Section 4.5 of the SAP, and as required bythe Health and Safety Plan (HASP) in Appendix D.

3. All data recorded in the field from the borings will be evaluated and used to verify andbetter define the waste types and limits of waste.

II

1.6.2 - Shallow Borings (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. As specified in subtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan, shallow borings(anticipated to be less than 10 feet in depth) will be performed in the SunriseMountain Landfill (720-acre parcel) and the Eastern Perimeter Area to assess the finalcover thickness, obtain samples of the final cover soils and underlying waste materials.Some of these shallow borings will also be used for the installation of landfill gassampling probes as specified in subtask 3.4.4.5 of the Landfill Assessment Work Planand in Section 4.6 of the SAP.

1.6.2.1 Shallow Boring Procedure (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. The type, location and frequency of the shallow borings shall be as specified in subtask3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

2. Shallow borings (anticipated to be less than 10 feet in depth) in the Sunrise MountainLandfill (720-acre parcel) and the Eastern Perimeter Area will be performed byGeoprobe equipment. The Geoprobe equipment is a relatively small, mobile machinethat uses hydraulic force to press different types of sampling probes into the groundsurface. Sampling probes available include split spoons, Shelby tubes, California Drive,or core samplers. All these probes are considered equivalent sampling devices forsampling in shallow borings.

3. Shallow borings (anticipated to be less than 10 feet in depth) will be terminated at thedepths as specified in subtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan or inSection 4.6 of the SAP, whichever is greater.

4. Prior to abandoning the shallow boring or after completing it as a landfill gas probe,survey coordinates will be established for each boring location. Coordinates will berecorded on the log for each shallow boring.

5. As specified in subtask 3.4.3.4 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan, certain shallowborings require a sample of the waste material underlying the final cover soils to becollected. Additionally, some of these shallow borings require samples be collectedfor final cover soils analysis (see subtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment WorkPlan). Split-spoon or equivalent method will be used to collect these samples.

6. All shallow borings, except those specified in Section 4.6 of the SAP for landfill gassampling probes, will be abandoned by placing drill cuttings or on-site soil within theboring to a level of 3 feet from the surface. A continuous granular bentonite columnwill be placed in the upper 3 feet.

1.6.2.2 Visual Observation and Data Recording (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Each shallow boring will be visually observed by a qualified geologist or engineer andvisual observations of soil type and waste type will be recorded on a log of theshallow boring. At a minimum, observations will include color and type of waste,odor or smell, discolored soils, depth of soil cover, percent recovery of the core,type of soil in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System, moistureconditions, and type of soil or rock encountered. Continuous samples or coresamples, depending on drilling method, will be used to field log subsurface conditions.

12

If the percent recovery is poor, a second sample will be obtained. The log of theshallow boring, as specified herein, must include the logging/objectives of all theattributes needed for the other task items described in subtasks 3.4.2, 3.4.3, and 3.4.4of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

2. For the Geoprobe method, core samples representing the entire depth of the finalcover soils above the waste materials will be collected in clear plastic liner tubesinside the Geoprobe tool. Each liner tube will be capped and sealed and labeled withthe boring number and the represented depth. These samples will be archived andstored for later comparison with laboratory data.

3. On the upper deck of the Top Deck Area and Western Side of Lower Southern Flatsarea, where it has been reported that a "prescriptive cover" was used, the top 6inches will be compared visually with the remaining sample. It has been reported thatthe impermeable barrier layer used (18 inches of IO'5 soil) is visually different than theerosion layer (top 6 inches). This will be verified in these two areas. Areas deficientin erosion layer material (less than 6 inches) will be estimated, located using thesurvey methodology in Section 4.3.2 of the SAP, and recorded in the field log.

4. In areas deficient in erosion layer material, the soils from ground surface to amaximum of 6-feet or the bottom of the final cover are to be used for geotechnicaltesting.

5. In all areas, except for those areas in the upper deck of the Top Deck Area and theWestern Side of the Southern Flats Area where the erosion layer does not exist, thesoils from the surface to 6-inches deep will be separated and saved in a plastic bag.The sample bags will be marked with appropriate location and sample identifiers.Portions of these individual samples from similar areas (the upper deck, the upperdeck slopes, the Lower Southern Flats, and the Eastern Perimeter Area) will becomposited and analyzed for particle size distribution (ASTM D422-63) on thecomposite sample. After completion of each particle size distribution test on thecomposite sample, the composite sample will be remixed and then analyzed forcalcium carbonate content (ASTM D4373-90).

6. In the areas specified in Item 5, the remaining depth of sample (6-inches to amaximum of 6-feet or the bottom of final cover) is to be used for geotechnicaltesting.

7. Geotechnical testing will be performed as follows:

• Soil classification. One sample will be collected for laboratory testing from 10percent of the shallow boring locations as shown in Drawing 4. The laboratorytesting will consist of the following methods: classification of soils for engineeringpurposes (ASTM D2487), particle size distribution (ASTM D422-63), andAtterberg Limits (ASTM D4318). For 10 percent of the total samples taken forsoil classification, the sample will be remixed after completing the particle sizedistribution and analyzed for calcium carbonate content (ASTM D4373-90).

• Compaction Testing. One sample will be collected for laboratory testing from 50percent of the sample locations specified for soil classification as shown inDrawing 4. The laboratory testing will consist of the following method:

13

Standard/Modified Proctor (ASTM D698/D1557). Additionally, a sand cone test(ASTM DI556) and soil moisture test (ASTM D22I6) will be performed tomeasure in-situ compaction at 50 percent of the locations for compaction testing.

• Hydraulic Properties Testing. One sample will be collected for laboratory testingfrom 50 percent of the sample locations for compaction testing as shown inDrawing 4. The laboratory testing will consist of the following methods: specificgravity (ASTM D854), minimum/maximum density (ASTM D4253), saturatedhydraulic conductivity (granular/porous materials) (ASTM D2434/D5084), soilmoisture retention curves (Klute, 1986). The data collected in the compactiontesting will be used in the laboratory to recompact samples that will be used forsaturated hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture retention testing.

• Strength Testing. One sample will be collected for laboratory testing from 50percent of the sample locations for compaction testing as shown in Drawing 4.The laboratory testing will consist of the following methods: Direct shear test ofsoils under consolidated drained conditions (ASTM D3080) and Consolidated -Drained Triaxal Compression (ASTM D4767).

Multiple shallow borings within a 10-foot diameter of the original shallow boring mayhave to be sampled to obtain adequate sample volume for geotechnical testing.Samples collected from these multiple shallow borings within the depths and diameterspecified above may be composited to obtain the required sample volume forgeotechnical testing.

8. Information collected during performance of the shallow boring will be logged such ascover thickness, visual observation of cover thickness and waste type, samplingperformed, survey coordinates, landfill gas monitoring data, etc.

9. Borings will be monitored as specified in Section 4.5 of the SAP, and as required bythe Health and Safety Plan (HASP) in Appendix D.

10 All data recorded in the field from the shallow borings will be evaluated and used toverify and better define the waste types and limits of waste, depths of existing finalcover soils, and assessment of the landfill gas.

I I. Cores and (where applicable) cuttings of the cover material will be retained.

1.6.2.3 Field Sampling of Wastes (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. At the frequency specified in subtask 3.4.3.4.1 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan,samples of the waste materials will be collected in the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acre parcel) and the Eastern Perimeter Area using the Geoprobe sampling method.At the frequency specified in subtask 3.4.3.4.2 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan,samples of the waste materials will be collected in the Lagoon Areas of the WesternBurn Pit Area and the Northeast Canyon Area using air-rotary drilling and continuoussampling techniques. Prior to sampling waste, the HASP should be consulted forproper precautions and requirements for personal protective equipment.

For the Geoprobe method, core samples that penetrate the waste below the finalcover soils will be collected in brass liner tubes inside the Geoprobe tool. As each

14

liner tube is removed from the sampling tube, caps will be placed on each end andsealed. The tube will be identified and labeled with the boring number and therepresented depth. The percent recovery of the core will be recorded on the log. Ifthe percent recovery is poor, a second sample will be obtained. All waste sampleswill be laboratory tested for the following analytical parameters:

• Ignitability, USEPA Method 1010• Corrosivity, USEPA Method 9045• Reactivity, USEPA Method in SW846, 7.3.3.2 & 7.3.4.2• Target Analyte List for Metals, USEPA Method 6010/7000;• Target Compound List for volatile organic compounds, USEPA Method 8260, and

semivolatile organic compounds, USEPA Method 8270;• Cyanide, USEPA Method 901OA;• Herbicides, USEPA Method 8150;• Pesticides and PCB's, USEPA Method 8080.

2. For the Lagoon Areas, an 8-inch borehole will be air-rotary drilled with a 2-foot splitspoon sampler being advanced ahead of the drill bit. This will allow 2-foot split spoonsamples to be collected and continuously sampled for the entire depth of theborehole. The 2-foot split spoon sampler will be retrieved from the borehole with awire cable rig. The core from each 2-foot split spoon sampling interval will be loggedby the supervising geologist and screened on-site for VOC contamination using aphotoionization detector (PID).

3. VOC screening will consist of breaking the split spoon open and slowly running thePID over the entire length of the core. The results of the VOC field screening will berecorded in a log book along with description of the sediment lithologies, thickness,percentage of recovered core, and any observed staining.

4. A sample will be selected from every other 2-foot split spoon sampling interval forlaboratory testing as specified in subtask 3.4.3.4.2 of the Landfill Assessment WorkPlan. All laboratory samples will be selected from the finer-grained sedimentintervals, and if applicable, from intervals where VOC's have been detected and/orstaining is present. All selected samples will be laboratory tested for the followinganalytical parameters:

• Target Analyte List for Metals, USEPA Method 6010/7000;• Target Compound List for volatile organic compounds, USEPA Method 8260, and

semivolatile organic compounds, USEPA Method 8270;• Cyanide, USEPA Method 901 OA;• Herbicides, USEPA Method 8150;• Pesticides and PCB's, USEPA Method 8080.

6. Sampling and analytical procedures for waste are described in Section 2 of the SAP.

1.6.2.4 Field Sampling of Soils (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. At the frequency specified in subtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan,soil samples for geotechnical testing may be collected as specified above. Soil samplesmay be taken with the Geoprobe equipment using a Shelby tube, split spoon and/or

IS

California Drive samplers using ASTM Methods D1587, D1586, and/or D3550,respectively. Percent recovery shall be recorded on the log whenever any of thesesamples are taken. If percent recovery is poor, a second sample will be obtained.

2. For the Geoprobe method, core samples representing the entire depth of the finalcover soils above the waste materials will be collected in clear plastic liner tubesinside the Geoprobe tool. As each clear plastic liner tube is removed from thesampling tube, caps will be placed on each end and sealed. The tube will be identifiedand labeled by shallow boring number and the represented depth. The percentrecovery of the core will be recorded on the log. If the percent recovery is poor, asecond sample will be obtained.

3. Sampling and analytical procedures for soils are described in Section 3 of the SAP.

2.0 METHODS FOR CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE (USEPAAPPROVED 01/28/00)


I. Samples of the waste materials will be collected at the frequency specified in subtask3.4.3.4 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan.

2.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Methods that will be used for the collection and chemical characterization of wastesamples will be consistent with the latest edition of the USEPA publication "SW-846,Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste."

2.3 SAMPLE HANDLING (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

2.3.1 Sample Collection Procedures (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Sample collection procedures for shallow borings and borings in the Lagoon Areasare specified in Section 1.6.2.3 of the SAP.

2.3.2 Sample Container Requirements (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. A sample will be selected from every other 2-foot split spoon sampling interval forlaboratory testing. All laboratory samples will be selected from the finer-grainedsediment intervals, and if applicable, from intervals where VOC's have been detectedin field screening and/or staining is present. The sample will be removed from the2-foot split spoon and placed in glass jars with a Teflon-lined cap. Custody seals andlabels will be added and the sample will be preserved in accordance with Section 2.3.7of the SAP.

2. Waste material samples taken in the shallow borings may be collected usingGeoprobe sampling probes. The sampling probe may be used or the sampling probemay be lined with brass sleeves prior to use.

3. If sampling probes are lined with brass sleeves, then immediately upon obtaining thesample in a sleeve, both ends of the brass sleeve will be covered with a patch of

16

Teflon and aluminum foil. Plastic end caps are then inserted on both ends and tapedinto place. Custody seals and labels will be added and the sample will be preserved inaccordance with Section 2.3.7 of the SAP.

4. If the sampling probe is used without brass sleeves, then immediately upon obtainingthe sample in the probe, the sample is removed from the probe and placed in glassjars with a Teflon-lined cap. Custody seals and labels will be added and the samplewill be preserved in accordance with Section 2.3.7 of the SAP.

2.3.3 Sample Identification Procedures (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Each sample will be identified by a unique alphanumeric sample identifier (e.g. boringnumber and sample depth). Samples will also be labeled with the date and time ofcollection, and the name of the sampler. Care will be taken to prepare the samplecontainer surface to assure label adhesion. Waterproof ink will be used to completesampling container labels.

2.3.4 Procedures to Avoid Sample Contamination (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

Samples will be collected.in decontaminated sampling probes. Sample containers will bedecontaminated brass sleeves, unused clean brass sleeves or unused clean glass jars.

Split spoon samplers, Geoprobe sampling probes, and any other sampling devices that areused to collect chemical characterization samples of soil or waste will bedecontaminated between each sampling event in accordance with Section 6.2.3 of theSAP. These would include the split spoon samples obtained from the Lagoon Areasand the Geoprobe sampling probes used to collect samples through the shallowborings.

Sample containers will be capped and sealed immediately after collection.

2.3.5 Sample Packaging and Transportation Procedures (USEPA APPROVED01/28/00)

. I. Proper sample packaging will be utilized to ensure that samples arrive undamaged atthe testing laboratory. Samples will be packaged and shipped in accordance withapplicable provisions of Section 6.7 of the SAP.

2.3.6 Chain-Of-Custody Procedures (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. Sample custody consists of tracing and documenting the movement of samplecontainers and samples from the laboratory to the sample site, back to thelaboratory, through the analysis process, and then to final disposal.

2. Sample numbers on all documents and correspondence, including the chain of custody(COC), will be consistent with those numbers assigned to the sampling locations asidentified in the field logs.

3. The original COC form will be retained by the laboratory while a copy with receiptacknowledged will become a part of the permanent file. If the samples are deliveredby a messenger or shipper, the COC will be placed in a zip-lock-type bag and taped

17

to the lid of the shipping cooler. The shipping cooler will then be sealed withstrapping tape and custody seals, which must be torn to open the cooler. A copy ofthe COC form and of the shipping manifest will become a part of the permanentproject file along with further correspondence regarding the custody of the samples(telephone log confirming receipt, forwarded copy of Record, etc.).

4. Additional details of the COC procedure are described in Section 6.6 of the SAP.

2.3.7 Sample Preservation, Holding Times, Analytical Parameters, and Methods(USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. Sample preservation and holding times for specific chemical analyses are shown in thefollowing table. Samples that must be stored at 4° C will be placed on ice in aninsulated cooler in the field. Where required, sample preservatives will be providedby the laboratory in designated containers.

2. Waste samples obtained using brass sleeves will be retained in the sleeves in whichthey were collected, and will not be repackaged into the containers specified below.At least three sealed sample containers will be obtained for each sample taken ofwaste in the shallow borings. At least two sealed sample containers will be obtainedfor each sample taken in the Lagoon Areas.

18

SAMPLE CONTAINERS, SAMPLE PRESERVATION METHODS,AND HOLDING TIMES FOR CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

OF WASTE

ANALYTICALPARAMETER

IGNITABILITY

CORROSIVITY

REACTIVITY

CYANIDE

TCLP VOCs

VOCs

TCLP SVOCs

SVOCs

TCLP Metals

Total Metals

TCLP Pesticides

Pesticides

TCLP Herbicides

Herbicides

ANALYTICALMETHOD

1010

9045

SW846, 7.3.3.2 & 7.3.4.2

90IOA

SWI 3 11/8260

8260

SWI 3 11/8270

8270

SWI 3 11/7000

200.7/6010/7000

SWI 3 11/8080

8080

SWI3I 1/8150

8150

SAMPLE CONTAINERS

Quantity

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Type

4-oz glass jar with Teflon-linedcap or brass tube





8-oz glass jar with Teflon-linedcap or brass tube'

8-oz glass jar with Teflon-linedcap or brass tube1



PRESERVATIONMETHOD

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

4°C

HOLDING TIME

Not Applicable

1 4 days

14 days

Not Applicable

7 days until extraction

1 4 days after extraction

1 4 days until extraction

40 days after extraction


1 80 days after extraction



1 4 days until extraction


Note: Same container can be used for TCLP-SVOCs, metals, pesticides, and herbicides analyses.

19

3.0 METHODS FOR PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL COVER (USEPAAPPROVED 01/28/00)


I. Soil will be sampled and tested for engineering properties to determine usefulness andeffectiveness as a final landfill cover system component. Appropriate emergencyresponse and health and safety procedures are provided in the HASP. QA/QCprocedures are provided within the SAP.


I. Cover soil will be sampled at specified locations on the landfill surface as specified insubtask 3.4.3.3 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan. Soil samples will be tested forclassification of soils for engineering purposes, particle size distribution, Atterberglimits, calcium carbonate content, compaction characteristics, specific gravity,minimum/maximum density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture retentioncurves, and shear strength.

3.3 SAMPLE HANDLING (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

3.3.1 Sample Collection Procedure (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Procedures for shallow borings used to collect physical soil cover characterizationsamples will be as described in Section 1.6.2.1, 1.6.2.2, and 1.6.2.4 of the SAP.

3.3.2 Sample Container Requirements (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. The following sampling materials will be required:

• Cardboard box case with dividers for sample container storage/shipping;• Split spoon, California Drive, Shelby tube, and core sample devices;• Sample rings and plastic storage tubes;• Non-shrink wax sheet squares for tube sealing;• Plastic end caps to fit Shelby tubes, sample rings, and plastic storage tubes;• Soil sampling bags;• Duct tape;• Shovel, trowel, or post hole digger;• Twist ties;• Self-adhesive labels;• Field Activity Report forms and/or appropriate monitoring data sheets;• Chain-of-Custody records; and• Pen with indelible ink.

2. If a Shelby tube sampler is used to obtain an undisturbed sample, the undisturbedsample will be retained in the tube. The tube will be sealed with nonshrinking waxsheets on both ends and plastic caps will then be placed and taped on both ends.

3. Soil samples taken with a split spoon sampler, California Drive sampler, or disturbedsamples taken with a Shelby tube sampler will be placed in clean plastic containers

20

with scalable lids immediately after sampling. The samples that could be taken withthese sampling devices include the erosion layer samples (6-inch depth, placed inplastic bags) and the cover soil samples for geological testing (placed in plasticcontainers).

4. The core sampling device is the tool that will be used first at each shallow boringlocation. The core sampler with plastic liner will be advanced at each location of ashallow boring until the bottom of the cover is found. Core samples taken with theGeoprobe equipment will be stored in the plastic liner (clear plastic tubes). Thetubes will be closed at both ends with plastic caps and taped, The core samplingdevice or the Geoprobe sampling probes (Item 3) can be used to collect the erosionlayer samples or the soil samples for geological testing.

5. Sampling devices used to collect soil samples for geotechnical testing will bedecontaminated in accordance with Section 6.2.4 of the SAP.

3.3.3 Sample Identification Procedures (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Each sample will be identified by a unique alphanumeric sample identifier (e.g. boringnumber and sample depth). Samples will also be labeled with the date and time ofcollection, and the name of the sampler. Care will be taken to prepare the samplecontainer surface to assure label adhesion. Waterproof ink will be used to completesampling container labels.

3.3.4 Chain-Of-Custody Procedures (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. Sample custody consists of tracing and documenting the movement of samplecontainers and samples from the laboratory to the sample site, back to thelaboratory, through the analysis process, and then to final disposal.

2. Sample numbers on all documents and correspondence, including the chain of custody(COC), will be consistent with those numbers assigned to the sampling locations asidentified in the field logs.

3. The original COC form will be retained by the laboratory while a copy with receiptacknowledged will become a part of the permanent file. If the samples are deliveredby a messenger or shipper, the COC will be placed in a zip-lock-type bag and tapedto the lid of the shipping container. The shipping container will then be sealed withstrapping tape and custody seals, which must be torn to open the container. A copyof the COC form and of the shipping manifest will become a part of the permanentproject file along with further correspondence regarding the custody of the samples(telephone log confirming receipt, forwarded copy of Record, etc.).

4. Additional details of the COC procedure are described in Section 6.6 of the SAP.

3.3.5 - Sample Handling And Transportation (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

I. Proper sample packaging will be utilized to ensure that samples arrive undamaged atthe testing laboratory. Samples will be packaged and shipped using the proceduresdescribed below:

21

• Shelby tubes will be sealed as discussed in Section 3.3.2 of the SAP and storedupright until shipment.

• Plastic containers will have sealable lids.

• Clear plastic tubes for core samples will be sealed as discussed in Section 3.3.2 ofthe SAP and placed in padded sample boxes.

3.4 SAMPLE PRESERVATION, TEST PARAMETERS AND METHODS (USEPAAPPROVED 01/28/00)

1. Preservation of samples collected for geotechnical testing will involve capping ofsample containers or wrapping the samples in plastic to preserve the moisturecontent, and storing the samples in a cool, dry area prior to shipment to thegeotechnical testing laboratory. All split spoon liners will be sealed with pre-manufactured plastic caps sized to fit the liners and duct tape sealed to the liner.

2. Cover soils samples will be analyzed for their engineering properties and mayundergo some or all of the following tests and procedures listed in the followingtable:

PARAMETERClassification of Soils for Engineering Purpose

Particle-Size Analysis of Soils

Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils(Atterberg Limits)

Calcium Carbonate Content

Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil UsingStandard EffortLaboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil UsingModified EffortSpecific Gravity of Soils

Minimum/Maximum Density

Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of SaturatedGranular Materials Using a Flexible Wall PermeameterMeasurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of SaturatedPorous Materials Using a Flexible Wall PermeameterSoil Moisture Retention Curves

Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated DrainedConditionsConsolidated-Drained Triaxal Compression Test onCohesive Soils

METHOD

ASTM D2487

ASTM D422

ASTM D43I8

ASTM D4373

ASTM D698

ASTM D 1 557

ASTM D854 ,I

ASTM D4253

ASTM D2434

ASTM D 5084

Klute, 1 986

ASTM D3080

ASTM D4767 !H

22

4.0. LANDFILL GAS CHARACTERIZATION (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)


' I. Surface emissions will be monitored on the Sunrise Mountain Landfill (720-acreparcel), the East Perimeter Area, the Northeast Canyon, and the Western Burn PitArea, using a surface walk for methane emissions (near surface) and for hydrogensulfide (breathing zone) in accordance with methods described in 40 CFR, Part 60,Subpart WWW (see Section 4.3 of the SAP).

2. Methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be monitored in structures locatedon or adjacent to the landfill (see Section 4.4 of the SAP).

3. Methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be monitored during theperformance of work at the location of each hydrogeological boring, test pit/trench,confirmation boring, shallow boring, and excavation performed in accordance withthe Landfill Assessment Work Plan (see Section 4.5 of the SAP).

4. Landfill gas characterization using landfill gas probes will be undertaken. Samples willbe drawn from below the cover through direct push probe insertion in accordancewith methods described in 40 CFR, Part 60, Subpart WWW (see Section 4,6 of theSAP).


I. The methods for the landfill gas assessment are presented below. Appropriate health& safety procedures are presented in the HASP in Appendix D.

4.3 PROCEDURE FOR SURFACE EMISSIONS MONITORING (USEPA APPROVED12/02/99)

4.3.1 - Sampling Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Surface emissions will be monitored across the entire surface of Sunrise MountainLandfill (720-acre parcel), the Eastern Perimeter Area, the Northeast Canyon, and theWestern Burn Pit Area. The survey will be conducted using a portable flameionization detector (FID) meeting the instrument specifications outlined in Section 3of EPA Method 21. The survey methodology set forth in 40 CFR, Part 60, SubpartWWW will be employed. Specifically, the surface emission monitoring should beperformed while wind speeds are less than 5 mph average and less than 10 mphinstantaneous. The monitoring probe will be held 3 inches above the surface of thelandfill. The probe will not be inserted into cracks or voids, but will be held 3 inchesabove the point where the surface would be if the imperfection did not exist. A gridmap will be employed to establish the serpentine walk path prescribed by theregulation. A global positioning system (GPS) device will be employed to aid thesurveyor in walking the serpentine path. Any point source measurement exceeding500-ppm methane will be noted/numbered, and the location will be staked/flagged.The location will be identified using GPS. The location of all 500-ppm methaneexcursions will be shown on the grid map.

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2. Hydrogen sulfide has been specifically identified for evaluation at the Sunrise MountainLandfill. The maximally-exposed individual under normal conditions would be aworker on the landfill surface. The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide at about 5 feetabove the landfill surface (i.e., the breathing zone) will be measured concurrently withthe serpentine walk path for the methane emission monitoring discussed above. AnRKI Eagle photochemical cell, ToxiRae Plus, or equivalent monitoring device will beused to measure the concentration of hydrogen sulfide at about 5 feet above thelandfill surface (breathing zone). Any point source measurement exceeding 15-ppmhydrogen sulfide will be noted/numbered, and the location will be staked/flagged. Thelocation will be identified using GPS. The data will be used to plot a breathing zonemap of hydrogen sulfide intensity over the site.

3. The surface emissions monitoring (methane and hydrogen sulfide) will also beperformed as discussed above along the entire perimeter (i.e., the edge or boundaryof the landfill).

4. The FID instrument and the hydrogen sulfide monitoring instrument will beperformance tested and calibrated in accordance with 40 CFR, Section 60.755(d) andUSEPA Method 21, Section 4.

4.3.2 - Survey Control Methodology (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

1. Prior to the monitoring event, the GPS system will be set up using the topographicmap of the landfill and coordinates of the triangulation point provided byEnvironmental Technologies of Nevada. The number and locations (in terms of GPScoordinates) of 30-meter wide monitoring strips which would be required to coverthe entire surface of the landfill will be determined. This information will be drawnon the topographic map and programmed into the GPS instrument carried by the fieldpersonnel. The result will be a series of transects that the GPS instrument will beable to guide the technician along while he conducts the LFG emissions monitoring.During each day of monitoring, the technician will record in the Field Data Forminformation on the times that monitoring was started and stopped, and the dates eachtransect is completed.

2. A Trimble GPS system will be used during the field monitoring event to determineand record the monitoring locations. This GPS system consists of a base receiver setup at the known triangulation point ("base station") and a roving receiver which iscarried in a backpack unit by the field technician during monitoring. The base stationtransmits its position over a radio frequency that is picked up by the roving GPSinstrument. The roving GPS instrument is capable of providing a fixed coordinatethat is reported to be accurate to within one meter (ten centimeters after post-processing). The handheld graphic display instrument is attached to the rovingreceiver, which provides a readout by position virtually instantaneously. Theadvantage of the "real time" positioning is to allow the field technician to conductongoing checks on his position to determine if he is still within the 30-meter stripcurrently being monitored. It also allows for the continuous recording of theinstrument's location as well as the discrete recording of locations where highmethane or hydrogen sulfide readings were found and the concentrations measured.

3. The GPS system will be available for the duration of the work. The GPS system willbe used to locate a field grid system for survey control during other portions of the

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field work. Each grid corner (every 200-feet in the Sunrise Mountain Landfill; every100-feet in the Northeast Canyon and Eastern Perimeter Area; and every 50-feet inthe Western Burn Pit) can be located with the GPS system. The coordinates of thefield grid system can be crosschecked with the GPS system at any time.

4.4 PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING IN STRUCTURES (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Two structures have been identified for in-structure methane and hydrogen sulfidemonitoring. One is on the landfill (the Clark County Air Monitoring Station) and oneis just off-site (the Doppler Tower). The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) or anInfrared Gas Analyzer (IGA), such as a Landtec GEM-500 or equivalent and thehydrogen sulfide monitoring instrument discussed above will be used to determinemethane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations inside the structures by running theprobe along the baseboard inside the structures and in any enclosed areas.Compliance or non-compliance with EPA's 1.25- percent methane standard will beassessed. Compliance or non-compliance with OSHA's 15 ppm hydrogen sulfideshort-term exposure limit standard will be assessed. Permission to access thesestructures for monitoring will be obtained prior to monitoring.

4.5 PROCEDURE FOR GAS MONITORING DURING PERFORMANCE OF WORK(USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

4.5.1 Routine Procedure for Hydroqeologic Borings and Wells (USEPA APPROVED12/02/99)

1. Methane and hydrogen sulfide migration will be assessed during borings associatedwith the hydrogeological assessment and/or groundwater monitoring wellinstallations. An IGA, such as a Landtec GEM-500 or equivalent will be used tomonitor for methane. An RKI Eagle photochemical cell, ToxiRae Plus, or equivalentmonitoring device will be used to measure the concentration of hydrogen sulfide.The borehole and the area around the borehole will be monitored continuouslyduring the drilling process. The borehole will be monitored at its completion and if agroundwater monitoring well is completed in the borehole, it will be monitored atcompletion and after a 24-hour period.

2. If routine monitoring indicates that the methane concentration exceeds EPA's 5-percent standard or the hydrogen sulfide concentration exceeds 15-ppm in theborehole or well, drilling will be stopped and ventilation of the area will beimplemented as described in the HASP.

4.5.2 Second Level Procedure for Hydroqeologic Borings and Wells (USEPAAPPROVED 12/02/99)

I. If routine monitoring indicates that the methane concentration exceeds EPA's 5-percent standard or the hydrogen sulfide concentration exceeds IS ppm in theborehole or well associated with the hydrogeological assessment and/or groundwatermonitoring well installations, drilling will be stopped and the second level procedurewill be implemented. An IGA, hydrogen sulfide monitoring instrument and Tedlar bagwill be used for this assessment as discussed below.

4.5.2.1 -Second Level Sample Collection (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

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1. Samples of vadose zone gases will be collected by use of a portable vacuum chamber,Tedlar bags and an IGA and hydrogen sulfide monitoring instrument. Gases will becaptured at the borehole or well by placing a sealed rubber collar over the casing.Gas will be collected from the borehole or well space using a cockvalve installed inthe collar. In order to obtain a representative sample, two to three well volumes ofgas will be purged from the casing prior to sample collection. Purging will beaccomplished using a hand-held air pump with flow volume of approximately 5 litersper minute. Once the purging is accomplished the cock valve is turned off and thepurge line is tied off to maintain well gas within the line.

2. The vacuum chamber consists of a standard Pelican box equipped with brassinlet/outlet ports and an air bleed valve, which releases negative pressure within thebox. The SKC Vac-U-Chamber is capable of withstanding a differential pressure of upto approximately 12 inches of mercury. Following well purging, the purge line,consisting of Tygon tubing, will be attached to the cockvalve and to the inlet side ofthe SKC Vac-U-Chamber. A Tedlar bag is placed inside the vacuum box andconnected to the brass inlet port. The valve of the Tedlar bag is then opened two fullturns. The vacuum box is closed and sealed shut. The hand-held air pump will thenbe attached to the outlet side of the vacuum box and turned on. The cock valve onthe well is reopened and air within the vacuum box is evacuated. When the negativepressure within the vacuum box exceeds the pressure on the purge line, gas will beginto fill the Tedlar bag. Once the bag is filled, the cock-valve on the well is shut and thebleed valve on the vacuum box is opened. The valve on the Tedlar bag will then beshut. Immediately after the Tedlar bag is full, the IGA and hydrogen sulfidemonitoring instrument will be used to sample the contents of the bag.

4.5.3 Procedure for Test Pit/Trenches. Confirmation Borings, or Shallow Borings(USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be assessed during testpits/trenches, confirmation borings, shallow borings, and borings in the Lagoon Areasassociated with the limits and type of waste and cover assessments. An IGA, such asa Landtec GEM-500 or equivalent will be used to monitor for methane. An RKI Eaglephotochemical cell, ToxiRae Plus, or equivalent monitoring device will be used tomeasure the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The test pit/trench, confirmationboring, shallow boring, or boring in the Lagoon Area and the area around each will bemonitored continuously during performance of the work.

4.5.4 Procedure for Removal/Relocation of Waste (e.g., in Northeast Canyon andWestern Burn Pit Area) (USEPA APPROVED 12/02/99)

I. Methane and hydrogen sulfide concentrations will be assessed during any excavationactivities for the removal/relocation of waste (e.g., in the Northeast Canyon and theWestern Burn Pit Area). An IGA, such as a Landtec GEM-500 or equivalent will beused to monitor for methane. An RKI Eagle photochemical cell, ToxiRae Plus, orequivalent monitoring device will be used to measure the concentration of hydrogensulfide. The excavation and the area around the excavation will be monitoredcontinuously during performance of the work. For additional information seeGeneral Waste Removal Work Plan, dated January 18, 2000.

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4.6 PROCEDURE FOR SUBSURFACE METHANE MONITORING (USEPA APPROVED01/28/00)

4.6.1 Landfill Gas Sampling Probes (USEPA APPROVED 01/28/00)

1. Subsurface landfill gas sampling probes will be installed in the areas as designated insubtask 3.4.4.5 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan. Installation procedures shall bein accordance with 40 CFR, Part 60, Subpart WWW, specifically Method 25C ofAppendix A. Shallow borings meeting the referenced requirements that areperformed during the final cover assessment can be used for installation of the landfillgas sampling probes (must be completed more than I meter below the bottom of thefinal cover).

2. The landfill gas will be sampled using the Tier 2 sampling methodology specified in 40CFR, Part 60, Subpart WWW. The gas samples are collected in canisters. Up to fiveequal-volume samples will be collected in each canister. USEPA has previouslyapproved this modification to the referenced procedure on more than 100 Tier 2surveys conducted by SCS Engineers across the United States. Samples from eacharea specified in subtask 3.4.4.5 of the Landfill Assessment Work Plan will not becommingled with samples from other areas. The NMOC concentration in thecanisters will be determined using Method 25C. The landfill gas will be sampled forthe trace organics on the Method TO-14 list plus hydrogen sulfide (EPA Method15/16 (modified)).

4.7 PROCEDURE FOR AMBIENT AIR HYDROGEN SULFIDE MONITORING (USEPAAPPROVED 12/02/99)

4.7.1 Routine Procedure for Ambient Air Hydrogen Sulfide Monitoring (USEPAAPPROVED 12/02/99)

I. The ambient air will be monitored during the performance of the Landfill AssessmentWork Plan. An RKI Eagle photochemical cell, ToxiRae Plus, or equivalent monitoringdevice will be used to measure the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the breathingzone of personnel performing the work. Additional health and safety procedures willbe implemented in accordance with the HASP (see Appendix D) when a reading of 10ppm or more is obtained.

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Documents

Email: Transmits final draft of sampling & analysis plan