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RUSSIAN EDUCATION OF THE LAST THREE CENTURIES
Elizabeth KramerLiberty University
Nineteenth Century
Tsarist Abolitionism Nicholas I
Indoctrination Autocracy Orthodoxy Nationalism
Principles of Tsarist Autocracy Reverence for the Tsar Patriotism Socioeconomic status quo
Nineteenth Century
Alexander II Nicholas’ son Reform
Liberated Serfs Zemstvo Schools
Compared to Parish Schools
Nineteenth Century
Intelligentsia A “Think-Tank” for Change
Teachers, Students, Writers, and Artists Attempted to bring about change
Alexander Herzen (1812-1870) Intelligentsias and theorist Exile living in London Wrote the Kolokol
Russian Enlightenment Nicholas Chernyshevsky (1828-1889)
What Is to Be Done?
Nineteenth Century
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) War and Peace Social Reform Based on Simplification Yasnaya Polyana Society of National Education Educational Tour of France, Germany, and England
Nineteenth Century
Alexander III (1827-1907) Became Tsar in 1881 Ruled Russia like Nicholas I
Firm hand and Authoritarian Tsarist Autocracy
Repress Criticism of Government Police Power Centralized Government Propaganda
Konstantin Pobedonostev (1827-1907) Chief Advisor
Tsarist Russia Falls
Twentieth Century
The Soviet government and Communism Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924)
Schools are a Weapon Education is Not the Primary Concern
Working-Class Schools Three Purposes Separation of Church and School
Anatoli Lunacharski (1875-1933) Unified Educational System
Workers School Brigades Western Philosophies
Twentieth Century
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Eliminated the Lunacharski System of Education Authoritarian Education Again
Basic Skills needed for trades Fixed number of hours required Methodical Direct Instruction Texts were re-written and censored by
Russian government Post WWII Era
Push Socialist Ideals throughout Eastern Europe
Propaganda Soviet Cultural Life
Twentieth and Twenty-First Century
Twentieth Century Fall of Communism
Mikhail Gorbachav Schools had to be a catalyst for change
Removed low standards and bureaucrat involvement in schools
Glasnost Communism Falls in 1991
Twenty-First Century Reform
New Kind of Teacher New System Globalization
References
Gutek, G. (1995). Russian Education. In A History of the Western Educational Experience (2nd ed., pp. 420-
451). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Kholostova, T. (2007). Journal Of Education. Problems in Today's Russian Education System, 188(3), 63-73.
Matrosov, V. L. (2011). Russian Education & Society. The New School Teacher for the New Russian School, 53(11), 73-83.
Valkanova, Y. (2009). The Passion for Educating the “New Man”: Debates about Preschooling in Soviet Russia, 1917–1925. History Of Education Quarterly,
49(2), 211-221. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00197.