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Elimination
Elimination is the process of removing waste from the body.
Hubbs Pre-CNA Elimination UnitSP2-AP2
Two Elimination Systems The Urinary System removes liquid
waste (urine) from the body and maintains fluid balance.
The Gastrointestinal (Digestive) System removes solid waste (feces) from the body.
The Urinary System
1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4. _______________
The Digestive System
1.___________
9.______________
3._____________4.______________
5.______________
6._____________________________
7.___________________________
8.______________
2.______________
Urinary System Topics covered:
Normal urine characteristics Factors affecting urinary elimination Urinary system changes with aging Urinary problems Urinary tract infections
Normal Urine Color Pale yellow
Straw- colored Amber color
Clarity Clear
Particles No
Odor Faint
Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination
A healthy person produces about 1500 cc’s of urine per day
Age Disease Foods eaten Salt intake Body
Temperature Perspiration Medication
Urinary System Changes With Aging
Kidney function decreases
Waste removal is less efficient
Bladder muscles weaken
Bladder size decreases – holding less urine
Prostate gland in men enlarges
Common Urinary Problems Urinary Incontinence:
inability to control the bladder.
Urinary frequency: voiding at frequent intervals
Urinary urgency: the need to void immediately
Urinary retention – the bladder does not empty completely
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
SYMPTOMS Urinary frequency
Urgency Pain or burning on
urination Blood or pus in the
urine Foul-smelling urine fever
What the CNA can do to help
Encourage fluids Provide good peri-
care Accurate
observation of urine
Women are more susceptible to UTIs than men because the female
urethra is shorter than the male’s..
bladder
urethra
bladder
urethra
Female Male
Digestive (GI) System Topics covered:
Factors affecting bowel elimination Normal bowel movement
observations Common GI disorders
Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination
Privacy Habits Diet Fluid intake Activity Medications Disability Age
Bowel Movements Observations
Observe: Normalcolor brownconsistency soft/formed/moistodor yesshape like the rectumsize variesfrequency varies-some people have BMs
daily, others every 2-3 days
Common GI Disorders Fecal incontinence –
inability to control the passage of feces through the anus.
Diarrhea – frequent passage of liquid stools.
Emesis-Vomiting is a sign of illness
Constipation – the passage of a hard, dry stool.
Fecal impaction - a build up of feces in the rectum.
Enemas Enemas (the
placing of fluid into the rectum to soften and remove stool) can be used to relieve constipation and fecal impaction.
Elimination Equipment
Male Urinal Bedridden men
(not women) use to urinate.
Incontinence Products Incontinence
products help keep the person’s skin dry.
Standard Bedpan Bedridden women
use for urinating and defecating.
Bedridden men use for defecating.
Fracture Bedpan Fracture pans are
used for persons with:
Casts Limited back motion
or spinal cord injury Surgery Hip fracture or
replacement surgery Painful joints
Commode A commode is a
chair or wheelchair with an opening for bedpan or container.
It allows for normal sitting positioning for elimination.
Urinary Catheters Also called a FOLEY A tube inserted into
the bladder to drain urine.
Can promote comfort and prevent skin breakdown for person with urinary incontinence.