Elephants Are Large Land Animals

7/31/2019 Elephants Are Large Land Animals

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Elephants are large land mammals in two extant genera of the family Elephantidae:Elephas and Loxodonta, with the third genus Mammuthus extinct.[1]Three living speciesof elephant are recognized: theAfrican bush elephant, theAfrican forest elephant and theIndian orAsian elephant;[2] although some group the two African species into one[3] andsome researchers also postulate the existence of a fourth species in West Africa. [4] Allother species and genera of Elephantidae are extinct. Most have been extinct since thelast ice age, although dwarf forms of mammoths might have survived as late as2,000 BCE.[5] Elephants and other Elephantidae were once classified with other thick-skinned animals in a now invalid order, Pachydermata. Elephants are the largest living

land animals on Earth today.[6]

The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longestof any land animal.[7] At birth, an elephant calf typically weighs 105 kilograms (230 lb).[7]

They typically live for 50 to 70 years, but the oldest recorded elephant lived for 82 years. [8]

The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1955.[9] This male weighedabout 10,900 kg (24,000 lb),[10] with a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft), 1 metre(3.3 ft) taller than the average male African elephant. [10] The smallest elephants, about thesize of a calf or a large pig, were a prehistoric species that lived on the island of Creteduring the Pleistocene epoch.

Rhinoceros/r ans r s/, often abbreviated as rhino, is a group of five extant species

of knee-less, odd-toed ungulates in the familyRhinocerotidae. Two of these species arenative to Africa and three to southern Asia. Members of the rhinoceros family arecharacterized by their large size (they are some of of the largest remaining megafauna,with all of the species able to reach one tonne or more in weight); as well as by aherbivorous diet; a thick protective skin, 1.55 cm thick, formed from layers of collagenpositioned in a lattice structure; relatively small brains for mammals this size (400600 g);and a large horn. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment foodin theirhindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter, if necessary. Unlikeother perissodactyls, the African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of theirmouths, relying instead on their powerful premolar and molar teeth to grind up plantfood.Rhinoceros are killed by humans for their horns, which are bought and sold on the

black market, and which are used by some cultures for ornamental or (pseudo-scientific)medicinal purposes. The horns are made ofkeratin, the same type of protein that makesup hair and fingernails.[2] Both African species and the Sumatran rhinoceros have twohorns, while the Indian and Javan rhinoceros have a single horn.

A crocodile is any species belonging to the familyCrocodylidae (sometimes classifiedinstead as the subfamilyCrocodylinae). The term can also be used more loosely toinclude all extant members of the orderCrocodilia: i.e. the true crocodiles, the alligatorsand caimans (familyAlligatoridae) and the gharials (family Gavialidae), as well as the

Crocodylomorpha, which include prehistoric crocodile relatives and ancestors. Memberspecies of the family Crocodylidae are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout thetropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodiles tend to congregate infreshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water.They feed mostly on vertebrates - fish, reptiles, and mammals, and sometimes oninvertebrates - molluscs and crustaceans, depending on species. They first appearedduring the Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago.
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ant#cite_note-SD_Zoo-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premolarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamilyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodiliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caimanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligatoridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavialidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodylomorphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluschttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene


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Snakes are elongate, legless, carnivorousreptiles of the suborderSerpentes that can bedistinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. Like allsquamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales.Many species of snakes have skulls with many more joints than their lizard ancestors,enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with theirhighly mobile jaws.To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appearone in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung.Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of thecloaca. Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, in the Pacific and

Indian Oceans, and on most smaller land masses exceptions include some largeislands, such as Ireland and New Zealand, and many small islands of the Atlantic andcentral Pacific.[1] More than 20 families are currently recognized, comprising about 500genera and about 3,400 species.[2][3] They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm-long threadsnake to the Reticulated python of up to 8.7 meters (29 ft) in length.[4][5]The fossil speciesTitanoboa cerrejonensis was 15 meters (49 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolvedfrom either burrowing or aquatic lizards during the mid-Cretaceous period, and theearliest known fossils date to around 112 Ma ago. The diversity of modern snakesappeared during the Paleocene period (c66 to 56 Ma ago).

Musk deercan refer to any one or all of the seven species that make up Moschus, whichthe only genus offamilyMoschidae. [1] Musk deer are more primitive than cervids, or truedeer, because they lack antlers and facial glands, and possess only a single pair of teats,a gall bladder, a caudal gland, a pair of tusk-like teeth andof particular economicimportance to humansa musk gland. As is implied by their classification under the order

Artiodactyla, they are artiodactyls.

Musk deer live mainly in forested and alpine scrub habitats in the mountains of southernAsia, notably the Himalayas. Moschids, the proper term when referring to this type of deerrather than one/multiple species of musk deer, are entirely Asian in their present

distribution, being extinct in Europe where the earliest musk deer are known to haveexisted from Oligocene deposits.
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Sloth

Sloths are medium-sized mammals belonging to the familiesMegalonychidae (two-toedsloth) and Bradypodidae (three-toed sloth), classified into six species.[citation needed] They arepart of the orderPilosa and are therefore related to armadillos and anteaters, which sporta similar set of specialized claws. Sloths are arboreal (tree dwelling) residents of the

jungles ofCentral and South America, and are known for being slow-moving, and hencenamed "sloths".[citation needed]

Sloths usually sleep during the day, either curled up in the fork of a tree or hanging frombranches. At night, they move about in the tree, slowly feeding on leaves, flowers, orfruits. Because its feet curve inward, a sloth is unable to walk with ease upon the groundand will descend a tree only to get to another tree in search of food. In such a case, it

either shuffles clumsily about on all fours or drags itself by its forelimbs across theground. The chief enemies of sloths are eagles and jaguars. Some sloths breed in thespring while others breed throughout the year. The female generally gives birth to oneyoung.

Tiger

The tiger(Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to3.3 metres (11 ft) and weighing up to 306 kg (670 lb). They are the third largest landcarnivore (behind only the Polar bear and the Brown bear). Their most recognizablefeature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with lighter underparts.

They have exceptionally stout teeth, and theircanines are the longest among living felidswith a crown height of as much as 74.5 mm (2.93 in) or even 90 mm (3.5 in). [4] In zoos,tigers have lived for 20 to 26 years, which also seems to be their longevity in the wild.[5]

They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring largecontiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with thefact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, hascaused significant conflicts with humans.
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Gray langurs orHanuman langurs, the most widespread langurs ofSouth Asia, are agroup ofOld World monkeys constituting the entirety of the genusSemnopithecus. Alltaxa have traditionally been placed in the single species Semnopithecus entellus.[1] In2001, it was recommended that several distinctive former subspecies should be given fullspecies status, so that seven species are recognized.[2] A taxonomic classification withfewer species has also been proposed.[3]Genetic evidence suggests that the Nilgiri langur

and purple-faced langur, which usually are placed in the genus Trachypithecus, actuallybelong in Semnopithecus.[4]

Gray langurs are large and fairly terrestrial, inhabiting forest, open lightly woodedhabitats, and urban areas on the Indian subcontinent. Most species are found at low tomoderate altitudes, but the Nepal gray langurand Kashmir gray languroccur up to 4,000metres (13,000 ft) in the Himalayas.[5][6]

Birds (classAves) are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-

laying, vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the most specioseclass oftetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclass Neornithes, andinhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds rangein size from the 5 cm (2 in) Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) Ostrich. The fossilrecord indicates that birds emerged within theropoddinosaurs during the Jurassic period,around 160 million years (Ma) ago. Paleontologists regard birds as the only clade ofdinosaurs to have survived the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event 65.5 Ma ago.

Modern birds are characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strongskeleton. All living species of birds have wingsthe now extinct flightless moa ofNew

Zealand were the only exception. Wings are evolved forelimbs, and most bird species canfly. Flightless birds include ratites, penguins, and a number of diverse endemic islandspecies. Birds also have unique digestive and respiratory systems that are highly adaptedfor flight. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligentanimal species; a number of bird species have been observed manufacturing and usingtools, and many social species exhibit cultural transmission of knowledge acrossgenerations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-msw3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Groves2001-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-faced_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Phylogenetic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_gray_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_gray_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-IUCNKashmir-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-bloodedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speciosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovipositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_skeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-msw3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Groves2001-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Brandon-Jones-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-faced_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachypithecushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-Phylogenetic-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_gray_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_gray_langurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur#cite_note-IUCNKashmir-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-bloodedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speciosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teethhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovipositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_skeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvidshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals


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The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris),[2][3] is a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canislupus), a member of the Canidae family of the mammilian order Carnivora. The term"domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The dog mayhave been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely keptworking, hunting, and companion animal in human history. The word "dog" may alsomean the male of a canine species,[4] as opposed to the word "bitch" for the female of thespecies.

The present lineage of dogs was domesticated from gray wolves about 15,000 years ago.[5] Though remains of domesticated dogs have been found in Siberia and Belgium fromabout 33,000 years ago, none of those lineages seem to have survived the Last GlacialMaximum. Although mDNA testing suggests a split between dogs and wolves around100,000 years ago, no specimens prior to 33,000 years ago are clearly morphologicallydomesticated dog.[6][7][8]

Dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitousacross world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding,pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently,

aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them thenickname "Man's Best Friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, dogs are alsosource of meat.[9][10] In 2001, there were estimated to be 400 million dogs in the world.[11]

Ants are social insects of the family Formicidae ( /fr msd i/) and, along with therelated wasps and bees, belong to the orderHymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-likeancestors in the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago anddiversified after the rise offlowering plants. More than 12,500 out of an estimated total of22,000 species have been classified.[3][4] They are easily identified by their elbowedantennae and a distinctive node-like structure that forms a slender waist.

Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen predatory individuals living insmall natural cavities to highly organised colonies which may occupy large territories andconsist of millions of individuals. These larger colonies consist mostly of sterile winglessfemales forming castes of "workers", "soldiers", or other specialised groups. Nearly all antcolonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile femalescalled "queens". The colonies are sometimes described as superorganisms because theants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support thecolony.[5]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-MSW3_Lupus-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-ADW-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf_subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-science2002-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-IncipientDog-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs_in_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-Coppinger-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ant_genera_(alphabetical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-MSW3_Lupus-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-ADW-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf_subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-science2002-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-IncipientDog-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogs_in_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog#cite_note-Coppinger-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusocialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenopterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ant_genera_(alphabetical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant#cite_note-4


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The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of the domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori(Latin: "silkworm of the mulberry tree"). It is an economically important insect, being aprimary producer ofsilk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, but it mayalso eat the leaves of any other mulberry tree (i.e., Morus rubra orMorus nigra)[citation needed]

as well as the Osage Orange. It is entirely dependent on humans for its reproduction anddoes not occur naturally in the wild. Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for theproduction of raw silk, has been underway for at least 5,000 years in China, [1] from whereit spread to Korea and Japan, and later to India and the West. The silkworm was

domesticated from the wild silkmoth Bombyx mandarina which has a range from northernIndia to northern China, Korea, Japan and far the eastern regions of Russia. Thedomesticated silkworm derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock.[2][3] Itis unlikely that silkworms were domestically bred before the Neolithic age: it was not untilthen that the tools required to facilitate the manufacturing of larger quantities of silk threadhad been developed. The domesticated B. moriand the wild B. mandarina can still breedand sometimes produce hybrids.[4]:342

The mosquitoes are a family of small, midge-like flies: the Culicidae. Although a fewspecies are harmless or even useful to humanity, most are a nuisance because they suck

blood from vertebrates, many of them attacking humans. In feeding on blood, variousspecies of mosquitoes transmit some of the most harmful human and livestock diseases.Some authorities argue accordingly that mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals onearth.[2] Mosquitoes are members of a family ofnematocerid flies: the Culicidae (fromthe Latinculex, genitiveculicis meaning "midge" or "gnat").[3] The word mosquito is fromthe Spanish and Portuguese for "littlefly".[4] Superficially, mosquitoes resemble crane flies(family Tipulidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae); as a result, casualobservers seldom realise that there are important differences between the members ofthe respective families. In particular, the females of many species of mosquitoes areblood-sucking pests and dangerous vectors of diseases, whereas members of the similar-looking Chironomidae and Tipulidae are not. Even many species of mosquitoes are not

bloodsuckers, and many of those that do suck blood do not transmit disease. Also, in thebloodsucking species, only the females suck blood. Furthermore, even amongmosquitoes that do carry important diseases, neither all species of mosquito, nor or allstrains of a given species transmit the same kinds of diseases, nor do they all transmit thediseases under the same circumstances; their habits differ. For example, some speciesattack people in houses, and others prefer to attack people walking in forests.

Accordingly, in managing public health it is important to know which species, even whichstrains, of mosquitoes one is dealing with.
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Dolphins are marine mammals closely related to whales and porpoises. There arealmost forty species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from 1.2 m (4 ft) and 40 kg(90 lb) (Maui's dolphin), up to 9.5 m (30 ft) and 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons)(the orca or killer whale). They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of thecontinental shelves, and are carnivores, eating mostly fish and squid. The familyDelphinidae is the largest in the Cetacean order, and evolved relatively recently, about

ten million years ago, during the Miocene. Dolphins are among the most intelligentanimals, and their often friendly appearance and seemingly playful attitude have madethem very popular in human culture.

Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with more than 5600 species [1],ranging across all continents except Antarctica as well as most oceanic island chains.The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia, is defined as all extantmembers of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping scales), which are neithersphenodonts (i.e., tuatara) nor snakes they form an evolutionary grade.[2] While the

snakes are recognized as falling phylogenetically within the Toxicofera clade from whichthey evolved, the Sphenodonts are the sister group to the Squamates, the largermonophyletic group, which includes both the lizards and the snakes.Lizards typically havefeet and external ears, while snakes lack both of these characteristics. However, becausethey are defined negatively as excluding snakes, lizards have no unique distinguishingcharacteristic as a group. Lizards and snakes share a movable quadrate bone,distinguishing them from the sphenodonts, which have a more primitive and solid diapsidskull. Many lizards can detach their tails to escape from predators, an act calledautotomy, but this ability is not shared by all lizards. Vision, including color vision, isparticularly well developed in most lizards, and most communicate with body language orbright colors on their bodies as well as with pheromones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui's_dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaceahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidosauriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodontiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicoferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrate_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodontiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapsidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porpoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui's_dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_dolphinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaceahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidosauriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodontiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_gradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicoferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrate_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenodontiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapsidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromones


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Documents

Elephants Are Large Land Animals