ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS - whitburnscience - home · Web viewQ2) a) Using page nine of your Chemistry Data Booklet copy and complete the melting and boiling points for the following alcohols.b)

National 4 & 5 Chemistry Every day consumer products Examples Booklet

NATIONAL 4 AND NATIONAL 5 CHEMISTRY

Unit 2: Nature’s Chemistry

EVERDAY CONSUMER PRODUCTS

PRACTICE EXAMPLES BOOKLETN4/5 ALCOHOLS PROPERTIES AND USES N4/5

USES OF ALCOHOLS

document.docx Page 1 of 15


Alcohol Use

ethanol C2H5OH

Alcoholic drinksFuel for vehicles.Solvent for varnish, perfume, deodorant.Feedstock for making chemicals.

methanol CH3OHMixed with ethanol to make methylated spirits.FuelFeedstock for making chemicals

propanol C3H7OH

Medical – used in hand sanitizers and drug preparation.FuelFeedstock for making chemicals.

Q1) Describe the properties of the alcohol family that make them suitable molecules to use in the examples shown above. You may wish to use page 59-62 of the National 5 Chemistry textbook to help you.

Q2) a) Using page nine of your Chemistry Data Booklet copy and complete the melting and boiling points for the following alcohols.

b) A student made the hypothesis that has chain length of an alcohol increases, its boiling point also increases. Which of the above alcohols should have their boiling points compared in order to test this hypothesis?

C) The student also made the hypothesis that when the (–OH) functional group of alcohols are found at the end of the molecule it will have a higher boiling point. Which of the above alcohols should have their boiling points compared in order to test this hypothesis?

N5 NAMING ALCOHOLS N5

Q1) Copy and complete

No. of C atoms

Alkanol Name

Molecular Formula

Full Structural Formula /Shortened Structural formula



1 methanol CH3OH

CH3OH

2

CH3 CH2 OH

3

4

5

6

N5 SYSTEMATIC NAMING - ALKANOLS N5

1. Draw full structural formula and shortened structural formula of each of the following molecules.

(a) ethanol (b) butan-2-ol (c) 3-methylpentan-1-ol

(d) 2,4-dimethylhexan-1-ol (e) 3-ethylheptan-2-ol (f) 2-methylbutan-2-ol



2. Write the systematic name of the following alkanol molecules

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

N5 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PROPERTIES N5

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – BOILING POINT

Q1) The following graph shows the boiling point of alkanoic acids versus number of carbon atoms.

Find the boiling points of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid in the data booklet and plot a spike chart on the graph paper.



Q2) Describe the relationship between the number of carbon atoms within the carboxylic acid and the effect on the boiling point of the acid.

Q3) The full structural formulae for the first three carboxylic acids are shown below.

Suggest a general formulae for this family of compounds.

N5 NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS N5

Copy and complete

No. of C atoms

Alkanoic Acid Name

Molecular Formula

Full Structural Formula /Shortened Structural formula

1 methanoic HCOOH

HCOOHdocument.docx Page 5 of 15

010

20

30

40No. of carbon atoms

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180Bo

iling

poi

nt /

o C0


2

CH3COOH

3

4

5

6

N5 ESTERIFICATION - EXTENSION N5

1. Copy and complete the table below.

Alcohol Carboxylic Acid Name of Ester

methanol butanoic acid

pentanol pentyl ethanoate

butyl hexanoate

ethanol octanoic acid

2. Copy and complete the following (condensation) esterification reactions.



(a)propan-1-ol + + water

+ +

CH3CH2CH2OH + +

(b)methanol + + water

+ +

+ +

(c)+ + water

+ +

+ +

N5 ESTER FORMULAE - EXTENSION N5

1. Name the following ester molecules.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (f)

CH3CH2OOCCH3



(g)

CH3OOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (h)

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH2CH3

2. Draw the full structural formula of the following esters.

(a) ethyl methanoate (b) propyl ethanoate (c) octyl ethanoate

(d) heptyl propanoate (e) methyl hexanoate (f) hexyl butanoate

N5 RESEARCH & RESPORT [2.1 AND 2.2] N5Assessment Activity 2In activity 2, candidates will produce a short report, of 50–100 words or equivalent, which covers both Assessment Standards 2.2 and 2.3. The candidate should, with guidance from the assessor, select an application of chemistry from a key area of this Unit, which they will investigate. The candidate should describe the use of the application and consider the effect of this application on the environment/society. This should be done individually by the pupil and conducted under supervised conditions.

Research Task Focus of Research task Success Criteria2.2

Describing anapplication

By using the chemistry knowledge you have learned in this sub-topic describe an

Evidence must demonstrate that the candidate has a clear



Research Task Focus of Research task Success Criteriaapplication in everyday life/society. This means use your unit 2 learning intentions to explain a situation where the chemistry knowledge you have learned has been used and put into operation in a real life situation.

understanding of the chemistry related to the application and its effect on the environment/society.

The candidate’s report should make statements that are relevant to the application and to the issue, which demonstrate understanding of the underlying chemistry.These should use terms and ideas that are correct and at a depth appropriate to National 5 Chemistry. [key mandatory areas]

2.3Describing a

chemical issue interms of the effect

on theenvironment/

society

When chemistry is used in a real life situation it can be a benefit to society but sometimes can cause unwanted problems for society and has an impact on the environment. Highlight if possible a chemical issue that comes from a particular application of chemistry learned in this topic. It can be a chemical issue related or unrelated to the environment for example health etc.

RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2] CHEMISTRY N5

USES / OCCURRENCE OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

INTRODUCTIONMany carbon-based acids contain the carboxyl group(-COOH).Carboxylic acids are present in a large number of everyday substances, in our bodies and in nature.Examples of carboxylic acids are:methanoic acid , ethanoic acid, butanoic acid, lactic acid, citric acid.



Carboxylic acids are used in the manufacture of other chemicals. They are important feedstock molecules.

RESEARCHSelect one of the carboxylic acids listed above. Using a variety of resources research:

The formula of the carboxylic acid and draw the structure of its molecule. The other name (common name / systematic name) of the carboxylic acid. The occurrence of the carboxylic acid in our everyday lives. The names of chemicals made using the carboxylic acid.

REPORTProduce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:

Report / information leaflet Poster Presentation / talk.

RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2] CHEMISTRY N5

USES / OCCURRENCE OF ESTERS

INTRODUCTIONEsters are molecules found in nature (plants and animal).Many plant fragrances and flavourings are esters. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters.A number of drugs are esters.Esters are good solvents for varnishes.A characteristic feature of many ester molecules is they have pleasant smells.


carboxyl group(-COOH)


RESEARCHResearch the uses / occurrence of esters in the categories in bold in the introduction. Select three different esters

The name and formula of the each ester. The name and formula of the alcohol and

carboxylic acid from which the ester is made. Where the ester is found in nature or the use of

the ester.



RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2] CHEMISTRY N4 / 5

USES OF ALCOHOLS



INTRODUCTIONCommon alcohol (ethanol) is the best-known alcohol as it is present in alcoholic drinks. Ethanol has many different uses.There are a number of different alcohols Examples are:ethanol, methanol, propanol (isopropanol), glycerol, ethylene glycol.

Alcohols are present in a number of everyday chemicals.Alcohols are used to manufacture other chemicals. They are important feedstock molecules.

RESEARCHSelect one of the alcohols listed above. Using a variety of resources research:

The formula of the alcohol and draw the structure of its molecule. The everyday chemicals, which contain the alcohol. The names of other chemicals, which are made using the alcohol as a feedstock.



RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2 & 2.3]

CHEMISTRY N5

PALM OIL

INTRODUCTIONEsters are molecules found in nature (plants and animal).document.docx Page 12 of 15


Many plant fragrances and flavourings are esters. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters.Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.

RESEARCHResearch the uses / occurrence of esters that are produced from palm oil.

The name and formula of the esters obtained. The name and formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which the ester is made. Where the ester is found in nature or the use of the ester.

Use the internet or other sources to find out and discuss the impact on the environment and society of producing products from palm oil. Discuss the underlying chemistry of palm oil and why it is used in the products you discuss.

At the end of the piece, list all the websites and other sources you have looked at during your research, even if you have not quoted from them directly.



RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2 & 2.3]

CHEMISTRY N5

METHANOL USED AS A FUEL

INTRODUCTIONMethanol belongs to the alcohol family and is being used in some countries as a fuel.document.docx Page 13 of 15

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attalea_maripa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocarp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil


RESEARCHResearch the underlying chemistry as to why methanol is regarded by some as a good fuel source for society. Use the internet or other sources to find out why methanol is not more widely used as a fuel and write a short article for a popular newspaper giving the arguments for and against using methanol/ethanol as a fuel for cars. Include relevant chemistry (for example, explain what complete combustion means and represent this as a chemical & structural equation) and discuss the impact on the environment and society.

At the end of the piece, list all the websites and other sources you have looked at during your research, even if you have not quoted from them directly.



RESEARCH & REPORT [2.2. & 2.3] CHEMISTRY N4 / 5

ETHANOL - FUEL OR FOOD?

INTRODUCTIONEthanol made from fermenting sugars (carbohydrates) from sugar cane, potatoes and corn, is a renewable source of energy.Ethanol is currently being used as a fuel for vehicles in some countries. However if farmers are growing crops to produce fuels, they are not producing food to feed people.



There are large numbers of people in the world who experience hunger, so there are important decisions to be made regarding how crops are to be used.

RESEARCHUsing a variety of resources research:

How ethanol for fuel is made from plants – naming the plants used. The reason why burning ethanol as a fuel would not add to the level of CO2 in the

atmosphere. Name countries where production of ethanol for fuel is currently taking place and find

data on how much ethanol is being produced. The issue of growing crops for food, versus growing crops of fuel. Is it possible to grow

crops for food and for fuel? (Hint – look at producing ethanol from cellulose.)




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ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS - whitburnscience - home · Web viewQ2) a) Using page nine of your Chemistry Data Booklet copy and complete the melting and boiling points for the following alcohols.b)