Elements in Cell

8/13/2019 Elements in Cell

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Chapter 2 : Element in Cells

Mr Khairul Hafezad Bin AbdullahCenter for Foundation Studies

Management and Science ni!ersit" #MS $

2%%&


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Introduction

What are element?Elements - Substance that cannot be broken down to othersubstances by chemical reactionsExample: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

What are compound?

Compounds - Substance that consisting of two or moreelements combined in a fixed ratioExample: sodium chloride (Na l!


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Introduction

carbon oxygen make up "#$ hydrogen of li%ing matter main elements nitrogen

phosphorus nitrogen

sulphur make up &$calcium of li%ing matter trace elements

potassium a few other elements


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'race elements

'race elements are those re)uired by an organism in onlyminute )uantities

Some trace elements, such as iron (*e! , are needed by allforms of life+ others are only re)uired only by certain species

Example: In %ertebrates (animal with backbones!, the elementiodine (I! is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced bythe thyroid gland n iodine deficiency in the diet causes thethyroid gland to grow to abnormal si.e, a condition calledgoiter


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//

arbohydrate

0ain elements

, 1, 2(main elements!

// 3 N, S 3 N, 4 -

/ipid

4rotein

Nucleic acid

5ater


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2rganic molecules

What is organic molecule?- chemical compounds that contain carbon- organic molecules consisting of only carbon and

hydrogen are called hydrocarbons


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5hat do these words mean6


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0acromolecule

- large complex assemblies

- in many cases, these macromolecules are polymers , molecules built by linking together a large number of

small, similar chemical subunits


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Next Word..


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Polygons

PolygamyPolyester


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PolymerPolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers and monomersare.

EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A NECKLACE ?

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groupsIf the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups

that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what arethat make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what arethe monomers that make up the necklace?the monomers that make up the necklace?


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PolymerPolymerHere are some analogies to betterunderstand what polymers and monomersare.

EXAMPLE ofPOLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groupsIf the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups

that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what arethat make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what arethe monomers that make up the necklace?the monomers that make up the necklace?


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7uilding macromolecule

8ehydration synthesis-7iological macromoleculesare polymers formed bylinking subunits together

-the remo%al of 921 groupand 91-creates a water molecule fore%ery bond formed

-Energy is re)uired to breakthe chemical bonds when thewater is extracted from thesubunits

1ydrolysis- e%erse of hydration-7reaking the bond betweensubunits

- hydrogen atom is attachedto one subunit and a hydroxylgroup to the other, breaking aspecific co%alent bond in themacromolecules- elease the energy that wasstored in the bonds that were

broken


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A h"drol"sis reaction adds a 'atermolecule( brea)ing a bond

A deh"dration reaction remo!es a 'atermolecule( forming a ne' bond


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12

3

4


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The Big 4 There are 4 types of biochemical macromolecules

Three out of the 4 types of biochemicalmacromolecules

can be found on foodnutrition labels


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Loo at the label to theleft. ! of the 4macromolecules can befound in foods.

The ! biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label

are"

1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)




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he 4th type of

biochemicalmacromolecules are the

NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids

#e #ill study are"$NA %$eoxyribo Nucleic Acid &

'NA %'ibo Nucleic Acid &


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$arbohydrate

*efinition # The carbohydrate are group of molecules that contain carbon,

hydrogen, and o/ygen in the molar ratio 0#1#0.Their empirical formula is 2$H 1 n,

n) the number of carbon atoms

5 'ecause they contain many carbon6hydrogen 2$6H bonds, which releaseenergy when they are broken, carbohydrates are well suited for energ" storage

7onosaccharides5 (implest of the carbohydrate

5 7ost important #

+lucose # C , H-2 %, $ . forenerg" storage

8orms of carbohydrate

9isaccharides5 : double sugar;

5 contain two monosaccharidesrings


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TH*&* %&* 1 T =*( 8TH*&* %&* 1 T =*( 8

$%&' H 9&%T*($%&' H 9&%T*(

(imple(imple $omple/$omple/


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SimpleSugars


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omp exCarbohydrates

hat are they!Complex Cabohydrates are polymersComplex Cabohydrates are polymers

made up of many monomers.made up of many monomers.Most also taste starchy.Most also taste starchy.


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/arbohydrates


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It>s drawing time

7onosaccharide

36carbon sugar

6carbon sugar

@6carbon sugars

+lucose 8ructose +alactose

A 6form of glucose B6 form of glucose


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9isaccharide

C (ugars like sucrose and lactoseare disaccharide, composed of

two monosaccharides linked by acoDalent bond

=olysaccharide

5 macromolecules made up ofmonosaccharide subunits.

5(tarch is a polysaccharide used by plantto store energy.

5 $ellulose is a polysaccharide that serDesas a structural building material in plants.

5These polysaccharides consists entirely ofglucose molecules linked together intochains, and special enEymes are reFuiredto break the links


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(tructural carbohydrates#

$ellulose

5 chief component of cell walls

5 the starch6degradingenEymes that occur in mostorganisms cannot break thebond between two beta6glucose sugars

5 Its cleaDage reFuires anenEyme most organisms lack

5 'ecause cellulose cannot bebroken readily, it works well asa biological structural materialand occurs widely in this role inplants

$hitin

5 (tructural building material ininsects, many fungi, and certainother organisms

5 7odified form of cellulose with anitrogen group added to the glucoseunits

5 hen cross6linked by proteins, itforms a tough,resistant surface

material that serDes as the harde/oskeleton or arthropods such asinsects and crustaceans


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Celluloseain functionbuildin3 material for structure


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/hitinain functionbuildin3 material for structure


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LI"IDS A#E NE$T

They are a great source of (T &*9 *!*&+ so wehaDe it in the future.

They I!(G-%T* the body to maintain normal bodytemperature and they $G(HI ! the internal organs forprotection.

They produce hormones for the body called (T*&I 9(

They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits6these are wa/es

THI!"# aterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion

: I(* $;


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i%teresti%g i%&o

58ruits produce a wa/y coating tokeep from drying out.

5 The cells in a tulip make a wa/which helps coat the leaDes.

5*ar wa/ traps dust, sand, and

other foreign particles from goingdeeper into the ear and causingdamage.

5'eeswa/6 a structural material tohold honey in the hiDe


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5In plants6 in the seedsIn plants6 in the seeds

6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666665In animals6 in adipose tissue, connectiDe tissue, inIn animals6 in adipose tissue, connectiDe tissue, inanimalsanimals

666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

5-ipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.-ipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.hat>s that double layer called?hat>s that double layer called?


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Lipids i% a%imal

e%ergy storage

'ushio%

i%sulatio%


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Lipids i% a%imal


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-ipids are chains 2polymers made of-ipids are chains 2polymers made ofmonomers. The most commonmonomers. The most common

monomer of lipids ismonomer of lipids is


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Lipids (

Trigelyserides'omposedo& )gly'erol a%d* &attya'ids

also 'alledtrigly'eride

s

ester linkage

glycerol fatty acid chain

fat molecule


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E

This is a triglyceride molecule


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Saturated a%d U%saturated

+atty A'id


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Lipids %t room temperature, themolecules of a saturatedfat are packed closely,

forming a solid.

%t room temperature, themolecules of an

unsaturated fat cannotpack together closely

enough to solidify2kinks .


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"hospholipids1 3lycerol 2 fatty acids and a phosphate3roup


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L-P-$*


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N0W 0NT0 P'0T(-N*

They are the ma


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The following slides giDe you a little more in depth info on thingsThe following slides giDe you a little more in depth info on thingsthat are made of proteinsthat are made of proteins


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Without theseparticular structural

proteins, we wouldlook more like this.


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This is skin This is a nail


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The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesntleak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.

The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.


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These are where the

hormone producing

glands are located

in your body.


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Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very

thin and have a hard time putting on weight.

If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly andtend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.

Dont be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight,chances are its actually your eating and exercise habits!

2The yellow stuff isthyroid hormone


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5In plant foods6 in the cell membranesIn plant foods6 in the cell membranes

5In animal products6 in the cellIn animal products6 in the cellmembranes6 in the muscles or liDingmembranes6 in the muscles or liDing

things6 cows, chicken, fishthings6 cows, chicken, fish


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Proteins


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Proteins %side from the protein found in animal sources %side from the protein found in animal sourcesprotein can also be found in fruits, Degetables,protein can also be found in fruits, Degetables,grains, and nuts. 2it


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=roteins are made of long chains=roteins are made of long chains

2polymers made of monomers. %ll2polymers made of monomers. %llproteins are made of the monomerproteins are made of the monomer


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amino acids

polypeptide

protein


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proteins

Amino acids connected by peptide bonds


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Amino acids connected by peptide bonds


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=& T*I!(

*efinition : % protein is composed of one or more long chains , or polypeptides ,

composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds82/ # 0 Enz"me catal"sis : globular proteins which facilititates chemical

reactions

1 *efense : Gse their shapes to :recogniEe; foreign

microbes and cancer cells 3 /ransport : transport specific small molecules and ions

4 Support : play structural roles etc# keratin in hair

Motion : contractile proteins also play key roles in the

cell>s cytoskeleton and in moDing materials

within cells

@ 0egulation : play many regulatory roles within the cell,

turning on and shutting off genes during

deDelopment


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protei%s 1rimar" structure

The specific amino acid seFuenceof protein.


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/ertiar" structure #

The final folding and twistingthat results in the final threedimensional shape of apolypeptide shape is calledglobular protein. */ample#enEymes


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uarternar" structure #

hen two or morepolypeptide chains associateto form functional protein, theindiDidual chains are referredto as subunits of the protein

*/ample # Hemoglobin 2 twoA6chain subunits two J6chain subunits


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WaterChemistry of water - 567 of earth is co8ered by li9uid #ater : 2;! of or3anisms body is composed of #ateressential for reproduction and or3anism 3ro#th : colorless odorless tasteless

Atomi' stru'ture o& ,ater

ater 'o%sists o&a% oxyge% atom

ater is a "olar2ole'ule


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a% oxyge% atombou%d to t,ohydroge% atoms by

t,o si%gle 'o-ale%tbo%ds./xyge% hasu%paired 0 pairedele'tro%s ,hi'hgi-es it a slightly%egati-e 'harge,hile 1ydroge%has %o u%pairedele'tro%s a%dshares all others,ith /xyge%Lea-es mole'ule,ith positi-elya%d %egati-e'har ed e%ds

2ole ule3has oppositely

'harged e%ds

1 D#/5EN B/NDS


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1 D#/5EN B/NDS1old ,ater

mole'ules togetherEa'h ,atermole'ule 'a% &orma maximum o& 4

hydroge% bo%dsThe hydroge%bo%ds 6oi%i%g,ater mole'ulesare ,ea78 about)9:; th as stro%g as'o-ale%t bo%ds.They &orm8 brea78a%d re&orm ,ithgreat &reersatile sol-e%t

u1 d % b %d


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KL

slightl" positi!echarge

slightl" negati!e charge

h"drogen bond bet'een

#3$ and #4$ areas ofdifferent 'ater molecules

1ydroge% bo%ds


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ater?s "ropertiesCohesio%Adhesio%Capillarity1igh Spe'i&i' 1eat1igh 1eat o& >apori=atio%Solid ,ater @i'e is less de%se tha% li


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Cohesio%ater 'li%gs to

polar mole'ulesthrough hydroge%bo%di%g

Cohesio% re&ersto attra'tio% toother ,atermole'ules.

respo%sible &orsur&a'e te%sio%

a measure o& the&or'e %e'essary

to stret'h or


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Adhesio% re&ers toattra'tio% toothersubsta%'es.

ater isadhesi-e toa%ysubsta%'e,ith ,hi'hit 'a% &orm

hydroge%

Adhesio%

a'tio% water evaporates from leaves =


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a'tio% p transpiration

adhesion,cohesion and

capillary action

A l l t h a

n ) s

t o

h " d r o g e n

b o n d i n g 5

'ater ta)en up b" roots


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5trees ha!e specialized structures to transport 'ater:6"lem and phloem 7plumbing8

5 'ater molecules are 7dragged8 from the roots to thetop of the tree b" capillar" action and cohesion:

h"drogen bonds help 'ater molecules to each other


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1igh Spe'i&i' 1eat1igh spe'i&i' heat

Amou%t o& heat that must be absorbed orexpe%ded to 'ha%ge the temperature o& )g o&a substa%'e ) o C.

ater mo ecu es can a sor al t f h t b f th


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lot of heat before theye8aporate

1igh 1eat o&


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1igh 1eat o&>apori=atio%

1igh heat o& -apori=atio%Amou%t o& e%ergy re


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As a li


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This is 3ood forus


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U%i-ersalF Sol-e%tA li


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e&&e ti-e sol-e%tas it 'a% &ormhydroge% bo%ds.

ater 'li%gs topolar mole'ules'ausi%g them to

be soluble i%,ater.

1ydrophili' 3attra'ted to,aterater te%ds to

ex'lude

%o%polar ater tra%sports mole'ules dissol-ed i% itBlood8 a ,ater3based solutio%8 tra%sports


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B ood8 a ,ate 3based so ut o%8 t a%spo tsmole'ules o& %utrie%ts a%d ,astes orga%ismsNutrie%ts dissol-ed i% ,ater get tra%sported

through pla%tsU%i'ellular orga%isms that li-e i% ,ater absorb%eeded dissol-ed substa%'es

tha% li


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same massbut a largervolume

I'e is less de%se tha% ,ater( themole'ules are spread out to theirmaximum dista%'e

De%sity G mass9-olume

&ree=e solid be'ause i'e


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water expands as itsolidifies

water reachesmaximum density at4-degrees C

water freezes fromthe top down

organisms can stilllive in the waterunderneath the ice

during winter

&loats

ater s Tra%spare%t


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pThe &a't that ,ater is 'lear allo,s lightto pass through it

A


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p1


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pater io%i=es i%to 1 H a%d /1 3

1 : / 1H a%d /13p1 s'ale expresses hydroge% io% @1 H'o%'e%tratio% i% a solutio%.

logarithmi' s'ale ra%gi%g &rom ;3)4%eutral G Belo, G a'idAbo-e G base

ater at : oC 'o%tai%s )9);8;;;8;;; mole o& 1Hio%s G ); 3I moles9liter

p1 G 3log J1 HK


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BasesBases 'ombi%e ,ith 1 H io%s ,he% dissol-edi% ,ater8 thus de'reasi%g 1 H 'o%'e%tratio%.

1a-e ma%y /13 @hydroxide io%sBitter tasteNa/1 G sodium hydroxide or ba7i%g soda


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Bu&&ersBu&&ers

a't as a reser-oir &or hydroge% io%s8do%ati%g or remo-i%g them &rom solutio%

as %e'essary/&&er prote'tio% &rom extreme p1 le-els"rodu'ed %aturally by orga%isms(

/rga%isms 'a%?t tolerate mu'h p1 'ha%ge

Cells &u%'tio% best ,ithi% a %arro, p1 ra%ge

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Elements in Cell