ElectronicsElectronics

Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & ApplicationsSixth EditionSixth Edition

Chapter 1Introduction

(student version)

©2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Charles A. Schuler

• History• Digital or Analog• Analog Functions• Circuits with Both DC and AC• Trends

INTRODUCTION

Dear Student:

This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow youto view that segment again, if you want to.

History• 1899 Discovery of the Electron

• 1901 Radio

• 1906 Vacuum Tube

• 1943 First Computer

• 1947 Transistor• 1958 Integrated Circuit

• 1971 Microprocessor

• 1982 Single Chip DSP

Concept Preview

• The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog.

• Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems.

• Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels.

• Digital signals usually have only two levels.

• Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers.

• A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.

ANALOG

An infinite number of levels

DIGITAL

2 levels

ANALOG(non-linear)

A/Dconverter

01101110110010001100001001101110000011100000100101101110

Binary numbers

Analog in … digital out

D/Aconverter

01101110110010001100001001101110000011100000100101101110

Digital in … analog out

D/Aconverter

111111111000000000000000

Electronic Circuit QuizThe output of a typical digital circuit has _________ states or levels. two

The output of a typical analog circuit has ________ states or levels. infinite

Linear electronic circuits are in the category called ____________. analog

An analog circuit with some distortion can be called ________. non-linear

An analog signal can be changed to a numerical format by an ____________. A/D converter

Concept Review• The world of electronics can be divided into

digital or analog.• Analog signals come from nature and from

physical systems.• Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels.• Digital signals usually have only two levels.• Digital signals are often represented as binary

numbers.• A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace.

Repeat Segment

ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS

Adder

Subtractor

Attenuator

Clipper

Comparator

Controller

Converter

Detector

Divider

FilterMixer

Multiplier

Oscillator

Rectifier

Regulator

SwitchAmplifier

Concept Preview• Many circuits and signals have both ac and

dc components.• Capacitors can couple ac signals from one

point to another.• Coupling capacitors have low reactance at

the signal frequency.• Capacitors block dc since they have infinite

reactance at 0 Hz.• Bypass capacitors remove the ac

component.• Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

10 V

0 V10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ 10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF 1 µF

Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc.

+5 V

0 V

-5 V10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ 10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF 1 µF

0 V

10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ 10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF 1 µF

Note the loss in ac amplitude due to the drop across

the 3.3 kΩ resistor.

+5 V

0 V

10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ 10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF 1 µF

Note the combineddc and ac.

0 V

10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ 10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF 1 µF

Note that the dcsignal is blockedby the capacitor.

+5 V

0 V

10 V

10 VP-P

10 kHz

10 kΩ

10 kΩ3.3 kΩ 1 µF

1 µF

Bypass capacitor

Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component.

Capacitor/Resistor Quiz

A node in an electronic circuit can haveboth dc and ac _________. components

Capacitors support the flow of ac butblock ________. dc

Resistors provide equal opposition to both ____________. dc and ac

When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac at a node it is called a ________. bypass

A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate ________ at a circuit node. dc

Concept Review

Repeat Segment

• Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components.

• Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another.

• Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency.

• Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz.

• Bypass capacitors remove the ac component.

• Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded.

Solder

Insertion Technology

Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board.

Surface Mount Technology

Devices placed by automatic equipmentCircuit boards cost less (fewer holes)

Higher connection densitySmaller and less expensive products

Difficult to repair

SOT-223

Chip resistor

Solder

Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools!

The “Wedge” probefrom Agilent makesit possible to safely

connect to fine-pitchSMT integrated circuits.

Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies

REVIEW

• History• Digital or Analog• Analog Functions• Circuits with Both DC and AC• Trends