9/23/2012

1

Electricity, Development and Emissions –Competing Policy Choices &Public‐Private Partnerships

Suresh V. Garimella

Goodson Distinguished ProfessorAssociate Vice President for Engagement

Purdue UniversityInauguration of Technology Transfer Center / Seminar on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency

Instituto Tecnológico de Costa RicaSanta Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica

7 September, 2012

What is Access to Energy?

• Access to energy is NOT only minimal access to a light bulb, with minimal impact on global emissions.

• Access means much more.  Natural progression of access from lights to appliances to factories in a short timespan…

Must plan for large‐capacity clean energy generation!

• Access to plentiful, clean electricity key to development.

Energy security is the ability to access the energy needed to develop and maintain economic activity, political autonomy and environmental integrity.

9/23/2012

2

Energy Populations

Developed world:  established centralized grids, distribution systems, good capacity and governance

Large, urban populations in the developing world without reliable, clean energy:  large‐scale access problem with significant impact on emissions, development and stability

Remote and off‐grid populations

Energy Inequalities Contribute toRegional Inequalities

EIA 2008

16X

270.0

161.6

142.8

124.7

73.5

55.046.3

16.6

North America Eurasia Europe Middle East World Central & SouthAmerica

Asia & Oceania Africa

Per Capita Primary Energy Consumption (mBTU) 

9/23/2012

3

WP Conclusion: While populations of China and India dwarf that of the U.S., the carbon emitted by an American far outweighs the emissions generated by the average Chinese or Indian.

Washington Post 12/10/10

So What About Emissions?

Africa contributes 1/30th of global 

emissions

per capita Numbers

• WP graphic (December 2010) uses 2007 numbers

• 2009 numbers for U.S. fell to 4.82 and China rose to 1.59 – the ratio decreased from 3.84 to 3 in two years!

9/23/2012

4

Up 5.9% in 2010

per capita Emissions Track Energy Access

Circle size proportional to CO2 emissions

L Monari, World Bank

Saturation in electrification reached early in GDP growth, but emissions keep rising past this point

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

% of households with electricity

GDP per capita in 2005 US$ at PPP

9/23/2012

5

HDI & Energy Consumption

HDI = life expectancy at birth + adult literacy & school enrolment+ GNP/capita at PPP

Innovations

Move “saturation line” to left through S&Tinnovations and improved financial models:  Technical/Policy solutions to Energy –Prosperity –Environment Tension

Benka, Phys Today 2002

Extreme Scarcity<500

Scarcity500‐1,000

Stress1,000‐1,700

Adequate1,700‐4,000

Abundant4,000‐10,000

Surplus>10,000

Ocean/Inland Water

m3/person/year

Water Availability: 1975Water Availability: 1975Water Availability: 2000Water Availability: 2000Water Availability: 2025Water Availability: 2025Sub‐national Water Availability: 2003

Coca Cola

No Data

9/23/2012

6

Climate Change a Multiplier for Instability

Water Scarcity Demography Crop Decline Hunger Coastal Risks Recent Conflicts

Source:  UK Government, 2007

Complexity of Energy‐Related Decisions

Strong interdependencies between energy, water, food, health, 

transportation, development, …

9/23/2012

7

Available Options

Challenges with Renewables

• Energy density (except for nuclear)

• Intermittency and variability (storage)

• Grid integration and distribution

• Scalability

• Siting and land‐use

• Ecological effects

• Complexity

• Cost

9/23/2012

8

Gas is the Big Unknown…

Source: Schlumberger

(red denotes in‐production)

Shale gas exploration – Poland, Hungary, China, India, South Africa, Germany, Austria, UK, Sweden, Argentina, …

Sustainable Development viaPublic‐Private‐Academic Partnerships

9/23/2012

9

Purdue University Strategic Plan

o West and Central Africa – Hermetic grain storage bags saving farmers hundreds of millions of dollars annually (supply chain, training)

o Afghanistan – educational programs in agriculture, engineering, education (with USAID)

o Kenya – health care delivery, diabetes treatment, water resources

o Brazil – 30 year Purdue involvement in Cerrados, opportunities for Indiana  Agribusiness

Purdue’s Global Engagement for Sustainable Development

9/23/2012

10

o 20 Universities with EPICS Programs

o Purdue is EPICS Headquarters

o Networking/support of EPICS programs

• Collaborate for funding

• Share resources

• Broaden Impact

EPICS Goals:• Prepare students for professional practice through authentic experiences• Address compelling community needs through long‐term partnerships 

with community  organizations

Access and Abilities

Environment Education Human Services

Teams of Students

Corporate and University Partners

Community

Multi‐disciplinaryDesign

Professional Skills

Engagement

Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS)

Lori SnyderPurdue Agronomy

9/23/2012

11

23

2011 Independent Study Reports:

• $1.3 billion annual economic impact on Indiana.

• 4,000 Indiana jobs.

• Top 20 private employer in Indiana.

• $63,000 average annual wage.

• $48 million contributed to state and local taxes.

• $49 million in Federal grants for startups since 1987.

• Park companies fund $2.5 million annually in sponsored research at Purdue University.

9/23/2012

12

24

97

99

96

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Northwestern

Minnesota

Wisconson (Madison)

Michigan

Iowa

Illinois (C-U)

Indiana

Michigan State

Purdue

Ohio State

Penn State

Georgia Tech

Texas A&M

MIT

Stanford

Utah

License Agreements Executed

25

10 11

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Nu

mb

er o

f S

pin

-Ou

ts

Startup Company Formation

9/23/2012

13

26

Established in 2007• 228 graduates.

• 53 Indiana counties participated.

• 57 students received tuition vouchers.

• 65% attending Purdue.

• 80% interested in creating a startup.

Impacting Our World

George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation

27

Miyako City, 2011 Iwate Prefecture I‐10 Los Angeles, 1994 Northridge CA  

Accelerate improvements in seismic design and performance of the infrastructure by supporting efforts of NEES users to: 

(a) improve performance‐based design procedures, evaluation methods & strengthening techniques 

(b) develop the next generation of researchers, educators, and engineers

9/23/2012

14

University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara

University of TexasAustin

University of CaliforniaLos Angeles

University of CaliforniaDavis

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Oregon State University

University of Buffalo

University of CaliforniaBerkeley

University of Illinois- Urbana

University of Minnesota

Lehigh University

28

Cornell University

University of NevadaReno

University of CaliforniaSan Diego

Solutions – ‘Low‐Hanging Fruit’

• End‐use efficiency improvement (cars/trucks, refrigerators, manufacturing) is the cleanest, fastest, cheapest, safest, most reliable leverage on reducing GHG emissions

• Locally‐appropriate conservation and efficiency measures

• Explore mini‐hydro, run of the river hydro, geothermal, nuclear…

• Substitute gas for coal and oil

• Clean up existing fleet of coal plants

• Educate the public, starting with school kids

9/23/2012

15

Needs• Energy storage and cross‐national transmission grids

• Viable financing, policy and profitable business model innovation and implementation

• Governments cannot pick winners and losers, but must facilitate innovation in scalable clean‐energy solutions

• Public‐private partnerships, clean‐energy research

• Diversify supply and technologies

• Solutions must suit regional and local conditions

Expand the reach & scope of policy discussions beyond pet technologies and

evaluate candidate solutions in a portfolio approach

Contacto: ECPA ClearinghouseEmail: ecpa_clearinghouse@oas.org

9/23/2012

16

Thanks for your attention…

sureshg@purdue.edu