Electricity and electromagnetism: 3-8-04

Gary Flomenhoft,BSME, MAPP, CEEResearch AssociateGund Institute, SNR

Electricity and electromagnetism: 3-8-04

Restructuring

PURPA-Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act

Stranded costs-if consumers choose other suppliers

Avoided cost: payback rate to independant producers

Electricity

Coulomb= unit of charge

Electrical current = flow of electrons

Potential difference = voltage

Batteries and Electric cars

Electrolyte = chemical in a battery

Electric Vehicles 1st Wave 1890-1920

The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all other types of cars.

Source:

US DOE

“Better batteries 10 years away”

“Liars, damn liars, and battery manufacturers.” -Thomas Edison (Ni-Fe)

Jet Industries:

Citi-Car(Beaumont)

Electricar Lectra

1980’s 2nd Wave of EVs

“Better batteries 10 years away”

What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?

What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?

What is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?

1990 CA Air Resources Board Mandates

Model Years ZEVs reqd. in CA

1998 2%*2001 5%*

2003-2008 10%2009-2011 11%2012-2014 12%2015-2017 14%

2018+ 16%* Requirement modified in 1996

Even when taking into account power plant emissions, ZEVs are 95% cleaner than even the lowest emitting conventional vehicle.

Do ZEVs simply shift air emissions from one place to another?Source:

CA Air ResourcesBoard

ZEV EMISSIONS

EVs 3rd Wave 1990+:

First Phase = (Small Conversion companies)

Solar ElectricEngineering(USElectricar)

“Better batteries 10 years away”

MendoMotive

InnEVations

Thunderstruck-EV.com

Solectria:

Tropica (Beaumont)

Corbin:

1990’s 2nd Phase: Small Corporations, US

“Better batteries 10 years away”

Europe: City-El 5000 Sold Party

Phase 3: Nearing 1998 Detroit and Japan

Detroit: We can’t do it. Hire Lawyers.(Can’t do seatbelts, 5mph bumpers, side impact protection, unleaded gas, better gas mileage, airbags, etc.)

GM EV-1Gen 1:Lead Acid70 - 90 miles

Gen 2: Nickel Metal Hydride 125-150 miles

Model Years ZEVs reqd. in CA

1998 2%*

2001 5%*

2003-2008 10%

2009-2011 11%

2012-2014 12%

2015-2017 14%

2018+ 16%* Requirement modified in 1996

Honda EVPlusNickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

Japan: We can do it. Hire engineers.EV Plus SpecsLength: 159.3 in.Width: 68.9 in.Height: 64.2 in.Wheel Base 99.6 in.Track Front/Rear: 59.1/58.7Curb Weight: 3593.5Drive Train: Front Wheel DriveOccupants: FourVoltage: 288Motor: DC BrushlessPower: 49 Kw (66hp)Battery 24 12v NiMHCharger: On-board ConductiveRecharge: 6-8 hrsAcceleration: 4.9 sec (0-30 mph)Maximum Speed: 80+ mphRange: 100 miles (80% discharge)Lease Cost: $455/mo for 36 mo.

Better Batteries are finally here, but you can’t afford them.

Nissan AltraLithium-ion 80-100 miles

Toyota RAV4-EVNickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

Japan: We can do it. Hire engineers.

Honda EVPlusNickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

Neighborhood Electric Vehicles

FORD Th!nk Nissan Hypermini

Toyota E-com

Chrysler GEM

OTHER EVS

REVIEW OF BASICS-OHM’S LAW

Units Description Water equivalentV=Voltage Potential PressureI=Amperage Current Flow rateR=Ohms Resistance Friction

REVIEW OF BASICS-POWER

W=WATTAGE = WATTS 1000W = 1 KILOWATT = 1 KWW = V X A

1 HORSEPOWER = 746 WATTS

= .746 KW

EV EFFICIENCY ~= 75%

1KW X .75 = 750W = 1HP

AC PM MOTOR/GENERATOR

MICHAEL FARADAY

PM BRUSHLESS (electronic commutation)

Magnets on rotating parts!

PM magnets

AC WOUND FIELD MOTOR/GENERATOR (Electronic commutation)

WINDINGS ON ROTATING PARTS!

AC INDUCTION MOTOR

No windings or magnets on rotating parts

TESLA

3-PHASE MOTOR/GENERATOR

TESLA

DC MOTORS-brushes and commutator

DC MOTOR/GENERATOR (mechanical commutation=brushes)

DC MOTORS-PERMANENT MAGNET- (mechanical commutation=brushes)

DC MOTORS-SERIES (mechanical commutation=brushes)

DC MOTORS-SHUNT (mechanical commutation=brushes)

DC MOTORS-COMPOUND (mechanical commutation=brushes)

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Energy Storage Systems

Fuel Specific Energy Wh/kg

Gasoline 12,300

Natural gas 9,300

Hydrogen 33,000

Lead-acid battery 30

Advanced Lead Acid 48

Gasoline:C8H18

ENERGY STORAGE

Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems

Battery Type Volts/cell

Specific energyWh/kg

Power DensityW/kg

Life Cycles

Lead-acid 2V 30 150 300Advanced Lead Acid

2V 48 150 800

GM Ovonic nickel metal hydride

1.2V 70 220 >600

SAFT nickel metal hydride

1.2V 70 150 1,500

Evercel Nickel-zinc 1.36V? 60 255 500SAFT lithium ion 3.6 120 230 600 Lithium polymer 2.7 150 350 <600 Zinc-Air 160-220 low ?Composite Flywheels

120

Supercapacitors

Source:

USABC

and others

NICKEL-HYDRIDE HYDROGEN STORAGE

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

COMPOSITE FLYWHEELS

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

SUPERCAPACITORS

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

SOURCE:

METALLIC POWER.COM

MECHANICAL RECHARGE

ZINC-AIR FUEL CELL

SOURCE:

ELECTRIC

STORAGE ASSOC.

ENERGY DENSITY BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Passenger car emissions reduction HC CO NOxTLEV- Transitional Low-Emission Vehicle

50% NR NR

LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle 70% NR 50%ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (50% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle. )

85% 50% 50%

SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)

96% 70% 95%

PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-Vehicle

96% 70% 95%SULEV & 15 year/150K mile warranty and 0 evaporative emissions.

AT PZEV-Advanced Technology PZEV (CNG, hybrid-electric, methanol, fuel cell)

96% 70% 95%PZEV & and include advanced technology components.

ZEV-Zero-Emission Vehicles (98% cleaner than the average new 2003 model year vehicle.)

100% 100% 100%

CARB DEFINITIONS

CLEANER

Available Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2000-2004 TOYOTA PRIUS

1999-2004 HONDA INSIGHT

2003-2004 HONDA CIVIC

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2005 FORD ESCAPE HYBRID

2004 GM “FlexPower” Chevy Silverado Pickup

Semi-hybrid

Future Hybrid Electric VehiclesNissan TinoNissan's Hybrid Vehicle(HV) is called the Tino. It is powered by a combination of a 1.8-liter four-cylinder engine and an electric motor with lithium-ion batteries. The vehicle is a five passenger car that achieves twice the fuel economy and 50% less emissions. Nissan's Tino hybrid electric car will be sold only in Japan, initially.

2006 Ford Futura

Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)Since 1993-$1.1 billion

GM Precept Hybrid

Chrysler ESX 2 Hybrid

Dodge ESX-3 hybrid

1.5-liter direct-injection three-cylinder diesel engine

15-kW or 20-hp, permanent magnet electric motor/generator

21-kW lithium-ion battery pack.

Future Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Manufacturer Model YearFord Explorer 2005+GM Chevy

Suburban2005

Saturn VUE 2005Chevy Equinox 2006GMC Yukon 2007Chevy Tahoe 2007

Daimler-Chrysler

Dodge Ram Pickup

2005

Mercedes S-class

2006

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2004 FORD

The Ford Focus FCV fuel cell system is efficient, quiet, and produces zero emissions. Ford has announced plans to have a three year demonstration program of 5-10 fleet vehicles in Vancouver, Canada in 2004.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 Honda

Honda is delivering a family of new FCX fuel-cell vehicles to its first customer, the city of Los Angeles. Honda plans to lease approximately 30 fuel-cell cars in California and Japan during the next several years. The fuel-cell itself is propelled by electricity generated by a hydrogen-oxygen chemical reaction—and its only emission, remarkably, is water vapor.

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-2003 TOYOTA

Its only exhaust is water vapor. Its secret? A hydrogen fuel cell that harnesses the electricity of separated atoms and molecules as they strive to be electrically balanced. Developed entirely in-house, FCHV-4 shows Toyota on the leading edge of fuel-cell technology.

(NOT AVAILABLE)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-NISSAN

X-TRAIL FCVNissan is actively developing fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) that have low environmental impact and save energy. Commercialization is scheduled for 2003.(?????)

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-GM

The Hy-wire has no internal combustion engine, instrument panel, brake or accelerator pedals – but it does have ample power supplied by a GM fuel cell that runs on hydrogen.

PROTOTYPE

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-DAIM/CHRYSLER

FUEL CELL VEHICLES-HYUNDAI

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL OPERATION

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

PEM HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

PEM= Proton Exchange Membrane (“Nafion”tm)

SOME SURPRISING FACTS ABOUT HYDROGEN

A) HYDROGEN STORES & TRANSPORTS ENERGY. A CARRIER NOT A SOURCE.

A) BATTERIES

Where does hydrogen come from?Fossil: nat gas, propane, gasoline, methanol

Renewable: electric wind, solar, etc. electrolyze waterMethane (CH4), methanol(CH3OH), ammonia(NH3?)

Q1) IS HYDROGEN A revolutionary NEW ENERGY SOURCE?

Q2) WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT, FUEL CELL OR BATTERIES?

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

oil (gasoline) -> IC engine 15%

H2 Fuel Cell Efficiency

BATTERY POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant -> electricity ~=45%transmission~=80%battery charging ~=80%electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .8 x .8 = 23%FUEL CELL POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLEOil-> power plant-> electricity~=45%electricity transmission ~=80%H2 electrolyzer max efficiency ~=70%H2 fuel cell max efficiency ~=50%Electric drive system ~=80%

.45 x .8 x .7 x .5 x .8 = 10%last

SOLAR FUEL CELLS ?

SOURCE:

Schatz Energy Lab

Humboldt State U.

AC transformers

Transmission of electricity

Transmission of electricity