Electric Energy Storage an Essential Asset in the …site.ieee.org/.../2009-August-PARC-Storage_Smart-Grid.pdfStorage Solution Options 400 MW / 10 hr CAES 0.5 MW / 4 hr ZnBr 1 MW

Electric Energy Storage an Essential Asset in the Smart Grid

Silicon Valley Photovoltaics Society

August 12, 2009

Dan Rastler, Program ManagerElectric Power Research Institute

2© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Discussion Topics

• Dimensions of the Smart Grid• Market Drivers, Industry Pain Points• Roles for Energy Storage• Update on Energy Storage Options and Advances• PV / Energy Storage• Summary and Q&A


Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)

• Founded by and for the electricity industry in 1973 as Independent, nonprofit center for public interest energy and environmental research

• Collaborative resource for the electricity sector

– $315M annual R&D funding, ~17% international members

– 450 engineers and scientist, participants in more than 40 countries

• Four major R&D portfolio: Nuclear, Generation, Environment, and Power Delivery & Utilization


EPRI’s Energy Storage Program Scope

Market Analysis Strategic Intelligence

Technology Watch and Strategic Intelligence

On-line Assessment Guide Evaluation Tools

Technology Development & Innovation

Testing, Validation and Demonstration

Technology Assessment & Evaluation

Short-Term Long-Term

Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries

Li-ion Battery NaS Battery ZnBr Battery Mobile Storage Systems Large CAES

ES & PV in Smart Grid

Novel Energy Storage Systems

Nano materials for energy storage

5-10 yr. Technology Strategic R&D Plan

Li-ion Batteries Micro-generation Compressed Air Cycles

Cost and Value Ranges for Storage Technologies in System Applications

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Compressed Air - Below Ground

Pumped Hydro

Compressed Air - Above Ground

Lead Acid Battery

NaS Battery

ZnBr Flow Cell

VRB Flow Cell

Lithium Ion Battery

$/kWh

CostValue

Thermal Storage Systems


Dimensions of the Smart GridSensors…. Communications….Intelligence

* Report to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Page 21, June 17, 2009

Acting on this Information Will:Enable active participation by consumers – Linking Wholesale Conditions to Consumers (Supply & Demand)

Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-heal) Accommodate all generation and storage options

Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster Enable new products, services and markets

Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently Provide power quality for the digital economy

Acting on this Information Will:


Dimensions of a Smart Grid


Dimensions of a Smart Grid


U.S. Wind Power Capacity Up >50% in 2008

Record year for new U.S. wind capacity:• 8,558 MW of wind added in 2008, bringing total to 25,369 MW• Roughly $16.4 billion in 2008 project investment

Source: U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy


Wind PowerLarge Power Fluctuations

10© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.10

Capacity Projections (‘visions’) for PV Growth by 2030source: Robert Margolis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Note: The Clean Edge projection is for 2025.


Utility-Scale PV Generation

210-kV grid support at substation

Power Tower and Dish Stirling Engine

Hybrid Gas-Solar Thermal Troughs

12© 2009 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.12

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1400000 1450000 1500000 1550000

Seconds since 00:00:00 Jan 1, 2007kW

0

1000

2000

3000

250 750 1250

kW

(b)

Cloud Effects on Large Scale Solar Plant

Minutes

kW

Source: Jay Apt & XX, CMU 4.6 MW TEP Solar Array (Arizona)


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Percentage of Year

Load

Fac

tor (

%)

5%

5% = ~400 hrs/yr

75%

90%

(8,760 hrs)

distribution

generation

Industry Investments in T&D Infrastructure:$ 200 B for T and $ 400 B for D over next 15 YearsReducing Peak Demand Will Result in Optimal Utilization of Grid Assets

25% of distribution & 10% of generation assets (transmission is similar), worth of 100s of billions of dollars, are needed less than 400 hrs/year!

Hourly Loads as Fraction of Peak, Sorted from Highest to Lowest


Need for More System Balancing Opportunities for Fast Storage Systems

Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal.


Market Drivers for Electric Energy Storage in the Electric Enterprise

• Managing Increased Wind Penetration • Ancillary Services – Avoiding the cycling of thermal power plants• Managing Grid Peaks and Outage Mitigation • Increasing the value of Distributed Photovoltaic systems• Enhancing the value of a Smart Grid


Roles for Electric Energy StorageLocational Opportunities for Energy Storage in the Electric Enterprise

Central Plant

Step-Up Transformer

DistributionSubstation

CommercialIndustrial

Residential-Energy Storage

Transportable Storage

DistributedEnergyStorage

Bulk Energy Storage

Smoothing of Wind

Electric Vehicles Distributed Storage

Ancillary

Services

Pad MountedTransformerStorage

PV Smoothing


Markets and Applications for Energy Storage Systems

Utility Side of the Meter– Wind Integration: Smoothing / Bulk Storage– Substation Grid Support– Ancillary Services: Frequency Regulation– Large-scale PV ramping support – Neighborhood Storage Systems – (at pad-mounted transformers)– Truck Transportable Power – urban load pockets

Customer ( End-User Side of the Meter)– PV – Distributed and Residential home– Dispatchable Back-up Generators– Dispatchable telecom backup – Dispatachable UPS : Commercial / residential– Peak shaving / Demand Response– PHEV / V2G?


Positioning of Energy Storage Options

Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air

ZrBr VRB PSB Novel Systems

NaS Battery

Li-Ion Battery

NiCdNiMH

High Power Fly Wheels

SMESHigh Power Super Caps

1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW

Lead Acid Battery

High Energy Super Caps ZEBRA Battery

System Power Ratings

Dis

char

ge T

ime

at R

ated

Pow

erSe

cond

s

Min

utes

H

ours

UPS Grid Support Energy Management

Power Quality Load Shifting Bridging Power Bulk Power Mgt

Pumped

Hydro

CAES

© 2007 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Advanced Lead Acid Battery

Metal-Air Batteries

Nano-cap hybrids?


Review of Current and Emerging Energy Storage Solution Options

400 MW / 10 hr CAES

0.5 MW / 4 hr ZnBr

1 MW / 7 hr NaS

1 MW / 15 min Li-ion

20 kWh Li-ion System

U.S. Patent Numbers 7389644 and 4872307,invented by Dr. Michael Nakhamkin, Chief Technology Officer, Energy Storage and Power LLC. Use of this technology may require a license.


Sodium Sulfur Batteries - NaSGrid Support and End-user Peak Shaving Applications

6MW / 48MWh at TEPCO’s Ohito Substation

1 MW /7.2 MWh NYPA – End-User Peak Shaving

1 MW / 7.2 MWh NAS

AEP Substation


TransFlow 2000 LayoutTransFlow 2000 Layout

Flow Batteries – Zn / BrGaining Utility Consideration for Grid Support Applications

0.5 MW / 2 MWhDesign by Premium Power Corporation


Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications

• Several VRB batteries have already been installed– 250 kW, 2 MWh unit at

Castle Valley, Utah (PacifiCorp)

– 200 kW, 800 kWh unit at King Island, Tasmania (HydroTasmania)

– 4MW, 6MWh unit at Tomamae, Hokkaido (JPower)

– Smaller units 5kW-50 kW modules possible for PV integration.


Advanced Solid State “ Dry Cell” Systems

• 1.5 MW / 1 MWh unit to be deployed for Wind Application

• 1 MW / 4 MWH units for utility applications

• “Dry Cell” - advanced lead acid –”type”

1 kWh @ 3 Hour Rate– 25 kW Instant. Power– 5” x 5” x 30”– 57 Lbs (25.9 kg)– 12V Cell– Improved ability to deep

cycle


Lithium-ion batteries – High Energy in a Small Space.

* Currently, the maximum energy density for Li-ion cells 630 Wh/l and specific energy is 230 Wh/kg ( based on the Panasonic 2.85 Ah 18650 cell).


There are mainly two types of liquid Li-ion cells, cylindrical and prismatic.

Schematic of Cylindrical Cell Schematic of Prismatic Cell

Cathode leadSafety vent and CID

(PTC)Separator

Anode lead

AnodeCathode

Insulator

Anode can

Insulator

Gasket

Top coverCathode pin

Top cover

Insulator case

Spring plate

Anode can

Anode

Cathode

Separator

Cathode lead

Safety vent

Gasket

InsulatorTerminal plate

CID

Li-ion Cell Structures

Another approach, prismatic polymer lithium-ion technology, is generally only used for small portable applications such as phones and MP3 players.


Li-ion

NiMH

$/kWh Cost Trend in Japan - Small Rechargeable Cells Averaged Across Sizes

NiCd

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Jan-9

9May-9

9Sep-9

9Ja

n-00

May-00

Sep-00

Jan-

01May-0

1Sep

-01

Jan-

02May-0

2Sep

-02

Jan-

03May-0

3Sep-0

3Ja

n-04

May-04

Sep-04

Jan-0

5May-0

5Sep

-05

Jan-

06May-0

6Sep

-06

$/kW

h

Sealed Ni/Cd Ni/MH Li ion Source: Created by TIAX based on METI data

Li-ion OEM Historical Cost Trends

Historical OEM costs are based on an average of a range of cell sizes (e.g., phone and laptop cells).Module / battery pack cost claims vary significantly by vendor and by chemistry type

2009 Li-ion module / battery pack estimates with BMS

*

*

*

*

2009 module est.


The balance of the battery pack includes power electronics, the battery management unit, thermal management, and the system housing.

Conceptual 12 kWh Li-ion system for PV integration

System Housing

Thermal Management

Battery Management

Unit

Inverter

Short Circuit/Surge Protection


On a kWh basis, the modeled manufactured cost of the Residential DES System ranges between $230/kWh and $380/kwh.

Summary of Li-ion Modeled System Costs ( Costs/kWh) *

Modeled Li-ion Residential DES System Manufacture Costs ($/kWh at 12 kWh, usable)*

$0

$50

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

NCM LiFePO4 NCA LiMn2O4

$/kW

h

* To establish a range, BOP power electronics costs ($1,360 nominal) were varied +/- 30%. The cost range for all other components for each of the chemistries is based on the sensitivity analysis.12 kWh fully integrated system; Actual price estimates could be 2-3 times higher.


2 MW Lithium Ion System for Frequency Regulation at AES Power Plant

Early Field Trials by

• Altair Nano

• A123


Emerging Distributed Energy Storage Systems

Zn / Br photo from RedFlow Technologies Ltd.

Li-ion System photo from GreenSmith Energy Mgt.


Potential Applications Potential Applications Neighborhood Energy Storage Neighborhood Energy Storage

Source: American Electric Power ( AEP )


32

Typical Summer Daily Demand for CA-ISO Region

Demand Curve after Implementation of 3,000 MW solar

0 6 12 18 2424

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

Hour of Day

CA

Gen

erat

ion

(GW

)

Peak - Shaving Impact of 13 GWh storage

Equivalent to 5 kWh Storage for each kW Installed Solar

Source: EPRI

Aggregation Distributed Storage can be Utility‐Scale

Small distributed systems can have a grid‐scale impact


Energy Storage to Improve PV Support for Grid Integration

PV generation does not align fully with residential demand –leaving excess PV early in the day and unmet demand late in the day.


Research underway to assess costs & benefits of energy storage by use and application

$-

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

$1,800

w/ Reg w/o Reg w/ Reg w/o Reg

Avg High

$/kW

h

Energy ArbitrageRegulationSystem CapacityLocal CapacityVAR SupportIncreased Reliability

Preliminary results based on specific assumptions

Energy Storage Value from Societal Perspectives

Other Potential Value from PV not considered yet

Regulation values – may or may not be able to be monetized

Preliminary Example


Short-term Support for Large-Scale Solar PV

• Solar photovoltaics exhibit short-term variable power output from cloud cover and other sources

• Forms an integration issue • Short-duration storage

(seconds to minutes) can help mitigate these fluctuations by reducing ramp rates

• Requires storage with high-cycle life and power density, without requiring large durations

Jay

Apt

and

Aim

ee C

urtri

ght“T

he S

pect

rum

of P

ower

from

Util

ity-S

cale

Win

d Fa

rms

and

Sol

ar

Pho

tovo

ltaic

Arr

ays”

, Car

negi

e M

ello

n E

lect

ricity

Indu

stry

Cen

ter W

orki

ng P

aper

, CE

IC-0

8-04


Plug-In Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Are Coming!Opportunities to Leverage and Use Storage System in Stationary Markets

PHEV or EREV EV

Production Saturn VUE2-Mode BlendedIntro: 2011 CY

Chevrolet VoltExtended Range EV

40-mile EV range16kWh Li-Ion

Intro: 2010 CY

Nissan2010 CY Daimler Smart ForTwo

2010 CY

Mitsubishi iMIEV2010 CY, 100 mile range, PG&E, SCE demo

Demo

Ford Escape PHEV2008 CY, 21 car fleetwith SCE/EPRI/Utilities

VW Golf TwinDrive30 mile EV range20-car fleet, 2009

Dodge ZEO150-200 mile range

Subaru R1e50 Mile AER

10-car fleet 2008 CY

Ford/Eaton Trouble Truck10 truck fleet w/ utilities

Toyota Prius PHEV500-car fleet

2009 CY

BMW Mini E150 mile range500 car fleet

2009 CY


Night Time Over Generation

Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

Hour, Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009

Perc

ent W

ind

ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

48 Hour Period Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009Pr

ice

North

South

West

Houston

Where to Dispose Energy During Night Time When We Have 20% Wind and 64GW of New Nuclear?

Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009

Get Paid to Charge your PHEV


38

Storage is a key component of the smart grid

TransmissionOperator

DistributionOperator

Load ServingEntity

Substation

OtherSubstations

ResidentialCustomer Multi-

Dwelling Unit

IndustrialCustomer

CommercialCustomer

DistributedResources

Microgrid / sustainable communities

EnergyStorage

Diagram courtesy of PG&E

Substation

Microgrid

Commercial & Industrial

Large-Scale Renewables

Residential


Smart Grid Pilots underwayHigh-Penetration PV thru Grid Automation and Demand Response


EPRI Smart Grid Demonstrations

• Deploying the Virtual Power Plant

• Demonstrate Integration and Interoperability

• Leverage information & Communication Technologies

• Integration of Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources (DER):

• Storage• Demand Response

• Renewable Generation• Distributed Generation

• Multiple Levels of Integration - Interoperability


Energy Storage Program Road MapEnabling Mgt of Peak-loads and Intermittent Renewables via Smart Grids

Advanced 350 MW CAES Below Ground Demonstration

Utility Scale Storage for Grid Support

NaS, ZnBr

Aggregated Storage Systems in Smart Grid

Advanced 15 MW CAES Above Ground Demonstration

Customer & Utility Side of Meter Storage in Smart Grids: Li-ion , Advanced flow batteries; advanced batteries

End-GameCommercially Available Bulk

& Distributed Storage Solutions

Adiabatic –CAES Evaluation Go/No Go

vs. Bulk Flow Batteries or other options


SummaryBarriers and Opportunities

• No energy technology is superior in all functional categories – and a portfolio of storage options will be needed to address needs in a Smart Grid

• Successful deployment of energy storage will depend on:– Technology readiness & validation, safety and durability– Improved cost economics and understanding of benefits – currently limited cost

effective solutions– Demonstrations of emerging technologies – need for more real world experience

of large scale storage– Need to study integration issues and development of wide area controls– R&D funding for basic science and long lead-time technologies– Both bulk and distributed storage will be needed– Regulatory Policy

• Market rules and policy recognition of storage• Difficult to aggregate all value streams from storage• Tariff design to maximize societal values and win-win for all stakeholders

Distributed energy storage can be utility scale via aggregation and Use of Smart Grid


Thanks for your Attention!

Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity

Dan RastlerProgram Manager, Energy Storage [email protected]

Documents

Electric Energy Storage an Essential Asset in the …site.ieee.org/.../2009-August-PARC-Storage_Smart-Grid.pdfStorage Solution Options 400 MW / 10 hr CAES 0.5 MW / 4 hr ZnBr 1 MW