Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ELDERSTECHNICALSITE RESULTSBindi Bindi 2017
2 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
OBJECTIVETo evaluate early season grass control in cereals.
CROP AND SOWING DETAILSCROP DESCRIPTION
Date sown 16 May 2017
Crop type Wheat
Variety Cobalt
Seeding rate (kg/ha) 80
Tillage type Minimum tillage
Soil moisture, depth (cm) Fair
Seed bed Raked & burnt stubble
Clod size Medium (5-10 cm)
Stubble loading Low
Sowing equipment Knife points and press wheels
Sowing speed 5.5 – 6 km/hr
Sowing depth 2.5 cm
Row spacing (cm) 25.4
Fertiliser appliedPre-emergent
120 kg/ha Gusto Gold50 kg/ha Urea
Post-emergent 50 L/ha UAN
Herbicides appliedPre-emergent 1.5 L/ha Roundup Ultra Max
Post-emergent N/A
Fungicides applied Post-emergent N/A
Insecticides appliedPre-emergent 0.5 L/ha chlorpyrifos
Post-emergent N/A
GRASS CONTROL IN CEREALS
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 4
SITE AND DESIGN
Tmt No. Treatment Application Rate Application Timing Appl Code
1 Untreated
2 Sakura 118 g/ha IBS A
3 SakuraTrifluralin
118 g/ha2000 mL/ha
IBSIBS
A
4 Arcade 3000 mL/ha IBS A
5 ArcadeTrifluralin
2500 mL/ha2000 mL/ha
IBSIBS
A
6 Trifluralin 2000 mL/ha IBS A
7 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha IBS A
8 DC 148 210 mL/ha IBS A
9 Avadex 3200 mL/ha IBS A
10 TrifluralinAvadex
2000 mL/ha2400 mL/ha
IBSIBS
A
11 AvadexSakura
2400 mL/ha118 g/ha
IBSIBS
A
12 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha EPE B
13 Arcade 3000 mL/ha EPE B
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Study design Complete Randomised Block
Replications 3
Plot length (m) 10
Plot width sprayed (m) 2
SITE DETAILS
Co-operator Ian Lehman
Location Bindi Bindi, Western Australia
Soil description Loam
Previous crop Lupin
EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION DETAILSApplication Timing A – IBS Treatments
No. Date Product NameSpray time Start 10:20
Finish 11:10
Temperature (°C) Start 14
Finish 16
Delta T Start 4.3
Finish 5.6
Cloud cover (%) Start 70
Finish 60
Relative humidity (%) Start 63
Finish 56
Wind speed (m/s) Start 1.1
Finish 1.3
Wind direction Start S
Finish S
Soil moisture Fair, moisture to 1 cm
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 6
Pressure (bar) 2.2
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-015 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
4 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
APPLICATION TIMING B – EPE TREATMENTS
Date 14 Jun 2017
Crop growth stage at application GS 12-13
Weed growth stage at application GS 11-12
Spray time Start 12:40
Finish 12:55
Temperature (°C) Start 15
Finish 15
Delta T Start 4.2
Finish 4.2
Cloud cover (%) Start 100
Finish 100
Relative humidity (%) Start 91
Finish 91
Wind speed (m/s) Start 1.0
Finish 1.0
Wind direction Start SE
Finish SE
Soil moisture Good, moisture to surface
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 4.5
Pressure (bar) 2.5
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-010 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
T R I A L L A Y O U T / R A N D O M I S A T I O N
3017
30210
3036
3041
3059
3068
30712
3085
3093
3104
31113
3122
31311
2011
2022
2033
2044
2055
2066
2077
2088
2099
21010
21111
21212
21313
10113
1025
1036
1048
1052
1067
10710
1083
10911
11012
1114
1121
1139
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 5
ASSESSMENT DATA SCORING SYSTEMSAbbreviations used:
IBS = Incorporated by sowing EPE = Early Post EmergentGS = Growth Stage DAS = Days After
SowingDAA-A = Days After Application A DAA-B = Days After Application B
Crop BiomassA visual subjective assessment of overall individual seedling biomass was made relative to the untreated control and was expressed as a percentage (%) biomass; where 0 = no visible biomass, and 100 = no difference to the untreated control.
Crop EmergenceA visual subjective assessment of seedling emergence was made relative to the untreated control based on the number of plants emerged within each plot. This was expressed as a percentage from 0-100%, where 0 = no crop emerged and 100 = an even emergence across the plot.
Weed CountsThe number of weeds emerged within each plot were counted using a 33 x 33 cm quadrat. This was conducted at four locations within the plot and weed numbers converted to plants/m2 based on row spacing.
YieldPlots were harvested with a Haldrup trial header and the weights in kg/plot recorded, then converted to t/ha using measured plot dimensions.
DATA ANALYSISAll data analysis in this report was conducted using ARM (Agriculture Research Manager). An analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance using the least significant difference method at 95% confidence level. Where required, missing data was accounted for using Yates least square estimation.Significance is represented by letters assigned to each mean. No letters are presented where significance was not detected at 95% confidence.Data transformation was conducted where the ANOVA assumption of homogeneity of error terms was not met. Details of specific transformations are given in table footnotes. Means presented are back-transformed; l.s.d’s are not presented in these cases.
RESULTSThe primary target species in trial was annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum).
WEED COUNTSTable 1: Annual ryegrass counts (plants/m2) 29 & 49 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
29 DAS0 DAA-B
49 DAS*20 DAA-B
1 Untreated 8 a 33 a
2 Sakura 118 g/ha IBS 0 c 2 cde
3Sakura Trifluralin
1182000
g/ha mL/ha
IBSIBS
1 bc 1 de
4 Arcade 3000 mL/ha IBS 2 bc 4 b-e
5ArcadeTrifluralin
2500 2000
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
1 bc 1 cde
6 Trifluralin 2000 mL/ha IBS 1 bc 0 de
7 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha IBS 1 bc 6 bc
8 DC 148 210 mL/ha IBS 0 c 1 cde
9 Avadex 3200 mL/ha IBS 1 bc 5 bcd
10Trifluralin Avadex
2000 2400
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
0 c 3 cde
11Avadex Sakura
2400 118
mL/ha g/ha
IBS IBS
0 c 0 e
12 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha EPE 1 bc 12 b
13 Arcade 3000 mL/ha EPE 4 b 13 b
l.s.d. c.v.
f-prob
3.1132
‹0.001
-- 42.5
‹0.001
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Square Root).
6 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
CROP ESTABLISHMENTTable 2: Crop establishment (%) 29 & 49 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
29 DAS*0 DAA-B
49 DAS20 DAA-B
1 Untreated 99 99
2 Sakura 118 g/ha IBS 96 97
3Sakura Trifluralin
1182000
g/ha mL/ha
IBSIBS
94 96
4 Arcade 3000 mL/ha IBS 95 95
5ArcadeTrifluralin
2500 2000
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
97 97
6 Trifluralin 2000 mL/ha IBS 98 97
7 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha IBS 98 98
8 DC 148 210 mL/ha IBS 94 95
9 Avadex 3200 mL/ha IBS 96 95
10TrifluralinAvadex
2000 2400
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
96 97
11Avadex Sakura
2400 118
mL/ha g/ha
IBS IBS
93 97
12 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha EPE 96 95
13 Arcade 3000 mL/ha EPE 91 95
l.s.d. c.v.
f-prob
NSNS NS
NSNS NS
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Arcsine).
CROP BIOMASSTable 3: Crop biomass (%) 49 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
49 DAS*20 DAA-B
1 Untreated 97
2 Sakura 118 g/ha IBS 96
3Sakura Trifluralin
1182000
g/ha mL/ha
IBSIBS
89
4 Arcade 3000 mL/ha IBS 84
5ArcadeTrifluralin
2500 2000
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
87
6 Trifluralin 2000 mL/ha IBS 94
7 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha IBS 93
8 DC 148 210 mL/ha IBS 91
9 Avadex 3200 mL/ha IBS 89
10TrifluralinAvadex
2000 2400
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
93
11Avadex Sakura
2400 118
mL/ha g/ha
IBS IBS
91
12 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha EPE 88
13 Arcade 3000 mL/ha EPE 89
l.s.d. c.v.
f-prob
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Arcsine).
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 7
CROP YIELDTable 4: Yield (t/ha) 179 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
179 DAS*
1 Untreated 4.62
2 Sakura 118 g/ha IBS 4.23
3Sakura Trifluralin
1182000
g/ha mL/ha
IBSIBS
4.51
4 Arcade 3000 mL/ha IBS 4.46
5ArcadeTrifluralin
2500 2000
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
4.56
6 Trifluralin 2000 mL/ha IBS 4.59
7 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha IBS 4.62
8 DC 148 210 mL/ha IBS 4.75
9 Avadex 3200 mL/ha IBS 4.76
10TrifluralinAvadex
2000 2400
mL/ha mL/ha
IBS IBS
4.75
11Avadex Sakura
2400 118
mL/ha g/ha
IBS IBS
4.64
12 Boxer Gold 2500 mL/ha EPE 4.53
13 Arcade 3000 mL/ha EPE 3.75
l.s.d. c.v.
f-prob
NSNS NS
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Arcsine).
DISCUSSIONOne trial was conducted in Bindi Bindi, Western Australia, to evaluate a range of pre-emergent and early post emergent herbicides for the early season grass control in cereals. Treatments were applied IBS, immediately prior to sowing wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Cobalt) with two treatments applied post emergent. Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) was assessed throughout the trial period. This trial site had a low background population of annual ryegrass, with a very low density emerging within the trial throughout the trial period.
1. To evaluate early season grass control in cereals
All herbicide treatments decreased annual ryegrass numbers compared to the untreated control 29 DAS (Table 1). The most effective annual ryegrass control was achieved by Sakura (118 g/ha), DC 148 (210 mL/ha), Trifluralin (2000 mL/ha) + Avadex (2400 mL/ha) and Avadex (2400mL/ha) + Sakura (118 g/ha) (0 plants/m2). A number of other treatments demonstrated control equivalent to this
At 49 DAS, the highest efficacy was achieved using Trifluralin (2000 mL/ha, IBS) and Avadex (2400mL/ha, IBS) + Sakura (118 g/ha, IBS) both recording no annual ryegrass (Table 1). Again, a range of treatments were equivalent to these most effective treatments including; all achieving ≥87% control. Boxer Gold (2500 mL/ha, IBS/EPE) and Arcade (3000 mL/ha, EPE) demonstrated lower efficacy than the IBS treatments, however still reduced annual ryegrass numbers compared to the untreated control.
No significant differences were observed in crop establishment 29 or 49 DAS (Table 2). Similarly, there was no significant effect on crop biomass following the application of any treatment (Table 3). Final crop yield was similar across all treatments, showing no effect of any treatment on yield (Table 4).
CONCLUSIONSIn this trial,
ï The highest annual ryegrass control was achieved with Sakura (118 g/ha), DC 148 (210 mL/ha), Trifluralin (2000 mL/ha) + Avadex (2400 mL/ha) and Avadex (2400 mL/ha) + Sakura (118 g/ha), with a number of other treatments not significantly different to this.
ï No treatments were detrimental to crop establishment or crop biomass.
ï There were no significant differences between crop yield.
8 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
OBJECTIVETo evaluate grass control options in RT canola.
CROP AND SOWING DETAILSCROP DESCRIPTION
Date sown 04 May 2017
Crop type Canola
Variety Hyola 525RT
Seeding rate (kg/ha) 3
Tillage type Minimum tillage
Soil moisture, depth (cm) Poor ›5
Seed bed Raked & burnt stubble
Clod size Medium (5-10 cm)
Stubble loading Low
Sowing equipment Knife points and press wheels
Sowing speed 5.5 – 6 km/hr
Sowing depth 1.5 cm
Row spacing (cm) 25.4
Fertiliser appliedPre-emergent
120 kg/ha Gusto Gold50 kg/ha Urea
Post-emergent 50 L/ha UAN
Herbicides appliedPre-emergent 1.5 L/ha Roundup Ultra Max
Post-emergent N/A
Fungicides applied Post-emergent N/A
Insecticides appliedPre-emergent
0.5 L/ha chlorpyrifos150 mL/ha bifenthrin10 mL/ha Regent
Post-emergent 50 g/ha Transform
GRASS CONTROL IN CANOLA
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 10
METHODOLOGYT R E A T M E N T L I S T
SITE AND DESIGN
Tmt No. Treatment Application Rate Application Timing Appl Code
1 Untreated
2 Atrazine 2.2 kg/ha IBS A
3 AtrazineTrifluralin
2.22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
AA
4 Trifluralin 2 L/ha IBS A
5 Propyzamide 1 L/ha IBS A
6 AtrazinePropyzamide
2.21
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
AA
7 Butisan 1.8 kg/ha IBS A
8 Altiplano 3 kg/ha IBS A
9 DC 500 2 kg/ha IBS A
10 AltiplanoTrifluralin
22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
AA
11 Butisan fbAtrazine Uptake
1.81.1
1
L/ha kg/ha%v/v
IBS4 leaf4 leaf
ACC
12 AtrazineTrifluralin fb Atrazine Uptake fbSelect Uptake
1.12
1.11
5001
kg/ha L/ha kg/ha%v/v mL/ha%v/v
IBS IBS
2 leaf2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
A A B BC C
13 Trifluralin fbRoundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
2900900
L/ha g/hag/ha
IBS2 leaf4 leaf
A BC
14 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
900900
g/hag/ha
2 leaf4 leaf
BC
15 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide Atrazine
900900
1.1
g/ha g/hakg/ha
2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
B CC
16 SelectAtrazine UptakeAmmonium Sulphate
5001.1
11
mL/ha kg/ha%v/v%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
C CC C
17 SelectUptake
5001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
CC
18 SelectUptake
10001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
CC
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Study design Complete Randomised Block
Replications 3
Plot length (m) 10
Plot width sprayed (m) 2
SITE DETAILS
Co-operator Ian Lehman
Location Bindi Bindi, Western Australia
Soil description Loam
Previous crop Lupin
10 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION DETAILSApplication Timing A – IBS Treatments
No. Date Product NameSpray time Start 9:30
Finish 10:40
Temperature (°C) Start 19
Finish 21
Delta T Start 7.8
Finish 8.0
Cloud cover (%) Start 30
Finish 20
Relative humidity (%) Start 33
Finish 30
Wind speed (m/s) Start 1.7
Finish 1.9
Wind direction Start NW
Finish NW
Soil moisture Poor, surface dry to >5 cm
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 6
Pressure (bar) 2.2
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-015 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
APPLICATION TIMING B – 2 LEAF
Date 14 Jun 2017
Crop growth stage at application GS 10-13
Weed growth stage at application Annual ryegrass GS 11-12Volunteer lupin GS 12-14
Spray time Start 12:00
Finish 12:40
Temperature (°C) Start 14
Finish 15
Delta T Start 3.1
Finish 3.2
Cloud cover (%) Start 100
Finish 100
Relative humidity (%) Start 94
Finish 91
Wind speed (m/s) Start 0.8
Finish 1.0
Wind direction Start SE
Finish SE
Soil moisture Good, moisture to surface
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 4.5
Pressure (bar) 2.5
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-010 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 11
APPLICATION TIMING C – 4 LEAF
Date 14 Jun 2017
Crop growth stage at application GS 13-16
Weed growth stage at application Annual ryegrass GS 11-21Volunteer lupin GS 14-18
Spray time Start 11:00
Finish 11:50
Temperature (°C) Start 11
Finish 12
Delta T Start 3.0
Finish 3.2
Cloud cover (%) Start 20
Finish 20
Relative humidity (%) Start 75
Finish 72
Wind speed (m/s) Start 1.7
Finish 1.5
Wind direction Start N
Finish N
Soil moisture Good, moisture to surface
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 6
Pressure (bar) 2.2
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-015 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
T R I A L L A Y O U T / R A N D O M I S A T I O N
3014
30218
3037
30417
3052
3069
30715
30813
3093
31012
3111
31211
31310
3146
31516
31614
3175
3188
2011
2022
2033
2044
2055
2066
2077
2088
2099
21010
21111
21212
21313
21414
21515
21616
21717
21818
10113
1022
10318
10412
1058
1061
10711
1084
1097
11016
11110
11215
11314
1143
11517
1165
1176
1189
ASSESSMENT DATA SCORING SYSTEMSAbbreviations used:
IBS = Incorporated by sowingfb = Followed byGS = Growth Stage DAS = Days After
SowingDAA-A = Days After Application A DAA-B = Days After Application B DAA-C = Days After Application C
Crop BiomassA visual subjective assessment of overall individual seedling biomass was made relative to the untreated control and was expressed as a percentage (%) biomass; where 0 = no visible biomass, and 100 = no difference to the untreated control.
Weed Counts
The number of weeds emerged within each plot were counted using a 33 x 33 cm quadrat. This was conducted at four locations within the plot and weed numbers converted to plants/m2 based on row spacing.
12 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
Yield
Plots were harvested with a Haldrup trial header and the weights in kg/plot recorded, then converted to t/ha using measured plot dimensions.
DATA ANALYSISAll data analysis in this report was conducted using ARM (Agriculture Research Manager). An analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance using the least significant difference method at 95% confidence level. Where required, missing data was accounted for using Yates least square estimation.Significance is represented by letters assigned to each mean. No letters are presented where significance was not detected at 95% confidence. Data transformation was conducted where the ANOVA assumption of homogeneity of error terms was not met. Details of specific transformations are given in table footnotes. Means presented are back- transformed; l.s.d’s are not presented in these cases.
RESULTSThe primary target species in trial was annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), with a secondary target of volunteer lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) also assessed.
ANNUAL RYEGRASS COUNTSTable 1: Annual ryegrass counts (plants/m2) 41 & 105 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
41 DAS*0 DAA-B
105 DAS*44 DAA-C
1 Untreated 14 a 36 a
2 Atrazine 2.2 kg/ha IBS 6 ab 10 bcd
3 AtrazineTrifluralin
2.22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
1 cde 11 bcd
4 Trifluralin 2 L/ha IBS 2 b-e 24 ab
5 Propyzamide 1 L/ha IBS 1 cde 13 bc
6 AtrazinePropyzamide
2.21
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
0 e 5 cde
7 Butisan 1.8 kg/ha IBS 2 b-e 10 bcd
8 Altiplano 3 kg/ha IBS 3 b-e 7 cde
9 DC 500 2 kg/ha IBS 1 cde 13 bc
10 AltiplanoTrifluralin
22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
1 de 10 bcd
11 Butisan fbAtrazine Uptake
1.81.1
1
L/ha kg/ha%v/v
IBS4 leaf4 leaf
1 b-e 0 e
12 AtrazineTrifluralin fb Atrazine Uptake fbSelect Uptake
1.12
1.11
5001
kg/ha L/ha kg/ha%v/v mL/ha%v/v
IBS IBS
2 leaf2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
4 bcd 0 e
13 Trifluralin fbRoundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
2900900
L/ha g/hag/ha
IBS2 leaf4 leaf
4 bcd 2 de
14 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
900900
g/hag/ha
2 leaf4 leaf
4 b-e 7 cde
15 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide Atrazine
900900
1.1
g/ha g/hakg/ha
2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
2 b-e 4 cde
16 SelectAtrazine UptakeAmmonium Sulphate
5001.1
11
mL/ha kg/ha%v/v%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
5 bc 4 cde
17 SelectUptake
5001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
4 b-e 4 cde
18 SelectUptake
10001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
2 b-e 4 cde
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
--39.5
0.009
--41.5
<0.001
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Square Root).
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 13
LUPIN COUNTSTable 2: Lupin counts (plants/m2) 41 & 105 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
41 DAS0 DAA-B
105 DAS44 DAA-C
1 Untreated 11 10 abc
2 Atrazine 2.2 kg/ha IBS 11 9 a-d
3 AtrazineTrifluralin
2.22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
13 14 a
4 Trifluralin 2 L/ha IBS 13 14 a
5 Propyzamide 1 L/ha IBS 14 12 ab
6 AtrazinePropyzamide
2.21
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
13 10 abc
7 Butisan 1.8 kg/ha IBS 6 11 ab
8 Altiplano 3 kg/ha IBS 15 7 bcd
9 DC 500 2 kg/ha IBS 11 10 abc
10 AltiplanoTrifluralin
22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
14 13 a
11 Butisan fbAtrazine Uptake
1.81.1
1
L/ha kg/ha%v/v
IBS4 leaf4 leaf
10 5 cde
12 AtrazineTrifluralin fb Atrazine Uptake fbSelect Uptake
1.12
1.11
5001
kg/ha L/ha kg/ha%v/v mL/ha%v/v
IBS IBS
2 leaf2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
13 9 a-d
13 Trifluralin fbRoundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
2900900
L/ha g/hag/ha
IBS2 leaf4 leaf
11 4 de
14 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
900900
g/hag/ha
2 leaf4 leaf
7 5 cde
15 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide Atrazine
900900
1.1
g/ha g/hakg/ha
2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
6 1 e
16 SelectAtrazine UptakeAmmonium Sulphate
5001.1
11
mL/ha kg/ha%v/v%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
7 5 cde
17 SelectUptake
5001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
10 14 a
18 SelectUptake
10001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
14 14 a
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
NSNSNS
5.737.3
<0.001
14 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
CROP BIOMASSTable 3: Crop biomass (%) 41 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
41 DAS0 DAA-B
1 Untreated 92
2 Atrazine 2.2 kg/ha IBS 88
3 AtrazineTrifluralin
2.22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
87
4 Trifluralin 2 L/ha IBS 88
5 Propyzamide 1 L/ha IBS 89
6 AtrazinePropyzamide
2.21
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
87
7 Butisan 1.8 kg/ha IBS 88
8 Altiplano 3 kg/ha IBS 97
9 DC 500 2 kg/ha IBS 92
10 AltiplanoTrifluralin
22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
92
11 Butisan fbAtrazine Uptake
1.81.1
1
L/ha kg/ha%v/v
IBS4 leaf4 leaf
89
12 AtrazineTrifluralin fb Atrazine Uptake fbSelect Uptake
1.12
1.11
5001
kg/ha L/ha kg/ha%v/v mL/ha%v/v
IBS IBS
2 leaf2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
90
13 Trifluralin fbRoundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
2900900
L/ha g/hag/ha
IBS2 leaf4 leaf
83
14 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
900900
g/hag/ha
2 leaf4 leaf
85
15 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide Atrazine
900900
1.1
g/ha g/hakg/ha
2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
88
16 SelectAtrazine UptakeAmmonium Sulphate
5001.1
11
mL/ha kg/ha%v/v%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
94
17 SelectUptake
5001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
88
18 SelectUptake
10001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
92
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
NS NSNS
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 15
CROP YIELDTable 4: Yield (t/ha) 188 DAS.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
188 DAS
1 Untreated 1.31 cd
2 Atrazine 2.2 kg/ha IBS 1.51 abc
3 AtrazineTrifluralin
2.22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
1.30 cd
4 Trifluralin 2 L/ha IBS 1.44 a-d
5 Propyzamide 1 L/ha IBS 1.29 cd
6 AtrazinePropyzamide
2.21
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
1.52 abc
7 Butisan 1.8 kg/ha IBS 1.38 bcd
8 Altiplano 3 kg/ha IBS 1.60 ab
9 DC 500 2 kg/ha IBS 1.44 a-d
10 AltiplanoTrifluralin
22
kg/haL/ha
IBSIBS
1.46 a-d
11 Butisan fbAtrazine Uptake
1.81.1
1
L/ha kg/ha%v/v
IBS4 leaf4 leaf
1.31 cd
12 AtrazineTrifluralin fb Atrazine Uptake fbSelect Uptake
1.12
1.11
5001
kg/ha L/ha kg/ha%v/v mL/ha%v/v
IBS IBS
2 leaf2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
1.40 bcd
13 Trifluralin fbRoundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
2900900
L/ha g/hag/ha
IBS2 leaf4 leaf
1.66 a
14 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide
900900
g/hag/ha
2 leaf4 leaf
1.48 a-d
15 Roundup Ready Herbicide fbRoundup Ready Herbicide Atrazine
900900
1.1
g/ha g/hakg/ha
2 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
1.53 abc
16 SelectAtrazine UptakeAmmonium Sulphate
5001.1
11
mL/ha kg/ha%v/v%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf4 leaf
1.67 a
17 SelectUptake
5001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
1.26 a
18 SelectUptake
10001
mL/ha%v/v
4 leaf4 leaf
1.38 bcd
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
0.2510.230.03
16 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
OBJECTIVETo evaluate control of a range of broadleaf weeds in a cereal crop.
METHODOLOGYT R E A T M E N T L I S T
SITE AND DESIGN
Tmt No. Treatment Application Rate
1 Untreated
2 AU1502 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
LVE MCPA 570 400 mL/ha
Enhance 0.5 % v/v
3 AU1701 800 mL/ha 3 leaf A
4 LVE MCPA 570 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
5 Velocity 670 mL/ha 3 leaf A
Hasten 1 % v/v
6 Precept 1.5 L/ha 3 leaf A
Hasten 1 % v/v
7 Pixxaro 400 L/ha 3 leaf A
LVE MCPA 570 400 L/ha
Enhance 0.5 % v/v
8 Talinor 750 mL/ha 3 leaf A
Adigor 0.5 % v/v
9 Jaguar 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
10 Jaguar 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
MCPA LVE 570 400 mL/ha
11 Triathlon 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
CEREAL BROADLEAF WEED CONTROL
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 17
12 Eliminar C 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
13 Eliminar C 1 L/ha 3 leaf A
MCPA LVE 570 400 mL/ha
14 Unity 100 mL/ha 3 leaf A
Amine MCPA 750 330 mL/ha
15 Ecopar 500 mL/ha 3 leaf
Amine MCPA 750 330 mL/ha
16 Velocity 800 mL/ha 6-8 leaf B
Amine MCPA 750 330 mL/ha
Uptake 0.5 % v/
17 Velocity 800 mL/ha 6-8 leaf B
Amine MCPA 750 330 mL/ha
Uptake 0.5 % v/
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Study design Complete Randomised Block
Replications 3
Plot length (m) 10
Plot width sprayed (m) 2
SITE DETAILS
Co-operator Ian Lehman
Location Bindi Bindi, Western Australia
Soil description Loam
EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION DETAILSApplication Timing A – 3 leaf
No. Date Product NameDate 19 Jul 2017
Crop growth stage at application GS 21-23
Weed growth stage at application GS 10-12: 30%GS 13-14: 60%›GS 14: 10%
Spray time Start 14:10
Finish 15:10
Temperature (°C) Start 15
Finish 15
Delta T Start 3.3
Finish 3.6
Cloud cover (%) Start 80
Finish 90
Relative humidity (%) Start 74
Finish 71
Wind speed (m/s) Start 2.3
Finish 2.1
Wind direction Start NW
Finish NW
Soil moisture Good, moisture at 2cm
Application equipment Handboom
Application speed (km/hr) 6
Pressure (bar) 2.2
Spray volume (L/ha) 100
Spray quality Coarse
Nozzles Lechler IDK 120-015 A.I.
Number of nozzles 4
Spacing (cm) 50
Propellant LP Gas
18 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
APPLICATION TIMING B – 6 TO 8 LEAF
Date 17 Aug 2017
Crop growth stage at application GS 24-31
Weed growth stage at application GS 14-16: 30%
GS 16-18: 70%
Application comments Applied to Treatment 16 & 17 only
ASSESSMENT DATA SCORING SYSTEMSAbbreviations used:
fb = Followed by
GS = Growth Stage
DAA-A = Days After Application A DAA-B = Days After Application B
Percent ControlA visual subjective percentage (%) score was given to each plot based on the percentage of weed control as compared to untreated control plots, where 0 = no observed control and 100 = total weed control.
Weed CountsThree 33 x 33 cm quadrats were assessed within each plot and the resulting counts were converted to number of plants/m2.
YieldPlots were harvested with a Haldrup trial header and the weights in kg/plot recorded, then converted to t/ha using measured plot dimensions.
DATA ANALYSISAll data analysis in this report was conducted using ARM (Agriculture Research Manager). An analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance using the least significant difference method at 95% confidence level. Where required, missing data was accounted for using Yates least square estimation.
Significance is represented by letters assigned to each mean. No letters are presented where significance was not detected at 95% confidence.
Data transformation was conducted where the ANOVA assumption of homogeneity of error terms was not met. Details of specific transformations are given in table footnotes. Means presented are back- transformed; l.s.d’s are not presented in these cases.
T R I A L L A Y O U T / R A N D O M I S A T I O N
3019
30217
30316
30411
3053
3064
30713
30815
3095
3108
3111
31214
31310
3142
3156
3167
31712
2011
2022
2033
2044
2055
2066
2077
2088
2099
21010
21111
21212
21313
21414
21515
21616
21717
10111
1024
1037
10410
10516
1068
10717
10813
1091
11014
1119
11215
1132
1146
1153
11612
1175
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 19
RESULTSThe primary target species in trial was wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).
WEED CONTROLTable 1: Wild radish control (%) 29 & 78 DAA-A.
Trt No. Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
29 DAA-A0 DAA-B
78 DAA-A*49 DAA-B
1 Untreated 0 g 0 i
2 AU1502LVE MCPA 570Enhance
14000.5
L/hamL/ha% v/v
A 67 b-e 71 def
3 AU1701 800 mL/ha A 99 a 99 a
4 LVE MCPA 570 1 L/ha A 60 def 50 fgh
5 Velocity Hasten
6701
mL/ha% v/v
A 89 ab 92 ab
6 Precept Hasten
1.51
L/ha% v/v
A 53 ef 57 fgh
7 PixxaroLVE MCPA 570Enhance
4004000.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
A 43 ef 41 gh
8 Talinor Adigor
7500.5
mL/ha% v/v
A 57 ef 73 c-f
9 Jaguar 1 L/ha A 60 def 68 def
10 JaguarMCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 83 a-d 85 b-e
11 Triathlon 1 L/ha A 85 abc 88 a-d
12 Eliminar C 1 L/ha A 93 a 95 ab
13 Eliminar C MCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 88 abc 91 abc
14 UnityAmine MCPA 750
100330
mL/hamL/ha
A 40 f 38 h
15 EcoparAmine MCPA 750
500330
mL/hamL/ha
A 63 c-f 65 efg
16 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 0 g 55 fgh
17 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 0 g 67 ef
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
24.925.9
›0.001
--16.0
›0.001
*Data presented as back-transformed means (Arcsine).
20 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
WEED COUNTSTable 2: Wild radish counts (plants/m2) 29 DAA-A.
Trt No.
Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
29 DAA-A0 DAA-B
1 Untreated 107
2 AU1502LVE MCPA 570Enhance
14000.5
L/hamL/ha% v/v
A 82
3 AU1701 800 mL/ha A 0
4 LVE MCPA 570 1 L/ha A 42
5 Velocity Hasten
6701
mL/ha% v/v
A 29
6 Precept Hasten
1.51
L/ha% v/v
A 106
7 PixxaroLVE MCPA 570Enhance
4004000.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
A 104
8 Talinor Adigor
7500.5
mL/ha% v/v
A 108
9 Jaguar 1 L/ha A 73
10 JaguarMCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 29
11 Triathlon 1 L/ha A 24
12 Eliminar C 1 L/ha A 18
13 Eliminar C MCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 25
14 UnityAmine MCPA 750
100330
mL/hamL/ha
A 120
15 EcoparAmine MCPA 750
500330
mL/hamL/ha
A 40
16 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 100
17 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 123
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
NSNSNS
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 21
CROP YIELDTable 3: Yield (t/ha) 112 DAA-A.
Trt No.
Treatment Name Applic. RateApplic. Timing
29 DAA-A0 DAA-B
1 Untreated 1.78 d
2 AU1502LVE MCPA 570Enhance
14000.5
L/hamL/ha% v/v
A 2.25 a-d
3 AU1701 800 mL/ha A 2.91 a
4 LVE MCPA 570 1 L/ha A 2.32 a-d
5 Velocity Hasten
6701
mL/ha% v/v
A 2.44 abc
6 Precept Hasten
1.51
L/ha% v/v
A 2.05 bcd
7 PixxaroLVE MCPA 570Enhance
4004000.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
A 1.80 d
8 Talinor Adigor
7500.5
mL/ha% v/v
A 2.10 bcd
9 Jaguar 1 L/ha A 2.30 a-d
10 JaguarMCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 2.56 ab
11 Triathlon 1 L/ha A 2.55 ab
12 Eliminar C 1 L/ha A 2.64 ab
13 Eliminar C MCPA LVE 570
1400
L/ha mL/ha
A 2.55 ab
14 UnityAmine MCPA 750
100330
mL/hamL/ha
A 2.06 bcd
15 EcoparAmine MCPA 750
500330
mL/hamL/ha
A 2.29 a-d
16 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 1.86 cd
17 VelocityAmine MCPA 750Uptake
8003300.5
mL/hamL/ha% v/v
B 1.87 cd
l.s.d.c.v.
f-prob.
--7.2
0.04
DISCUSSIONOne trial was conducted in Bindi Bindi, Western Australia, to evaluate a range of post emergent herbicides for the control of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in wheat. Treatments were applied when wild radish was between cotyledon and 4 leaf stage. Treatments 16 and 17 were applied when wild radish was at 6 to 8 leaf. This trial site had very high numbers of wild radish, however much of this was located through the central part of the trial.
1. To evaluate control of a range of broadleaf weeds in a cereal crop.
Assessment of wild radish control 29 DAA-A showed the highest level of control was achieved following the application of AU-1701 (800 mL/ha) and Eliminar C (1 L/ha). A range of other treatments were not significantly different to this including; Velocity (670 mL/ha) + Hasten (1% v/v), Jaguar (1 L/ha) + MCPA LVE (400 mL/ha), Triathlon (1 L/ha) and Eliminar C (1 L/ha) + MCPA LVE (400 mL/ha).
At the subsequent assessment 78 DAA-A the same treatments maintained the highest level of wild radish control. AU-1701 (800 mL/ha) continued to demonstrate the highest control, with Velocity (670 mL/ha) + Hasten (1% v/v), Triathlon (1 L/ha), Eliminar C (1 L/ha) and Eliminar C (1 L/ha) + MCPA LVE (400 mL/ha) not significantly different to this. Treatments applied at the 6 to 8 leaf stage (application B) provided inferior control of wild radish than those treatments applied at the 2 to 4 leaf stage.
There were no significant differences between treatments for wild radish counts at 29 DAA-A (Table 2). The highest yielding treatment was AU 1701 (800 mL/ha), out-yielding the UTC by 40%, however a range of treatments were equivalent to the highest yielding treatment and significantly higher than the UTC (Table 3). Velocity (800 mL/ha) + Amine MCPA (330 mL/ha) + Uptake (0.5% v/v) applied at the 6 to 8 leaf stage was substantially lower yielding than many of the treatments applied at the earlier timing.
22 | Elders Technology Demonstration Site
CONCLUSIONSIn this trial,
ï The highest control of radish was achieved following the application of AU-1702 (800 mL/ha) and Eliminar C (1 L/ha) with a number of other treatments not significantly different to this.
ï AU-1702 (1 L/ha) was the highest yielding treatment within the trial.
ï Application of Velocity (800 mL/ha) + Amine MCPA (330 mL/ha) + Uptake (0.5% v/v) at 6 to 8 leaf provided inferior control of wild radish than treatments applied at the earlier application timing.
WEATHER DATAA P P E N D I X 1 : W E A T H E R D A T A
Weather 008202 Bindi Bindi
DayRainfall
DayTemperature (min)
DayTemperature (max)
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 16.2 1.6 0.0 1 13.7 10.4 9.6 7.8 4.5 7.5 6.8 1 29.6 25.6 27.0 16.5 13.2 17.1 25.7
2 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 2 14.8 9.6 9.1 5.6 2.3 5.3 9.4 2 31.5 26.9 26.1 11.7 13.1 14.1 30.0
3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 13.2 10.5 9.7 2.5 1.7 2.1 8.2 3 33.0 27.8 22.8 13.9 15.7 15.5 22.2
4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 4 14.0 10.2 8.8 3.9 8.3 2.6 6.4 4 32.1 28.5 23.5 15.3 14.6 19.0 19.6
5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 5 14.4 12.8 7.2 5.5 7.2 2.8 6.9 5 32.6 24.5 25.4 15.0 16.7 22.8 21.3
6 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 15.5 10.5 5.6 3.6 4.6 5.4 5.8 6 29.4 27.0 23.3 14.0 19.8 24.8 24.8
7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.4 7 13.7 11.6 5.7 7.2 4.5 13.1 8.0 7 21.4 30.4 23.5 14.6 17.6 19.6 16.1
8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 8 8.1 11.1 2.9 3.9 7.4 11.5 5.5 8 24.2 30.1 23.2 14.2 20.9 24.1 20.1
9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.0 0.0 0.0 9 10.3 10.7 1.7 3.1 7.4 11.1 5.8 9 27.0 21.5 22.9 13.6 12.6 23.7 27.4
10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.4 0.0 10 9.5 12.0 3.8 3.4 6.2 7.6 7.8 10 29.2 22.0 19.9 16.8 14.5 21.5 21.1
11 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 11 14.0 9.1 7.5 6.2 5.2 10.9 4.8 11 33.3 20.9 22.7 18.2 18.1 22.0 21.3
12 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 12 12.4 6.6 7.6 10.4 9.6 10.9 5.7 12 29.0 19.8 23.8 19.1 15.9 19.8 27.9
13 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 6.0 0.2 0.0 13 11.4 6.5 8.0 10.4 10.6 4.6 11.7 13 29.2 21.8 24.6 19.1 20.2 21.2 34.7
14 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 4.0 14 18.0 11.8 12.0 7.6 13.2 4.7 14.3 14 28.8 24.7 20.5 18.5 18.4 27.5 28.6
15 0.0 0.2 10.8 0.2 4.2 0.0 0.0 15 16.9 11.9 10.9 5.6 8.3 13.5 13.2 15 31.3 20.2 19.0 18.7 15.9 30.5 31.9
16 0.0 2.2 0.2 1.4 0.8 0.0 1.4 16 14.6 11.3 7.3 11.0 8.3 10.2 13.9 16 26.9 20.2 21.1 18.4 15.9 27.4 20.4
17 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 0.0 3.0 17 13.0 7.7 5.8 8.3 1.9 10.8 11.3 17 24.9 21.8 22.3 18.0 15.6 25.2 22.1
18 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 18 13.3 6.4 5.6 4.9 3.0 6.2 10.4 18 26.4 24.6 21.3 24.7 19.8 29.1 21.0
19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 19 13.5 9.0 6.2 11.7 8.0 8.8 6.1 19 25.8 23.6 23.4 16.5 15.5 28.0 27.2
20 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 20 12.0 11.5 5.6 9.0 6.5 12.6 13.7 20 28.4 20.2 24.4 17.5 14.9 23.7 31.0
21 0.0 1.8 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 21 14.3 10.1 4.0 8.4 3.3 15.0 13.7 21 29.4 19.1 19.2 19.1 18.1 24.3 28.3
22 0.0 0.6 2.2 1.0 0.2 2.2 0.4 22 12.8 5.9 9.0 8.7 5.2 12.3 15.8 22 28.7 19.0 17.4 18.0 17.8 19.0 30.1
23 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.4 0.2 3.0 0.0 23 16.0 3.8 11.3 5.1 4.4 10.6 14.7 23 26.9 20.7 18.1 19.5 19.0 16.8 27.8
24 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 24 10.9 8.2 9.7 9.5 6.8 7.2 11.1 24 26.3 21.1 18.0 19.3 21.2 18.5 27.0
25 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.6 0.0 25 10.6 7.7 4.8 2.9 6.2 7.8 5.8 25 25.0 24.4 16.2 19.9 20.6 16.3 27.6
26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 26 9.0 3.4 2.1 2.8 7.5 5.9 8.8 26 26.1 19.5 15.3 21.6 21.9 17.5 24.9
27 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 27 10.8 4.5 1.8 6.1 9.8 6.2 7.5 27 24.9 17.3 16.6 23.0 24.6 21.8 21.8
28 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 28 8.7 3.5 4.0 13.1 8.4 3.5 9.7 28 24.1 19.6 18.4 17.4 25.8 24.7 24.7
29 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.8 0.0 29 9.7 4.0 2.0 7.1 13.8 5.2 12.3 29 26.2 22.1 17.4 14.1 18.5 25.2 25.2
30 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 30 11.4 7.3 2.2 7.2 12.0 4.5 8.0 30 26.6 25.6 19.5 15.8 19.0 30.5 30.5
31 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 31 9.0 4.9 7.0 12.2 31 27.1 17.4 20.5 35.3 35.3
Total 0.0 13.4 26.4 43.0 56.6 29.6 11.0 Avg 12.7 8.7 6.4 6.7 6.9 8.0 9.5 Avg 27.9 23.1 21.2 17.4 17.9 22.8 25.7
App A
App B
*Temperature data from Dalwallinu BOM (008297).
Elders Technology Demonstration Site | 23