EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - ABRIL 2013 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

7/21/2019 EL PRODUCTOR REVISTA - ABRIL 2013 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

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ZMWCVRK BM CEGNZLKFCÖE S KVCVRMEFCK RÃFECFK

_KGZK BM VNOK

ZNLTCÖ ZÃFNZB

ME AK TZNB]FFCÖE

PW MBCFCÖE BM AK

MPTN FKECEBMSß :4;6

Ma fuatcvn bma trchn ms uen bm ans fuatcvns lës utcaczkbns pkrk ak rntkfcöe bmfuatcvn me ak _nek Vur pkrk katmrekr fne ma fuatcvn bm snok, kuequm an cbmka

smrìk cetrnbufcr ue tmrfmr fuatcvn fnln kjnen vmrbm, hcrksna n lkìz.

ktkfke ka







Ans eumvns prneöstcfns mfneölcfns bma Jkefn Lue-bcka y bm aks Ekfcnems ]ecbks prmvãe qum Aktcenk-lãrcfk smhucrë frmfcmebn me tksks lnbmrkbks mstm

kûn, y qum aks mfnenlìks lës nrmfcmetms bm ak rmhcöe

smrëe aks bm trms pkìsms qum mlpcmzke fne ‑T“? Tkrk-huky, Tkeklë y Tmrÿ.

K mstn sm sulk, Vmhÿe markeiceh luebcka bm ans lk-ynrms mxpnrtkbnrms rmkaczkbnpnr ma Bmpkrtklmetn bm Khrc-fuaturk bm ans Mstkbns ]ec-bns, pnscfcnek ka Tkrkhuky

me ma 7¿ auhkr fnln mxpnrtk-bnr bm lkìz.

Vce bubk kahuek Ak ms-trmaak mfneölcfk bm ak rmhcöeme ma :4;6 smrë Tkrkhuky,qum frmfmrë karmbmbnr bma ;;pnr fcmetn smhÿe ma mstubcn bma Jkefn Luebcka

Me ma fksn bma skatn bma lkìz sc sm fnlpkrke fne ansÿatclns :4 kûns, me ;336 sm prnbufìke 27: lca tnem-akbks, `ny sm mstëe prnbufcmebn 6,= lcaanems bm tnem-akbks, ms bmfcr qum me tnbns mstns kûns sm cefrmlmetöme hrke fketcbkb ak prnbuffcöe y msn hmemrö cehrmsn bm

bcvcsks pnr lës bm ]V$ 3=4 lcaanems me söan :4 kûns,kquì sm fnlprumjk ma jume trkjkon bm cevmstchkfcöe mema smftnr, pkrk cr lmonrkebn ak prnbuftcvcbkb y ans lmr-fkbns, mstns sne ans rmsuatkbns.

‑Mstns rmsuatkbns sm bmjme k qum mstklns kvke-zkebn jkstketm me aks ërmks bm scmljrks bma lkìz, prn-buftcvcbkb y rmebcfcöe snjrm tnbn, y me ak fkacbkb bmalcsln. @mlns trkjkokbn me ans auhkrms mspmfìfns bm

scmljrk y snjrm tnbn fne ak fkacbkb bma prnbuftn, msn ̀ kaamvkbn k qum ma Tkrkhuky fnequcstm eumvns lmrfkbnsbm mxpnrtkfcöe. Ma lkìz rmkalmetm `k pmhkbn ue skatnme fnlpkrkfcöe fne ans ÿatclns kûns ms rmkalmetm cl-prmscneketm“ ksmvmrö Vneck Rnlkssnem ksmsnrk me Fn-

lmrfcn Mxtmrcnr bm ak Fkpmfn.

VRKGG Fkaam Ikrkebky k :44 lts. bm ak Zutk E¿ ; - Jkrrcn [uctmrck - Mefkrekfcúe - Tkrkhuky - Rma/Gkx? (48;) :48 8:3 - www.rmvcstkmaprnbuftnr.emt

Zmvcstk Ma Trnbuftnr ┊ www.rmvcstkmaprnbuftnr.emt





Entk bm

RkpkTrcefcpkams

megmrlmbkbms qumktkfke ka Rrchn y su

lkemonMa fuatcvn bma trchn ms uen bm

ans fuatcvns lës utcaczkbnspkrk ak rntkfcöe bm fuatcvn me

ak _nek Vur pkrk katmrekr fnema fuatcvn bm snok, kuequm an

cbmka smrìk cetrnbufcr ue tmrfmrfuatcvn fnln kjnen vmrbm,

hcrksna n lkìz.

48 KhrcfuaturkJume kûn snomrn clpuaskrë akscmljrk bm trchn. Ma ërmk bm scmljrk bmtrchn me ak fklpkûk :4;6 smrë clpuaskbn pnr

ans jumens rmsuatkbns bm ak fklpkûk snomrk qumsm mstë fmrrkebn, lkecgmstö ma prmscbmetm bm akGmfnprnb, Muhmecn Vf`naamr

20 CetmrekfcnekamsAk jcnmfnenlìk jkskbk me mafnenfclcmetn fnebufm ka frmfclcmetn. Ma prmscbmetm bma FNECFMR bmstkfö ma auhkr qumam tnfk ka nrhkecsln me ak frmkfcöe bm mstnssmftnrms mlmrhmetms fnln ma bm ans prnbuftnsjcntmfenaöhcfns y ans jcnfnljustcjams.

0: MvmetnPW mbcfcöe bm ak Mxpn Fkecebmyÿ :4;6.Ak PW mbcfcöe bm ak Mxpn Fkecebmyÿ sm bmskrrnaaöme ue faclk kametkbnr bmjcbn k ak jumekprnbuffcöe khrìfnak y ak rmfupmrkfcöe bma lmrfkbnbm ak fkrem.

34 BcsfnvmryVketns Fnslm y Bklcëe ue auhkr pkrkqumbkrsm.Ans lcscnemrns bm ak Fnlpkûìk bmOmsÿs (omsuctks) guebkrne 64 pumjans me uek rmhcöe.

7. Jume kûn snomrn clpuaskrë ak scmljrk bm trchn8. Tkrkhuky nfupk ma 6´ auhkr bma rkeiceh luebcka bm

prnbuftnrms bm hrkens0. _kgrk bm snok rnlpcö rãfnrb me ak prnbuffcöe;4.Ma lkìz schum acjrm bm `makbks k lës bm ue lms bm su

fnsmf`k me fkkhukzÿ;;.Cebustrcks `krcemrks kulmetkrne sus mxpnrtkfcnems k

jrksca y uruhuky;:.Ak uhp prnlumvm ak kpacfkfcöe bma crkhrn

;2.Vmekvm vmrcgcfkrë amhkacbkb bm smlcaaks utcaczkbks mefuatcvns bm lkìz zkgrcûk

;=.Vmekvm rmhaklmetkrk ak prnbuffcöe y fnlmrfckaczkfcöebm lubks bm fìtrcfns

;7.Gkn cestk k fnnrbcekr kffcnems pkrk `kfmr grmetm kabmstruftcvn àj bm ans fìtrcfns.

;0.Ak fëlkrk pkrkhukyk bm stmvck en fmrtcgcfkrkmbuafnrketms fne cehrmbcmetms fkefmrìhmens

;3.Mgmftn bm ak kpacfkfcöe bm ymsn me ma fuatcvn bm hcrksna(`macketjus keeus) y lkìz (zmk lkys) me ue sumannxcsna (rjnbcf ikebcubnx), me ak rmhcöe bm yhukzÿ, katnpkrkeë. (Rmrfmrk pkrtm)

:2.Cekuhurke paketk prnbuftnrk bm kafn`na bm lkìz:=.Entk bm tkpk? prcefcpkams megmrlmbkbms qum ktkfke ka

trchn y su lkemon

6;.Bcstrcjufcöe y fkrkftmrìstcfk bm ans sumans ëfcbnsnxcsnams y uatcsnams me klãrcfk trnpcfka (tmrfmrk pkrtm)

6=. Lkemon bm sumans uatcsnams fne fka y gnsgnrn me mafuatcvn bm vchek me pkeklk (smhuebk pkrtm)

63.@ukehanejceh (àj) ‑ak lës hrkvm megmrlmbkb bm ansfìtrcfns“

26.Ljurufuyë, grutn y ganr bm ak pkscöe20.Ak jcnmfnenlìk jkskbk me ma fnenfclcmetn fnebufm

ka frmfclcmetn

=4.Lnbcgcfkfcöe hmeãtcfk y jcntmfenanhìk khrìfnak=;.Ans bcmz `mf`ns lës schecgcfktcvns bm ak jcntmfenanhìk

khrkrck me :4;:=2.Ans fuatcvns lh rmbufme a usn bma khuk me ak khrcfuaturk==.Kutnrczke ak scmljrk fnlmrfcka bm uek eumvk snok hl

me krhmetcek=7.Kustrkack kprumjk meskyns bm fklpn bm trchn y fmjkbk

lnbcgcfkbk hmeãtcfklmetm=8.Mufkacptns hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcgcfkbns pkrk njtmemr

lës lkbmrk kvcsn ¼ pëhcek clpkrt=0.Fcmetìgcfns okpnemsms bmskrrnaake paketks lh bm tkjkfn

y amfùhk fne katns fnetmecbns me vctklcek m=3.Cbmetcgcfke ue hme qum pnscjcactkrìk utcaczkr sumans

cekftcvns

Bmstkfkbns



M

a ërmk bm scmljrk bm trchn me ak fklpkûk :4;6 smrëclpuaskbn pnr ans jumens rmsuatkbns bm ak fklpk-

ûk snomrk qum sm mstë fmrrkebn, lkecgmstö ma prmsc-bmetm bm ak Gmbmrkfcöe bm Fnnpmrktcvks bm ak Trnbuffcöe(Gmfnprnb), Muhmecn Vf`naamr.

Mstclö qum ma ërmk bm fmrfk bm =44.444 `mftërmksbma kûn pkskbn pnbrìk frmfmr me ak pröxclk scmljrk meue ;4% y aamhkr k aks ==4.444 `mftërmks, kprnxclkbk-lmetm.

Kfakrö qum me an qum rmspmftk k ak Fnnpmrktcvk Fnan-ecks ]ecbks, bm bnebm prnfmbm, ma pake ms lketmemr maërmk bm scmljrk me msk znek, pmrn qum pnsmm cegnrlk-fcöe bm qum ntrks metcbkbms y hrupns bm prnbuftnrms mx-pkebcrëe ma ërmk bm fuatcvn bma fmrmka.

Vmhÿe ans pakems, ak fklpkûk trchumrk :4;6 krrkefk-

rìk ma 0 bm lkyn pröxcln, me ue kftn me ak FnnpmrktcvkZkÿa Tmûk, pmrn ma kftn mstë suomtn k fnerlkfcöe bm vk-rcns kftnrms bma ërmk trchumrk. Vmhÿe aks kprmfckfcnems,ak bmsvmetkok qum mstm kûn sm tcmem me rmakfcöe ka trchnms ue lkynr cetmrãs bm ans prnbuftnrms me ak zkgrcûk bmlkìz y bm snok, qum pnbrìke rmstkr pntmefckams ërmks bmmxpkescöe bma trchn, me ma lkrfn bma scstmlk bm rntkfcöebm ak snok bm zkgrk enrlka.

Vce mljkrhn, oumhk k gkvnr bma trchn ak vchmefck bm akpkusk tnskectkrck bm ak snok, mstkjamfcbk pnr ma Vmrvc-

FKLTKÛK BM RZCHN

fcn Ekfcneka bm Fkacbkb y Vkecbkb Wmhmtka y bm Vmlcaaks(Vmekvm), burketm ma pmrcnbn cevmreka, qum tcmem fnln

prnpösctn bcslceucr ak cefcbmefck bm ak rnyk kscëtcfk bm aksnok.Tnr ntrn akbn, ak mspmfckacstk me Fnlmrfcn Cetmrekfcn-

eka bm Fkpmfn, Vneck Rnlkssnem, smûkaö qum gkvnrmfmrëak mxpkescöe bma trchn me Tkrkhuky ma rmfcmetm kfumrbn bmhrmlcns bm prnbuftnrms pkrkhukyns fne cebustrckams bmasmftnr `krcemrn bma Jrksca, pkrk uek klpackfcöe bm aks mx-pnrtkfcnems.

G]MERM ┊ Rnbn trchn

www.rmvcstkmaprnbuftnr.emt┊ Zmvcstk Ma Trnbuftn



K h r c f u a t u r k

Ans menrlms prnjamlks bm anhìs-tcfk pkrk ma rmmljkrqum bm anshrkens me ma Lmrfnsur en sne

uek sclpam fksukacbkb. Ak prnlmskbm smr ma hrkemrn bma luebn, fner-lëebnsm ak gnrtkamzk bm Tkrkhukyfnln tmrfmrk pntmefck, sm vk fnevcr-tcmebn me rmkacbkb, y fnetkjcaczkebnkpmeks trms rujrns khrìfnaks (snok,lkìz y trchn), ans fuktrn pkìsms bma

Fnen Vur hmemrkrëe :72,2 lcaanemsbm tnemakbks bm hrkens me mstk zkgrk:4;:/:4;6.Fcgrks bmsprmebcbks bma cegnrlm bmak fnesuatnrk Khrctrmkeb, jkskbn mebktns pujacfkbns pnr ma Bmpkrtk-lmetn bm Khrcfuaturk bm ans Mstkbns]ecbns (]VBK), cebcfke qum sulkebnans trms rujrns, ma Lmrfnsur kpnrtkrëkaclmetns pkrk ak sãptclk pkrtm bmaluebn, ms bmfcr, pkrk ;.482 lcaanemsbm pmrsneks.

Tmrn, bm mstm vnaulme bcspnecjam,uens ;4;,8 lcaanems bm tnemakbkssmrëe mxpnrtkbks, qum rmprmsmetk-rëe kaclmetns pkrk 2;6,2 lcaanemsbm pmrsneks qum mstëe gumrk bm mstkrmhcöe bma Lmrfnsur

ZKEICEH L]EBCKA BM TZNB]FRNZMV BM HZKENV Ma Lmrfnsur sm `kpnscfcnekbn fnln malkynr prnvmmbnr bmhrkens me ma luebn yTkrkhuky rmprmsmetk k

ak tmrfmrk pntmefck me mahrupn







Me :4;: lës bm 0 lcaanems bmtnemakbks bm snok, lkìz y trchnsm prnbuomrne, smhÿe ans rmsua-

tkbns qum krrnokrne ans cegnrlms bmak zkgrk :4;: qum bcmrne k fnenfmr ak

Fëlkrk Tkrkhukyk bm Trnfmskbnrmsbm Namkhcensks y Fmrmkams (Fkpprn).Vtkbmfimr njsmrvö qum ma rmebclcme-tn prnlmbcn ekfcneka fne smhurcbkbsupmrkrë ans ;.844 icans pnr `mftë-rmk, sulkebn aks vkrcmbkbms fnevme-fcnekams y trkeshãecfks. Fkbk uekkjkrfk ma =4% bm ak supmrfcm bm

scmljrk fne sclcmetms amhkams, mstc-lkbk me 84.444 `mftërmks.‑Frmn qum smrìk ak lmonr fnsmf`k bmans ÿatclns :4 kûns me ans qum tmeìk-lns bm ;.:44 k ;.644 Ih/@ë bm prn-

lmbcn. Mstm kûn fne luf`k gkfcacbkbsm pnbrë supmrkr, pnr an lmens anscebcfcns bcfme ksì“, fnlmetö.Mstm kûn, msks mstclkfcnems jktcmrnerãfnrb cefausn me aks mxpnrtkfcnemsbm snok qum gumrne bm ueks 074 lcatnemakbks fnrrmspnebcmetms söan kans bns prclmrns lmsms bm mstm kûn.Kbmlës, ak cefcbmefck bm pakhks m eans fuatcvns bm snok gum prëftcfklme-

tm ceschecfketm me fnlpkrkfcöe fne

ans prnlmbcns bm kûns ketmrcnrms.

HZKE _KGZKVm vktcfcekjk bmsbm ma kûn pkskbn

qum ãstk zkgrk kafkezkrìk jumens eÿ-lmrns fne rmakfcöe k ak mfnenlìk bmmsm smftnr, tmecmebn me fumetk qum mapkìs sm mefnetrkjk prmpkrkebn ueks= lcaanems bm tnemakbks pkrk mxpnr-tkfcöe, me fnetrkpkrtcbk k aks 6,;lcaanems bm tnemakbks mxpnrtkbks makûn pkskbn me ak lcslk tmlpnrkbk.Vmhÿe rmpnrtms bma Jkefn Fmetrkabma Tkrkhuky (JFT), ans prcefcpkamsbmstcens bm ak namkhcensk bm memrnk gmjrmrn bma :4;6 gumrne Krhmetc-ek (646.444 Re), ]ruhuky (:=2.444

Re), Vuczk (:44.444 Re) y Kamlkeck(:=.444 Re).Ma rmsuatkbn gum pnsctcvn, kuequm mekahÿe lnlmetn ak gkatk bm aauvcks qumkzntö ka pkìs rmbuon me fcmrtk lmbcbkaks mxpmftktcvks qum sm tmeìke pkrkma rmebclcmetn bma hrken, mspmfcka-lmetm me aks vkrcmbkbms tkrbìks,smhÿe aks bmfakrkfcnems bm ZujãeVkekjrck, prmscbmetm bm ak Fnnrbcek-

bnrk Khrìfnak bma Tkrkhuky (FKT) bmak acka bm Katn Tkrkeë.

Aks jumeks prëftcfks khrìfnaks cefc-bcmrne bm snjrmlkemrk mstk sÿpmrprnbuffcöe bm snok. Me ma :.4;: ak

snok zkgrk fmrrö, ka 6; bm bcfcmljrmpkskbn, fne ue vnaulme mxpnrtkbnbm :.38;.463 tnemakbks grmetm k aks=.;60.672 tnemakbks mxpnrtkbks meak zkgrk :4;;.

KTVFne rmakfcöe k ak prnbuffcöe, akKsnfckfcöe bm Trnbuftnrms bm Vnok,Namkhcensks y Fmrmkams bma Tkrkhuky(KTV) mstclö uek prnbuffcöe bm lësbm ;; lcaanems bm tnemakbks, cefaucbkak zkgrcûk.

K fnesmfumefck bm ak zkgrk prmsmetk-bk ans scans sm mefnetrkjke tntkalme-tm fkrhkbns, cefausn sm bcspusn k akutcaczkfcöe bm scan jnasks. Ak fkpk-fcbkb mstëtcfk bm ans scans kulmetöue 88% me ans ÿatclns smcs kûns y yksupmrk aks 0 lcaanems bm tnemakbksbm hrkens, supmrcnr k aks lës bm 2,=lcaanems bm tnemakbks qum sm pnbìkekajmrhkr me msm metnefms.

FNVMF@K

Aks mstclkfcnems rmkaczkbks fne rmakfcöe k ak zkgrk bm snok :4;:/:4;6 gumrnepnsctcvks, yk qum sm rmhcströ uek sÿpmr zkgrk, hmemrkbk pnr ak jumek prnbuffcöe,k pmskr bm ak cetmesk smquìk qum kzntö k bcvmrsks rmhcnems bma pkìs.




Ans eumvns fnlprkbnrms mstm kûn rmfurrcmrne k akprnbuffcöe pkrkhukyk y jnacvckek k fkusk bm ansrmfnrtms k aks mxpnrtkfcnems bm `krcek me Krhme-tcek, qum tuvn uek jkok prnbuffcöe bm hrkens bm

trchn me :4;:, mxpacfö. ‑Rmemlns ue kûn bcgmrmetm pnrqum Krhmetcek fmrrö pnr

trms lmsms ak mxpnrtkfcöe y msn ens kyubö luf`ìscln meak prnbuffcöe y vmetk bm `krcek. K`nrk vnavcmrne k kjrcr sus

grnetmrks y jkokrne brëstcfklmetm eumstrks mxpnrtkfcnems,pmrn smhuclns fne kahuens facmetms“, bcon Tmeemr.

Kûkbcö qum ma lmrfkbn sm mstkjcaczö me mstm lms bmlkrzn bmspuãs bm an qum pnbrìk metmebmrsm fnln uek prc-lkvmrk bm ak mxpnrtkfcöe qum me ma lms bm memrn lntcvöcefausn k ans fnesulcbnrms anfkams k kbqucrcr luf`n stnfipnr tmlnr k qum sujcmrke ans prmfcns bm aks jnasks bm `krc-ek, fnsk qum en nfurrcö.

‑Eumstrk cebustrck jktcö su rãfnrb bm vmetk me memrn pnrak katk bmlkebk me ma mxtmrcnr y me ma lmrfkbn anfka. Tkrk-

huky tcmem sufcmetm trchn y `krcek pkrk smhucr mxpnrtkebn,

`ky luf`ns lnacens qum en trkjkoke ka ;44% bm su fkpk-fcbkb. Ak prcefcpka fnlpmtmefck ms Krhmetcek, qum sujvme-fcnek su prnbuffcöe“, fnlmetn ma Omgm bm Wmetks bm @cakhrn.

TZNB]FRNZMV VM TZMTKZKE TKZK AK VCMLJZK BM RZCHNMe ue lms cecfck ak scmljrk bm trchn me Fkkhukzÿ y Katn

Tkrkeë, cegnrlö ma Ceh. Grkefcs Hkamken, tãfecfn bm fklpn

bm ak Fnnpmrktcvk Tcebö Atbk.‑Mspmrklns supmrkr ak prnbuffcöe bma kûn pkskbn qum

mstuvn jumek, gum bm 6.644 icans pnr `mftërmk me prnlmbcn.Fne ma trchn ans prnbuftnrms aamhkrne k pkhkr luf`ks fume-tks bm ak smquìk. K`nrk luf`k hmetm paketö lkìz bm metrmzkgrk pmrn en frmn qum kgmftm me fuketn k ërmk bm scmljrkka trchn“, bcon.

Vmhÿe mstclkfcnems bm FKTMFN, me ma :4;: ak prnbuf-fcöe trchumrk pkrkhukyk gum bm ;.:67.=:= tnemakbks, fnsm-f`kbks me ue ërmk bm scmljrk bm 233.=77 ̀ mftërmks.

Aks cebustrcks `krcemrks bm O. Muanhcn Mstchkrrcjck, Fkkhukzÿ kulmetkrne sus vnaÿlmems bm

vmetks me ue =4% me ma prclmr trclmstrm bma kûn fnln rmsuatkbn bm ak ceusuka fketcbkb bm`krcek qum fnlprkrne ans facmetms mspnrëbcfns bm ]ruhuky y bm mstkbns jrkscamûns bm Tkrk-eë y Vketk Fktkacek, fnlmetö Amnekrb Tmeemr, Omgm bm Wmetks bm @cakhrn V.K.M.

MPTNZRKFCNE

G]MERM ┊ ]HT





‑Vnstuvn qum pkrk maan prn-lumvme ak frmkfcöe bmaClpumstn k ak Zmetk Khrn-

pmfukrck, CZKHZN, qum fncefcbm fneans frctmrcns bma Lcecstmrcn bm @kfcme-bk y fuyn ketmprnymftn bm amy gumprmsmetkbn ka Tkraklmetn ak smlkekpkskbk.

‑Tmrlctcrë trkespkrmetkr aks fne-trcjufcnems qum yk `kfm ak prnbuf-fcöe khrnpmfukrck. Fnescbmrklns

qum sc rmkalmetm sm qucmrm ktrkmrcevmrscnems ka Tkrkhuky y hmemrkrmlpamns k ans oövmems en pnbmlnssmhucr scmebn ma pkìs bm ak clprnvc-skfcöe, lmens kÿe me ma scstmlk cl-

pnsctcvn“ bmstkfö ma prmscbmetm bm ak]HT.

Vmhÿe ma ketmprnymftn bm amy,

smrëe fnetrcjuymetms bma CZKHZNkqumaaks pmrsneks qum trkjkoke mepmqumûks lmbckeks y hrkebms e-fks qum njtmehke cehrmsns supmrcn-rms k 67 skakrcns lìeclns, ms bmfcr,Hs =3.737.6=: pnr kûn. Vu pmrcnbnclpnsctcvn sm kbmfukrë k aks akjnrmskhrìfnaks y hkekbmrks, qum crë bma prc-lmrn bm ouecn `kstk ma 6; bm lkynbma kûn schucmetm. Ms bmfcr, en mstkrëvcefuakbn ka momrfcfcn sfka.

Zmspmftn ka prnymftn bm amy bmhrkvklme k ak mxpnrtkfcöe bm hrkens

qum gum rmf`kzkbn mstm lcãrfnamspnr ak Fëlkrk bm Bcputkbns, ZklöeVëef`mz snstuvn qum ‑lnbcfkr ans

clpumstns ka fkanr bm ak fnetcmebkmamftnrka y sce ue mstubcn bm gnebn ysce ue bcëanhn fne ans smftnrms kgmf-tkbns snan pumbm hmemrkr ue rmtrnfm-sn me ma rmspmtn qum Tkrkhuky mstëfnequcstkebn fne smrcmbkb y msgumr-zn k ak fnluecbkb cetmrekfcneka“.

VNOK

G]MERM ┊ ]HT

Ak ]ecöe bm Hrmlcns bm akTrnbuffcöe (]HT) metcmebmqum ma trcjutn prnvmecmetm bmasmftnr khrnpmfukrcn bmjmrëokrsm snjrm ma ;4% bm aks

hkekefcks emtks, fnln nfurrm

fne ma Clpumstn k ak ZmetkTmrsneka (CZT) y ma Clpumstn kak Zmetk Fnlmrfcka, Cebustrcka nbm Vmrvcfcns (CZKFCV), keuefcö maprmscbmetm bma hrmlcn, ZklöeVëef`mz.







Ksì cegnrlö ak Bcrmftnrk bm Vmlcaaks bma VMEKWM,

Ceh. Khr. Bnack Hkrfmtm, ka tãrlcen bm uek rmuecöebm mvkaukfcöe bm hmstcöe bm msk bmpmebmefck,me ak qum sm bmstkfkrne ans clpnrtketms rmsua-

tkbns njtmecbns, prcefcpkalmetm kqumaans rmakfcnekbnsfne ak sfkaczkfcöe bm pkrfmaks bm luatcpacfkfcöe bm lkìz

hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcfkbn, rmkaczkbn metrm bcfcmljrm bm

:4;: y gmjrmrn bm :4;6.MVnjrm ans pröxclns npmrktcvns ak Ceh. Hkrfmtm lkecgms-

tö qum ‑yk sm `ke cbmetcfkbn 76 pkrfmaks me aks qum prmsu-lclns sm mstë fuatcvkebn lkìz bm bubnsn nrchme. Ans prn-buftnrms bmjmrëe bmlnstrkr fne bnfulmetns ma nrchme bmans lktmrckams bm prnpkhkfcöe utcaczkbns me sus fuatcvns, sc

en pumbme fnlprnjkr su nrchme smrëe pkscjams bm sulkrcnskblcecstrktcvns“. Khrmhö qum ma VMEKWM, burketm ma npmrktcvn bm bmtmf-

fcöe bm pkrfmaks bm prnbuffcöe bm sclcmetms camhkams HL,sm `ke cetmrvmecbn 88 pkrfmaks qum ouetks tntkaczke ;::7

`mftërmks, kbmlës bm ak rmtmefcöe bm ;33 jnasks, bm 24

ih fkbk uek, bm smlcaaks camhkams `kaakbks me bmpösctns bmrlks khrìfnaks.

VMLCAAKV CAMHKAMV BM VNOK, VÃVKLN S KAHNBÖETnr ntrk pkrtm, ak prngmscneka cebcfö qum aks smlcaaks ce-

hrmskbks, utcaczkbks y fnlmrfckaczkbks camhkalmetm en snansm aclctk ka rujrn lkìz, tkljcãe sm tcmeme bktns snjrm aksnok, sãskln y kahnböe. ‑Ma 24% bm ak smlcaak bm snok prn-bufcbk me Tkrkhuky ms fmrtcfkbk, y metrm ma :4% ka := %

ms clpnrtkbk pmrn mstë fnetrnakbk, pnr tketn, karmbmbnr bma24% rmstketm ms camhka, ma fuka prnvmebrìk bma fnetrkjkebn ybma usn prnpcn“, schecfö.

Zmrcö tkljcãe qum sm mstë cevmstchkebn crrmhuakrcbk-

bms me ak luatcpacfkfcöe y fnlmrfckaczkfcöe bm smlcaaks bmsãskln y kahnböe, aks fukams sne lkecpuakbks luy prmfk-rcklmetm, sce cbmetcfkfcöe kahuek y fne trktklcmetn quì -lcfn krtmskeka, an fuka pnbrìk mxpnemr k ans khrcfuatnrms kcetnxcfkfcnems, lës kÿe ma sãskln, tmecmebn me fumetk qumms ue prnbuftn bm fnesuln ùlken.

Gcekalmetm, rmskatö ak clpnrtkefck bm kbmfukrsm k aksenrlktcvks vchmetms m cestö k ans prnbuftnrms k cesfrcjcrsmme ma Zmhcstrn Ekfcneka bm Trnbuftnrms bm Vmlcaaks (ZETV),k e bm trkjkokr amhkalmetm.

Ma Vmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bm Fkacbkb y Vkecbkb Wmhmtka y bm Vmlcaaks (VMEKWM) keuefcö qum means pröxclns 74 bìks rmkaczkrë trkjkons bm cespmffcöe bm pkrfmaks bm prnbuffcöe bm lkìzzkgrcûk, kpuetkebn k fnljktcr ak utcaczkfcöe bm lktmrckams bm prnpkhkfcöe prnvmecmetms bmafnetrkjkebn n bm ak rmprnbuffcöe camhka bm aks lcslks, sce fnetrna cestctufcneka.

TZNB]FRNZMV BM KAHNBNE

G]MERM ┊ VMEKWM




Ma bnfulmetn, qum mstë k bcspnscfcöe bm ans cetm-

rmskbns me ak pëhcek wmj cestctufcneka , mstkjam-fm tkljcãe aks fnebcfcnems tãfecfks mspmfìfks

pkrk ak prnbuffcöe, fnlmrfckaczkfcöe bm paketksfìtrcfks y sus pkrtms.

Ans prnfmsns paketmkbns me ma rmgmrcbn prnymftn bm enr-lktcvk, kjnrbke kspmftns fnln ans rmqucsctns pkrk ak prn-buffcöe bm paketcems, aks fnebcfcnems qum bmjm rmuecr uevcvmrn bm fìtrcfns, rmqucsctns mspmfìfns pkrk ak prnbuffcöe

bm paketcems, cespmffcnems tãfecfks, aks mtkpks bm ak fmrtc-fkfcöe, ma lumstrmn y pkbrnems bm akjnrktnrcn, metrm ntrns.

Ma VMEKWM, fnln pkrtm bma prnfmsn bm kprnjkfcöe bm ansZmhaklmetns Ekfcnekams bm Trnbuftns y Vujprnbuftns Wm-

hmtkams y bm Vmlcaaks, pujacfk ans prnymftns n jnrrkbnrms bmrmhaklmetns y ans prnymftns bm kftukaczkfcöe bm aks enrlkspkrk fnenfclcmetn bm ans cetmrmskbns.

Ms bmfcr, qum ans prnymftns lmefcnekbns sm pneme k bcs-pnscfcöe bma pÿjacfn me hmemrka pkrk qum pumbk rmvcskrans y

Ma Vmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bm Fkacbkb y Vkecbkb Wmhmtka y bm Vmlcaaks (VMEKWM) `k pumstn k fnescbmrkfcöebma smftnr fctrìfnak y bma pÿjacfn me hmemrka, ma prnymftn bm Enrlks Mspmfcfks pkrk ak Trnbuffcöe

y Fnlmrfckaczkfcöe bm Lubks bm Fìtrcfns, ma fuka tcmem pnr njomtcvn ma bm mstkjamfmr ue scstmlk bmfmrtcfkfcöe fnetrnakbk pkrk paketks fìtrcfks, ksmhurkebn ak prnvcscöe bm lktmrckams bm prnpkhkfcöe

bm fkacbkb y skecbkb, tmecmebn me fumetk ak mlmrhmefck tnskectkrck bmfakrkbk trks ak fnerlkfcöe

bm ak prmsmefck me eumstrn pkìs bm ak pakhk @ukehanehjceh (@AJ).

MPTNZRKFCNE

G]MERM ┊ VMEKWM

mlctcr fnlmetkrcns snjrm ans lcslns, me ak jrmvmbkb pnsc-jam. Tnr an tketn, mstm prnfmsn bm fnesuatk ms sulklmetmclpnrtketm, pums, uek vmz kprnjkbns ans rmhaklmetns y suskftukaczkfcnems smrëe kpacfkbks me ma ëljctn bm su fnlpm-tmefck fne bcstcetns ecvmams bm clpkftn.





Ak Nfcka bm Trntmffcöe Wm-hmtka bm ak Nrhkeczkfcöebm aks Ekfcnems ]ecbks

pkrk ak Kaclmetkfcöe y ak Khrc-fuaturk (GKN), Rkeck Vketcvkûmz,

krlö qum ma msgumrzn fnnrbc-ekbn y npnrtuen pnr pkrtm bmaks cestctufcnems bma Hnjcmren,aks cebustrcks y ans prnbuftn-rms, pmrlctcrë fnetrkrrmstkr ansmljktms bm ak pakhk bm ans fì-trcfns, @ukehanehjceh (@AJ), akfuka pnem me rcmshn ak prnbuf-fcöe bm fìtrcfns bm tnbn ma pkìs.

MVketcvkûmz sm rmuecö fne ma

tctuakr bma Vmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bmFkacbkb y Vkecbkb Wmhmtka y bmVmlcaaks (VMEKWM), Ceh. Khr. Okc-lm Kykak, k e bm fnevmrskr sn-jrm ans trkjkons bm fnetmefcöe

mefkrkbns pnr ak cestctufcöe tn-skectkrck me aks zneks bm jrntmbm ak megmrlmbkb y bma kfnl-pkûklcmetn qum sm mefumetrkrmkaczkebn ak Lcscöe Rãfecfk bmanrhkecsln cetmrekfcneka.

Ksmhurö qum pkrk aamvkr kbm-aketm uek mfcmetm fklpkûk bm

fnetmefcöe bma @AJ ms emfmsk-

rcn lkynr cevnaufrklcmetn bmntrks cestctufcnems bma Mstkbn,ka chuka qum bm ans prnbuftnrmsy ak snfcmbkb fcvca. ‑@kstk k`nrk`mlns vcstn qum ma VMEKWM mstësnan. Me mstk Mlmrhmefck tn-

bns bmjme trkjkokr bm ak lken.Bmjm `kjmr lkynr pkrtcfcpkfcöebma Lcecstmrcn bm Khrcfuaturk,bma Lcecstmrcn bm Vkaub, aks ]ec-vmrscbkbms, ans cevmstchkbnrms,aks ksnfckfcnems bm pmqumûnskhrcfuatnrms y aks fëlkrks bmmlprmsks prcvkbks pnrqum akMlmrhmefck pumbm clpkftkr ktnbk ak mfnenlìk bma pkìs“, vk-tcfceö ak mxpmrtk.

Mvkauö ans trkjkons bm fne-tmefcöe mefkrkbns `kstk malnlmetn pnr ma VMEKWM, smûk-akebn qum sm pubcmrne vmr cl-pnrtketms kvkefms bmsbm qumsm bmfakrö ak Mlmrhmefck Gctn-skectkrck me memrn ÿatcln, pmrnlkecgmstö qum ms emfmskrcn ue‑lkynr kpnyn tãfecfn y pnaìtcfn“.

Zmskatö qum ak mstrktmhck bmak GKN pkrk auf`kr fnetrk ak me-gmrlmbkb sm jksk me kffcnems

fnnrbcekbks y krlneczkbks meuek bmtmrlcekbk rmhcöe kgmftk-bk. ‑Vc sm vk k gulchkr y fnrtkrans ërjnams, ms emfmskrcn qum tn-bns rmkacfme mstks kffcnems bmuek lcslk lkemrk y ka lcslntcmlpn. Ma prnjamlk mstë ml-pmzkebn pmrn `ky qum trkjkokrbm lkemrk npnrtuek y mgmftcvk“,puetukaczö.

GKN CEVRK K FNNZBCEKZ KFFCNEMV

G]MERM ┊ GKN

Ak megmrlmbkb@ukehanehjceh(@AJ), tkljcãefnenfcbk fnln

mevmrbmfclcmetnbm ans fìtrcfns, msuek megmrlmbkb

jkftmrckek bm akspaketks.




Mxpacfö qum pkrk kyubkr k ans fnesulcbnrms qum snemehkûkbns me su jumek gm, ma hrmlcn akezö nfcka-lmetm su smaan bm fmrtcfkfcöe rmfnenfcbn pnr ma Lc-

ecstmrcn bm Cebustrck y Fnlmrfcn. Ma lcsln kpkrmfmrë meak mtcqumtk bm tnbns ans prnbuftns ìetmhrklmetm mebuazk-bns fne ans mxtrkftns ekturkams bma ik–k `m–m, Vtmvcöscbny Zmjkuböscbn K.

‑Luf`ks mlprmsks cemsfrupuansks aameke ma mevksk-

bn fne ak pkakjrk Ik–k @m–m pmrn me su fnetmecbn ensmefnetrklns fne Vkfkrcek, Kspkrtkln, Fcfaklktn, tnbnsans prnbuftns quìlcfns qum sne fkefmrìhmens. ]tcaczkelìeclklmetm ma mxtrkftn ekturka y kahuens ec utcaczke“,bmeuefcö.

Fne mstk fklpkûk ak Fkpkstm hkrketczkrë qum ma prn-buftn ms ;44% bm nrchme pkrkhukyn y en fnetcmem lmz-fak, kpuetkebn bm ak lcslk lkemrk ka lmrfkbn cetmrek-fcneka.

Aks mxpnrtkfcnems bm `noks bm Vtmvck Zmjkubckek y

Mstmvcöscbns hmemrkrne ]$V ;.:27.466 me ma kûn :4;:.Ak supmrfcm bm scmljrk me Tkrkhuky ms bm ;.:44 `mftë-rmks y pkrk pntmefckr ma fuatcvn bm mstk paketk kutöftnekbma pkìs cecfckrë me mstm lms bm kjrca uek hcrk bm fkpkfc-tkfcöe k khrcfuatnrms.

AK FËLKZK TKZKH]KSK BM VRMWCK

G]MERM ┊ ]HT

ME MA LMZFKBN TKZKH]KSN FMZFK BM ;: LKZFKV BM MB]AFNZKERMV CEBCFKE []M MVRËE@MF@NV K JKVM BM IK–K @M–É TMZN ME ZMKACBKB FNERCMEME V]VRKEFCKV FKEFMZÌHMEKV. MVRNVTZNB]FRNV EN AAMWKZËE AK FMZRCGCFKFCÖE BM AK FËLKZK TKZKH]KSK BM VRMWCK, FKTKVRM, KB-

WCZRCÖ MA TZMVCBMERM O]KE JKZJN_K.





=.:. FNLTKZKFCÖE BM AK BCEËLCFK BM E]RZCMERMV ME MAV]MAN BMERZN BM ANV 8 RZKRKLCMERNV ME ANV VMH]EBN S RMZFMZ L]MVRZMNV

Gchurk En;7 lumstrk ak fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfkbma I cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me anssmhuebn y tmrfmr lumstrmns, rmspmftcvklmetm.

Vnjrm ma smhuebn lumstrmn, sm njsmrvö katn fnetm-ecbn bma I me ma R8, y ma hrkbn bm ak acxcvckfcöe pkrk mstm

mamlmetn gum katn. Ka kpacfkr :=44ih/`k bma ymsn, smfnevcrtcö ëfcbn gumrtm me tnbks aks prnguebcbkbms pnrqumms ue gmrtcaczketm kfcbìgmrn pntmefckalmetm. Rmecmebn mefumetk utcaczkfcöe bm ak snaufcöe mxtrkftnrk bm LmàcfÈn; (4.4=L @Fa + 4.4;:=L @:VN2), ka khrmhkr ak sn-aufcöe y mxtrkmr ma I cetmrfkljckjam, uek pkrtm bm kahÿetcpn bm krfcaak tka fnln fknacectk (;? ;) sm rnlpcö fne akkpacfkfcöe bm :=44ih/`k bma ymsn. Tnr msn, ka kpacfkrak,sm fnescbmrk qum gum gëfca bm bmsfnlpnemr pkrk ue pkrtmbm kahÿe tcpn bm krfcaak. Aumhn, sm bmtmftkrne ma I cetmr-

fkljckjam y/n uek pkrtm bm mstm mamlmetn cebcspnecjambmetrn bm ak krfcaak fnln I cetmrfkljckjam pnr ue mgmf-tn lÿatcpam bm ak snaufcöe lës ak kpacfkfcöe, tmecmebn mefumetk uek bcstrcjufcöe bm aauvck.

Me ma tmrfmr lumstrmn, fksc en sm njsmrvö ak bcgmrmefckbm kfumrbn fne ak kpacfkfcöe bma ymsn. Vm fnescbmrk qumsm `czn ak acxcvckfcöe fne ma tcmlpn me ma R8.

Gchurk En;8 lumstrk ak fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfkbma Fk cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me anssmhuebn y tmrfmr lumstrmns, rmspmftcvklmetm.

Me ma smhuebn lumstrmn, sm njsmrvö katn fnetmecbnbma Fk bm kfumrbn fne ak kpacfkfcöe bma ymsn, rmaktcvklme-tm me ak supmrfcm. Mspmfckalmetm, sm njsmrvö katk acxcvck-fcöe bma Fk me ma R7.

Me ma tmrfmr lumstrmn, sm kvkezö ak acxcvckfcöe bm mstmmamlmetn me tnbns ans trktklcmetns fne ma tcmlpn.

Gchurk En;0 lumstrk ak fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk

RMZFMZK TKZRM

G]MERM ┊ Ceh. Khr. Vmrhcn Lctuc Rfecfn cevmstchkbnr. Guebkfcöe Eciimc-FMRKTKZ.Trng. Ceh. Khr. Br.? Imetkrn Rnlctk. Trng. vcsctketm ]ecvmrscbkb Ekfcneka bm Tcakr (Trnhrklk bm Cevmstchkfcöe y Mtmescöe ]ecvmrsctkrck, yGkfuatkb bm Fcmefcks Khrnpmfukrcks y Bmskrrnaan Zurka) y Wnauetkrcn Vmecnr bm OCFK (Khmefck bm Fnnpmrkfcöe Cetmrekfcneka bma Okpöe).

-

MGMFRN BM AK KTACFKFCÖE BM SMVN ME MA F]ARCWN BM HCZKVNA (@MACKERJ]V KEE]V) S LKÌ_ (_MKLKSV) ME ]E V]MAN NPCVNA (ZJNBCF IKEBC]BNP), ME AK ZMHCÖE BM SH]K_ß, KARN TKZKEË.




Z m p u m s t n s y K f f m s n r c n s N Z C H C E K A M

V

B c s t r c j u c b n r M x f a u s c v n m e T k r k h u k y

K s u e f c ö e - V k e t k Z c t k - I k t u m t m - F c u

b k b b m a M s t m

F m a . ? ( 4 3 0 6 ) 3 6 8 0 4 ;

m - l k c a ? r k e b n e D v n a p y s k . f n l . p y

T Z N L N F C N E W K A C B K @ K V R K M A : 0 / 4 : / ; 6 N @

K V R K K H N R K Z V R N F I

B m s f u j r k a k s e u m v k s C e e n v k f c n e m s y l m o n r k s f n e q u m f u m e t k a n s e u m v n s l n b m a n s b m

s m l c r r m l n a q u m s b m a k l k r f k Z k e b n e

q u m y k m s t ë e s c m e b n u e ã x c t n m e

J r k s c a . T u m b m n p t k r

p n r b c g m r m e t m s l n b m a n s p k r k t r k e s p n r t m b m h r k e n s , p k a a m t s ,

j c h j k h s n a n q u m u s t m b b m s m m .

B c s p n

e m l n s u e c b k b m s p k r k m e t r m h k c e

l m b c k t k .

F n e t ë f t m e n s p k r k c e g n r l k r a m s n j r m a k s g k f c a c b k b m s b m p k h n .

: 3 =

Z 0 4 : :

. = a c s n s

E ] M W N G Z N E R K A

Z M B N E B M K B N

K A C W C K E K E B N 0 4 I C A N V

K A L N B M A N K E R M Z C N Z




fne ak kpacfkfcöe bma ymsn.Tkrk ma tmrfmr lumstrmn, sm njsmr-

vö katn fnetmecbn bma Lh me ans trktk-lcmetns fne ;=44 y :=44ih/`k bmaymsn, rmaktcvklmetm. K bcgmrmefck bmans trktklcmetns lmefcnekbns, en ansm njsmrvö katn me ma trktklcmetn fne

:444ih/`k.Gchurk En;3 lumstrk ak fnlpkrk-

fcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma Gm bcspnecjambmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me anssmhuebn y tmrfmr lumstrmns, rmspmf-tcvklmetm. Bm kfumrbn fne ak katkkpacfkfcöe bma ymsn, sm njsmrvö katnfnetmecbn bma Gm bcspnecjam, rmaktcvk-lmetm. Vm an fnetceuö `kstk 04flbm ak prnguebcbkb. Mspmfckalmetm, smpubm bcstcehucr bns tcpns tkams fnlnjkon y katn fnetmecbn bma Gm me tnbnsans trktklcmetns. Bma R; ka R6, rmaktc-

vklmetm, sm njsmrvö jkon fnetmecbnbma Gm bma supmrfcm k ak prnguebcbkb

bm 04fl. (Tkrk R6, ma fnetmecbn meak prnguebcbkb bm 04fl gum ma lëskatn bm tnbns ans trktklcmetns me aklcslk prnguebcbkb). Tnr ntrk pkrtm,bma R2 ka R8, sm njsmrvö lës katn fne-tmecbn qum ma fnetmecbn me ans R;, R:y R6 bmetrn bm ak prnguebcbkb.

Fnln uek npcecöe, sm utcaczö aksnaufcöe mxtrkftnrk bm Lmàcf` En;gum ëfcbk gumrtm. Kbmlës, ymsn ms ue

tcpn bm suagktn y gmrtcaczketm kfcbìgmrnpntmefckalmetm me ma suman y sm bm-tmftö lës katk bcspnecjcacbkb bma Gmfne ak snaufcöe mxtrkftnrk ëfcbk gumr-tm me tnbks aks prnguebcbkbms bmetrnbm ak kpacfkfcöe bma ;444 ka :=44ih/`k bma ymsn fne lnvclcmetn bma tcpnbm suagktn.

Tkrk ma tmrfmr lumstrmn, sm nj-smrvö katn fnetmecbn bma Gm bcspnec-jam me ma R= fne ;=44ih/`k. Mspm-fckalmetm, sm an njsmrvö luy katnme ma :4fl bm ak prnguebcbkb, y bm

kfumrbn fne ak lës prnguebcbkb, sman bcslceuyö ka chuka qum ma fksn bmasmhuebn lumstrmn.

Gchurk En:4 lumstrk ak fnlpkrk-fcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma V bcspnecjambmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me anssmhuebn y tmrfmr lumstrmns, rmspmf-tcvklmetm. Me ma smhuebn lumstrmn,sm njsmrvö katn fnetmecbn bma V me aksupmrfcm bma suman bm kfumrbn fne ak

Gchurk En;7. Fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma I cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn(czqucmrbk) y tmrfmr (bmrmf`k) lumstrmnsTV? Ans trktklcmetns fne 4, :=4, =44, ;444, ;=44, :444 y :=44ih/`k bma ymsn sm enljrkrne fnln R;, R:,R6, R2, R=, R7 y R8, rmspmftcvklmetm me ak Gchurk.

Gchurk En;8. Fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma Fk cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn(czqucmrbk) y tmrfmr (bmrmf`k) lumstrmnsTV? Ans trktklcmetns fne 4, :=4, =44, ;444, ;=44, :444 y :=44ih/`k bma ymsn sm enljrkrne fnln R;, R:,R6, R2, R=, R7 y R8, rmspmftcvklmetm me ak Gchurk.

Gchurk En;0. Fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma Lh cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn(czqucmrbk) y tmrfmr (bmrmf`k) lumstrmnsTV? Ans trktklcmetns fne 4, :=4, =44, ;444, ;=44, :444 y :=44ih/`k bma ymsn sm enljrkrne fnln R;, R:,R6, R2, R=, R7 y R8, rmspmftcvklmetm me ak Gchurk.

Gchurk En;3. Fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma Gm bcspnecjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn(czqucmrbk) y tmrfmr (bmrmf`k) lumstrmnsTV? Ans trktklcmetns fne 4, :=4, =44, ;444, ;=44, :444 y :=44ih/`k bma ymsn sm enljrkrne fnln R;, R:,R6, R2, R=, R7 y R8, rmspmftcvklmetm me ak Gchurk.

bma Lh cetmrfkljckjam bmetrn bm ans8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn y tmr-fmr lumstrmns, rmspmftcvklmetm.

Me ma smhuebn lumstrmn, fksc ensm njsmrvö ak bcgmrmefck bma fnetmec-bn bma Lh cetmrfkljckjam bm kfurbn



http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-productor-revista-abril-2013-paraguay-portalguarani 21/100www.rmvcstkmaprnbuftnr.emt┊ Zmvcstk Ma Trnbuftn




Gchurk En:4. Fnlpkrkfcöe bm ak bceëlcfk bma V bcspnecjam bmetrn bm ans 8 trktklcmetns me ans smhuebn(czqucmrbk) y tmrfmr (bmrmf`k) lumstrmnsTV? Ans trktklcmetns fne 4, :=4, =44, ;444, ;=44, :444 y :=44ih/`k bma ymsn sm enljrkrne fnln R;, R:,R6, R2, R=, R7 y R8, rmspmftcvklmetm me ak Gchurk.

kpacfkfcöe bma ymsn me fnlpkrkfcöefne ma fnetmecbn me ma R;. Mspmfcka-lmetm, bm aks prnguebcbkbms bma :4ka 24 fl, ma fnetmecbn bma V me ma R8(:=44ih/`k) njsmrvö ma lës katn bmafnetmecbn bm tnbns ans trktklcmetns.

K fnetceukfcöe, ma fnetmecbn bma

V me ma R7 gum ma smhuebn katn bm aksupmrfcm k ak prnguebcbkb bm =4 fl.

Vm fnescbmrk qum sm kvkezö ak acxcvck-fcöe bma V pnr ak kpacfkfcöe bm lës bm:444ih bma ymsn, tmecmebn me fumetkuek bcstrcjufcöe bm aauvck.

Bmetrn bm ans R: k R=, sm njsmrvöma fnetmecbn luy sclcakr bma V fne mafnetmecbn me ma R; me ak prnguebcbkbbm ans 24 k 04 fl. Vm fnescbmrk qumtnbkvìk en sm an kafkezö lës prngue-bcbkb.

Me ma tmrfmr lumstrmn, sm njsmr-vö ma lës katn fnetmecbn bma V me aksprnguebcbkbms bma :4 ka 24 fl me maR8 ka chuka qum ma fksn bma smhuebnlumstrmn, pmrn, sm njsmrvö acxcvck-fcöe fne ma tcmlpn me fnlpkrkfcöefne ans fnetmecbns me ma smhuebnlumstrmn. Kbmlës, mstm mamlmetnsm `czn acxcvckfcöe me tnbns ans trktk-lcmetns me fnlpkrkfcöe fne ma me masmhuebn lumstrmn, rmaktcvklmetm.

FNEFA]VCÖE

;. Bm ans rmsuatkbns bm keëacscs bmvkrckezk, sm njsmrvö ak bcgmrmefckschecfktcvk ka % pkrk ans ecvmams

bma ymsn me ma fuatcvn bm Hcrksnafnln fuatcvn celmbcktn, lcmetrksqum pkrk ma fuatcvn bm Lkìz fnlnfuatcvn sufmsnr, en sm ak njsmrvö.

:. Ka fuatcvn sufmsnr, sm bmskpkrmfcöma mgmftn rmscbuka bma ymsn kpacfkbnka fuatcvn celmbcktn.

6. Ak kpacfkfcöe mfneölcfk pkrk mafuatcvn bm Hcrksna gum bm =44ih/`k, sm njsmrvö 2=;4.=ih/`k fnlnrmebclcmetn bm ak smlcaak, y ma jm-emfcn emtn fne ma 34% bma rmebc-lcmetn gum bm ]V$082.7/`k.

2. Fnln fuatcvn sufmsnr, ka kpacfkr

ma =44ih/`k bma ymsn ka fuatcvn ce-lmbcktn, sm njsmrvö 3224.6ih/`kfnln rmebclcmetn bma hrken, y majmemfcn emtn gum bm 723.3/`k.

=. Vnjrm ak bceëlcfk bm eutrcmetms bmak supmrfcm k 04fl bm ak prngue-bcbkb bma suman, bm kfumrbn fneeÿlmrn bm lumstrmn bma suman, smbcslceuyö ans rmsuatkbns bm I, Fk yLh cetmrfkljckjams, lcmetrks qumsm kulmetö @+Ka cetmrfkljckjam.Tnr e, sm fnetrcjuyö k ak kfcbmz

bma suman pnr ak kpacfkfcöe bma ymsn.7. Vnjrm ma Gm bcspnecjam, sm pubm bcs-tcehucr bns tcpns tkams fnln jkon ykatn fnetmecbn bma Gm me tnbns anstrktklcmetns. Bma R; ka R6, rmaktcvk-lmetm, sm njsmrvö jkon fnetmecbnbma Gm, lcmetrks qum pkrk ans R2k R8, katn fnetmecbn me ma smhue-bn lumstrmn. Fnln uek npcecöe,sm utcaczö ak snaufcöe mxtrkftnrk bmLmàcf` En; gum ëfcbk gumrtm. Kbm-lës, ymsn ms ue tcpn bm suagktn ygmrtcaczketm kfcbìgmrn pntmefckalme-

tm. Ka kpacfkr ma ymsn (lktmrcka bmaV), sm fnevcrtcö ak fnebcfcöe ëfcbkgumrtm me ma suman y sm bmtmftö lëskatk bcspnecjcacbkb bma Gm fne aksnaufcöe mxtrkftnrk ëfcbk gumrtm metnbks aks prnguebcbkbms bmetrn bmak kpacfkfcöe bma ;444 ka :=44ih/`k bma ymsn fne lnvclcmetn bmatcpn bm suagktn.

8. Me ma smhuebn y tmrfmr lumstrmn,

sm njsmrvö ma lës katn fnetmecbnpkrk ma V me aks prnguebcbkbms bma:4 ka 24 fl ma R8 (:=44ih/`k).

0. Vm njsmrvö ak a cxcvckfcöe bma V fnlntcpn bm suagktn fne ma tcmlpn, ms-pmfckalmetm, sm kvkezö ak kfcbc-fkfcöe me ma R8 (:=44ih/`k). Tnr

msn, sm ak pnbrë mspmrkr me ma sumankpacfkbn mamvkbn.

ACRMZKR]ZKV FCRKBKV;. FMRKTKZ. :4;:. Zmsuatkbns bm Fac-

lk y tmlpmrkturk.:. FnaneckShukzÿ (Tkrkhuky)

` t t p ? / / m s . w c i c p m b c k . n r h /w c i c / S h u k z % F 6 % J K ^ ( K a t n ^Tkrke%F6%K;)MLJZKTK,

6. MLJZKTK Fmrrkbns, Lcecstãrcn bkKhrcfuaturk, Tmfuërck m Kjkstmfc-lmetn. :44: ? Fmrrkbn, Fnrrmèæn

bn snan m kbujkèæn, YMbctnrms ?Bokalk Lkrtce`æn Hnlms bm Vnu-sk, Mbsne Anjktn\, Takekatcek, BG,Jrksc, 0;-37.

2. O. Iaut`fnusic, C. T. bm Nacvmcrk, A. T. Sninyklk, A. H. Butrk, R. bm K. Tnr-tms, K. M. bk Vcavk, J. bk V. Tce`mc-rn, M. Gmrrmcrk, M. bk L. bm Fkstrn,F. L. Huclkræms, O. bm F. Hnlcbmy A. F. Jkajcen. :444. Vcstmlk Jk-rrmcræn? Zmfupmrkfcöe/Zmenvkfcöebm Tksturks Bmhrkbks ]tcaczkebn

Fuatcvns Keukams, Me ? Huclkræms,M. T.9 Vkez, O. C.9 Zkn, C. L.9 Klãz-quctk, L. F.9 y Klãzquctk, M. (mbs.).Vcstmlks KhrnpkstnrcamsmeVkjk-eksRrnpcfkams bm Klãrcfk Aktcek,Fmetrn Cetmrekfcneka bm Khrcfuatu-rk Rrnpcfka (FCKR), Fkac, Fnanljck.;3=-:6;.

=. [ukhhcn, O. K. :444. Kfcbmz m fk-akhml ml snans trnpcfkcs. CestctutnKhrneòlcfn (CKF), Fklpceks-VT,Jrksca. 88-;46.

7. L. V. Frkvn. keb R. O. Vlyt` ? Aclm

rmqucrmlmet keb bnwewkrb lnvm-lmet ng Fk keb Lh. RrnpVnca Rmf`-ecfka Zmpnrt, ;30=-;307. Enrt`Fkrnacek Vtktm ]ecv. Zkamch`, Enrt`Fkrnacek, ]VK. ;4:-;47, ;308.

8. R. O. Vlyt`. keb L. V. Frkvn ? Aclmkeb hypsul kppacfktcnes. Rrnp-Vnca Rmfècfka Zmpnrt, ;307-;308.Enrt` Fkrnacek Vtktm ]ecv. Zkamch`,Enrt` Fkrnacek, ]VK. ;=4-;=;.







ENRK BM RKTK

G]MERM ┊ Ons K. Wëzumz F - Fnnrbcekbnr Fnlmrfcka _nek Vur - F`mltmf V.K.M.

MA F]ARCWN BMA RZCHN MV ]EN BM ANV F]ARCWNV LËV ]RCAC_KBNV TKZK AK ZNRKFCÖEBM F]ARCWN ME AK _NEK V]Z TKZK KARMZEKZ FNE MA F]ARCWN BM VNOK, K]E[]M ANCBMKA VMZÌK CERZNB]FCZ ]E RMZFMZ F]ARCWN FNLN KJNEN WMZBM, HCZKVNA N LKÌ_.




Tnr tnbn an lmefcnekbn, ms luy clpnrtketmqum ma prnbuftnr mstm lnectnrmkebn pmrlk-emetmlmetm sus fuatcvns pkrk bmtmftkr rëpc-

bklmetm ak kpkrcfcöe bm fukaqucmr megmrlmbkb, yn pakhks qum pumbke kgmftkr ka fuatcvn.

M Me fuketn k ak bmtmffcöe bm megmrlmbkbmsms luy clpnrtketm mstkr ktmetns k aks fnebcfcn-ems faclëtcfks, pums ãstm ms ue gkftnr bmtmrlc-eketm pkrk su kpkrcfcöe, me mspmfcka ak tmlpm-rkturk y ak ùlmbkb, ak tmlpmrkturk ms ak qum

kfmamrk n rmtrksk ma prnfmsn bm rmprnbuffcöe bmapktöhmen. Tnr an tketn pkrk bcslceucr ma bkûnmfneölcfn sm rmfnlcmebk aamvkr kbmaketm uelkemon cetmhrkbn bm megmrlmbkbms (LCM)

TZCEFCTKAMV MEGMZLMBKBMV []M VM TZMVMERKEME E]MVRZN TKÌV

Lka bma pcm (Hkmulkeenlyfms hrklcecs vkr.

Rrctcfc). Ms fnescbmrkbk uek megmrlmbkb mspnrë-bcfk, lkecgmstëebnsm me ërmks bm lnenfuatcvnbm trchn y qum prmsmetke p@ bm suman pröxcln kaemutrn. Ak sctukfcöe sm khrkvk me kûns aauvcnsnsy fukebn ak tmlpmrkturk bm suman sm mefumetrk

me ak grkeok ;:-:4 ¿F. Ma `nehn snjrmvcvm me tmoc-bns bm rkìfms bm trchn cegmftkbn y me hrklìemksektcvks. Kbmlës bma trchn sne chukalmetm sus-fmptcjams ak fmjkbk, ma fmetmen y ma trctcfkam.

Ma sìetnlk lës fnlÿe ms ma kpkrmfclcmetnbm ërmks kcsakbks fne paketks lumrtks aumhn bmamspchklcmetn. Aks paketks ktkfkbks prmsmetkemspchks bm fnanrkfcöe jakefk. Aks rkìfms qumbkebmsprmebcbks pnr en tmemr rmscstmefck ka smr mx-trkìbks bma suman. Ak fnanrkfcöe emhrk prmbnlcek

Ons K. Wëzumz FFnnrbcekbnr

Fnlmrfcka _nek VurF`mltmf V.K.M.

VMHÿE FKTMFN MA ZMK BM VCMLJZK BMA RZCHN MV KTZNxCLK-BKLMERM =44.444 @KV, BM AKV F]KAMV B]ZKERM AK ÿARCLK _K-GZK VM @K MxTNZRKBN FKVC ;.444.444 BM RNEMAKBKV, RKLJCãEVM MVRCLK q]M KE]KALMERM RMEMLNV ]EK TãZBCBK BMA :4%BM AK TZNB]FFCE K FNEVMF]MEFCK BM AKV MEGMZLMBKBMV

q]M KRKFKE KA RZCHN ME V]V BCGMZMERMV MVRKBCNV.





me tnbns ans tmocbns ktkfkbns y metrm ma prclmr ysmhuebn eubn ak fnanrkfcöe emhrk ms jrcaaketm. Akprcefcpka lmbcbk bm fnetrna bma lka bma pcm ms ak

rntkfcöe bm fuatcvns fne mspmfcms bm cevcmren ensusfmptcjam fnln kvmek, fkenak, ekjn gnrrkomrn,vcfck, mtf.

Tubrcfcöe fnlÿe bm aks rkìfms (Jcpnakrcs

snrniceckek y Guskrcul hrklcemkrul). Jcpnak-rcs snrniceckek ms ma prcefcpka `nehn ksnfckbn kmstk megmrlmbkb. Jcpnakrcs snrniceckek

Aks smlcaaks cegmftkbks y ans fnecbcns me masuman sne aks prcefcpkams gumetms bm ceöfuan. Anssìetnlks lës fnluems fnescstme me bmfnanrk-fcöe bm tmocbns rkbcfuakrms, qum sm tnreke pkrbns

prcefcpkalmetm ma metrmeubn suj-fnrneka, mefnetrkstm fne ma lka bma pcm, qum fkusk pubrcfcöeemhrk bm aks rkìfms. Aks prcefcpkams lmbcbks bmfnetrna bm mstk megmrlmbkb ms ma trktklcmetn bmsmlcaaks fne guehcfcbks y ak rntkfcöe bm fuatcvns.

Ncbcn (Jaulmrck hrklcecs g. sp. Rrctcfc). Me ka-huens kûns ms ak prclmrk megmrlmbkb qum ktkfk

aks `noks bma trchn. Jaulmrck hrklcecs g. sp. RrctcfcMa `nehn ktkfk aks ërmks vmrbms, prmsmetëe-

bnsm mstrufturks vmhmtktcvks y rmprnbuftcvks bmfnanrkfcöe jakefk y bm kspmftn puavmruametn. Me

ktkqums smvmrns sm pumbm bkr ak lumrtm bm aks`noks oövmems.

Ma `nehn snjrmvcvm me paketks bm trchn vn-auetkrcks. Ans fnecbcns bma `nehn en rmqucmrmebm lnokbn gnackr pkrk hmrlcekr, ak tmlpmrkturkcbmka bm bmskrrnaan sm sctÿk metrm ;=-:: ¿F.

Aks prcefcpkams lmbcbks bm fnetrna sne akrmscstmefck hmeãtcfk, trktklcmetn bm smlcaaks ygnackr fne guehcfcbks.

Znyk bm ak @nok (Tuffceck rmfnebctk). Msfnescbmrkbk ak megmrlmbkb lës fnlÿe me matrchn. Ans bkûns bmpmebme bma mstkbcn bm bmsk-

rrnaan bm ak megmrlmbkb, bm ak susfmptcjcacbkb bmalktmrcka, bm ak vcruamefck bm ak rkzk scnaöhcfk y

bm aks fnebcfcnems kljcmetkams. Tuffceck rmföe-bctk

Ans sìetnlks sm lkecmstke me tnbns ans

örhkens vmrbms me gnrlk bm pmqumûks urãbckskrrmbnebmkbks bm fnanrkfcöe klkrcaan-kekrkeok-bk bcspumstks me ak gksm supmrcnr bm aks `noksbm prmgmrmefck. Me ma cetmrcnr bm aks pÿstuaks sneprnbufcbks aks mspnrks bmenlcekbks urmbnspn-rks.

Ma `nehn snjrmvcvm pkrksctkebn paketks bm

trchn vnauetkrcks. Tkrk ak cegmffcöe sm rmqucmrm bmtmlpmrkturks lmbcks bm ;7-;0 ¿F y 2 k 7 `nrksbm lnokbn gnackr fnetceun.

Aks prcefcpkams lmbcbks bm fnetrna sne ak rm-scstmefck hmeãtcfk y ak puavmrczkfcöe fne guehcfc-bks me ak pkrtm kãrmk.

Znyk bm ak @nok (Tuffceck rmfnebctk). Ms fnescbmrkbk ak megmrlmbkb lës fnlÿe me ma trchn.

Jaulmrckhrklcecs g.sp. Rrctcfc

Jcpnakrcssnrniceckek

Tuffceckrmfnebctk




Lkef`k Klkrcaak (Brmf`samrk trctcfc-rmpme-

tcs). Ak lkef`k klkrcaak ms ak lkef`k gnackr lësgrmfumetm me trchn jkon lnenfuatcvn me scmljrkbcrmftk. Brmf`samrk trctcfc-rmpmetcs

Ans sìetnlks sm prmsmetke fnln pmqumûkslkef`ks fanrötcfks me aks `noks, aks fukams smmxpkebme me gnrlk bm amscnems maìptcfks, fcrfue-

bkbks pnr ue `kan klkrcaan fne ak rmhcöe fmetrkaemfrnskbk bm fnanr pkrbn.

Ma ̀ nehn snjrmvcvm me smlcaaks y rmstns fuatu-rkams. Ak tmlpmrkturk öptclk pkrk ma bmskrrnaanbm ak megmrlmbkb vk bm ;0 k :0 ¿F rmqucrcmebnpkrk ak cegmffcöe trmcetk `nrks bm lnokbn. Akslmbcbks bm fnetrna rmfnlmebkbks sne? trktk-lcmetn bm smlcaaks fne guehcfcbks, rntkfcöe bmfuatcvns, maclcekfcöe bm paketks vnauetkrcks y pua-vmrczkfcöe bm ans örhkens kãrmns.

Hcjmrmak (Hcjjmrmaak zmkm). Ms uek megmr-

lmbkb bm cegmffcöe nrka fkrkftmrczkbk pnr suprmsmefck mspnrëbcfk, scmebn lës grmfumetm mekqumaaks rmhcnems bnebm nfurrme pmrcnbns prn-anehkbns bm aauvcks (mefclk bm 20 `nrks) y tml-pmrkturks lmbcks supmrcnrms k :4 ¿F bmspuãsbma cecfcn bm ak nrkfcöe. Hcjjmrmaak zmkm

Ans sìetnlks sm fkrkftmrczke pnr ak cegmffcöebm mspchucaaks, qum fne ak mvnaufcöe bm ak fnan-eczkfcöe bma `nehn sm prmsmetke bmspchlmetk-bks bm fnanrkfcöe jakequmfcek. Ans hrkens sm

Brmf`samrktrctcfc-rmpmetcs pumbme bmsmevnavmr prmsmetkebn ue kspmftn

krruhkbn bm fnanrkfcöe rnskbk pnr fkusk bm akprmsmefck bma lcfmacn bma `nehn. Aks lmbcbksbm fnetrna bma `nehn sne? fuatcvkrms tnamrketms,msfkaneklcmetn me ak scmljrk y puavmrczkfcöekãrmk snjrm aks mspchks me ak mtkpk bm nrkfcöe.

Tyrcfuakrck (Lkhekpnrt`m hrcsmk). Ms uekmegmrlmbkb fuyns prcefcpkams sìetnlks sm mvc-bmefcke me aks mspchks qum sm tnreke jakefksprcefcpkalmetm me ak lctkb supmrcnr. Vnjrm markqucs sm njsmrvk uek fnanrkfcöe jakefk me mapuetn bm pmemtrkfcöe. Lkhekpnrt`m hrcsmk

Aks gumetms bm ceöfuan lës clpnrtketms sneans `nspmbmrns smfuebkrcns y ans rmstns bm fuatc-vns bm paketks fuatcvkbks susfmptcjams. Ma `nehntkljcãe pumbm snjrmvcvcr me smlcaaks cegmftkbks.Ak pyrcfuakrck ms uek megmrlmbkb bm bcgìfca fne-trna scmebn uek mstrktmhck luy clpnrtketm, mvctkraks scmljrks me pmrcnbns bnebm ak nrkfcöe vkyk

k fncefcbcr fne ãpnfks bm katks tmlpmrkturks yaauvcks. Ntrk `mrrklcmetk clpnrtketm tkljcãermprmsmetk ma usn bm fuatcvkrms tnamrketms, smlc-aaks skekbks y trktkbks fne guehcfcbks, ksì fnlntkljcãe ak puavmrczkfcöe fne guehcfcbks ka cecfcnbm ak mspchkzne y aumhn me ak nrkfcöe.

Hcjjmrmaak zmkm

Lkhekpnrt`mhrcsmk

LKEMON CERMHZKBN BM MEGMZLMBKBMV (LCM)Ma njomtcvn bma lkemon cetmhrkbn bm megmrlm-

bkbms ms lketmemr ak megmrlmbkb bmjkon bma

ecvma bm bkûn mfneölcfn y lceclczkr ans mgmftns.Ma lkemon cetmhrkbn sm guebklmetk me 6 ks-

pmftns qum bmjme fnlpamlmetkrsm n lkemokrsmme gnrlk fneouetk pkrk kafkezkr ma lëxcln jm-emfcn me ak prntmffcöe bm fuatcvns grmetm k fkbk

uek bm aks megmrlmbkbms.Ma lkemon cetmhrkbn bm aks megmrlmbkbms

tcmem fnln moms prcefcpkams pkrk ma fnetrna bmbm aks megmrlmbkbms? ak rmscstmefck hmeãtcfk9 mafnetrna fuaturka y ma fnetrna quìlcfn.





Ak hmeãtcfk ms uen bm ans lãtnbns lës mgmf-tcvns bm fnetrna pkrk pktöhmens jcntröfns fnln

ak rnyk bm ak `nok (Tuffceck trctcfcek) y rnyk bmatkaan (Tuffceck hrklcecs trctcfc) y ma nìbcn (Jaulmrckhrklcecs, sce. Mrcscp`m hrklcecs trctfc), pmrn ak-lmetkjamlmetm, kÿe ksì, ma fnetrna en ms mstkjamme ma tcmlpn, bkbn qum ak kpkrcfcöe bm ue eumvnjcntcpn prnbufm ue qucmjrm bm ak rmscstmefck yvkrcmbkbms ketmrcnrlmetm rmscstmetms sm vumavmesusfmptcjams.

Tkrk lkef`ks gnackrms prnbufcbks pnr Brm-

f`samrk trctcfc rmpmetcs y lkef`k lkrröe (@ma-lcet`nspnrcul sktcvul), pktöhmens emfrntrö-fns (tcmeme fnln sustrktn ans rkstrnons bma trchn),en sm fumetk fne ue ecvma kbmfukbn bm rmscstme-fck hmeãtcfk.

Tkrk megmrlmbkbms bm ak mspchk, fnln gusk-rcnscs y pcrcfuakrck n jruznem, en mxcstm rmscstmefck,cefausn k ecvma luebcka y ak bcspnecjcacbkb bm vkrcm-bkbms ms bm lnbmrkbk k katk susfmptcjcacbkb. Memstm fksn, sm bmjm rmfurrcr ka fnetrna quìlcfn.

MA LMONZ KACKBN MV AK ZMVCVRMEFCK HMEÃRCFKAn prclmrn qum tmemlns qum skjmr fukebn

bmfcbclns fuatcvkr, ms ma fnlpnrtklcmetn skectk-rcn bm ak vkrcmbkb y su rmscstmefck hmeãtcfk, pnran qum mstn fnestctuym ak prclmrk npfcöe, ak lësmfneölcfk y mfkz pkrk ma fnetrna bm megmrlm-bkbms.

Fukebn sm smamffcnek uek vkrcmbkb, enrlka-lmetm sm tcmem me fumetk ma pntmefcka bm rme-bclcmetn. Mstn bmjm fnlpamlmetkrsm fne uekkbmfukbk mvkaukfcöe bm ak rmscstmefck hmeãtcfk

bm ak vkrcmbkb k aks megmrlmbkbms.

FNERZNA F]AR]ZKAMstm tcpn bm fnetrna tcmem ak vmetkok bm smr ka-

tklmetm mfcmetm, fnlpktcjam fne ans scstmlks

bm prnbuffcöe, ms bm jkon fnstn y pnfn fnetk-lceketm.

Ma scstmlk bm akjrkezks y rntkfcnems sne bnskspmftns bm lkemon bma fuatcvn qum mstëe mstrm-f`klmetm rmakfcnekbns ka lkemon bm megmrlm-

An prclmrn qum tmemlns qum skjmr fukebn bmfcbclns fuatcvkr, ms ma fnlpnrtklcmetn skectkrcn bmak vkrcmbkb y su rmscstmefck hmeãtcfk.




bkbms, janqumkebn ma fcfan bm vcbk bm ans pktö-hmens. Mstns lkemons sne luy clpnrtketms mema fksn bm lkef`ks gnackrms y bm aks pubrcfcnems.

Ma fnetrna bm trchns hukf`ns, fnln ksclcslnbm lkamzks hrklìemks, `nspmbmrks bm pktöhm-ens bm trchn tkljcãe bmjm gnrlkr pkrtm bm ak rn-tkfcöe. Tkrk ma fksn bm ak pcrcfuakrck, aks gmf`ks

bm scmljrk bmjme kbmfukrsm k ak rmfnlmebk-fcöe nfcka bma FZCK smhÿe aks bcgmrmetms rmhcn-ems. Aks scmljrks tmlprkeks (prclmrk qucefmekbm kjrca) tcmeme lkynr pnscjcacbkb bm ktkqum, scsm prnbufme fnebcfcnems bm katk tmlpmrkturk yùlmbkb me ma lms bm ouecn, fncefcbmetm fne mavmrkecaan bm Vke Ouke, fukebn ma trchn mstkrìk mepamek nrkfcöe.

FNERZNA []ÌLCFN FNLN TKZRM BMA FNERZNACERMHZKBN

Ans guehcfcbks bmjme smr kpacfkbns me malnlmetn npnrtuen, an fuka tcmem rmakfcöe fne ma

mstkbn gmenaöhcfn bma fuatcvn. Me msm smetcbn, msclpnrtketm lnectnrmkr smlkekalmetm ma fuatcvnbmsbm ak mtkpk bm lkfnaaklcmetn. Tkrk mvkaukraks `noks, sm bmjm njsmrvkr ak smvmrcbkb bma prn-jamlk, ms bmfcr, ak prnpnrfcöe bm ërmk gnackr kgmf-tkbk pnr lkef`ks tìpcfks bm lkef`k klkrcaak nfujcmrtks pnr pÿstuaks bm ak rnyk, pkrk an fuka smbmjme tmemr me fumetk snaklmetm aks `noks bms-pamhkbks y en mvkaukr aks `noks smfks.

Ak sulk bma tntka bm `noks megmrlks bcvcbcbnpnr ma tntka bm `noks mvkaukbks bmlnstrkrë ak sm-vmrcbkb bma prnjamlk. Enrlkalmetm, fukebn sm

mefumetrk uek smvmrcbkb bm = k 8 % tketn pkrklkef`ks gnackrms n rnyk, sm suhcmrm rmkaczkr akprntmffcöe quìlcfk.

Lmbcr ak cefcbmefck n eÿlmrn bm paketks me-gmrlks ms ntrk katmrektcvk pkrk bmfcbcr ma usnbma fnetrna quìlcfn, kbmlës ms ue lãtnbn qumrmsuatk lës fölnbn pkrk ma prnbuftnr n khmetmbm kscstmefck tãfecfk. Fne ue 24 % bm cefcbmefckbm paketks, sm bmjm cecfckr ma fnetrna quìlcfn, ce-

bmpmebcmetm bma mstkbn bm bmskrrnaan bma fuatcvn.

LNLMERN BM KTKZCFCÖE BM MEGMZLMBKBMVMe eumstrks fnebcfcnems, ak lkynrìk bm aks

megmrlmbkbms kpkrmfme me ma mstkbn bm ‑mlju-f`klcmetn“ k nrkfcöe. K pkrtcr bm msns mstkbns

gmenaöhcfns, y sc aks fnebcfcnems sne gkvnrkjams,

ak megmrlmbkb sm cefrmlmetk rëpcbklmetm.Fukebn ak `nok jkebmrk mstã tntkalmetm

bmspamhkbk, y sc sm njsmrvke sìetnlks me aks`noks celmbcktklmetm cegmrcnrms sm rmfnlcmebkkpacfkr ans guehcfcbks. Fukebn sm rmkacfm ma trktk-lcmetn, ak `nok jkebmrk bmjm mstkr skek.

Tkrk ak guskrcnscs, sm rmfnlcmebk ak prntmf-fcöe quìlcfk k pkrtcr bm ak mspchkzöe9 sm bmjmetmemr me fumetk aks fnebcfcnems faclëtcfks gkvn-rkjams pkrk ma bmskrrnaan. Ak cegmffcöe sm prnbu-fm jëscfklmetm k trkvãs bm aks ketmrks bmsbmcecfcns bm nrkfcöe `kstk aks prclmrks mtkpks bm

gnrlkfcöe bm hrken fne fnebcfcnems bm ùlm-

bkb katk (04 %).Me mstks fnebcfcnems, ma lmonr lnlmetn bm

kpacfkfcöe ms pamek nrkfcöe (ketmrks gumrk bm

aks mspchks). Ak kpacfkfcöe ms emtklmetm prm-vmetcvk. ]ek vmz njsmrvkbns ans sìetnlks, en smbmjm kpacfkr.

Tkrk rmkaczkr ue jume fnetrna quìlcfn, ancbmka smrìk rmkaczkr ue lnectnrmn pmrlkemetm bmaks pkrfmaks, pkrk bmtmftkr prmlkturklmetm akkpkrcfcöe bm aks megmrlmbkbms, y pnbmr mgmftukrak kpacfkfcöe bma guehcfcbk me tcmlpn y gnrlk.

Ans guehcfcbks lës utcaczkbns sne aks lmz-

faks metrm uek mstrnjcaurceks (kznxcstrnjce) lësue guehcfcbk bma hrupn bm ans trckznams fnln ãa(fcprnfnekznam, tmjufnekznam) y tkljcãe ma fkr-jmebkzce. Ans lmonrms rmsuatkbns sm `ke njtm-ecbns ka lmzfakr uen bm mstns guehcfcbks fnejcnmstcluaketms (Mfngmrt) qum gnrlke qumaktnsy pnr mebm lmonrk ak ksclcakfcöe y ma trkespnrtmbma guehcfcbk, pkrk aamhkr k tnbks aks pkrtms kã-rmks bm aks paketks trktkbks.





;.6.:. G]EFCNEKLCMERN BM FK-EKA BM TKEKLË

Bmsbm ak Jk`ìk bm Aclöe,me ma Ktaëetcfn, `kstk aamhkr kHktÿe, ak kefùrk prnlmbcnbma Fkeka ms bm ;=: lmtrns pnr;: bm prnguebcbkb. Me Hktÿe,ak smffcöe qum fnrrm k ecvma bmalkr, tmrlcek me ue trkln bmpkrms bm msfumaks.

]e menrlm bcqum `k scbncetmrpumstn me ma Wkaam bma Zìn

F`khrms, bm ue mspmsnr fne-scbmrkjam, fkpkz bm rmscstcr akgumrzk bm ak fnrrcmetm bma rìn mesus frmfcbks. Ma fkubka bm mstmrìn bcn nrchme ka Akhn Hktÿe.

Ma Fkeka schum su fnrsn pnrma Wkaam bma F`khrms, bmsbm Hk-tÿe `kstk Hkljnk, bnebm fn-lcmezk ma fnrtm prnguebn me akFnrbcaamrk? ma gklnsn Fnrtm bm

Fuamjrk, aaklkbn k`nrk Fnrtmbm Hkcaakrb y qum sm mxtcmebm`kstk aks Msfausks bm TmbrnLchuma.

Me Tmbrn Lchuma bmsfcmebmpnr uek msfumak `kstk ma akhnbm Lcrknrms bma akbn bma Tk-fìfn, kprnxclkbklmetm uens

:4 lmtrns, k fkusk bm ak vkrck-fcöe bm aks lkrmks.

Aks msfausks sne uek hrkeenrck kakrhkbk y bcvcbcbk me

bns smffcnems pnr hrkebmsfnlpumstks, aks fukams smkjrme y sm fcmrrke kutnlëtcfk-lmetm. Mstks smffcnems mstëekfnebcfcnekbks bm pnbmrnsksjnljks, qum tcmeme ak guefcöebm aamekr aks msfausks. Ma khukmetrk pnr ans akbns y pnr ma gne-bn. Ka metrkr ma jkrfn ka Fkekay kfmrfkrsm k kahueks bm aks

msfausks, ueks lëquceks pn-tmetìsclks bmenlcekbks luaksmaãftrcfks, rmlnafke fne susfkjams bm kfmrn aks eumvks,fuyks lëquceks `ke scbn pk-rkbks.

Ka metrkr k aks msfausks,sm fcmrrke aks fnlpumrtks9 smkjrme aks vëavuaks `kstk qumma khuk aamhum ka ecvma bmsmkbny pksk aumhn, k ak smhuebk y kak tmrfmrk, schucmebn ma lcsln

prnfmbclcmetn.Fne ma e bm fnesmrvkr khuk

pkrk ma Akhn Hktÿe, burketm akmstkfcöe smfk, sm fnestruyö akZmprmsk Lkbbme, qum rmfcjm makhuk bma Zìn F`khrms;6,;=).

;.6.6. Kblcecstrkfcöe bmaFkeka bm Tkeklë

Bm kfumrbn k ans Rrktk-

RMZFMZK TKZRM - BCVRZCJ]FCÖE S FKZKFRMZÌVRCFK

G]MERM ┊ Rmscs bnftnrka bma Trng. Ceh. Khr. Br. Imetkrn Rnlctk.? ]ecvmrscbkb Ekfcneka bm Tcakr (Trnhrklk bm Cevmstchkfcöe y Mtmescöe]ecvmrsctkrck, y Gkfuatkb bm Fcmefcks Khrnpmfukrcks y Bmskrrnaan Zurka) y Wnauetkrcn Vmecnr bm OCFK (Khmefck bm Fnnpmrkfcöe

Cetmrekfcneka bma Okpöe). M-lkca? tnlcime64D`ntlkca.fnl

Gntn :-;-:. Msfausk bm Lcrknrms

me ma Fkeka bm Tkeklë, :448




bns Rnrrcons-Fkrtmr, ak ketchukFnlpkûìk bma Fkeka gum kjnac-bk y me su rmmlpakzn sm frmöak Fnlcscöe bma Fkeka. MstkFnlcscöe kblcecstrk ma guefcn-eklcmetn bma Fkeka y en pnbrënfupkrsm bm ecehuek kftcvcbkb

fnlmrfcka, hujmreklmetka nbm smrvcfcn pÿjacfn. Tkeklëpkrtcfcpk me mstk Fnlcscöe fnefuktrn fcubkbkens pkeklmûnsme ak Ouetk Bcrmftcvk. ]e pkek-lmûn ms ma Vuj-kblcecstrkbnr`kstk ma kûn ;303 y bmsbm;334 ue pkeklmûn smrë ma kb-lcecstrkbnr `kstk ma kûn :444,fukebn Tkeklë sm `krë fkrhntntkalmetm bma Fkeka;6, ;=).

Aks Gntns :-;-; y :-;-:lumstrke msfausks bm Hktÿe yLcrknrms me ma Fkeka bm Tkek-lë, rmspmftcvklmetm.

:. TZCEFCTKAMV RCTNV BM FACLK SBM WMHMRKFCÖE

Ans prclmrns me njsmrvkrfkljcns me ma faclk gumrne ansketchuns hrcmhns. Entkrne ak bc-gmrmefck metrm ma faclk bm Hrk-fck, bm tmlpmrkturk sukvm, y aks

tcmrrks bm Enrtm bm Ëgrcfk, su-

lklmetm fkacmetms pkrk maans,bëebnam ma enljrm bm törrcbnka faclk bm mstks tcmrrks y bmtmlpakbn ka faclk qum pnsmìkHrkfck. Vurhcö ksì ak prclmrk bc-vcscöe bm ans faclks me? tmlpak-bns, tnrrcbns n fkacmetms y grìns.

Ak fakscfkfcöe lës lnbmr-

Gntn :-;-;.Msfausk bm Hktÿe

me ma Fkeka bm

Tkeklë, :443.





ek y kfmptkbk bm faclks ms akfakscfkfcöe bm I÷ppme, qucme

snstcmem qum ans faclks sm bcvc-bme me fcefn hrupns guebklme-tkams (Ak Gchurk :-:-;);6).k. Faclks Rrnpcfkamsj. Faclks Vmfns

f. Faclks Rmlpakbns Lkrìtclnsb. Faclks Rmlpakbns Fnetcemetkamsm. Faclks Grìns bm Katurk

:.;. RCTNV BM FACLK BM TKEKLË Mstk fakscfkfcöe bm I÷p-

pme ak kpacfö ma Br. Ëehma Zujcnk aks rmhcnems faclëtcfks bmTkeklë. Trclmrn, fakscfö ans

faclks bm aks Rcmrrks Jkoks yaumhn, ans faclks bm aks RcmrrksKatks;6).

Me aks Rcmrrks Jkoks mefnetrk-

lns trms tcpns faclëtcfks qum sne?

:.;.;. MA FACLK RZNTCFKA L]S@ßLMBN

Aaumvm tnbn ma kûn y ma fk-anr ms sngnfketm. Ms prnpcn bmaks smavks n jnsqums trnpcfkams?fnln Tnrtnjman, aks tcmrrks jkoksbm Jnfks bma Rnrn y uek pmqumûkërmk pröxclk k Fnanljck.

:.;.:. MA FACLK RZNTCFKA @ßLMBN

Mstm faclk prmsmetk uekmstkfcöe smfk fne aauvcks su-fcmetm pkrk lketmemr aks sma-vks y jnsqums trnpcfkams. Mstmms ma faclk lës mxtmebcbn me maCstln. An mefnetrklns me F`c-rcquì, Ans Vketns, Wmrkhuks, Bk-rcãe, me ak Wmrtcmetm bma Ktaëetc-fn y me ak Fumefk bma Jkyken.

:.;.6. MA FACLK RZNTCFKA BM VKJKEKVVm bcstcehum pnr ue pmrìn-

bn bm smquìk luy lkrfkbn.

Me Tkeklë, mefnetrklns mstmtcpn bm faclk bm skjkeks me akpkrtm nffcbmetka bm F`crcquì, akstcmrrks jkoks bm Wmrkhuks, @m-rrmrk, Ans Vketns, Fnfaã, pkrtmbm Tkeklë y sur bm Ërmk bmaFkeka. Rnbks mstks rmhcnems bmfaclk ërcbn sm mefumetrke me akWmrtcmetm bm Tkfìfn.

ME AKV RCMZZKV KARKV VM BCVRCE-H]ME BNV RCTNV BM FACLK?

:.;.2. MA FACLK RMLTAKBN L]S@ßLMBN BM KAR]ZK

Aaumvm tnbn ma kûn. Ma lmslës grìn tcmem tmlpmrkturk

prnlmbcn lmenrm bm ;0 ¿F. Vmfkrkftmrczk pnr pnsmmr jnsqumsy lnetkûks, en tke vkrckbksfnln aks qum mefnetrklns meaks smavks trnpcfkams.

:.;.=. MA FACLK RMLTAKBN @ßLM-BN BM KAR]ZK

Vm bcstcehum pnr ak mxcstme-fck bm uek mstkfcöe smfk luylkrfkbk y bmebk, qum pum-bm kafkezkr `kstk ans fuktrnslmsms. Vm bk mstm faclk me aks

lnetkûks pkeklmûks bm ak Wmr-tcmetm bma Tkfìfn, bnebm aaumvm

lmens. Ak tmlpmrkturk lmbcklmesuka me bm ;0 ¿F k ans ::´F, smhÿe ak katctub bma auhkr.

:.:. ZMHCNEMV BM WMHMRKFCÖE SV]V FKZKFRMZÌVRCFKV

Ak vmhmtkfcöe qum mxcstmme ma pkìs ms luy `mtmrnhãemk,fnescstm me uek hrke vkrcmbkbbm ërjnams, krjustns, paketks

kprnpckbks pkrk pkstns y pake-tks trmpkbnrks (qum vcvme snjrmans ërjnams).

Ma faclk y ak vmhmtkfcöe snebns mamlmetns qum hukrbke ìe-tclk rmakfcöe. Ms pnr mstn, pnran qum pnbmlns ksmvmrkr, qumbm kfumrbn fnln me ma faclk,ksì me ak vmhmtkfcöe. Mstks rm-hcnems bm vmhmtkfcöe sne aksschucmetms;6)?

:.:.;. ZMHCÖE BM AKV VMAWKV

Me maak en sm lkrfk ak ms-tkfcöe smfk? aaumvm tnbn ma kûn.Trmbnlcek ak smavk trnpcfka fnehrkebms ërjnams meakzkbns fnejmoufns. Me aks fnstks mxcstmelkehakrms y fnfkams. Nfupk akvmrtcmetm bma Fkrcjm, aks fume-fks bm ans rìns F`khrms, Jkyk-en, Fùfuekqum y ak pkrtm nmstmbm ak Tmeìesuak bm Aks Tkalks

y bm Kzumrn. Mstk ms uek rmhcöelkaskjk y pnfn pnjakbk.

:.:.:. ZMHCÖE BM AKV VKJKEKVAk mefnetrklns me aks Rcm-

rrks Jkoks bma Vur. Ms ak lëspnjakbk pnrqum ms grmsfk,

skek, smfk y pnfn kffcbmetkbk.Me maak, ak mstkfcöe smfk ms luylkrfkbk. Tnsmm ans schucmetmstcpns bm vmhmtkfcöe? skjkeks,qum sne hrkebms mxtmescnemsbm `cmrjks9 pkrqum trnpcfka,qum ms uek lmzfak bm jnsqumsy bm skjkeks9 lktnrrkams trnpc-fkams y jnsqums hkamrìk, k nrc-aaks bm ans rìns.

:.:.6. ZMHCÖE BM LNERKÛKVNfupk aks Rcmrrks bma mstm y

nmstm bma Cstln. Ak tmlpmrkturkme cegmrcnr k ;0 ́ F y supmrcnr k ans;= ́ F. Vne rmhcnems pnfn ̀ kjctk-bks, bmjcbn k ak gkatk bm vìks bmfnluecfkfcöe. Vus pnjakbnrmssne cebcns me su lkynrìk. Ma fua-tcvn bma fkgã, pkpks, amhuljrms,ekrkeok, nrms, mts. @k ktrkìbn

pnjakbnrms bm ntrks rmhcnems.

6. FNEFMTRN KHZNTMF]KZCN BMTKEKLË

6.;. MA CERMZCNZ BMA TKÌVVu prcefcpka gumetm bm nfu-

pkfcöe ms ak khrcfuaturk, fneuek cebustrck cefcpcmetm y uekftcvn fnlmrfcn.

Ak khrcfuaturk, ma fnlmrfcny ak cebustrck `ke scbn fnesc-bmrkbks scmlprm fnln pcakrmsbm ak mfnenlìk bm ue pkìs. Maprnfmsn bm bmskrrnaan mfneölc-fn sm cecfck fne ak mxpkescöe bmak prnbuffcöe khrìfnak, qum sm

fnlpamlmetk fne ma fnlmrfcnekfcneka m cetmrekfcneka bm ms-tns prnbuftns qum scrvme fnlnlktmrck prclmrk me ma bmskrrn-aan cebustrcka.

Mstn ens bmlumstrk fne fak-rcbkb qum ak cebustrckaczkfcöetcmem su nrchme y su guebklme-tn me ak prnbuffcöe khrìfnak.

Bm kaaì ma clpnrtketm pkpma




qum bmsmepmûke aks bcgmrmetmscestctufcnems u nrhkecslns bmaMstkbn, jkon fuyk rmspneskjc-acbkb rmfkm ma bmskrrnaan bm akprnbuffcöe khrìfnak;6,;2).

6.:. KHZCF]AR]ZK

6.:.;. FKZKFRMZÌVRCFKV BM KHZC-F]AR]ZK TKEKLMÛK

Ak khrcfuaturk fnestctuym ak

lës clpnrtketm bm aks kftcvcbk-bms ̀ ulkeks y nfupk k lës bmak lctkb bm ak pnjakfcöe trkjk-

okbnrk bma luebn.Me eumstrn pkìs, ak lkynr

pkrtm bm aks tcmrrks mstëe trk-jkokbnrks pnr usugruftukrcns, nsmk, pnr fklpmscens qum fuatc-vke tcmrrks komeks, bm ak Ekfcöen bm pkrtcfuakrms. Fukebn akstcmrrks sne krrmebkbks, ma fkl-pmscen pkhk ma usn bm aks tcmrrksme bcemrn, fne pkrtm bm ak fnsm-

f`k n fne kahÿe ntrn smrvcfcn.Tnbmlns bcstcehucr me Tk-

eklë bns tcpns bm khrcfuaturk?ak bm lkeutmefcöe n bm sujscs-tmefck, y ak fnlmrfcka.

Ak bm lkeutmefcöe mstëbmstcekbk k sktcsgkfmr aks em-fmscbkbms lës mamlmetkamsbma khrcfuatnr, qum scmljrk mesus pmqumûks mxpantkfcnems

uek vkrcmbkb bm prnbuftns, bmans qum tcmem pnfn rmebclcmetn.

Khrcfuaturk pkeklmûk msuek khrcfuaturk trnpcfka eölk-bk jkskbk me ma scstmlk bmbmslnetm bm ak rnzk k ak ùmr-tk, me bnebm scmljrke paketkskeukams, qumlke ak vmhmtkfcöefnrtkbk burketm ak mstkfcöesmfk, sm `kfm ak fmrfk, sm bms-truym ak lkamzk, sm scmljrk y sm

mspmrk ak fnsmf`k. Mstm lãtn-bn khntk prnetn ans sumans;6).

6.:.:. TZNJAMLKV []M FNE-GZNERK MA KHZCF]ARNZ

Aks `mrrklcmetks qum usksne luy mamlmetkams? ma lk-f`mtm, ma ̀ kf`k, ak fnk, y ma fù-zn pkrk smljrkr y ans lntmtmsy fkekstks pkrk ma trkespnrtm.

Fnln fnefauscöe, pnbmlnsmstkjamfmr qum ak prnbuffcöekhrìfnak me Tkeklë ms luy

jkok pnr aks schucmetms rkznems?k) Ak msfksmz bm tcmrrks9j) Ak gkatk bm prmpkrkfcöe y

nrcmetkfcöe khrìfnak9f) Ak gkatk bm fkpctka9b) Ak krcbmz, pnjrmzk n bmlksck-

bk ùlmbkb bm ans sumans9m) Ans vcmetns y aks ceubkfcn-

ems9g) Aks pakhks y megmrlmbkbms

qum ktkfke k aks paketks ykeclkams9

h) Ak fkrmefck bm vìks y lmbcnsbm trkespnrtm9

`) Ak lkak kaclmetkfcöe y aksmegmrlmbkbms bma fklpmscen9

c) Ak gkatk bm jrkzns9 o) Ak fkrmefck bm `mrrklcmetks

y mqucpn khrìfnak.Mstks fnebcfcnems bm rãhclme

khrkrcn, bm lãtnbns bm fuatcvn y

bm msfksn rmebclcmetn mxpacfkeak rkzöe pnr ak fuka ak khrcfuatnrkpkeklmûk en sktcsgkfm scqucmrkaks emfmscbkbms y bmlkebks bmafnesuln ekfcneka;6).

6.:.6. ANV KVMERKLCMERNV FKL-TMVCENV

Ma prclmr Ksmetklcmetn smguebö ma ;2 bm lkrzn bm ;373me ma Bcstrctn bm Lnetcon, prn-vcefck bm vmrkhuks. ]e ksme-tklcmetn ms uek nrhkeczkfcöe

qum cefnrpnrk k ue eÿlmrn pau-rka bm gklcacks fklpmscens k akkftcvcbkb prnbuftcvk, fne lcrksk rmsnavmr su prnjamlk mfneö-lcfn, snfcka, fuaturka y pnaìtcfn.

Ak prnvcefck qum tcmem lk-ynr eÿlmrn bm ksmetklcmetnsms ak prnvcefck bm Wmrkhuks.Vu prnbuffcöe ms guebklmetka-lmetm khrìfnak y hkekbmrk;6).

Gchurk :-:-;.Fakscgfkfcöe bm

faclks bm I÷ppmeme Tkeklë(Gumetm? Vkeour,;336)





ZMV]ARKBNV S BCVF]VCNE

;. TZMFCTCRKFCÖEAk prmfcpctkfcöe lmesuka bm ans fuktrn kûns

bma mxpmrclmetn lumstrk qum ma fuatcvn bm vcheken mstuvn kgmftkbn pnr ak gkatk bm ùlmbkb means lmsms bm smptcmljrm, nftujrm y envcmljrm,pmrìnbn bnebm sm rmqumrìk lkynr fketcbkb bmùlmbkb pkrk su bmskrrnaan (Gchurk. ;). Vnan bu-

rketm ma prclmr kûn ùjn mxfmsn bm ùlmbkb mekahuens sctcns bma tmrrmen y pnr gkatk bm ue jumebrmekom me ma tmrrmen, sm mefnetrö ue mgmftn mema klkrcaaklcmetn y rmbufcbn frmfclcmetn bm akspaketks bm kahuens trktklcmetns.

:. BCEËLCFK BM AKV FKZKFRMZÌVRCFKV []ÌLCFKVBMA V]MAN

:-;. FKZKFRMZÌVRCFKV []ÌLCFKV BMA V]MAN KERMVBM AK VCMLJZK

V]MAN ]ARCVNAMV

G]MERM ┊ Trng. Br. Imetkrn Rnlctk Mspmfckacstk me Gmrtcacbkb bm Vuman, Cevmstchkbnr y Wnauetkrcn Vmecnr bm OCFK, ]ecvmrscbkbEkfcneka bm Tcakr me Tkrkhuky (Ketms? Wnauetkrcn onvme y smecnr bm OCFK, Cestctutn bm Cevmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck bm Tkeklë

(CBCKT)-Fmetrn Cevmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck Fmetrka (FCKF), Bcvcsk, Tkeklë.)Znakebn Vëef`mz Cehmecmrn Khröenln, Cevmstchkbnr. Cestctutn bm Cevmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck bm Tkeklë (CBCKT), FmetrnZmhcneka Khrnpmfukrcn Fmetrka me Bcvcsk, Tkeklë. Kpkrtkbn =0, Vketckhn, Wmrkhuks, Tkeklë.

(Vmhuebk Tkrtm)

Fukbrn :. Fkrkftmrìstcfks quìlcfks bma suman ketms bm ak scmljrk

Rcpn bm keëacscs Zmsuatkbns Fnlpkrktcvn

p@ =,; kfcbnT :.4 lh A-; jkon

I 4.43 lmq ;bA-; jkon

Fk ;.88 lmq ;bA-; jkon

Lh ;.== lmq ;bA-; lmbcn

Ka ;.04 lmq ;bA-; Katn

LN 6,8=% lmbcn




Ans keëacscs pkrk ak fkrkftmrczkfcöe quìlcfk bma suman ketms bmmstkjamfmr ma meskyn cebcfkrne qum ma p@ ms ëfcbn, ma fnetmecbn bmT, I, y Fk jkon, y Lh lmbcn, y ma lkhemscn lmbcn, lcmetrks qum Kakatn y LN lmbck (Fukbrn :).

:-:. BCEËLCFK BM FK MERZM ANV KÛNV ;334 S ;336Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk cebcfö qum ùjn uek bcgmrmefck sch-

ecfktcvk (T < 4.4;) metrm kûns y uek bcgmrmefck schecfktcvk (T< 4.4=) metrm ecvmams bm fka, fne ue fnmfcmetm bm vkrckfcöe bm

:4.:6% y ue Z: < 4.3=.

Fukbrn 6. Bcspnecjcacbkb bma Fk, vkrckfcöe fne ans kûns y ans ecvmams bm fka kpacfkbns

Kûns Mpnfk bm lumstrmn Fka

Trclmrn K.V.* ;,88 - ;.88 k

B.F.** ;,34 6,64 :.74 k

Vmhuebn B.F. ;,4= ;,0: ;.26 j

Rmrfmrn B.F. 4,80 ;,2= ;.;: j

Fukrtn B.F. 4,64 4,8= 4.=: j

Trnlmbcn ;.44 k ;.06 jLN 6,8=% lmbcn

K.V* < Ketms bm scmljrk

B.F** < Bmspuãs bm fnsmf`k

FW < :4.:6, Z: < 4.3=

Fukbrn 2.Wkrckfcöe bm ak fnefmetrkfcöe bm Ka cetmrfkljckjam fne ans kûns y fne ak fkakpacfkbk

4 t `k-; : t `k-; Trnlmbcn

Trclmrn K.V. ;,04 - ;.04 k

B.F. ;,04 ;,6 ;.26 kVmhuebn B.F. ;,3; 4,37 ;.=0 k

Rmrfmrn B.F. :,:8 4,06 ;.74 k

Fukrtn B.F. 6,=; ;,00 :.73 k

Trnlmbcn :,63 ;,:7

FW < ;8.0=, Z: < 4.06

Me ma prclmr kûn, fne aks kpacfkfcnems bm :t`k-; bm fka kulmetö schecfktcvklmetm ak bcspn-ecjcacbkb bma fkafcn. Aumhn ue kûn bmspuãs bmkpacfkbk ak fka (ma smhuebn kûn), ak bcspnecjcac-bkb bm fkafcn bcslceuyö y vnavcö k sctukrsm fneaks lcslks fnefmetrkfcnems qum sm rmhcstrkjkeme ans keëacscs bma prclmr kûn sce ak fka kbcfcneka.

Me ans tmrfmr y fukrtn kûns, ak bcspnecjcacbkbbma Fk fnetceuö bcslceuymebn, pmrbcmebnsm ksìma mgmftn rmscbuka y sctuëebnsm pnr bmjkon bm akfnefmetrkfcöe bm ans vkrcks bma prclmr kûn, sce akkbcfcneka fka. Ak bcspnecjcacbkb bma Fk scmlprmgum lkynr me tnbns ans kûns fne : t bm ak fka `k-;qum sce ak fka (Fukbrn 6).

:-6. BCEËLCFK BM KA CERMZFKLJCKJAM ME ANV F]K- RZN KÛNV BM MVR]BCN

Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk lnströ qum pkrk mafnetmecbn bm kfcbmz cetmrfkljckjam sm mefnetrk-rne bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks bm snaö 0 % metrm

ans kûns, lcmetrks qum metrm ans ecvmams bm fkagum bm ; %. Me ma prclmr kûn, fne ak kpacfkfcöebm : t `k-;bm fka, ma Ka cetmrfkljckjam bcslceu-yö fne rmspmftn k ans fnetmecbns rmhcstrkbns sceak kbcfcöe bm fka. Aumhn, me ma smhuebn y tmrfmrkûn ma Ka sm lketuvn schecfktcvklmetm sclcakr

k ak fnefmetrkfcöe mefnetrkbk me ma prclmr kûnbmspuãs bm kpacfkbk ak fka, lcmetrks qum me mafukrtn kûn ãstk kulmetö schecfktcvklmetm, an

qum cebcfk qum ma mgmftn rmscbuka bm ak fka sm pmr-bcö (Fukbrn 2).

:-2. MGMFRN BM AK FKA ME AK VKR]ZKFCÖE BM KA]-LCECN.Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk cebcfö qum pkrk ak

skturkfcöe bm kaulcecn ùjn uek bcgmrmefck sch-ecfktcvk (T 1 4.4;) metrm kûns y uek bcgmrmefck

schecfktcvk (T 1 4.44;) metrm ecvmams bm ak fka

(Fukbrn =).Fne ak kpacfkfcöe bm : t `k-; bm fka me ma prc-

lmr kûn, sm entö uek bcslceufcöe bm ak skturk-fcöe bm kaulcecn, ak qum bmspuãs bm msm kûn tme-bcö k kulmetkr, kafkezkebn me ma fukrtn kûn uecefrmlmetn schecfktcvn fne rmspmftn k ans kûns

ketmrcnrms, ans qum en bcrcmrne metrm sì. Mstm ku-

lmetn bm ak skturkfcöe bm kaulcecn bmspuãs bmatmrfmr kûn bm prnbuffcöe cebcfk ak pãrbcbk bmamgmftn rmscbuka bm ak fka, yk qum ma kaulcecn ku-lmetö, lcmetrks qum ma Fk bcslceuyö fnln jksmcetmrfkljckjam (Fukbrn =).

:-2. MGMFRN BM AK FKA ME AK VKR]ZKFCÖE BM KA]-LCECN.

Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk cebcfö qum pkrk ak sk-turkfcöe bm kaulcecn ùjn uek bcgmrmefck schec-

Fukbrn =. Bceëlcfk bm ak skturkfcöe bm Ka fne ans kûns metrm fne y sce ak fka kpacfkbk

4 t `k-; : t `k-; Trnlmbcn

Trclmrn K.V. 62 - 62.4 k

B.F. 28 :7 67.= k

Vmhuebn B.F. 74 6: 27.4 k

Rmrfmrn B.F. 84 66 =;.= k

Fukrtn B.F. 08 7= 87.4 j

Trnlmbcn :,63 ;,:7

FW < ;8.0=, Z: < 4.06





fktcvk (T 1 4.4;) metrm kûns y uek bcgmrmefck schecfktcvk (T 1

4.44;) metrm ecvmams bm ak fka (Fukbrn =).Fne ak kpacfkfcöe bm : t `k-; bm fka me ma prclmr kûn, sm entö

uek bcslceufcöe bm ak skturkfcöe bm kaulcecn, ak qum bmspuãs bmmsm kûn tmebcö k kulmetkr, kafkezkebn me ma fukrtn kûn ue ce-frmlmetn schecfktcvn fne rmspmftn k ans kûns ketmrcnrms, ans qum

en bcrcmrne metrm sì. Mstm kulmetn bm ak skturkfcöe bm kaulcecnbmspuãs bma tmrfmr kûn bm prnbuffcöe cebcfk ak pãrbcbk bma mgmftnrmscbuka bm ak fka, yk qum ma kaulcecn kulmetö, lcmetrks qum ma Fkbcslceuyö fnln jksm cetmrfkljckjam (Fukbrn =).

Fukbrn 7. Mgmftn bma T:N= rmscbuka snjrm ma prnlmbcn bm gösgnrn bcspnecjam (lh A -;)

TZ TB Buefke

ih ̀k-; lh A-;

0; :,87 k

=2 :,78 k

:8 :,04 k

4 :,:4 j

Entk ? Amtrks bcstcetk me ak lcslk fnaulek cebcfke bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks

(T 1 4.4=)

Ka mgmftukr T ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk bm ans fnetmecbns bm TBpnr mgmftn bma TZ pnr fkbk kûn, sm njtuvn an schucmetm? pkrk maprclmr kûn sm mefnetrö uek bcgmrmefck schecfktcvk (T 1 4.44;)

metrm fnetmecbns bm TB bmspuãs bm ak fnsmf`k (B.F.), lcmetrksqum ans fnetmecbns bm TB ketms bm scmljrk (K.V.) en lnstrkrne bc-gmrmefcks schecfktcvks. Ak prumjk bm rkehn lÿatcpam cebcfö qum ma

trktklcmetn bm 4 ih ̀ k-; bm T:N= bmspuãs bm ak fnsmf`k gum cegm-rcnr k ans trktklcmetns bm :8, =2 y 0; ih `k-; bm T:N= (Fukbrn 8).

Fukbrn 8. Mgmftn bma T:N= rmscbuka y bm lketmeclcmetn snjrm ma fnetmecbn bm T bcspnecjam me ma suman

Ecvmams bm

T:N=

Ecvmams bm T:N= Fnetmecbn bm T (uh la-;)

rmscbuka rmscbuka + T:N= bm Trclmrn Trclmrn Vmhuebn Rmrfmrn Fukrtn

lketmeclcmetn K.V.* B.F.** B.F. B.F. B.F.

ih ̀k-; ih ̀k-;

4 4 :,: :.;= k :.== k :.6= k :.4= k

:8 4 ;,3 6.7= j :.74 k :.74 k :.;: k

=2 4 ;,0 6.== j 6.;= k :.0= k :.4; k

0; 4 :,4 6.74 j 6.74 j :.3= k :.;6 k

4 74*** ;.34 k :.64 k :.66 k:8 74 :.7= j :.24 k :.:0 k

=2 74 :.== j :.3= j :.=0 k

0; 74 2.;= f :.7= k :.20 k

*Ketms bm scmljrk sce kpacfkr T:N=.**Bmspuãs bm fnsmf`k y T:N= kpacfkbn.***Bnscs bm lketmeclcmetn kpacfkbn me ma smhuebn kûn.

Entk ? Amtrks bcstcetk me ak lcslk fnaulek cebcfke bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks (T 1 4.4=)

Me ma prclmr kûn sm lnströ qum sm mefnetrk-rne bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks (T 1 4.44;) metrm

ans fnetmecbns bma TB pnr mgmftn bma TZ. Ak prum-jk bm rkehn lÿatcpam bm Buefke cebcfö qum anstrktklcmetns bm 4 y :8 ih `k-; bm TZ en bcrcm -rne metrm sì, scmebn bcgmrmetms k ans trktklcmetns

bm =2 y 0; ih `k-; bm TZ, aks qum gumrne supm-rcnrms (Fukbrn 8).

Me ma tmrfmr kûn, tkljcãe sm bmlnströ qumùjn bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks metrm ans fnetmec-bns bm TB pnr mgmftn bma TZ. Ak prumjk bm rkehnlÿatcpam bm Buefke smûkaö qum en ùjn bcgmrme-fcks metrm aks bnscs bm 4, :8 y =2 ih bm TZ `k-;, ans qum bcrcmrne bm ak bm 0; ih `k-; bm TZ

(Fukbrn 8).Tkrk ma fukrtn kûn sm bmlnströ qum en ùjn

bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks metrm ans fnetmecbns bm

TB pnr mgmftn bm aks bnscs bm TZ (Fukbrn 8).




:-7. FNERMECBN BM T BCVTNECJAM TNZ MGMFRN BMBNVCV BM T:N= BM LKERMECLCMERN

Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk bm ans fnetmecbns bmTB, pnr mgmftn bm aks bnscs bm TL utcaczkbns me mafneouetn bm ans kûns, lnströ qum en ùjn bcgm-rmefck metrm trktklcmetns (Fukbrn 8). Maan sm bm-

jcö k qum ans fnetmecbns bm TB, sce y fne TL kpac-fkbns me ma smhuebn kûn fne aks bcgmrmetms bnscsbm TZ utcaczkbn me ma prclmr kûn, fne y sce ak fka,sm lketuvcmrne fksc sclcakrms, yk qum k lmbcbkqum kvkezkrne ans kûns me kqumaans trktklcme-tns bnebm sm kpacfö ak fka, ma mgmftn rmscbuka bm akfka sm gum pmrbcmebn, nfkscnekebn qum hrke pkr-tm bma TL kpacfkbn keukalmetm sm okrë, ka chuka

qum ma TB bnebm en sm utcaczö TL (Fukbrn 8).Fne rmakfcöe ka keëacscs bm vkrckezk mgmftuk-

bn k ans fnetmecbns bm TB pnr mgmftn bm ans trk-tklcmetns bm TL pnr kûn, sm njtuvn an schucmetm?

Me ma smhuebn y tmrfmr kûn en ̀ ujn bcgmrmefckschecfktcvk metrm ans ecvmams bm 4 ih `k-; bm TL

y ans bm 74 ih `k-; bm TL, lcmetrks qum me mafukrtn kûn ùjn uek bcgmrmefck schecfktcvk (T 1

4.4=) metrm kljks bnscs. Maan sm bmjcö k qum mema smhuebn y tmrfmr kûn sm lketmeìk ue lkynrfnetmecbn bm TB pnr mgmftn bm ak fka, fne y sceTL, lcmetrks qum fukebn mstm mgmftn sm pmrbcöme ma fukrtn kûn ma T bcspnecjam tmebcö k okrsm

lës, an qum sm njsmrvö lkynrlmetm bnebm ensm kpacfö TL.

Me ma fukbrn 0 sm kprmfck ma bmfrmfclcmetn

Fukbrn 0. Mgmftn bma TL kûn-; snjrm ma prnlmbcn bm gösgnrnbcspnecjam

Ecvmams bm TL TB

ih `k-; lh A-;

Vmhuebn Rmrfmrn Fukrtn

4 :.38 k :.70 k :.48 k

74 :.0; k :.=8 k :.2; k

Entk ? Amtrks bcstcetk me ak lcslk fnaulek cebcfkebcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks (T 1 4.4=)

hrkbuka bma TB me ma suman, fne y sce ak kpacfkfcöebm TL, pmrn k eka bma fukrtn kûn sm lkecmstn

ue lkynr fnetmecbn bm TB pnr mgmftn bm ak kpac-fkfcöe bm TL, qum fukebn en sm utcaczö TL, anqum schecfk qum k pmskr bm `kjmr okfcöe bma

T pnr ak pãrbcbk bma mgmftn bm ak fka, ak kbcfcöekeuka bm T ka suman prnbuon msk bcgmrmefck.

:-8. Fnetmecbn bm T bcspnecjam pkrk fkbk uenbm ans kûns

Ma keëacscs bm vkrckezk bma fnetmecbn bmTB pnr mgmftn bma TZ bma prclmrn ka fuktrn kûnlnströ qum ùjn bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks (T 1

4.44;) metrm kûns (Fukbrn 3). Ak prumjk bm rke-hn lÿatcpam bm Buefke rmvmaö qum en ùjn bcgm-rmefcks bma fnetmecbn bm T metrm ma prclmr kûn(B.V.) y fukrtn kûn (B.F.), lcmetrks qum ma fnetm-ecbn bm TB bma prclmr kûn (B.F.) gum supmrcnr kans fnetmecbns bm TB bm ans bmlës kûns (Fukbrn

3). Rklpnfn ùjn bcgmrmefcks me ans fnetmecbnsbm TB metrm ma smhuebn y tmrfmr kûn, scmebn su-pmrcnrms ka bma prclmr kûn (B.V.) y fukrtn kûn(B.F.) (Fukbrn 3). Maan bmlumstrk qum k trkvãs bmans kûns ma TB me ma suman, uek vmz qum sm kpacföma TZ me ma prclmr kûn, sm gum pmrbcmebn `kstkkafkezkr, me ma fukrtn kûn, ma lcsln fnetmecbnbm TB, qum me ma prclmr kûn. Me fuketn ka keë-acscs bm vkrckezk bma fnetmecbn bm TB pnr mgmftnbma TL me fkbk uen bma smhuebn y tmrfmr kûn, smbmlnströ qum ùjn bcgmrmefcks schecfktcvks (T

Fukbrn 3. Mgmftn bma TZ snjrm ma TB keeuka

Kûns TB

lh A-; Buefke

Trclmrn (B.F.) 6,48 k

Vmhuebn (B.F.) :,3: j

Rmrfmrn (B.F.) :,70 j

Fukrtn (B.F.) :,48 f

Trclmrn (B.V.) :,44 f


Fukbrn ;4. Mgmftn bma TL snjrm ma TB keeuka

Kûns TB

lh A-; Buefke

Vmhuebn :,0; kj

Rmrfmrn :,=8 kj

Fukrtn :,2; j


< 4.4=) metrm kûns (Fukbrn ;4). Ak prumjk bmrkehn lÿatcpam bm Buefke cebcfö qum en ùjnbcgmrmefcks metrm ma smhuebn y tmrfmr kûn smhue-bnlcmetrks qum kljns bcrcmrne bma fukrtn kûn,

scmebn mstm ÿatcln cegmrcnr (Fukbrn ;4).Bmspuãs bm kekaczkbn ma TB pnr ma mgmftn bma

TZ pnr fkbk kûn y me ma fneouetn bm ans kûns,sm pumbm fnefaucr qum ma mgmftn bm ak kpacfkfcöebm T:N= me ma prclmr kûn (B.F.) cefrmlmetö ans





fnetmecbns bm TB y aumhn k trkvãs bm ans kûns gum bcslc-euymebn, `kstk kafkezkr me ma fukrtn kûn, fksc ma lcslnfnetmecbn y me ma prclmr kûn (B.V.). En ùjn bcgmrmefcksschecfktcvks me ma fukrtn kûn, bmjcbn prcefcpkalmetm k

ak okfcöe bma T me ma suman, `kfcãebnsm lkynr fne ak pãr-bcbk bma mgmftn rmscbuka bm ak fka. Ka kekaczkr ma mgmftn bmaTL snjrm ma TB me ma fneouetn bm kûns, sm bmbufm qum

en ùjn vkrckfcöe bm TB, sce y fne ak kpacfkfcöe bm TLme ma tntka bm ans kûns, lcmetrks qum me fkbk kûn bm kpac-fkfcöe, en lketuvn bcgmrmefcks scen `kstk ma fukrtn kûnfukebn ma fnetmecbn bm TB bmfrmfcö schecfktcvklmetm,

scmebn lkynr fne ak bnscs bm 74 ih `k-; bm TL fne rms-pmftn ka prclmr kûn.

FNEFA]VCNEMV

;. Ak kpacfkfcöe bm fka kulmetö ma fnetmecbn bmaFk `kstk ma smhuebn kûn, bmskpkrmfcmebn ma mgmftn rmsc-buka burketm ma tmrfmrn y fukrtn kûn9 lcmetrks qum ma fne-tmecbn bm Ka cetmrfkljckjam y pnrfmetkom bm skturkfcöe bm

Ka bcslceuyö, lketmecãebnsm pnr bmjkon bma fnetmecbncecfcka `kstk ma tmrfmr kûn, kulmetkebn ka fukrtn kûn pnrmefclk bm mstm.

:. Ak kpacfkfcöe bm bnscs bm TZ kulmetö ma fnetm-ecbn bm T bcspnecjam me ma suman me ma prclmr y smhuebnkûn, lcmetrks qum gum bcslceuymebn schecfktcvklmetm

ka tmrfmrn y fukrtn kûn, fukebn sm lketuvn fksc ma lcslnfnetmecbn bm TB qum ma cecfcka.

6. Ak kpacfkfcöe bm bnscs bm TL me ma smhuebn kûnbm fuatcvn kulmetö ma fnetmecbn bm T bcspnecjam me ma

suman, lcmetrks qum bmspuãs bma smhuebn kûn, lketuvnans ecvmams bm T bcspnecjam fksc sclcakrms k ans njtmecbnsketms bm kpacfkr TL, scmebn lkynr fukebn sm kpacfö TL.

2. Ak kpacfkfcöe bm : t bm ak fka `k-;, bmspuãs bmfuktrn kûns, ceuyö me ma kulmetn bm ans rmebclcmetns,

fnescbmrkbk jkok pkrk mstk melcmebk.

=. Vce kpacfkfcöe bm ak fka, ma lkynr rmebclcmetngum pkrk ans 0; ih `k-; bm TZ kpacfkbn me ma prclmr kûn+ 74 ih `k-; bm TL kpacfkbns, me ma smhuebn, tmrfmr yfukrtn kûn.

7. Fne : t `k-; bm ak fka, ma lkynr rmebclcmetn gumak bm =2 ih `k-; bm TZ kpacfkbk ma prclmr kûn + 74 ih bmTL `k-; kpacfkbns me ma smhuebn, tmrfmr y fukrtn kûn.

ACRMZKR]ZK FCRKBK?

;. FCKR ;302. Ans lkfrneutrcmetms me ak eutrcfcöebm ak paketk bm krrnz. Krrnz, Jnhntë, Fnanljck W.66 En.6:3 pp ;-20.

:. Bìkz-Znlmu, Z.9 K. @uetmr. ;380. Lmtnbnanhìksbm lumstrmn bm sumans, keëacscs quìlcfn bm sumans y tm-

ocbn vmhmtka y bm cevmstchkfcnems me cevmrekbmrn. FmetrnKhrneölcfn Rrnpcfka bm Cevmstchkfcöe y Mesmûkezk (FK-RCM). Rurrckajk, Fnstk Zcfk. 70 pp.

6. Ouehumcrk Emtn. 9 T. L. Vnsk. 9 T. L. Zmhmebm.;304. Bcggmrmetcka rmspnesm ne jmme vkrcmtcms (T`ksmnausvuahkrcs) tnanw kvkackjam p`nsp`nrus. K rmpt ng t m̀ jmkece prmvmet fnnpmrktcvm :6? =8-=0.

2. LCECVRMZCN BM BMVKZZNAAN KHZNTMF]KZCN.

;33:. Bcrmffcöe Ekfcneka bm Trnbuffcöe Khrìfnak. Cegnr-lm bm fnsmf`k ;33;, Tkeklë. (lkeusfrctn).

=. Eklm, J.9 O. Wcaakrrmka. :442. Bceëlcfk bm ak prm-fcpctkfcöe me trms mstkfcnems mxpmrclmetkams ujcfkbksme ma jnsqum trnpcfka `ÿlmbn y jnsqum trnpcfka smfn bmTkeklë. Me? Fnlpmebcn bm rmsuatkbns bma prnhrklk bmsumans bma CBCKT. Tëh. ;:: ‖ ;2;.

7. TKEKLK FNLCVCNE BM ZMGNZLK KHZKZCK.;384. Cegnrlm bm Fktkstrn Zurka bm Rcmrrks y Khuks bmTkeklë. Tkeklë. (lkeusfrctn).

8. Znezmaac, O. T.9 H, Wcmcrk. ;30=. Zmspumstk bm fua-tcvkrms bm grcona (T`ksmnaus vuahkrcs) ka mefkaklcmetn ykjnen gnsgktkbn. Zmvcstk Fmrms, Eÿlmrn ;02, vnaulmePPPCC. =44-=:2.

0. Rmxmcrk K.9 K. K. Fkrbnsn. ;300. Fuatcvk ksnfckbnbm grcona (T`ksmnaus vuahkrcs) y Lcaan PC kjneklcmetn ectrn-hmekbn y gnsgktkbn. Zmvcstk Fmrms, eÿlmrn :44, ;300,vnaulme PPPW, 244-2;7.




bufme grutns klkrhns, cefnlc-jams, bmgnrlms y, fne ma tcmlpn,lumrme.

Ma @AJ k ecvma luebcka, `kbmvkstkbn me pnfns kûns zn-eks fctrìfnaks metmrks me Cebck,F`cek, M.]., Jrksca, me :4 pkìsmsbm Ksck y ;; pkìsms bm Ëgrcfk.

Mstk megmrlmbkb rmprmsme-tk uek smrck klmekzk pkrk aks=:7 lca ̀ mftërmks mstkjamfcbksfne fìtrcfns me Lãxcfn, bcstrc-jucbks me :6 Metcbkbms Gmbm-

rktcvks. Ma Mstkbn bm Wmrkfruzprnbufm 2=% bm ans fìtrcfns bmapkìs, hmemrk 84 lca mlpamns bc-

rmftns y :=4 lca cebcrmftns.Me ak Ganrcbk, MM]], bmjc-

bn ka @AJ, ak prnbuffcöe bmfìtrcfns metrm :44= y :4;; smrmbuon me ue :6%. Ak megmrlm-bkb ms bm bcgìfca fnetrna, rëpcbkbcsmlcekfcöe y ms katklmetmbmstruftcvk. Kÿe en sm tcmemuek furk fnenfcbk.

Ma smftnr fctrìfnak Jrkscamrn ouetn fne ans Mstkbns ]ecbnsms rmspneskjam bma 34% bm ak

prnbuffcöe bm ouhn bm ek rkeokfnlmrfckaczkbk k ecvma luebcka9ma Mstkbn bm Vkn Tkuan pkrtcfc-pk fne ma 04% bm ak prnbuffcöeekfcneka jrkscamrk (hmemrkebnbm ;,= k :,= jcaanems bm böakrmskeukams).

Ma 6; bm memrn bm :4;6 gumbmfakrkbk ak mlmrhmefck tn-skectkrck me Tkrkhuky. Ak GKN

@]KEHANEJCEH (@AJ)

Ak megmrlmbkb @ukehanehjceh (@AJ), tkljcãe fnenfcbk fnln brkhöeklkrcaan n mevmrbmfclcmetn bm ans fìtrcfns, ms uek megmrlmbkb fkuskbkpnr ak jkftmrck Fkebcbktus Acjmrcjkftmr spp, qum ms trkeslctcbk pnrpsìacbns. ]en bm ans lës clpnrtketms vmftnrms bm ak jkftmrcnscs ms ma

psìacbn kscëtcfn bm ans fìtrcfns (Bckp`nrcek fctrc).

Ak jkftmrck ms bcgìfca bm fne-trnakr, kgmftk ak vcbk ÿtca bmtnbns ans fìtrcfns, tketn oö-

vmems fnln kbuatns. Vm fnesc-bmrk k mstk megmrlmbkb fnlnuek bm aks lës bmstruftcvks bmans fìtrcfns k ecvma luebcka? pnrak smvmrcbkb bm ans sìetnlks, akrkpcbmz fne ak qum sm bcspmrsky pnrqum kgmftk k tnbks aks ms-

pmfcms fnlmrfckams bm fìtrcfns.Ms uek megmrlmbkb qum kÿe entcmem furk.

Ma @ukehanehjceh (@AJ),kuequm en ms pmachrnsk pkrkans ùlkens, bmstruym ak prn-buffcöe, kpkrcmefck y vkanrmfneölcfn bm ans ërjnams bmfìtrcfns, ma skjnr bm ak grutk y su

ouhn. Ans ërjnams megmrlns prn- Ans ërjnams

megmrlnsprnbufme

grutnsklkrhns,

cefnlcjams,bmgnrlms y,

fne ma tcmlpn,lumrme.





kpnykrë ka Vmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bmFkacbkb y Vkecbkb Wmhmtka y bmVmlcaaks (Vmekvm) pkrk ak fne-tmefcöe bm @AJ.

¾[]Ã MV AK MEGMZLMBKB @]KE-HANEHJCEH (@AJ) N BZKHÖE KLKZCAAN ME FÌRZCFNV>

Ma @AJ (Fkebcbktus Acjmrc-jkftmr spp.) ms fnescbmrkbk akmegmrlmbkb lës bmstruftcvkpkrk ans fìtrcfns me ma luebnbmjcbn k qum fkusk ak lumrtmbma ërjna bm gnrlk cemvctkjam, akmegmrlmbkb ms trkslctcbk pnrue cesmftn bmenlcekbn psìacbnkscëtcfn bm ans fìtrcfns (Bckp`n-

rcek fctrc iuw.) me faclks fkacme-tms y pnr psìacbn Rrcnzk mrytrmkmme faclks lës grìns.

Ma ùkehanehjceh n @AJ, rm-fcjcö su enljrm me ak F`cek mekauscöe k ans sìetnlks bm jrn-tms klkrcaans me kahuens smftn-rms bm ak paketk, ms fnescbmrkbkak megmrlmbkb lës bmvkstkbn-rk bm mstks mspmfcms k ecvmaluebcka, pnr ak bcslceufcöe me

ak fkacbkb bm ak grutk y pnr aklumrtm bma ërjna. Me ak Ganrcbkkpkrmetmlmetm gum cetrnbufcbkpnr fnetrkjkebn bm grutk me

Lcklc, kaaì gum rmpnrtkbk pnrprclmrk vmz me :44=, ak ]ecvmr-scbkb bm ak Ganrcbk fkafuak qumbmjcbn ka @AJ, ak prnbuffcöe bmfìtrcfns metrm :44= y :4;; sm`k rmbufcbn me ue :6% fne mafneschucmetm clpkftn emhktcvnme ak mfnenlìk bma Mstkbn.

Ak megmrlmbkb sm mefume-trk ksnfckbk k trms mspmfcms bmprntmnjkftmrcks rmstrcehcbks kanmlk? Fkebcbktus acjmrcjkftmr

kscktcfus (Aks), Fk. Acjmrcjkftmr

kgrcfkeus (Akg) y Fk. Acjmrcjkftmrklmrcfkeus (Akl). Mstks jkf-tmrcks Hrkl-emhktcvks rmstrcehc-bks ka nmlk, sne fkusketms bm

ak megmrlmbkb y sne trkslctcbksk ak paketk pnr ma vmftnr psìacbn(Bckp`nrcek fctrc I.).

Mstm vmftnr ms ue pmqumûncesmftn bm fnanrkfcöe hrcs fnelkef`ks nsfurks me aks kaks,lcbme bm : k 6 ll bm anehctub,

sm `nspmbk me tnbks aks vkrcm-bkbms fìtrcfks y tkljcãe me akpaketk nreklmetka Lurrkyk pk-ecfuaktk. Ans ùmvns klkrcaans

n kekrkeokbns y kakrhkbns, snebmpnsctkbns me aks `noks bmjrntms luy tcmrens.

VCERNLKRNANHÌK BMA @AJ MEFÌRZCFNV

Fksc tnbns ans psìacbns fk-pkfms bm trkeslctcr ak megmrlm-bkb sne ecegks me ak gksm eka

n kbuatns, qum, uek vmz cegmftk-bns, trkslctme ak megmrlmbkbburketm tnbk su vcbk. Aks ece-gks, ka kaclmetkrsm bm paketks

cegmftkbks burketm ;=-64 lc-eutns, rmqucmrme ue pmrìnbn bm:; bìks pkrk cefujkr y trkeslc-tcr ak jkftmrck. Ans kbuatns snefkpkfms bm trkeslctcr ak megmr-lmbkb, fne söan kaclmetkrsmburketm ;= lceutns bm paketksmegmrlks. Ak mfcmefck kulme-tk ka ;44% fukebn ãstns sm kac-lmetke burketm ; `nrk.

Me aks `noks sm njsmrvk

@AJ ms uek megmrlmbkbfne bns fkrkftmrìstcfks cl-pnrtketms? me prclmr auhkr,ak tksk bm prnpkhkfcöe sm vmgumrtmlmetm kgmftkbk pnr akmbkb bm ans ërjnams, pnrqumans psìacbns prmmrme tmocbns

oövmems. Ans ërjnams oövmems,qum sne lës vchnrnsns me

fnlpkrkfcöe fne ans ërjnamslkburns, sne lës susfmptc-jams k psìacbn y k ak trkeslc-scöe bm megmrlmbkbms. Me mafksn bm ans ërjnams lkburns,ak megmrlmbkb sm prnpkhklës ametklmetm. Tnr an tketn,ue ërjna lkburn cegmftkbn msfkpkz bm prnbufcr grutk kptkburketm vkrcns kûns lcme-

trks, ka lcsln tcmlpn mstmërjna cegmftkbn scrvm fnlngumetm bm cegmffcöe pkrkntrns ërjnams skens.

Vmhuebn, ma fnetrna ktrkvãs bm ak mrrkbcfkfcöe bmërjnams sm fnlpacfk pnr uepmrìnbn bm aktmefck fnlprme-bcbn metrm ak cegmffcöe bma

ërjna y ak mxprmscöe bm sìetn-lks vcscjams. ]ek vmz qum ueërjna lkburn mstë cegmftkbn,en pumbme njsmrvkrsm anssìetnlks bm ak megmrlmbkb`kstk bns kûns bmspuãs. Vcak tksk bm cegmffcöe me ue fua-tcvn me pkrtcfuakr ms rmaktcvk-lmetm katk me ma lnlmetn bmak prclmrk megmrlmbkb, uek

pnaìtcfk bm mrrkbcfkfcöe bmërjnams scetnlëtcfns pnbrìkrmsuatkr me ak bmstruffcöe bmaantm metmrn.

Bckp`nrcek fctrc, cesmftnvmftnr qum trkeslctm ak jkf-tmrck Fkebcbktus Acjmrkjkf-tmr, fkusketm bm @ukehaneh-jceh (@AJ) (CFK, :4;;)

¾FÖLN VM BCVMLCEK AK MEGMZLMBKB ME ANV F]ARCWNV>

Me ans grutns sm njsmrvk bmgnrlkfcöe y ksclmtrìk, rmbuffcöe bma tklkûn, kpkrcfcöe bm lkef`ksvmrbms fakrks qum fnetrkstke fne ma vmrbm enrlka bma grutn, ksì fnln cevmrscöe bm fnanr me ma grutn.




uek fnanrkfcöe klkrcaak pëacbkfne ërmks bm fnanr vmrbm, crrm-huakrms (lntmkbn), lkef`ksksclãtrcfks, bmgnackfcöe, mehrn-sklcmetn y kfakrkfcöe bm aksemrvkburks, ksclmtrìk y bcgu-

scöe bm fnanrms me aks emrvkbu-rks y gnaìnans, `noks pmqumûks yrmftks. Tumbm fneguebcrsm fnebmfcmefcks bm lcfrneutrcmetms

fnln? zcef, `cmrrn, fkafcn, lkh-emscn, lkehkemsn y fnjrm.

Me aks rklks `ky bmgnack-fcöe y fkìbk bm grutns, rmbuf-fcöe bma frmfclcmetn, emfrnsk-lcmetn y lumrtm. Me ans grutnssm njsmrvk bmgnrlkfcöe y ksc-lmtrìk, rmbuffcöe bma tklkûn,

kpkrcfcöe bm lkef`ks vmrbmsfakrks qum fnetrkstke fne mavmrbm enrlka bma grutn, ksìfnln cevmrscöe bm fnanr me magrutn. Cetmreklmetm pumbm nj-smrvkrsm bcgmrmefcks bm lkbu-rkfcöe y kjnrtn bm smlcaaks. Mekahuens fksns, ak pkrtm jakefkbm ak fësfkrk (kajmbn), sm prm-smetk lës hrumsk bm an enrlka.Trmsmetk uek mamvkbk kfcbmz,jkok prnpnrfcöe bm zuln y jkonfnetmecbn me kzÿfkrms, pnr an

qum en sne kptns pkrk ma fne-suln.

Metrm aks tãfecfks bm bmtmf-fcöe me akjnrktnrcn sm pumbmlmefcnekr ma keëacscs bm TFZ,usn bm Ketcfumrpns Lnenfan-ekms n ak prumjk bm kalcböe meaks `noks.

BKÛNV []M TZNB]FM?• Lumrtm bm paketks

• Bcslceufcöe bma pmsn bm ans

grutns• Bcslceufcöe bma ecvma bm kzÿ-

fkr (pkrëlmtrn clpnrtketm

pkrk ak cebustrck)• Kulmetn bma ecvma bm kfcbmz

• Bcslceufcöe bma pnrfmetkom

bm ouhn• Bcslceufcöe bma tklkûn, ka-

tmrkfcöe bma fnanr y gnrlk• ]ek paketk onvme kgmftkbk en

aamhk k prnbufcr grutns (prn-buffcöe)

• Kgmftk k tnbks aks vkrcmbkbms

bm fnpk cebmpmebcmetmlmetmbm ans pktrnems

• Katmrk ak gnrlk y fkrkftmrìs-tcfks nrhkenaãptcfks bm ansgrutns.

¾F]ËA MV AK @CVRNZCK BM AK ME-GMZLMBKB>

Ma prclmr rmpnrtm bm ak me-gmrlmbkb gum `mf`n me F`cek,me ;3;3, bm k`ì sm prnpkhök pkìsms bm Ëgrcfk y Nfmkeìk.Me :442 gum bmsfujcmrtk pnrprclmrk vmz me Klãrcfk mefuatcvns me Krkrkqukrk, Jrksca.

Ak megmrlmbkb @AJ `k `mf`nmstrkhns me ak Cebck y ans pkì-sms bm ak pmeìesuak krëjchk ytkljcãe `k metrkbn k Fujk,Zmpÿjacfk Bnlcecfkek, Jmacfm,Lãxcfn, Ecfkrkhuk y @neburks.Me :4;; sm rmhcströ su prmsme-fck me Fnstk Zcfk. Me Lãxcfn me

ouacn bm :443, sm bmtmftö pnrprclmrk vmz ka @AJ, me ërjnams

bm trkspktcn bma Luecfcpcn bmRczclìe, Sufktëe, fne an fuka smfnlmezkrne k rmkaczkr lmbcbkspkrk su fnetrna.

Kspmftn bm ue ërjna fne@ukehanehjceh (@AJ)? Bmjcacbkb

bma gnaakom y kjuebkefck bm gru-tns bmsprmebcbns (CFK, :4;;).

¾FÖLN MV AK VCR]KFCÖE KFR]KABM AK MEGMZLMBKB S MA WMFRNZME AKRCENKLÃZCFK>

Me Lãxcfn kftukalmetm ma@AJ rmprmsmetk ak lës smrckklmekzk pkrk aks fmrfk bm ==4lca `mftërmks bm fìtrcfns mstk-jamfcbns me :6 mstkbns qumfumetke fne mstm fuatcvn (VK-

HKZTK, :4;:). Ak megmrlmbkb`k scbn bmtmftkbk me lktmrckavmhmtka y me ma cesmftn vmftnr mekahueks ërmks fnlmrfckams y/nurjkeks bm ans mstkbns bm JkokFkacgnreck Vur, Fklpmf`m, F`ck-pks, Fnaclk, @cbkahn, Okacsfn,Ekykrct, Lcf`nkfëe, [ucetkekZnn, Vke Aucs Tntnsì, Vcekank y

Sufktëe. Me Fnaclk 74% bm akspaketkfcnems mstëe cegmftkbkspnr ak pakhk.

Me ma :4;: ùjn uek fkl-

pkûk fnetrk ma @AJ y su vmftnr,megnfkbks me ktmebmr bm lk-emrk bcrmftk n cebcrmftk k lësbm 78 lca prnbuftnrms bm fìtrc-fns qum prnbufme keukalmetm8 lcaanems bm tnemakbks bm gru-tk. Vm mstclk qum me :4;:, ma:;% bm ak fctrcfuaturk lmxcfkekfnevcvcn fne ak megmrlmbkb, y7% tcmem ue hrkbn bm cegmstk-





fcöe qum klmekzk su guturnme gnrlk clpnrtketm, pkrk anspröxclns fcefn kûns.

Me ma :4;: me Vkn TkuanJrksca, ma eÿlmrn bm paketks ce-gmftkbks fne ak megmrlmbkb ku-lmetn 0:,0% me rmakfcöe ka kûn

:4;;, aks pkrfmaks fnetklcek-bks aamhke ka 72%. Kftukalmetm`ky uek kamrtk pnr ma frmfclcme-tn bm Hrmmeceh n @AJ, me tnbksaks rmhcnems prnbuftnrks bmaMstkbn bm Vkn Tkuan. Me :4;:,ak rmhcöe lës kgmftkbk pnr @JAms ak Mstm, fne ;2,0% bm ërjnamsmegmrlns, smhucbk pnr ak Fme-trn fne 3,03%. Ak rmhcöe Enrtmprmsmetn ;,80% bm paketks fne-tklcekbks, ak Nmstm, ;,6=%, akVur 4,0=% y ak Enrnmstm 4,:0%.

Bmsbm ma :4;;, lës bm ak lctkbbm aks pkrfmaks bma mstkbn bmVæn Tkuan tcmem pnr an lmensuek paketk cegmftkbk fne @JA.

Ma 6=,3 bm aks pkrfmaks fctrìfnaksen tcmeme ak megmrlmbkb.

Me Fnstk Zcfk pnr momlpan,söan me fklpkûks bm prmvme-fcöe, fkpkfctkfcöe m cestkakfcöebm akjnrktnrcns y ntrns, sm `k-

jak bm uek cevmrscöe bm kprnxc-lkbklmetm ]V$; lcaaöe mektmefcöe k mstk pakhk.

¾F]ËA MV MA CLTKFRN MFNEÖLCFN>

Ak megmrlmbkb am tnlk me-trm fcefn y bcmz kûns pkrk cegmf-tkr ue fuatcvn pnr fnlpamtn. Mafnetrna fne cesmftcfcbks tcmem uefnstn bm 824 böakrms pnr `mftë-

rmk fuatcvkbk bmjcbn k qum sm rm-qucmrme lÿatcpams kpacfkfcnems(`kstk 64 me kahuens fksns). Meak Ganrcbk, Mstkbns ]ecbns, fkbkkûn sm bmstceke ka lmens :4lcaanems bm böakrms rmfkubkbnsbm ak cebustrck fctrìfnak ka fnl-

jktm bm ak megmrlmbkb.Vöan me Jrksca mstk megmr-

lmbkb bmok pãrbcbks pnr ;:4lcaanems bm böakrms keukams.

¾[]Ã LKEMON MV ZMFNLMEBKJAM>

Ma fnetrna bm @AJ ms luyfnlpacfkbn bmjcbn k ak bcstrc-jufcöe en uecgnrlm bma pktö-hmen, pmrcnbns bm cefujkfcöeakrhns y paketks cegmftkbkskscetnlëtcfks.

Vm rmfnlcmebk utcaczkr ce-

smftcfcbks bm klpacn mspmftrnpkrk fnetrnakr aks pnjakfcnemskbuatks bm psìacbns qum aamhkek aks paketks fukebn ak paketk-

fcöe mstë me gksm bm jrntkfcöe.Ksì ms pnscjam qum ans fuatcvkbnrmsanhrme jkokr jkstketm aks pnjak-fcnems, fksc me ue ;44%, y mvctkrqum me ak prclkvmrk sm rmhcstrmuek katk fketcbkb bm kbuatns.

¾F]ËAMV MVRZKRMHCKV T]MBMEVMZ CLTAMLMERKBKV TKZK FNE- RZNAKZ AK MEGMZLMBKB>

Zmkaczkr ue pake mstrktãhc-fn bm Lkemon Cetmhrkbn bm akTakhk pkrk lketmemr ma cesmftnvmftnr me pnjakfcnems an lësjkok pnscjam lmbcketm?

VM BMJM ZMKAC_KZ L]MVRZMNVFKBK 6 LMVMV TKZK BMRMFRKZ AKTAKHK K RCMLTN.

Fnetrnakr ans psìacbns bmbcgmrmetms lkemrks? fne kpac-fkfcnems puetukams bm ce-smftcfcbks `kfmr rntkfcöe bm

bcgmrmetms lnbns bm kffcöe,fnetrna jcnaöhcfn fnln ak lkrc-quctk Naak v-echrul qum pumbmfnlmrsm `kstk ma 34% bm anspsìacbns (ma fnetrna jcnaöhcfn enms fnekjam, bm tnbks lkemrks

sm emfmsctke kpacfkfcnems bmcesmftcfcbks). Ak lkaak ketcë-bns tkljcãe pumbm smr uek

katmrektcvk, me Fnaclk Lãxcfnsm tcmeme karmbmbnr bm ;= `mf-tërmks bm fuatcvn fujcmrtks fnemstk lkaak.

TZNTKHKZ LKRMZCKA ACLTCN MEANV WCWMZNV.

Zmlnvmr ans ërjnams megmr-lns. Vc ma pktöhmen (Fkebcbk-tus Acjmrkjkftmr spp.) mstë meak paketk, en jkstk fne pnbkr akrklk pums ak megmrlmbkb vuma-vm k kpkrmfmr, yk qum ma pktöhm-en sm lumvm k trkvãs bm ans `k-fms vksfuakrms `kfck aks rkìfms.

Ans prnbuftns kpacfkbns

ka suman kyubke k prmvmecr scemspmrkr k qum ak megmrlmbkbaamhum. Vce mljkrhn, ak mxpm-rcmefck me Ak Ganrcbk lumstrkqum ans cesmftcfcbks pumbmefnetrnakr k ans psìacbns pmrn kaks bns smlkeks ms pnscjamqum kpkrmzfke pnr ak eumvknrkfcöe. Me Cebck ak pnjakfcöe

bm psìacbns ms tke katk qum msemfmskrcn `kfmr kpacfkfcnemsburketm ak nrkfcöe.

Ak cehmecmrìk hmeãtcfk pn-

brìk bmskrrnaakr vkrcmbkbms bmfìtrcfns rmscstmetms k ak jkf-tmrck. Me Lãxcfn, ans mstubcnsk ecvma fmauakr n lnamfuakr smmefumetrke fksc kusmetms yprëftcfklmetm ma lmonrklcmetnhmeãtcfn pkrk ma bmskrrnaan bmlktmrckams fne bcvmrsns hrkbnsbm rmscstmefck k ak megmrlmbkb`k scbn mxfaucbn.




cestrulmetns bm ak Tkscöe bmFrcstn? ak fnrnek nrka rmprm-smetkrìk ak fnrnek bm mspceks,ans mstkljrms aks = aakhks, mapcstcan ak fruz, ans mstchlks ans

6 fakvns y aks jrëftmks k ak Vke-tìsclk Rrcecbkb.

Ma ljurufuyë, Tksscnrk sp,

n Grutn bm ak Tkscöe (Tkscnek-rck) ms nrchcekrck bm aks rmhcn-ems trnpcfkams bm Klãrcfk, pnran qum sm kbkptk ekturkalmetmk aks fnebcfcnems bm eumstrnpkìs. Vnpnrtk fnebcfcnems fac-lëtcfks kbvmrsks, fnln pm-

Enljrms? Grutn y ganr bm ak pkscöe, Lkrkfuyë fnlÿe, Hrkekbcaak,Jkekek pksscne-gruct, Ljuruiuyë, Ljurufuok, Ljurufuyë, Furujn,Furujk bm fkstcaak, Tkscnekrck, Rkfsn, Tkrf`k.G]MERM ┊ KhrnJcn

rìnbns smfns, lketmecmebn suprnbuftcvcbkb, y prmsmetk pnfkcefcbmefck bm pakhks y megmr-lmbkbms. Lcmetrks me eumstrnpkìs su prnbuffcöe en `k scbn

fnescbmrkbk fnln ue rujrn fn-lmrfcka, me ntrns pkìsms ms ce-bustrckaczkbn me gnrlk bm ouhnfnefmetrkbn, scmebn luy pn-puakr y kprmfckbn pnr su skjnrkhrkbkjam y sus prnpcmbkbmssmbktcvks, ms utcaczkbn fnlngkftnr bm mxpnrtkfcöe.

Ma ljurufuyë pumbm smrluy jcme kprnvmf`kbn me mapkìs pnr aks prnpcmbkbms qumpnsmm y su bmacfcnsn skjnr. Ak

tmlpmrkturk prnpcfck pkrk suprnbuffcöe nsfcak metrm ans :6¿y :8 ¿F. Me ma fksn bm kljcme-tms fne jkoks tmlpmrkturks, susnrms y grutks fkme prmlkturk-lmetm. Metrm aks vkrcmbkbms bmljurufuyë, sm mefumetrke akklkrcaak, ak rnok y ma ljurufuyëhrkebm n buafm. Ak prclmrk vk-rcmbkb (klkrcaak) ms ak lës fuatc-vkbk fnlmrfckalmetm.

Fnesmfumetmlmetm, me mantnûn-cevcmren ma ljurufuyë

en nrmfm ec prnbufm grutks,bmjcbn k ak bcslceufcöe bm akburkfcöe bm bìk, y pnrqum aksjkoks tmlpmrkturks pkrkaczkeak kftcvcbkb bm ak paketk. Vc meak ãpnfk bm nrkfcöe qum vk bm

nftujrm k lkrzn nfurrm luf`kaauvck y katk ùlmbkb bma kl-jcmetm, pumbm ̀ kjmr prnjamlksme ak pnaceczkfcöe, yk qum mstks

Ms mspmfckalmtm fnenfc-bk pnr su `mrlksks nrms aks

qum frmfme snactkrcklmetm bmmetrm ak ùlcabm mermbkbmrk.Vu mspmftkfuakr bcsmûn k bms-

pmrtkbn me ak trkbcfcöe pnpuakrcespcrkfcöe pkrk aks lës bcvmr-sks amymebks. Tksscnrk vcmem

bma aktìe pksscn( pkscöe) y nrcs

(nr) y gum ma enljrm qum ans

Omsuctks mspkûnams am puscm-rne, k ak yk fnenfcbk pnr anshukrkecms fnln ljuruiuyë,ka vmr uek smlmokezk metrm ansmamlmetns bm ak nr y bcvmrsns

Ak pkscnekrck ms uek paketk trmpkbnrk bm ak gklcack bmaks pkscnrëfmks bm tkaans trmpkbnrms, amûnsns, jrntms

tcmrens rnoczns, `noks katmreks, trcanjkbks, vmrbm nsfu-rks. Fne zkrfcaans mspcrkams qum kpkrmfme me aks kxcaks bmaks `noks y qum ak paketk utcaczk pkrk suomtkrsm.





fnebcfcnems kgmftke emhktcvk-lmetm ka hrken bm pname bm ak nr.

Vm bmskrrnaak jcme me sum-ans achmrklmetm ëfcbns, fne p@metrm =,= k 7,4, jcme brmekbns,fne tmxturk krmensk n krmen-krfcaansk.

Ma prcefcpka khmetm pnaceczk-bnr ekturka bma ljurufuyë msma lklkehë, uek kjmok hrkebmy emhrk. Tnr msn ms clpnrtketmprmsmrvkr y lketmemr jnsqumsn paketks ektcvks fmrfk bmaauhkr bnebm sm paketk ljuru-fuyë pkrk fnesmrvkr ka pnacec-zkbnr ekturka. Ak pnaceczkfcöetkljcãe sm pumbm rmkaczkr krtc-fckalmetm.

TZNTKHKFCÖEAk luatcpacfkfcöe pumbmmgmftukrsm pnr smlcaaks, mstk-fks n pnr ceomrtn. Me ma fksn bmsmlcaaks, sm bmjme smamffcnekrpaketks lkbrms skeks, vchnrn-sks, prnbuftcvks9 k ak vmz qumfnsmf`kr grutns jcme lkburnsy sce lmzfaks fne ntrks vkrcm-bkbms. Vm bmjme mxtrkmr akssmlcaaks bm grutns skens, hrke-bms y jcme gnrlkbns. Tkrk pake-tkr uek `mftërmk, sm emfmsctke

metrm ;.444 k ;.744 paketcems,bmjcmebn prmpkrkrsm pnr an lm-ens 6.444 smlcaaks. Ms fnevm-ecmetm smljrkr aks smlcaaks mejnasctks paëstcfks n lkfmtks bmpkpma fne uek lmzfak bm : pkr-tms bm tcmrrk gãrtca y ; pkrtm bmmstcãrfna jcme bmsfnlpumstn.

Me fkbk lkfmtk sm bmjmefnanfkr 6 k 2 smlcaaks qum sm

fujrme fne : k 6 fmetìlmtrnsbm tcmrrk. Vm rcmhk fne lnbm-rkfcöe y sm fnanfk me ue auhkrsnljrmkbn `kstk ak hmrlcek-fcöe. Vc me fkbk lkfmtk ekfmlës bm uek paketctk, sm bmok sn-aklmetm ak lës vchnrnsk. Fuke-

bn aks paketctks kafkezke ;=k := fl, mstëe acstks pkrk smrtrkspaketkbks ka auhkr bmectcvn.

Ak prnpkhkfcöe pnr mstkfkssm mgmftÿk me ak gksm bm frmfc-lcmetn vmhmtktcvn (prclkvmrk).Tkrk maan, sm bmjme fnrtkr bm akpnrfcöe lmbck n tmrlceka bm aksrklks, mstkfks fne trms k fuk-trn ymlks, y ue bcëlmtrn bm scm-tm k nf`n lcaìlmtrns, fucbkebnbm bmokr aks ̀ noks bm aks mstkfks

y kpacfkebn, bm smr pnscjam, uemerkczkbnr pkrk su paketkfcöe.Ak luatcpacfkfcöe pnr ceomr-

tns bmjm rmkaczkrsm me prclkvm-rk, fukebn ma pnrtkceomrtn tmehkuek katurk bm := fmetìlmtrns.

RMEMZ ME F]MERK Ak aulcenscbkb ms clpnr-

tketm, bmjcbn k qum mstk pake-tk emfmsctk bìks akrhns pkrk aknrkfcöe, an qum fnrrmspnebm k

;; `nrks bm auz pnr bìk, fnln

lìecln.Ma vcmetn ms ntrn gkftnr qum

bmjm ktmebmrsm, yk qum pumbmkgmftkr ma scstmlk bm fnebuf-fcöe y pmroubcfkr k ans khmetmspnaceczkbnrms9 pnr maan, sm rm-fnlcmebk tmemr fnrtceks rnl-pmvcmetns me ans acebmrns bmafuatcvn. Ak prmfcpctkfcöe bmjmsmr bm 044 lcaìlmtrns k ;.844

ll/kûn, jcme bcstrcjucbns. Mefuketn ka suman, sm rmfnlcmebkuen krmen-krfcaansn, prnguebn,rcfn me lktmrck nrhëecfk9 jcmebrmekbn y fne ue p@ metrm =,4y 7,4.

ÃTNFK S TAKERKFCÖEAk ãpnfk bm paketkfcöe

fnlprmebm ans lmsms bm prc-lkvmrk y ma vmrken. Aks bcstke-fcks pumbme vkrckr metrm 6 lmetrm acûns x : l metrm paketks9k 2 l metrm acûns x 6 l metrmpaketks. Tkrk ak paketkfcöe, smkjrme `nyns bm 64 fl k 24 flbm bcëlmtrn x 64 fl k 24 flbm prnguebcbkb. Bm kfumrbn kakeëacscs bm sumans, me ma gnebn

bm fkbk `nyn pumbm kpacfkrsmma kjnen nrhëecfn n gmrtcaczke-tm me ak bnscs rmfnlmebkbk.Tkrk ma trkspaketm, sm rmtcrkrëfucbkbnsklmetm ak lkfmtkpaëstcfk, mvctkebn qum ma tmrröequm mevumavm k aks rkìfms smbmskhrmhum y sm bmpnsctm me mafmetrn bma ̀ nyn, bm lkemrk qumma fumaan bm aks lubks qumbmka lcsln ecvma bm ak supmrfcm

bma suman. Me ma fksn bm akslkfmtks bm pkpma, sm fnanfk

bcrmftklmetm fkbk lkfmtk mema fmetrn bma `nyn, tnlkebnaks lcslks prmfkufcnems. Mapkpma sm bmsfnlpnem ka fkjnbm pnfn tcmlpn, pnr an qum mstktãfecfk gkfcactk ma trkjkon.

TZNB]FFCÖE BM L]BKVVm bmjme mxtrkmr aks smlc-

aaks bm grutns skens, hrkebms

Vm bmskrrnaak jcme me sumans achmrklmetm ëfcbns, fne p@ metrm =,= k 7,4, jcme brmekbns, fne tmxturkkrmensk n krmen-krfcaansk.




y jcme gnrlkbns. Tkrk paketkruek `mftërmk sm emfmsctke me-trm ;.444 k ;.744 paketcems,bmjcmebn prmpkrkrsm pnr anlmens 6.444 smlcaaks. Ms fne-vmecmetm smljrkr aks smlcaaksme jnasctks paëstcfks, lkfmtksfkrhkbks fne uek lmzfak bm :

pkrtms bm tcmrrk gãrtca y ; pkr-tm bm fnlpnst n mstcãrfna jcmebmsfnlpumstn.

Me fkbk lkfmtk sm bmjmefnanfkr 6 k 2 smlcaaks, fujrcraksfne : k 6 fmetìlmtrns bm tcmrrkzkrkebmkbk, y rmhkraks kjue-bketmlmetm9 aumhn sm fnanfkeme auhkr snljrmkbn `kstk akhmrlcekfcöe, qum pumbm nfurrcr`kstk me ;= bìks. Vc me fkbklkfmtk ekfm lës bm uek pake-tctk, sm bmjme maclcekr kahueks

bmokebn snaklmetm ak lës vc-hnrnsk9 fukebn aks paketctkskafkezke ;= k := fl. mstëeacstks pkrk smr trkspaketkbks kaauhkr bmectcvn.

TZMTKZKFCÖE BMA V]MAN ME MAA]HKZ BMGCECRCWN S RZKVTAKERM

Vc sm gumrke k paketkr söankahueks paketks, ma schucmetmpksn fnescstcrë me kjrcr `nynsbm 64 fl. bm bcëlmtrn x 64

fl. bm prnguebcbkb. ]ek prëf-tcfk ketchuk m clpnrtketm mskqumaak qum rmfnlcmebk qum masuman mxtrkìbn bm ans prclmrns;= fmetìlmtrns bm prnguebcbkbbmjmrë smr rmfnanfkbn me magnebn bma `nyn me ma lnlmetnbm ak paketkfcöe, y kquãa qumgum mxtrkìbn bma gnebn, bmjmrësmr fnanfkbn mefclk, lmzfak-bn fne kjnens. Gcekalmetm, uejume rcmhn `kfm ma trkjkon bmkb`mrcr aks pkrtìfuaks bma suman

k aks rkìfms, pnscjcactkebn ak ce-lmbcktk kjsnrfcöe bm eutrcme-tms pnr pkrtm bm kqumaaks.

Me ma fksn bm paketkr ueksupmrfcm hrkebm, fnevcmem

`kfmr prmvcklmetm ue keëacscsfnlpamtn bma suman, ma fuka ce-bcfkrë ak emfmscbkb bm rmkaczkrkahuens koustms me fuketn k ak

kfcbmz, bcspnecjcacbkb bm gösgn-rn y lktmrck nrhëecfk. Aumhn smbmjm prnfmbmr k ak aclpcmzk bmatmrrmen, mvctkebn qumlkr ansrmscbuns nrhëecfns rmsuatketmsbm bcf`k npmrkfcöe, y rmkaczkruek krkbk prnguebk. ]ek vmzprmpkrkbn ma tmrrmen, sm kjrme

ans `nyns qum rmfcjcrëe k akspaketctks9 ma mspkfcklcmetnmetrm `nyns pumbm vkrckr metrm6l x :l k 2l x 6l, bmpme-bcmebn bm ak gmrtcacbkb ekturkabma suman, y bma cetmrãs bm cetmr-

fkakr ntrns fuatcvns. Ans mspk-

fcklcmetns bmjme smr lkynrmsme sumans pnjrms n krmensns,qum rmtcmeme lmens khuk y gmr-tcaczketms9 me sumans gãrtcams, kr-fcaansns, fne jumek cesnakfcöe,sm bmjme prmgmrcr ans mspkfck-lcmetns lmenrms.

Ma trkespaketm fnescstm mermtcrkr fucbkbnsklmetm ak lk-fmtk paëstcfk, mvctkebn qum matmrröe qum mevumavm k aks rkìfmssm bmslmeufm, y bmpnsctkran mema fmetrn bma `nyn bm lkemrk

qum ma fumaan bm aks lubks qum-bm ka lcsln ecvma bm ak supmr-fcm bma suman. Ma trkspaketm sm

pumbm rmkaczkr `kstk kjrca.

FNVMF@K Ak prnbuffcöe bm grutks sm

rmhcstrk kprnxclkbklmetm bms-bm nftujrm k lkrzn. Aks lcs-lks sm bmjme fnsmf`kr fne ma

pmbÿefuan pkrk mvctkr ak pubrc-fcöe prmfnz, fukebn prmsmetkuek fnanrkfcöe klkrcaametk. Aksgrutks hukrbkbks k tmlpmrktu-rk bm 2 hrkbns fmetìhrkbns smfnesmrvke pnr fuktrn smlkeks9k ecvma fksmrn, sm pumbm hukr-bkr söan ak puapk fnehmakbk, y

makjnrkr ouhn fkbk vmz qum smemfmsctm. Ma rmebclcmetn prn-lmbcn mstclkbn ms bm ;2 ican-hrklns pnr paketk, pnr kûn, anqum mqucvkam kprnxclkbklmetmk ;2 tnemakbks pnr ̀ mftërmk, pnr kûn.

TAKHKV S MEGMZLMBKBMVAks pakhks qum ktkfke kafuatcvn sne? aks akhkrtks, jrn-fks, nruhks y lnsfk bm aksgrutks. Ans ktkqums sm pumbmefnetrnakr fne smvce, utcaczkebn:4 hrklns fkbk ;4 actrns bmkhuk n ue cesmftcfcbk scstãlcfnrmfnlmebkbn.

Aks megmrlmbkbms lësfnluems sne aks prnbufcbkspnr `nehns fnln ketrkfenscs,vmrruhnscs, jkftmrcnscs y gusk-

rcul. Tumbme fnetrnakrsm fneguehcfcbks fÿprcfns pmrlctcbns.Vcmlprm ms emfmskrcn fnetkrfne ue mspmfckacstk qum cebcqumma prnbuftn y aks bnscs k utcaczkr.

TZNTCMBKBMVKffcöe kekahãscfk, kescnaì-

tcfk, mspkslnaìtcfk, m `cpeötcfksukvm.





Kftcvcbkb smbketm y trkequc-aczketm. Trnvnfk ue sumûn sclc-akr ka scnaöhcfn y ue bmspmrtkr

rëpcbn y fnlpamtn, sce fnesm-fumefcks bm bmprmscöe ec njeu-jcakfcöe psìqucfk. Tnr su gkatkbm tnxcfcbkb pumbm kblcecs-trkrsm k ans ecûns. Cebcfkbk me

kescmbkb, kslk mspkslöbcfk,fnetrkfturk lusfuakr, bcslm-enrrmk, bcstneìk emurnvmhmtktc-vk ksnfckbk k ak lmenpkusck,mspkslns hkstrncetmstcekams,mstrãs, gktchk, `cpmrmxfctkjcac-

bkb, `cpmrtmescöe krtmrcka, `cstm-rck, cesnlecn,lckahck, lchrkûk,emurkahck, pkapctkfcnems, tkquc-fkrbck, tns emrvcnsk, ÿafmrk hks-

trnbunbmeka y vãrtchn. Zmbufm masìebrnlm bm kjstcemefck me akbms`kjctukfcöe bm kafn`na, ̀ mrnì-ek y ntrks sustkefcks kbcftcvks.

]VNVMetrm aks prcefcpkams prnpcm-

bkbms, tnbks maaks rmakfcnekbksfne ma scstmlk emrvcnsn sm akrmfnenfm fnln uen bm ans lm-

onrms rmlmbcns fnetrk tnbn tcpnbm lkecgmstkfcnems emrvcnsks.

K bcgmrmefck bm ntrns trk-tklcmetns mstk paketk en prm-smetk fnetrkcebcfkfcnems meak lkynrck bm ans fksns. Fksctnbns ans trkequcaczketms, snjrmtnbn ans bm ekturkamzk quìlcfk,

tcmeme ue mgmftn rkpcbn pmrnprnbufme mgmftns en bmsmkjamsfnln ak `kjctukfcöe, an qum rm-qucmrm fkbk vmz bnscs lkynrms,n ak snlenamefck, pnr an qumbmjme uskrsm fne fucbkbn me

kftcvcbkbms me aks qum bmjm-lns mstkr ‑ jcme bmspcmrtns ‑fnln ak fnebuffcöe n ma trk-jkon fne lëquceks pmachrnsks.

Mstk paketk, pnr kffcöe bm anskvnencbms, momrfm ue mgmftn

smbketm snjrm ma scstmlk emr-vcnsn sce frmkr mgmftns bmprmsc-vns me ma lcsln.

VMBKERM?Ms mspmfckamltm rmfnlme-

bkbn pkrk fkalkr ans emrvcns yrmakokr ma nrhkecsln, me sctuk-

fcnems bm mstrãs y mxfctkfcöek fnesmfumefck bm prnjamlkspmrsnekams n bm trkjkon. Ms su-lklmetm rmfnlmebkbn pkrkvmefmr ma cesnlecn anhrkebnbmsfkezkr lmonr pnr ak enf`mfukebn ma bmsksnscmhn en ensbmok bnrlcr. Cefausn pumbm smr

utcaczkbn fne trktklcmetns prn-anehkbns y pnr ans ecûns n pmr-sneks lkynrms.

Cebcfkbk pkrk kyubkr kkqumaaks pmrsneks qum mstëeschucmebn ue trktklcmetn fne-trk ak bmprmscöe n qum tcmemetmebmefck k lnstrkrsm trcstms ukjktcbns, me sctukfcnems fnlnak rmfcmetm pmrbcbk bm ue ml-pamn, ma gkaamfclcmetn bm kahuekpmrsnek qumrcbk, ans prnjam-lks emrvcnsns rmakfcnekbns

fne ak lmenpkusck.Rkljcãe luy ÿtca pkrk fka-

lkr ans emrvcns me kqumaakssctukfcnems me qum aks mxchme-fcks bma trkjkon ens njachke kmegrmetkrens k uek sctukfcöemstrmsketm? mxpnscfcnems bm-aketm bma pÿjacfn, mxëlmems,mtf.

Tkrk fnesmhucr ue jumermsuatkbn me ma trktklcmetn smrmfnlcmebk prmpkrkr uek cegu-

scöe bm ue pkr bm fuf`krkbksbm ak paketk smfk pnr lmbcnactrn bm khuk, jmjcmebn ue pkrbm tkzk pmqumûks ka bìk. Rkl-jcãe sm pumbm prmpkrkr ueklkfmrkfcöe bm ak fketcbkb qumsm bmsmm bm paketk smfk fneak lcslk fketcbkb bm kafn`naburketm uek smlkek. Gcatrkr ytnlkr ueks := hntks ka bìk

FKALKERMFkalk ma bnanr, mspmfcka-

lmetm fukebn mstm mstã rmak-fcnekbn fne prnjamlks bma scs-tmlk emrvcnsn.

Gkvnrmfm ak bmskpkrcfcöebm uek smrcm bm sìetnlks gìsc-fns qum tcmem su nrchme me prn-jamlks mlnfcnekams, fnln mabnanr bm fkjmzk, aks lchrkûks,me fuyn fksn smrk kbmfukbnma trktklcmetn uek vmz ue lã-




bcfn bmsfkrtm qum smk bm nrchme nrhkecfn lëshrkvm. Rkljcãe me ntrk smrcm bm lkecgmstkfcn-ems gìscfks qum pnsmme ue nrchme prnjkbklmetmemrvcnsn (hkeks bm nrcekr luy grmfumetms u nrc-ekrsm cevnauetkrcklmetm pnr ak enf`m, an qum smfnenfm fnln meurmscs enfturek , pkapctkfcnemsy krrctlcks fkrbìkfks, prnjamlks me ma `kjak qum

clpcbme uek anfufcöe ucbk - prnjamlks bm tkrtk-lubmz - ) ekusmks, bcfuatkb me ak rmspcrkfcöe bm

fkrëftmr emrvcnsn, fnenfcbks fnln bcsemk emrvcn-sk - ) mtf.

Jusfkebn ue rmsuatkbn fnln mspkslnactcfksm sumame prmpkrkr ceguscnems n tceturks bm pksc-nrk qum rmsuatke kbmfukbks pkrk mvctkr ans ms-pkslns cevnauetkrcns prnbufcbns pnr ue scstmlkemrvcnsn snlmtcbn k mstrãs. Tnbmlns utcaczkranstkljcãe fukebn sme fksns bm mspkslns cetmstc-ekams, ans gklnsns rmtnrtconems me ma mstölkhn, ysmpklns qum mstns tmehke ue fkrëftmr emrvcnsn.

Kbmlës sm rmfnlcmebk pkrk fnljktcr ansbnanrms bm ak lmestrukfcöe n ans mspkslns lus-fuakrms.

KGMFFCNEMV BMA KTKZKRN FCZF]AKRNZCN

Vm rmfnlcmebk tnlkr kahuen bm ans prmpkrk-bns vcstns ketmrcnrlmetm burketm uens ;= bìksme fksns bm `cpmrtmescöe krtmrcka yk qum ma usnbm mstk paketk bcslceuym ak prmscöe krtmrcka (Ensupmrkr aks fketcbkbms mstkjamfcbks pkrk mvctkr

qum pumbk smr töxcfk )

FNERZKCEBCFKFCNEMV

Ak prmsmefck bm kafkancbms utmrntnxcfns en ak`kfm kbmfukbk pkrk uskrak burketm ma mljkrkznn ak akftkefck. En bmjm sulclcstrkrsm k ecûnslmenrms bm 6 kûns y ak fketcbkb sulcecstrkbkk ecûns `kstk ans ;: kûns bmjm smr prnpnrfcn-eka k su pmsn. Chukalmetm, fne oövmems y kbuatns,en bmjme supmrkrsm aks bnscs kbmfukbks yk qumpumbm aamhksr k smr pmachrnsn.

Aks cetnxcfkfcnems sm lkecmstke guebklme-

tkalmetm me gnrlk bm rmkffcnems mstnlkfkamskbvmrsks. Ntrks rmkffcnems fne bnscs lës mamvk-bks bm ans enrlka sne ak ekrfnscs , n smetclcmetnbm cefnesfcmefck n kbnrlmfclcmetn y aks kaufcek-fcnems prnbufcbn pnr sus kafkancbms qum pumbmefnescbmrkrsm pscfntröpcfns y kaufceöhmens.


Kv. Musmjcn Kykak 2;7= Il 2,= Rma. =4373=

Vufurska? Kvckbnrms bma F`kfn 6=;2 Rma. 74=0;0

cegnDfkskrcen. fnl. py www.fkskrcen.fnl.py

ZMF]TMZM V] RMF@NBM F@KTKV ME 6 TKVNV

NJRMEHK ]EK KCVAKFCÖE RÃZLCFK V]TMZCNZ, K]LMERKEBN K AK WM_ AK WCBK ßRCA BM AKV F@KT

Aclpcm ak supmrfcm fne fmpcaan

n msfnjk.

Kpacqum uek lken bm Tceturk

Ksgëatcfk Ketcfnrrnscvk JCR]LMP

Rmrlcem fne bns lkens bm

Tceturk Ketctãrlcfk KA]LCRMF@

; : 6

Bcstrcjucbnrms meaks prcefcpkams

fcubkbms bma pkìs



K h r c f u a t u r k C e t m r e k f c n e k a

G]MERM ┊Khrn-Jcn

aks fnluecfkfcnems.Ka rmspmftn, sctukbn snjrm

ma prmsmetm bma FNECFMR, prm-smetö ma frmfclcmetn bma nrhk-ecsln metrm ma pmrìnbn :446 ka

:4;6. Me Zmfursns @ulkenssm pksö bm 6.044 cevmstchk-bnrms k 8.2049 sm frmfcö me maeÿlmrn bm eumvns fmetrns mcestctutns bcstrcjucbns me tnbnma pkìs y mspmfckalmetm me maprmsupumstn, qum kafkezö pkrkmstm :4;6 ak fcgrk bm :.003 lc-aanems bm pmsns9 cefrmlmetëe-bnsm burketm ma pmrìnbn me ;:vmfms.

‑Mstn rmmok ‖bcon Vkavkrmz-

zk- ak bmfcscöe qum `k tmecbn mahnjcmren me ans ÿatclns kûns bmclpuaskr ak fcmefck y ak tmfenan-hìk fnln jksm bm frmfclcmetnpkrk ma pkìs“.

Ma FNECFMR tcmem ma 34 pnrfcmetn bm sus fmetrns jkon bn-jam bmpmebmefck fne aks uec-vmrscbkbms ekfcnekams me tnbnma pkìs, an fuka gkfcactk ak gnrlk-fcöe bm bnftnrms me ërmks bmcevmstchkfcöe fnln FcmefcksKhrkrcks, Cehmecmrìk bm Lktmrck-

ams, Fcmefcks Jcnaöhcfks y bm akVkaub, Fcmefcks Mxkftks y Ek-turkams, y Fcmefcks Vnfckams y@ulkeks.

Aks `mrrklcmetks bm eke-fckfcöe bm prnymftns me cevms-tchkfcöe jëscfk y kpacfkbk msntrn puetn k bmstkfkr. Me akkftukacbkb sm fumetk fne 8=4

Me tka smetcbn, rmskatö qumans smftnrms bm ak mfnenlìktcmeme ue gumrtm pntmefcka bmceenvkfcöe yk qum cevnaufrkeuek klpack pkrtcfcpkfcöe bmaks fcmefcks, `mf`n qum trkmkpkrmokbn ma bmskrrnaan bm tmf-enanhìks cebustrckams.

Vkavkrmzzk bmstkfö ak cl-

pnrtkefck bm ak cevmstchkfcöeluatcbcsfcpacekrck nrcmetkbk yans rmfursns ùlkens fkacfk-

Fnln rmsuatkbn bm su fnegmrmefck me ma Vclpnscn bmJcnmfnenlìk Krhmetcek :4;6, nrhkeczkbn pnr ma Lc-ecstmrcn bm Fcmefck Rmfenanhìk m Ceenvkfcöe Trnbuftcvk

bm ak Ekfcöe, ma prmscbmetm bma FNECFMR Znjmrtn Vkavkrmzzkbmstkfö ma auhkr qum am tnfk ka nrhkecsln me ak frmkfcöe bm

mstns smftnrms mlmrhmetms fnln ma bm ans prnbuftns jcntmf-enaöhcfns y ans jcnfnljustcjams.

bns, frufckams pkrk gnlmetkrmstk kftcvcbkb.

Me msk lcslk aìemk krhu-lmetö qum ak jcnmfnenlìktcmem ue fkrëftmr trkesvmrska.Ngrmfm uek npnrtuecbkb ÿec-fk bm ceenvkfcöe ka cevnaufrkrfcmefcks, pmrlctcmebn ma bm-skrrnaan bm tmfenanhìks cebus-

trckams fnln? jcntmfenanhìk,ekentmfenanhìk, cehmecmrìks ytmfenanhìks bm ak cegnrlkfcöe y




Trnymftns bm Cevmstchkfcöe Tau-rckeukams (TCT) me bcgmrmetmsërmks bma fnenfclcmetn y uesöacbn trkjkon me FnnpmrkfcöeCetmrekfcneka fne uecbkbms y

akjnrktnrcns Cetmrekfcnekams.Tkrk Vkavkrmzzk ma pnscfcn-

eklcmetn bm ak fcmefck krhmetc-ek k ecvma luebcka ms ue fkpìtu-an k bmstkfkr. ‑Ma FNECFMR mstëujcfkbn prclmrn me Krhmetcek ysmhuebn me Aktcenklãrcfk, aum-hn bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm Vke Tk-jan, me prnbuffcöe fcmetìfk y

fkacbkb. Gchurk 3= metrm 6.:64cestctufcnems qum rmkaczke ce-vmstchkfcöe me ma luebn y prn-

bufm ma =4 pnr fcmetn bma tntkabm aks pujacfkfcnems cebmxkbksbma pkìs“, bcon.

Fne rmakfcöe k ak trkesgm-rmefck tmfenaöhcfk, mxpacfö qumak cevmstchkfcöe qum rmkaczk maFNECFMR cefauym snaufcnemspkrk ak cebustrck gkrlkfãutcfk,skaub, kaclmetns, prnbuffcöekeclka y vmhmtka, lktmrckams,tmfenanhìk cebustrcka, memrhìk,y fnluecfkfcnems y sngtwkrm9fne uek prnbuffcöe bm :.444

Vmrvcfcns Rãfecfns bm Katn Ecvma(VRKE) y ;44 pktmetms pnr kûnprnpcks bma Fnesmon n me fne-

ouetn fne cestctufcnems pÿjacfksn prcvkbks y uecvmrscbkbms.

Tnr ÿatcln, Vkavkrmzzk `cznrmgmrmefck k ak emfmscbkb bmfnetrkrrmstkr ak tmebmefck k akgrkhlmetkfcöe bm ans hrupns

bm cevmstchkfcöe y ak fnemxcöebãjca fne ma smftnr prnbuftcvn.

Ms emfmskrcn rmkaczkr lu-f`ks kffcnems pkrk fkljckrmstm msfmekrcn, uek bm maaks msak rmnrhkeczkfcöe bm ak prnbuf-fcöe fcmetìfk qum yk en pumbm

mstkr bcftkbk pnr ak aöhcfk bm

aks bcsfcpaceks fcmetìfks, scenpnr ue ãegkscs me tmlks bm rm-amvkefck kftuka pmrlctcmebn akksnfckfcöe bm cevmstchkbnrmsfne fnlpmtmefcks fnlpamlme-tkrcks y prnpumstks fakrklmetmbmecbks“, smûkaö ma tctuakr bma

FNECFMR.Trmfcsö qum mstn clpacfk

rmfnenfmr cevmstchkbnrms fkpk-fms bm hmemrkr fcmefck jëscfkbm katn ecvma, qum vkanrme sufnenfclcmetn, qum pumbke `k-fmr trkesgmrmefck, tmrlcekr maprnymftn y vnavmr k `kfmr cevms-tchkfcöe jëscfk.

Burketm ak prmsmetkfcöe ma

prmscbmetm fnlpkrtcö ma pkemafne ak smfrmtkrck bm Takemk-lcmetn y Tnaìtcfks me Fcmefck,Rmfenanhìk m Ceenvkfcöe Trn-buftcvk bm ak fkrtmrk bm Fcme-fck, Brk. Zut` Akbme`mcl, y masmfrmtkrcn bm Khrcfuaturk, Hk-ekbmrìk y Tmsfk bm ak Ekfcöe,Anrmezn Jkssn.





G]MERM ┊avkrn Vëmez Vkjnrìn. Trmscbmetm bm ak Fëlkrk Ekfcneka bm Khrcfuaturk y Khrncebustrck bm Krhmetcek (FEKK)

anhìk qum `kfme pnscjam ak katkprnbuftcvcbkb, rmbufme ma usnbm khrnquìlcfns y sne tntka-lmetm smhurks pkrk ma fnesu-ln ùlken.

Fnstk Zcfk fumetk fne enr-lktcvk me jcnsmhurcbkb y scml-jrks trkeshãecfks pkrk prnbuf-fcöe y mxpnrtkfcöe bm smlcaaksbm katn vkanr y `k scbn pcnemrn

me ma tmlk me ak rmhcöe. Bmsbmma kûn ;337, sm tcmeme fuatcvnsjcntmfenaöhcfns9 cefausn, me anskûns 34 sm smljrö lkìz hmeã-tcfklmetm lnbcfkbn me Huk-ekfkstm, sce qum sm rmpnrtkrkecehÿe mgmftn emhktcvn snjrm makljcmetm n ak skaub, fnln tkl-pnfn `k sufmbcbn me ma rmstnbma luebn qum an utcaczk.

An qum bmjmlns skjmrkfmrfk bm ans trkeshãecfns ms

qum sne ma rmsuatkbn bm kûnsbm cevmstchkfcöe khrìfnak y uekemfmskrck eumvk mtkpk bm akrmvnaufcöe vmrbm, fuyks gksmsbm bmskrrnaan `ke scbn frnenaö-hcfklmetm? krkr ak tcmrrk, scstm-lks bm rcmhn, gmrtcaczketms quì-lcfns, khrnquìlcfns y smlcaaks`ìjrcbks, qum skavö ka luebnbm hrkebms `kljrueks y qum`ny emfmsctk kvkezkr `kfck ueklkynr prnbuftcvcbkb me ma khrnpkrk mvctkraks bm eumvn.

Ak pnjakfcöe luebcka kafke-zkrë uens 3.:44 lcaanems bm`kjctketms me ma :4=4, y, pkrkkaclmetkrak, ak GKN `k smûkak-bn qum sm bmjme prnbufcr ==%lës kaclmetns qum ̀ ny, pmrn me:2% lmens tcmrrk khrìfnak pmrfëpctk. Mstn snan sm pnbrë an-hrkr fne lkynr prnbuffcöe pnr`mftërmk, pnr an fuka, kfmptkr

Tkrk kahuens, `kjakr bmlktmrcka lnbcfkbn ms `kjakr

sce kscbmrn tãfecfn, sce keëac-scs sctukfcneka y, fnesmfumetm-lmetm, sce smrcmbkb ec prngue-bcbkb. Ma tmlk, sce mljkrhn,

mxchm bm tnbns, me mspmfcka bmqucmems en `ke tmecbn ak npnr-tuecbkb bm gklcackrczkrsm fneãa, ue mstubcn njomtcvn y rms-pneskjam. Ms cetmrmsketm mvc-bmefckr föln, bmspuãs bm bã-fkbks bm fnesulcr prnbuftnsjcntmfenaöhcfns, me Krhmetcekma bmjktm pkrmfm bmvnavmrsm meak `cstnrck.

Fksc tnbn ma lkìz, ak fken-ak, ak snok y ma kahnböe (kfmctms

vmhmtkams qum utcaczklns pkrkfnesuln ùlken bmsbm `kfm;= kûns) y qum sm fuatcvke me

Fuatcvns jcntmfenaöhcfns nrcaake ans ;74 lcaanems bm`ks. Me ma luebn mxcstme fmrfk bm ;74 lcaanems bm`mftërmks paketkbks fne fuatcvns jcntmfenaöhcfns

Mstkbns ]ecbns, Jrksca y Krhme-tcek, pkrk prnbufcr pke, tnrtc-aaks, kfmctms y kaclmetns pkrkkeclkams, sne jcntmfenaöhcfns.

Ma vmfcen pkìs Jrksca clpnrtkma 3=% bma lkìz qum fnesulm

y qum sm utcaczk me ak kaclmetk-fcöe bm keclkams pkrk ak prn-buffcöe bm fkrem bm rms, fmrbn,kvms, ùmvns y amf`m. Rkljcãe,sm makjnrke jcmems pkrk ak prn-buffcöe bm kaclmetns y lmbc-fklmetns fnln ma fukon pkrk`kfmr qumsns, ak amvkburk pkrkfmrvmzk y ak cesuacek pkrk ansbckjãtcfns, prnbufcbns pnr lm-bcns trkeshãecfns.

Fnetrkrcn k an qum `ke kr-

lkbn ans hrupns bm npnscfcöe,ans lktmrckams lnbcfkbns sne

smlcaaks lmonrkbks fne tmfen-




ak lcslk prnbuftcvcbkb qum kf-tukalmetm tmemlns, n lmens,ms celnrka. @ny sm mstë cevms-tchkebn föln utcaczkr ak jcntmf-enanhìk pkrk frmkr fuatcvns lësrmscstmetms k smquìks y qumpumbke smr crrchkbks fne khuk

skacek. Mstn en ms ue tmlk bmlmenr clpnrtkefck bkbk ak rmk-acbkb bma fkljcn faclëtcfn.

Ak skaub pÿjacfk pnbrìk jm-emfckrsm menrlmlmetm pnr ma

pntmefcka bm ak jcntmfenanhìk.Tnr momlpan, sm mstë cevmstchke-bn föln kulmetkr ma fnetmec-bn bm eutrcmetms bm ans kaclme-tns, anhrkr lmenr kamrhmecfcbkby `kstk pnscjam vkfuekfcöe kmegmrlmbkbms pnr lmbcn bm akkaclmetkfcöe. Kbmlës, ak jcn-

bcvmrscbkb y ak khrcfuaturk sus-tmetkjam sm jmemfckrìke pnr

ma lmenr usn bm tcmrrk krkjampums en tmebrìklns qum uskrlës tmrrmen pkrk prnbufcr anlcsln, an qum mvctkrìk smrcns

fnecftns y bmlkebks pkrk

klpackr ak grnetmrk khrìfnak scekgmftkr zneks `ny prntmhcbks,fnln `k sufmbcbn me ntrns pkì-sms.

]en bm ans tmlks qum hm-emrk lës prmnfupkfcöe pkrk

ans hrupns kljcmetkacstks msma ‑nutfrnssceh“, qum schecfk

ma bmspakzklcmetn n fnljcek-fcöe bm ans fuatcvns bmskrrnaak-bns fne smlcaaks lnbcfkbks

hmeãtcfklmetm fne fuatcvnsprnvmecmetms bm smlcaaks fne-vmefcnekams. Ak mxpmrcmefck yak fcmefck `ke lnstrkbn qummstns tcpns bm frufms sm pum-bme mvctkr fne lmbcbks bm fne-trna (bcstkefcks y jkrrmrks) y akfustnbck bm aks prnbuffcnems

trkeshãecfks pkrk rmshukrbkrak jcnbcvmrscbkb. Bmjmrìklnsmstkjamfmr ue jkefn bm hmrln-pakslk bm vkrcmbkbms kutöftn-eks pkrk ma guturn.

Ak jcntmfenanhìk khrìfnak

rmprmsmetk uek katmrektcvk lëspkrk ma khrcfuatnr, uek gnrlk bmkulmetkr eumstrk fnlpmtctcvc-bkb k ecvma luebcka, ksì fnlnbm ksmhurkr ue frmfclcmetnbm ans mlpamns vmrbms, bkbnqum ma pkìs fumetk fne prngm-scnekams me ak lktmrck, acstnspkrk kvkezkr fne guebklmetn,kjkebnekebn ans bcsfursns

lmrklmetm cbmnaöhcfns, qum ecskavke vcbks, ec prntmhme ka kl-jcmetm, ec fnetrcjuyme k lctchkrak ùmaak bm fkrjnen, ec kyubkek hkrketczkr ak smhurcbkb kac-lmetkrck.





MA CERMZEKRCNEKA VMZWCFM GNZ R@M KF[]CVCRCNE NG KHZC-JCNRMF@(CVKKK) @K T]JACFKBN ]E ZMFNTCAKRNZCN BM ANV BCM_ @MF@NVLËV VCHECGCFKRCWNV BM AK JCNRMFENANHÌK KHZKZCK ME :4;:.

G]MERM ┊Guebkfcöe Ketklk

me ans pkìsms me vìks bm bmsk-

rrnaan qum me ans cebustrckaczk-bns. Ma =:% bm aks `mftërmkssmljrkbks fne mstks smlcaakssm sctukrne me pkìsms me vìks bmbmskrrnaan lcmetrks qum ma 20%rmstketm fnrrmspnebcö k tcmrrkssctukbks me pkìsms cebustrckac-zkbns.

Eÿlmrn bm pkìsms prnbuf-tnrms bm fuatcvns jcntmfenaöhc-fns.- ]e tntka bm :0 pkìsms fuatc-

vkrne smlcaaks LH me :4;:. Bmãstns :4 gumrne pkìsms me vìksbm bmskrrnaan y 0 mrke cebus-trckaczkbns. Me mstns :0 pkìsmsvcvme kprnxclkbklmetm ma 74%bm ak pnjakfcöe luebcka (2 lcalcaanems bm pmrsneks).Vubëe yFujk paketkrne pnr prclmrk vmzsmlcaaks LH.

Eÿlmrn bm khrcfuatnrmsqum smljrkrne fuatcvns jcn-tmfenaöhcfns. - ]e tntka bm ;8,6

lcaanems bm khrcfuatnrms sml-jrkrne smlcaaks jcntmfenaöhcfksme :4;:, 744.444 khrcfuatnrmslës qum me ma kûn ketmrcnr.Lës bma 34% bm ans khrcfuatn-rms qum smljrkrne smlcaaks LHme :4;: (lës bm ;= lcaanems)gumrne khrcfuatnrms bm msfksnsrmfursns bm pkìsms me vìks bmbmskrrnaan. Me mstns pkìsms ak

;8 kûns bm scmljrk fnetc-eukbk.- Me :4;: sm fulpacmrne;8 kûns bm fuatcvn mxctnsn bmfuatcvn fnetceukbn bm NLHs me

tnbn ma luebn. Aks smlcaaks jcn-tmfenaöhcfks gumrne fnlmrfckac-zkbks pnr prclmrk vmz me ;337y bmsbm metnefms ak kpumstk bmans khrcfuatnrms pnr mstk smlcaak`k scbn scmlprm frmfcmetm.

Zãfnrb `mftërmks fuatcvkbks.- Me :4;: ak supmrfcm

luebcka bm fuatcvns lnbcfkbns

]e kûn me ma qum sm `k kafkezkbn eumvn rãfnrb bmscmljrk bm nrhkecslns lnbcfkbns hmeãtcfklmetm

(NLHs) me tnbn ma luebn ksì fnln bm khrcfuatnrmsqum ̀ ke kpnstkbn pnr mstk khrcfuaturk lës snstmecjam y prn-buftcvk. Mstns sne ans bcmz `mf`ns luebckams lës clpnr-tketms bma pkskbn kûn me jcntmfenanhìk khrkrck?

hmeãtcfklmetm (LH) kafkezö aks;84,6 lcaanems bm `mftërmks, anqum rmprmsmetk ue cefrmlmetnbma 7% rmspmftn ka kûn ketmrcnr

fne ;4,6 lcaanems bm `mftërmkslës smljrkbks. Ans NLHs sneak tmfenanhìk khrkrck qum lësrëpcbn sm `k kbnptkbn me ak `cs-tnrck bm ak khrcfuaturk.

Rmfenanhìk bm pkìsms me vìks bm bmskrrnaan.- Me :4;:pnr prclmrk vmz ak kpumstk pnrans fuatcvns LH gum lës gumrtm




kbnpfcöe bm mstns fuatcvns gum 6 vmfms lësrëpcbn qum me ans pkìsms bmskrrnaakbns.

Ans fcefn pkìsms aìbmrms me fua-tcvns jcntmfenaöhcfns.- Mstkbns ]ec-bns schucö scmebn aìbmr me scmljrk bmNLHs fne 73,= lcaanems bm `mftë-rmks. Ma smhuebn auhkr an nfupk Jrksca,pkìs qum pnr fukrtn kûn fnesmfutcvnsm fnevcmrtm me ma qum lës cefrmlme-tk ak scmljrk bm mstks smlcaaks. Aktmrfmrk pntmefck me scmljrk bm NLHs

ms Krhmetcek (:6,3 lcaanems bm `mf-tërmks), ak fukrtk Fkekbë (;;,7 lc-aanems bm `mftërmks) y ak qucetk Cebck(;4,0 lcaanems bm `mftërmks). Ma 2;%bm ans NLHs smljrkbns me ma luebnfnrrmspnebme k Mstkbns ]ecbns, ma:;% fnrrmspnebm k Jrksca.

Kpumstk me Ëgrcfk pnr ans fuatcvns jcntmfenaöhcfns.- Ëgrcfk kafkezö

me :4;: fcgrk rãfnrb me scmljrk bmNLHs kafkezkebn aks :,3 lcaanems bm`mftërmks. Vubëe sm uecö k Vubëgrcfk,Juricek Gksn y Mhcptn me ak scmljrkbm mstks smlcaaks, kulmetkebn kfuktrn ans pkìsms qum kpumstke pnrans NLHs me Vubëgrcfk. Fklmrÿe,Imeck, Lkakwc, Echmrck y ]hkebk `kermkaczkbn me :4;: meskyns bm fklpnprmvcns k ak fnlmrfckaczkfcöe bm anslcslns.

Ak ]ecöe Murnpmk y ans fuatcvnsjcntmfenaöhcfns.- Ak ]ecöe Murnpmk,pmsm k fnetceukr me ma vkhöe bm fnakluebcka, vnavcö k rmhcstrkr me :4;:rãfnrb bm scmljrk ue kûn lës fne;:3.48; ̀ mftërmks (Mspkûk, Tnrtuhka,Zmpÿjacfk F`mfk, Msanvkquck y Zulk-eìk). Kamlkeck y Vumfck bmokrne bmfuatcvkr me :4;: ak pktktk LH Klnrk

trks su skacbk bma lmrfkbn murnpmn.

Tnaneck bmoö bm fuatcvkr lkìz Jt ln-vcbk pnr bmfcscnems pnaìtcfks sce jksmfcmetìfk.

Jmemfcns bm ans fuatcvns jcntmf-enaöhcfns.- Ak smhurcbkb kaclmetkrck,ak snstmecjcacbkb y ak prnbuftcvcbkbsne söan kahuen bm ans jmemfcns bm

ans fuatcvns LH. Metrm ;337 y :4;;ans NLHs `ke pmrlctcbn ma k`nrrn bm286 lcaanems bm Ih bm pakhucfcbks.Me :4;; aks mlcscnems bm FN: sm rm-buomrne me :6,;; lcaanems bm IH, ma

mqucvkametm k quctkr ;4,: lcaanems bmfnf`ms bm aks fkrrmtmrks burketm uekûn.

Tmrspmftcvks bm guturn.- Ak mvnau-fcöe frmfcmetm bm ans NLHs bmlums-trk ak fnekezk bm ans khrcfuatnrms bm

tnbn ma luebn pnr mstk tmfenanhìk.]ek gnrlk khrkrck fnlpktcjam fne marmstn qum en pumbm smr rmf`kzkbk mejksm k krhulmetns cbmnaöhcfns.





AK KVNFCKFCÖE JZKVCAMÛK BM VMLCAAKV S TAKERKV (KJZKVML) @K T]JACFKBN]E CEGNZLM ME MA []M VM MVR]BCK MA ]VN BMA KH]K BM ANV F]ARCWNVLNBCGCFKBNV HMEÃRCFKLMERM (LH) []M VM F]ARCWKE ME JZKVCA.

G]MERM ┊ KhrnJcn

Ma mstubcn rmskatk qum akjcntmfenanhìk khrkrck fnetrcju-ym ka usn snstmecjam bma khukhrkfcks k aks vkrcmbkbms LHrmscstmetms k ak smquìk. K ãstks`ky qum kûkbcram aks vkrcmbk-bms fne lmonrks fnln ak rmscs-tmefck k cesmftns n ak tnamrke-fck k `mrjcfcbks qum pmrlctmeprmsmrvkr rmfursns fnln makhuk y ma suman.

Ak fketcbkb bm khuk qumanhrkrë k`nrrkr Jrksca me bcmzkûns hrkfcks k ans fuatcvns LHms ak fketcbkb sufcmetm pkrk

kjkstmfmr fcubkbms jrkscamûksfnln Zmfcgm n Tnrtn Kamhrm bu-rketm tnbn ue kûn. Kftukalme-tm cevmstchkbnrms bma pkìs smmefumetrke cevmstchkebn pkrkbmskrrnaakr fkûk bm kzÿfkr, snok

Ma mstubcn fnefauym qum mstns fuatcvns prnlumvme ma usn rkfcneka bm ans rmfursns ekturkams anhrkebnuek lkynr prnbuftcvcbkb. Ma bnfulmetn rmskatk qum metrm :4;4 y :4:4 ma k`nrrn bm khuk hrkfcks kaks smlcaaks LH smrë bm kprnxclkbklmetm ;62 lcaanems bm actrns.

y trchn jcntmfenaöhcfn qum smkermscstmetms ka mstrãs `ìbrcfn.

K bìk bm `ny ma rcmhn bm

fuatcvns rmprmsmetk ma 84% bmafnesuln tntka bm khuk buafmbma luebn, uek fcgrk qum mepkìsms me vìks bm bmskrrnaansupmrk cefausn ma 3=% bma tntka.Ans fuatcvns LH rmscstmetms k aksmquìk supnem ue hrke kvkefmpkrk pkìsms bnebm mstm rmfur-sn ms aclctkbn. Vmhÿe ma ÿatclncegnrlm fneouetn bma Gnebnbm aks Ekfcnems ]ecbks pkrkak Cegkefck (]ECFMG) y ak Nrhk-

eczkfcöe Luebcka bm ak Vkaub(NLV), fmrfk bm 044 lcaanemsbm pmrsneks me tnbn ma luebnfkrmfme bm kffmsn k khuk kptkpkrk ma fnesuln.




ln Wmhmtka HmeãtcfklmetmLnbcfkbn (NWHL) fnestk bm

trms mtkpks? ak mvkaukfcöe bmans rcmshns pkrk ans khrnmfnscs-tmlks bmrcvkbns bma fuatcvn memsfkak fnlmrfcka (k fkrhn bmak Bcrmffcöe bm Jcntmfenanhìk ybm ak FNEKJCK)9 ak mvkaukfcöebma lktmrcka pkrk usn kaclmetk-rcn, ùlken y keclka (k fkrhnbma VMEKVK) y ma bcftklme sn-

jrm ans clpkftns prnbuftcvnsy fnlmrfckams rmspmftn bm akfnlmrfckaczkfcöe bma lktmrckahmeãtcfklmetm lnbcfkbn (k

fkrhn bm ak Bcrmffcöe bm Lmr-fkbns Khrìfnaks bma Lcecstmrcnbm Khrcfuaturk, Hkekbmrìk yTmsfk).

Ak snok fne ma mvmetn bmtrkesgnrlkfcöe FW ;:8 (JTV-

Vm trktk bm ak snok tnamrketm k `mrjcfcbks bm ak faksm bm ans clcbkznaceneks, bmskrrnaakbk fneouetklmetmpnr ak mlprmsk JKVG y ak Mlprmsk Jrkscamrk bm Cevmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck (MLJZKTK).

G]MERM ┊ KrhmeJcn

FW;:8-3), bmenlcekbk fnlmr-fckalmetm Fuatcvkefm®, ms magrutn bm lës bm ;6 kûns bmfnnpmrkfcöe metrm JKVG y Ml-jrkpk (Mlprmsk Jrkscamrk bm Ce-vmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck). Gumkprnjkbk me Jrksca y Krhmetcek

pkrk su fuatcvn, usn y fnlmrfck-aczkfcöe y kftukalmetm sm mstëjusfkebn ak kprnjkfcöe rmhuak-tnrck bm mstk tmfenanhìk me bc-vmrsns lmrfkbns clpnrtkbnrmsbm snok, fnln F`cek y ak ]ecöeMurnpk, metrm ntrns.

Ma Vcstmlk bm TrnbuffcöeFuatcvkefm® fnljcek vkrcmbk-bms bm snok tnamrketm k `mrjc-fcbks Clcbkznaceneks fne ue`mrjcfcbk bm klpacn mspmftrn

bm JKVG, bm ak faksm bm aksClcbkznaceneks. Ak tmfenanhìkFuatcvkefm® ngrmfmrë k ans prn-buftnrms ue scstmlk katmrektcvnpkrk ma fnetrna bm lkamzks pn-scjcactkebn ma fnetrna bm akrhkburkfcöe bm lkamzks bm `nokkef`k y bm hrklìemks, cefau-ymebn aks bm bcgìfca fnetrna y kalcsln tcmlpn fne ma pntmefckabm cr rmbufcmebn ma eÿlmrn bmkpacfkfcnems bm `mrjcfcbk pnr`mftërmk. Mstm lmenr usn bm

`mrjcfcbks rmpmrfutcrë me ma usnbm lëquceks, lken bm njrk yfnstns pkrk ans prnbuftnrms.Kbmlës prmsmetkrë ue clpnr-tketm kvkefm me tãrlcens bmsustmetkjcacbkb ka rmbufcr aksmlcscnems bm hks fkrjöecfn(FN:) pkrk ma lmbcn kljcmetmme fnlpkrkfcöe k ak tmfenanhìkkftuka.

Ak Vmfrmtkrìk bm Khrcfuatu-rk, Hkekbmrìk y Tmsfk bma Lc-ecstmrcn bm Khrcfuaturk, Hkekbm-rìk y Tmsfk bm ak Ekfcöe ntnrhök JKVG Krhmetcek VK lmbcketmZmsnaufcöe E¿ ;;3/:4;6, akkutnrczkfcöe fnlmrfcka bm aksnok hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcfkbk

(HL) fne ma mvmetn bm trkesgnr-lkfcöe FW ;:8 (JTV-FW;:8-3)tnamrketm k `mrjcfcbks bm ak

faksm bm ans Clcbkznaceneks, bmans prnbuftns y sujprnbuftnsbmrcvkbns bm ãstk y bm tnbk akprnhmecm bmrcvkbk bm ans fruzk-lcmetns bm mstm lktmrcka fnefukaqucmr snok en lnbcfkbk

hmeãtcfklmetm.Me Krhmetcek, ma fcrfuctn

pkrk ak kutnrczkfcöe bm ak fn-lmrfckaczkfcöe bm ue Nrhkecs-

M

a akezklcmetn sm prmvã pkrk :4;=, kuequm ak gmf`kmxkftk bmpmebm bm ak kprnjkfcöe bma prnbuftn me lmr-

fkbns fakvm bm mxpnrtkfcöe.





AK AKJNZ BM MVF]MAK KHZNTMF]KZCK, []M BCZCHM MA FCMERÌGCFNONVÃ Z]F@MVC, RKLJCÃE G]M BMVRKFKBN TNZ AK TZMVCBMERKG]MERM ┊KhrnJcn

ec pkrk kaclmetkfcöe ùlkek nkeclka. ]ek vmz ekaczkbn ma me-skyn bmjm smr bmstrucbn.

Kustrkack ms uen bm ans pkì-sms qum lës mstë cevmstchkebnme fuatcvns LH me ma luebn,snjrm tnbn me anhrkr paketkslës rmscstmetms ka fkanr. Mapkskbn lms bm gmjrmrn fnen-fìklns qum fcmetìfns bm ak

]ecvmrscbkb bm Vcbemy `kjìkefnlmezkbn k trkjkokr me ueprnhrklk pkrk bmskrrnaakr fua-

tcvns tnamrketms k aks katks tml-pmrkturks. Vm mstë cetmetkebnkbkptkr ma fuatcvn bma trchn,hkrjkezn y kahnböe, tnbns maansluy kgmftkbns pnr aks fnebcfcn-ems faclktnaöhcfks.

Aks prumjks mstëe prmvcstksqum sm rmkacfme metrm lkyn bm:4;6 y kjrca bm :4;7 me ma ërmkbm Ekrrkjrc. Ma njomtcvn bm ansmeskyns bm fklpn ms mvkaukr marmebclcmetn bm mstks fnsmf`ksy ak fkacbkb bma prnbuftn eka

pkrk uek pnstmrcnr fnlmrfckac-

zkfcöe bm ans lcslns.Ak hrke lkynrìk bm aksvkrcmbkbms cefaucbks me mstkkprnjkfcöe fnetcmeme ue hmebm ak fmjkbk qum sm mspmrk lm-

onrm ak mfcmefck bm aks paketks

Ma Fnlctã Zmhuakbnr bm Rmfenanhìk Hmeãtcfk (NHRZ)kustrkacken `k kprnjkbn ak acjmrkfcöe fnetrnakbk y ac-lctkbk me meskyns bm fklpn bm trchn y fmjkbk lnbc-

fkbk hmeãtcfklmetm (LH).

me ak utcaczkfcöe bma ectröhmen.Ma NHRZ `k fnefmbcbn mstm pmr-lcsn trks mstubckr y bmlnstrkrqum ak acjmrkfcöe fnetrnakbk bmmstns fuatcvns en paketmk rcmshnkahuen ec pkrk aks pmrsneks ecma lmbcn kljcmetm.

Ans meskyns bm fklpn kprn-

jkbns en pnbrëe smr bm lës bm;,=6 `mftërmks me ecehÿe fksn.Ma ÿecfn e bm ak scmljrk bm mstm

trchn y fmjkbk LH ms fcmetìfn

pnr an qum euefk ak prnbuffcöebm mstk fnsmf`k smrë bmstcekbk







Fcmetìgcfns bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm Rnttnrc me Okpöe `ke bmskrrnaakbn paketkslnbcgcfkbks hmeãtcfklmetm bm tkjkfn y amfùhk fne katn fnetmecbn me vctklcek M.G]MERM ┊ F`camJcn

Aks cevmstchkfcnems tkl-jcãe uskrne ak lcslk tãfecfk

fne paketks bm amfùhk, cefrm-lmetkebn entkjamlmetm ansfnetmecbns bm vctklcek M bm akslcslks. Mstks cevmstchkfcnemskjrme ue klpacn pkenrklk bmjmemfcns bm ak jcntmfenanhìk

khrkrck pkrk ma fnesulcbnr, uekaìemk me ak qum cevmstchkbnrmsbm tnbn ma luebn yk trkjkoke.

Ans cevmstchkbnrms okpnem-sms `ke bmskrrnaakbn trms tcpnsbm paketks bm tkjkfn lnbcfk-bks hmeãtcfklmetm qum cefauìkeans hmems bm ak Rnf fcfaksk (RF)ζ-Rnf lmtcatrkesgmrksk (ζ-RLR),

Me kljns fksns sm usö ak cehmecmrìk hmeãtcfk bm ans fan-rnpakstns, ketcnxcbketms acpnsnaujams prnbufcbns pnraks paketks metrm ans qum sm mefumetrk ak vctklcek M.

Bm aks nf`n gnrlks bcgmrmetms bm ak vctklcek ans fcmetìfns

sm `ke fmetrkbn me cefrmlmetkr ans ecvmams bm ak λ-Rnf, ak

lës mgmftcvk me ma smr ùlken.

cefaucbns bm gnrlk cebmpmebcme-tm n fneouetk me ma hmenlk bmapaëstcbn. Ans ecvmams bm vctklc-ek M bm mstks paketks gumrne su-pmrcnrms k ans qum rmhcstrke akspaketks scavmstrms.




hme tkljcãe pumbm rmbufcr matcmlpn metrm ak scmljrk y fn-smf`k. Aks vkrcmbkbms fnevme-fcnekams bm mufkacptn sm fnsm-f`ke hmemrkalmetm k ans scmtmkûns bm mbkb, pmrn ans ërjnamstrkeshãecfns pumbme kafkezkrma lcsln rmebclcmetn me fcefnkûns y lmbcn.

Me Jrksca yk sm fuatcvke paketkfcnems mxpmrclmetkams bm mufkacptn trkeshãecfn9 me tntka, ̀ ky eumvm`mftërmks fne vkrcmbkbms bm mstm tcpn.

G]MERM ┊ Guebkfcöe Ketklk

Kbmlës, ak cehmecmrìk hmeã-tcfk bm ërjnams tkljcãe pumbmkyubkr k prmsmrvkr ans jnsqumsektcvns bm tnbn ma luebn. Mafnesuln bm lkbmrk yk `k ka-

fkezkbn uens 6,2 lca lcaanemsbm lmtrns fÿjcfns ka kûn, y smmspmrk qum mstm eÿlmrn ku-lmetm ue :4% `kfck ma :4:4.Tkrk fnesmrvkr ak fnjmrturkvmhmtka ekturka, ak njtmefcöe bmlkbmrk bm jnsqums fuatcvkbnsms uek katmrektcvk snstmecjam.

Mstm hme fnbcfk pkrk uek

bm aks mezclks rmspneskjamsbm ak gnrlkfcöe bm ak fmauansk.Me ma fksn bma mufkacptn HL, akcesmrfcöe rmsuatk me ue lkynrvnaulme bm lkbmrk (lës bm:4%) y `kstk ue 24% lës meak prnbuftcvcbkb bm jcnmemrhìk.

Ak cetrnbuffcöe bma eumvn

Ans ërjnams hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcfkbns (HL) gumrne bm-skrrnaakbns k trkvãs bm ak cesmrfcöe bm hmems bm Krk-jcbnpscs t`kackek, uek paketk mlpamkbk klpacklmetm

fnln lnbman mxpmrclmetka.





Mstm ms ue hrke kbmaketn pkrk ma lmonrklcmetn bm vkrcmbkbms, qum pumbmfnetrcjucr k utcaczkr sumans qum ̀ ny sm fnescbmrke clprnbuftcvns.

G]MERM ┊ Khrn Jcn

bma Cestctutn bm Hmeãtcfk ‑kvmrc-hukr quã hmems fnemrme k aks

paketks lkynr tnamrkefck ka kau-lcecn ms frufcka pkrk ans khrcfua-tnrms qum scmljrke fuatcvns fuykprnbuftcvcbkb en ms öptclk bmjc-bn k ak kfcbmz bma suman“.

Ans rmsuatkbns tkljcãe ce-bcfke qum ma eÿlmrn bm fnpcksbma hme pnbrìk smr uek rmspums-tk mvnautcvk rëpcbk k eumvnskljcmetms n ka fkljcn faclë-tcfn.

Ma hme trcpacfkbn pnbrìk smr

uek `mrrklcmetk pkrk lmonrkrhmeãtcfklmetm aks paketks, fnema e bm qum sm kbkptme k sumans

fne katns ecvmams bm kaulcecn.Kprnxclkbklmetm ma 64%

bma tntka bm suman bm ak tcmrrk msbmlksckbn ëfcbn pkrk kyubkr kak prnbuffcöe bm fuatcvns, mstnbm kfumrbn fne ma Bmpkrtklme-tn bm Khrcfuaturk bm Mstkbns]ecbns ‖]VBK, pnr sus schaksme cehaãs-.

Mstm kvkefm pnbrë fnetrc-

jucr k ak snstmecjcacbkb bm akkftcvcbkb khrìfnak, ka lcslntcmlpn qum sm prmsmrvk ma lm-bcn kljcmetm y ans `ëjctkts ek-turkams, yk qum pmrlctcrë ak prn-buffcöe bm kaclmetns me sumansqum `ny sm fnescbmrke clprn-buftcvns (fnln sumans ëfcbns,skacens n luy smfns).

Ak mxprmscöe bm mstns hm-ems pmrlctm k aks paketks tnam-rkr katns ecvmams bm kaulcecn mesumans ëfcbns. Bm kfumrbn fneLktcks Icrst, fnkutnr y lcmljrn

]ek cevmstchkfcöe aamvkbk k fkjn pnr ma Cestctutn bm Hm-eãtcfk bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm ak Ganrcbk, pmrlctcö bmtmr-lcekr qum kahueks vkrcmbkbms bm lkìz pnbìke frmfmr

me suman ëfcbn, aks fukams fnetcmeme trms fnpcks bm ue bm-tmrlcekbn hme.




cetrnbufcrans me lktmrckams an-fkams.

‑Vì, lm vny k mefnetrkr fnemxpmrtns bm fcefn cestctutnspkrk bcsfutcr snjrm mstn. Cebckmstë tnbkvìk me ak gksm bm cevms-tchkfcöe y aamvkrë uens 7-8 kûnspkskr k ak gksm bm bmskrrnaan yprnbuffcöe. Ma schucmetm pksn

Me pnfns kûns Cebck prnjkjamlmetm tmebrë uek grutk hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcgcfkbk me su lmsk,mercqumfcbk fne vctklcek K y @cmrrn.

G]MERM ┊ KrhmeJcn

pkrk ans fcmetìfns cebcns ms ce-trnbufcr ans hmems rmakfcnekbnsfne lës prnvctklcek K y `cm-rrn me vkrcmbkbms bm jkekeksanfkams“, mxpacfö Oklms Bkam,

bcrmftnr bma Fmetrn bm FuatcvnsRrnpcfkams y Jcnfnllnbctcms bmak ]ecvmrscbkb bm [ummesakeb,qucme acbmrk ma prnymftn me Kus-trkack.

Bkam y su mqucpn `kjìke mx-pmrclmetkbn ketms fne jkek-eks lnbcfkbks hmeãtcfklme-tm me ]hkebk, fnln pkrtm bmue prnymftn bm jcngnrtcfkfcöe.

Ans cevmstchkbnrms kustrk-ackens kafkezkrne ue kfumrbnfne ma Bmpkrtklmetn bm Jcn-tmfenanhìk pkrk trkesgmrcr mstktmfenanhìk qum pmrlctm ma lm-

onrklcmetn eutrcfcneka bm akjkekek. Kustrkack k`nrk metrm-hkrë ans hmems k ans mxpmrtnsbm fcefn Cestctutns cebcns pkrk

Fcmetìfns kustrkackens yk `ke trkesgmrcbn ak tmfenan-hìk k ans cevmstchkbnrms cebcns pkrk prnbufcr jkekekstrkeshãecfks mercqumfcbks me prnvctklcek K y `cmrrn,

qum smrìke mspmfckalmetm jmemfcnsks pkrk aks luomrms

mljkrkzkbks.





KLJNV TKÌVMV KVCËRCFNV FNEVCBMZKE K AK JCNRMFENANHÌK FNLN]E VMFRNZ FZ]FCKA TKZK AK CEWMVRCHKFCÖE, MA BMVKZZNAAN, S AKTZMVMZWKFCÖE BMA LMBCN KLJCMERMG]MERM ┊Guebkfcöe Ketklk

bmsmlpmûkrë ue pkpma clpnr-tketm me ma bmskrrnaan bm kljnspkìsms.

Kftukalmetm ak jcntmfenan-hìk yk ms fakvm me ak mfnenlìkbm ak Cebck. Hrkfcks ka fuatcvn bmkahnböe hmeãtcfklmetm lnbc-fkbn (HL) ak Cebck pksö bm smrclpnrtkbnrk bm kahnböe k smrmxpnrtkbnr emtn y sctukrsm fnlnuek bm aks bns pntmefcks lue-bckams fne lkynr prnbuffcöe yvmetk bm kahnböe.

Fne ue cefrmlmetn prnbuf-tcvn bma 84% bmsbm :44:, kûn

me qum sm fuatcvö pnr prclmrk vmzkahnböe trkeshãecfn me ak Cebck,ma fuatcvn bm mstk vkrcmbkb HL `ksupumstn ma k`nrrn bm :4.444 tn-emakbks bm pakhucfcbks.

Ksì an krlö ma vcfmlcecs-trn bm Fcmefck y Rmfenanhìk bmWcmtekl, Fù Ehnf Ke`, me uekfnegmrmefck me @kenc, me bnebmrmskatö ma pkpma bm kljns pkì-sms me ma kvkefm me jcntmfen-anhìk.

Ma guefcnekrcn bmstkfö akgumrzk bm Wcmtekl m Cebck me

ak cevmstchkfcöe jcntmfenaöhcfky fnescbmrk qum mstk tmfenanhìkms uek bm aks fuktrn ërmks prcn-rctkrcks me aks qum sm sustmetk mabmskrrnaan snfcn-mfneölcfn bm

W

cmtekl fnescbmrk k ak Cebck fnln ue pkìs kackbn mejcntmfenanhìk qum oumhk ue pkpma mstrktãhcfn me ce-vmstchkfcöe y bmskrrnaan, kahn frufcka pkrk ma clpuasn

bm ak mfnenlìk bm kljns pkìsms y pnr ak fnesmrvkfcöe bmalmbcn kljcmetm.

tnbn ma pkìs. ]ek tmfenanhìk rms-pkabkbk pnr ak fnluecbkb fcme-tìfk y qum fkbk vmz mstë lës

mxtmebcbk me tnbn ma luebn.Ans fcmetìfns qum pkrtcfc-

pkrne me ma mvmetn k fnlcme-zns bm mstm kûn, bmstkfkrne aksclcactub metrm aks mfnenlìkskhrkrcks bm Wcmtekl y ak Cebck,

pnr an qum kljns fnlpkrtme akslcslks cequcmtubms m cetmrmsmsme ma bmskrrnaan bma smftnr khrk-rcn bm sus pkìsms. Vmhÿe rmskatöFù Ehnf Ke` ak jcntmfenanhìk




rrmk me ùlkens, ak fuka fnjrkak vcbk bm ;.0 lcaanems bm ecûnsme tnbn ma luebn fkbk kûn y

pmroubcfk ma bmskrrnaan gìscfn ylmetka bm luf`ns lës. ‑Lu-f`ks rmhcnems bma luebn mebmskrrnaan bmpmebme bm ak hk-ekbmrìk fnln su prcefcpka gume-tm bm kaclmetn“, bcon ma prngmsnrOklms Lurrky, bm ak ]ecvmrsc-bkb bm Fkacgnreck-Bkvcs, qucmebcrchcö ak cevmstchkfcöe.

Ak amf`m bm fkjrk lnbcgcfkbk hmeãtcfklmetm qum fnetcmem katns ecvmams bm uek prntmìek ketclcfrnjckekùlkek fnenfcbk fnln acsnzclk, ms mgmftcvk pkrk kfmamrkr ak rmfupmrkfcöe bm ak bckrrmk, kgcrlkrnecevmstchkbnrms bm Mstkbns ]ecbns bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm Fkacgnreck ‖ Bkvcs.

G]MERM ┊ KrhmeJcn

‑Mstns rmsuatkbns sne söanue momlpan bm qum, k trkvãs bmak cehmecmrìk hmeãtcfk, pnbm-lns prnpnrfcnekr keclkams bmcetmrãs khrneölcfn fne rkshnsenvmbnsns megnfkbns k rmsna-vmr kahuens bm ans prnjamlksrmakfcnekbns fne ak skaub, k ansfukams sm megrmetke mstks fn-

luecbkbms me bmskrrnaan,“ kûk-bcö Lurrky. Ma mqucpn tkljcãebcon qum sus cevmstchkfcnemsbmlnstrkrne ma pntmefcka bm ansprnbuftns kaclmetcfcns prnvm-ecmetms bm keclkams trkeshãec-fns qum ue bìk tkljcãe jmem-fckrëe ak skaub bm ans smrms

ùlkens.

Ma trkjkon, rmkaczkbn fnefmrbns oövmems, bmlnströ qumak amf`m prnvmecmetm bm fk-

jrks qum sm lnbcfkrne hmeã-tcfklmetm pkrk prnbufcr katnsecvmams bm acsnzclk pumbm smrmgmftcvk pkrk kyubkr me ak rmfu-pmrkfcöe bm ak bckrrmk. Ma mquc-pn bm cevmstchkfcöe, bm Mstkbns]ecbns, bcon qum mspmrkjke qumbcf`k amf`m pumbk mvmetuka-lmetm kyubkr k prmvmecr ak bck-

Ma mstubcn ms ma prclmrn me rmpnrtkr qum ak amf`m bm fk-jrks lnbcfkbks hmeãtcfklmetm, ak fuka tcmem katns

ecvmams bm acsnzclk ketclcfrnjckek, pumbm kyubkr k akrmfupmrkfcöe bm ak bckrrmk fkuskbk pnr cegmffcöe jkftmrck-ek me ma trkftn hkstrncetmstceka.





Vm bcstrcjucrë hrktuctklmetm me zneks bm ËgrcfkG]MERM ┊ Khrn Jcn

Ma lkrf`ctklcmetn bma paë-tken `k prnvnfkbn hrkebmspãrbcbks metrm ans khrcfuatnrmsbm ak znek prnvnfkebn uekgumrtm fkìbk me ma prmfcn bm suprnbuffcöe me ma lmrfkbn ce-

tmrekfcneka. Vöan me ]hkebk smmstclk qum mstk megmrlmbkbprnvnfö pãrbcbks bm `kstk 6=lcaanems bm böakrms me :44=,uek fcgrk qum `k cbn frmfcmebnfne ma pksn bm ans kûns. K bìkbm `ny mstk megmrlmbkb kgmftkka 64% bm tnbns ans fuatcvns bmpaëtken.

Ak pmrsnek qum `k bkbn kfnenfmr mstk entcfck `k scbn

Xcagrmb Lusf`njnzc (Frnp Jcns-fcmefm Vnautcnes), qucme krlö

qum mstm eumvn kvkefm smrëbcstrcjucbn hrktuctklmetm memstks zneks me aks qum mstkmegmrlmbkb ms fakvm pkrk akcebustrck bma paëtken.

Ma fkljcn faclëtcfn, ma ku-lmetn bm ak pnjakfcöe, ma cefrm-lmetn bm pakhks y megmrlmbk-bms, ak cegmrtcacbkb bma suman nak smquìk, mstëe `kfcmebn qum

fcmetìfns bm tnbn ma luebnmstãe cetmetkebn rmsnavmr ms-tns rmtns khrkrcns uskebn akstmfenanhìks mxcstmetms. Ksì, ce-vmstchkbnrms bm tnbn ma luebnmstëe bmskrrnaakebn eumvks vk-rcmbkbms lnbcfkbks hmeãtcfk-lmetm qum pmrlctke hkrketczkrak supmrvcvmefck bm ak khrcfua-turk.

]e mqucpn bm cevmstchkbnrms bma Cestctutn bm Cevmstchk-fcöe bm Ikwkebk (]hkebk) vk k bcstrcjucr bm gnrlk hrk-tuctk me ma mstm bm Ëgrcfk y me ak Zmpÿjacfk Bmlnfrëtcfk

bma Fnehn aks smlcaaks trkeshãecfks bm paëtken rmscstmetm kak jkftmrck Pket`nlneks fklpmstrcs pv. luskfmkrul (Pfl).

Ãstk prnvnfk qum ak pake-tk sm lkrf`ctm fne sìetnlksfnln ma qum aks `noks sm pne-

hke klkrcaaks, qum sm lkrf`c-tme ans jrntms lksfuacens n akbmfnanrkfcöe bma grutn.




]E M[]CTN GNZLKBN TNZ CEWMVRCHKBNZMV BM AK ]ECWMZVCBKB BM AK ZCNOK S MA CEVRCR]RNBM ZMF]ZVNV EKR]ZKAMV S KHZNJCNANHÌK BM VKAKLKEFK @K BMRMZLCEKBN []M MAFNLTNVR MAKJNZKBN K TKZRCZ BMA V]VRZKRN ME MA []M FZMFME @NEHNV RCMEM FKTKFCBKBFNLN KBVNZJMERM BM G]EHCFCBKV S ZMH]AK V] BCVTMZVCÖE ME MA LMBCN KLJCMERM, BNVFKZKFRMZÌVRCFKV BM HZKE ]RCACBKB TKZK ]VNV KHZÌFNAKV.

G]MERM ┊KhrnJcn

fkpkfcbkb bm ans VTF@ fnlnkbsnrjmetms bm guehcfcbks y akjkok bmsnrfcöe njsmrvkbk pkrk

kahuens me fnefrmtn.Ksì, ue khrcfuatnr pumbm

kprnvmf`kr y kpacfkr VTF@ kasuman bcrmftklmetm, sc jcme msue rmscbun fnlpnstkbn ma qumrkametczkrìk ak lnvcacbkb bm ansguehcfcbks. Me fnefauscöe, bcgm-rmetms tcpns bm VTF@ pnbrìkesmr uskbns pkrk kbsnrjmr pmstc-

fcbks bmetrn bma bcsmûn bm lãtn-bns scfnquìlcfns pkrk ak celn-

vcaczkfcöe bm mstns fnlpumstnsme ma suman, ak rmhuakfcöe bm sulnvcacbkb me ma kljcmetm y akprmvmefcöe bm fnetklcekfcöebm aks khuks. Kahn qum prmfcsk-lmetm me Ak Zcnok smrìk bm hrkeutcacbkb me usns khrìfnaks bkbnqum ma fuatcvn bma f`klpcûöe msma lës bmstkfkbn bmspuãs bmavcûmbn.

Lkrcsna Kebrkbms, prngmsnrkbma bmpkrtklmetn bm Khrcfua-turk y Kaclmetkfcöe bm ak ]Z9

Omsÿs Lª Lkrìe-Jmectn, Lª Vn-eck Znbrìhumz-Fruz y Lª OmsÿsVëef`mz-Lkrtìe, cevmstchkbnrmsbma Cestctutn bm Zmfursns Ek-turkams y Khrnjcnanhìk bm Vkak-lkefk (CZEKVK-FVCF) trkjkokrneme fnakjnrkfcöe fne ma FmetrnRmfenaöhcfn bm Cevmstchkfcöe bmaF`klpcûöe (FRCF@), me Ak Zcnok,y ak mlprmsk Cetrkvka pkrk mvk-aukr ak fkpkfcbkb bm bcgmrmetmssustrktns pnstfuatcvn bm `nehns(VTF@) me tãrlcens bm ekturk-

amzk y/n trktklcmetn fnln kb-snrjmetm bm nf`n guehcfcbks bmbcgmrmetm mstrufturk quìlcfk.

Ans VTF@ uskbns gumrne hm-emrkbns bmspuãs bm ak prnbuf-fcöe bm ans trms prcefcpkams tcpnsbm `nehns? f`klpcûöe fnlÿe(Khkrcfus jcspnrus), smtk fnlÿe(Tamurntus spp) y s`cctkim (Ametc-

C

evmstchkbnrms bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm Ak Zcnok (]Z) y ma Cestc-tutn bm Zmfursns Ekturkams y Khrnjcnanhìk bm Vkaklkefk(CZEKVK-FVCF), Mspkûk, `k bmtmrlcekbn qum ue kjnen k

jksm bm ue fnlpumstn bm sustrktn pnst fuatcvn bm `nehnstcmem fkpkfcbkb fnln kbsnrjmetm bm guehcfcbks y rmhuak subcspmrscöe me ma lmbcn kljcmetm. ‑Ak lmzfak `mtmrnhãemkbma sustrktn fnlprmebm ma lktmrcka bma fnlpnst cecfcka usk-bn pkrk ak prnbuffcöe bm `nehns, fne ue lkynr n lmenrhrkbn bm bmskrrnaan bmpmebcmebn bma `nehn fuatcvkbn, y maprnfmsn pnstmrcnr bm katmrkfcöe y/n fnlpnstkom k qum smvmk snlmtcbn“, mxpacfke ans mxpmrtns.

euak mbkbms), qum supneme lësbma 84% bm ak prnbuffcöe lue-bcka bm `nehns, y ans guehcfcbks

gumrne fnlpumstns quìlcfns rm-prmsmetktcvns bm hrupns bm kak-ecektn, trckznams, pcrclcbklcek,fkrjklktns n mstrnjcaurce.

KBVNZJMERMV BM G]EHCFCBKVAks bcgmrmefcks njtmecbks

gumrne bmjcbks prcefcpkalme-tm k ak `cbrngnjcfcbkb bm ansfnlpumstns nrhëecfns y k akpnakrcbkb bm ans kbsnrjmetms.Bmspuãs bm vkrcns fcfans bmbmsnrfcöe fne khuk, ans pnrfme-

tkoms bm guehcfcbk kbsnrjcbnrmlkemetm gumrne 5:4% pkrkfcprnbceca, pmefnekzna, tmjufn-ekzna, jmekakxca n kznxcstrnjcebmsbm ans kbsnrjmetms lmenspnakrms, y pkrk fcprnbceca, pme-fnekzna y tmjufnekzna bmsbm anskbsnrjmetms lës pnakrms.

Ans rmsuatkbns bm mstm trk-jkon pneme bm lkecmstn ak




L m b c n K l j c m e t m

TAKERKBK FNE FKA S VCE FKA ME ]E VCVRMLK KHZNGNZMVRKA ME V]MANV ]ARCVNAMV BM TKEKLË

G]MERM ┊ Imetkrn RNLCRK Trng. Ceh. Khr. Fne T`.B. ]ecvmrscbkb Ekfcneka bm Tcakr me Tkrkhuky(Gkfuatkb bm Fcmefcks Khrnpmfukrcks y Bmskrrnaan Zurka). M-lkca? tnlcime64D`ntlkca.fnl

ak katurk bma bcëlmtrn k ak katurk bma pmf`n (BKT)

ka ëpcfm (ëehuan k) y ma ntrn bma BKT k ak jksm(ëehuan j), lketmecmebn scmlprm ak lcslk bcs-tkefck bm lmbcfcöe.

:. FNE MVRKV BNV LMBCBKV TZNFMBCLNV K FKAF]-AKZ AK KAR]ZK BM AK VCH]CMERM LKEMZK

(;) Katurk @ < tkehmetm bm k* bcstkefck jksm

(:) Katurk ` < Rkehmetm bm j* bcstkefck jksm

(6) Katurk tntka < Katurk @ + Katurk `

Fne ak fcetk bcklãtrcfk sm prnfmbcö k tnlkrlmbcfcnems bma bcëlmtrn k ak katurk bma pmf`n

MWKA]KFCÖE MFNEÖLCFK BM AKV TAKERKFCNEMV;. WKANZ BM AK LKBMZK S WKANZ BM AK RCMZZK

Ma prclmr mstubcn qum sm rmkaczö, gum fuketc-fkr fuëa `kjìk scbn ma cefrmlmetn keuka bm lk-bmrk (l6/`k), pkrk kljks paketkfcnems (Rmfk).

Tkrk ak rmkaczkfcöe bma lcsln, prnfmbclnsk ak lmbcfcöe bm lkbmrk me pcm, utcaczkebn uecestrulmetn bm lmesurk gnrmstka fnenfcbn fnlnFaceölmtrn (Ecvma Kjemy) y uek fcetk bcklãtrcfk.

Ma Ecvma Kjemy ms ue cestrulmetn qum smjksk me ue prcefcpcn trchnenlãtrcfn bm lmbcfcöebm ëehuans pkrk lmbcr katurks, sm prnfmbcö k tn-lkr bns lmbcbks bm ëehuans, uen qum cjk bmsbm

Ans sumans bnebm mstëe mstkjamfcbks aks paketkfcnems njomtn bm mstubcn prmsmetke uek gumrtm bmhrkbk-fcöe, fne ue vkanr fktkstrka tntkalmetm jkon, mstkebn ans lcslns me rkehn qum vkrìke bmsbm ]V$;=4k ]V$:=4/`k kprnxclkbklmetm (Bcrmffcöe Ekfcneka bm Fktkstrn, :44;).




(BKT), pkrk fkbk ërjna lmbcbn, scmebn tkams lm-bcbks ka kzkr me ma jnsqum.

]ek vmz rmfnpcakbk tnbk mstk cegnrlkfcöe smfkafuaö ma vnaulme bm lkbmrk me l6/`k lm-bcketm ak schucmetm gnrluak?

(2) W < BKT x @ x gg

W < Wnaulme bm lkbmrk me l6

BKT < Bcëlmtrn k ak Katurk bma Tmf`n

@ < Katurk

gg < Gkftnr bm gnrlk mstëebkr pkrk paketkfcn-ems chuka k ]en.

Njtmecbn ma vnaulme bm lkbmrk, sm fuketc-fö ma cefrmlmetn keuka me bcemrn pnr `mftërmk

pkrk kljns fuatcvns, jkskbn me ma tcmlpn bm ms-tkjamfclcmetn bm aks paketkfcnems.

Ak tkjak 6 lumstrk ans bktns bm BKT, Katurk yWnaulme bm lkbmrk bm tmfk metrm ma tmstchn (trk-

tklcmetn sce fka) y ma trktklcmetn fne fka.

Rkjak 6. Bktns bm BKT, Katurk y Wnaulme bmlkbmrk bm Rmfk metrm Rmstchn y trktklcmetn fneFka me Fkakjkfctn, Wmrkhuks, Tkeklë

*Ans vkanrms prmsmetkbns, fnrrmspnebms ka

kzkr bm bcmz njsmrvkfcnems (e<;4).

6. ANFKACBKB BM FKAKJKFCRNMe ma ërmk bm Fkakjkfctn, aks paketkfcnems bm

Rmfk tcmeme kprnxclkbklmetm uens = kûns bm

paketkbks.Fne ak ekacbkb bm bmtmrlcekr ma cefrmlme-tn keuka bm lkbmrk pnr `mftërmk y mstkjamfmr maprmfcn kftuka bm ak lcslk, sm prnfmbcö k trkes-gnrlkr ans lmtrns fÿjcfns bm lkbmrk me pcmsfÿjcfns fnescbmrkebn qum?

;l6 < 6=.6; pcms6

Me aks paketkfcnems bm ak tmfk tmemlns qumma vnaulme bm lkbmrk me ;4 ërjnams, smhÿe malumstrmn ka kzkr gum bm 7.;l6 me ma tmstchn y:8.7l6 me ma trktklcmetn fne fka , rmspmftcvk-

lmetm (Rkjak 6), pkrk uek `mftërmk tmemlnsqum?

2. RMVRCHN (MA RZKRKLCMERN VCE KTACFKFCÖE BM FKA);4 ërjnams----------------7.;l6344 ërjnams---------------P l6P < =23l6/`k

Tkrk trkesgnrlkr k pcms6/`k tmemlns?

;l6-----------------------6=.6;pcms6=23l6/`k--------------S

S < ;360=.: pcms6/`k

Vc fnescbmrklns qum ma prmfcn kftuka bm aklkbmrk bm Rmfk me ma lmrfkbn ms ]V$ 4.74 mapcm6, tmebrìklns qum pkrk mstk paketkfcöe fne= kûns, ma vkanr tntka bm ak lkbmrk prmsmetm msbm ]V$;;76;.;/`k, an qum fnrrmspnebm k uecefrmlmetn keuka bm ]V$:6:7.:/`k/kûn.

=.MA RZKRKLCMERN FNE KTACFKFCÖE BM FKA

;4 ërjnams----------------:8.7l6344 ërjnams---------------P l6P < :202l6/`k

Tkrk trkesgnrlkr k pcms6/`k tmemlns?

;l6-----------------------6=.6;pcms6606l6/`k--------------S

S < 088;4.42 pcms6/`k





Vc fnescbmrklns qum ma prmfcn kftuka bm aklkbmrk bm Rmfk me ma lmrfkbn ms ]V$ 4.74 mapcm6, tmebrìklns qum pkrk mstk paketkfcöe fne =kûns, ma vkanr tntka bm ak lkbmrk prmsmetm ms bm]V$=:7:7.4/`k, an qum fnrrmspnebm k ue cefrm-lmetn keuka bm ]V$;4=:=.:/`k/kûn.

FNEFA]VCNEMV

;. Ma frmfclcmetn bm ak tmfk fne fka gumlmonr qum ak qum sm paketö sce fka. Ksì, sm fne-scbmrk qum ak kpacfkfcöe bm fka ka lnlmetn bmatrkspaketm ms luy clpnrtketm pkrk ak tmfk mesumans ëfcbns ]atcsnams.

:. Vm njsmrvö qum ma fnetmecbn bm E, Fk,y Vc me ak tmfk fne fka mrk lës katn qum ma me-fnetrkbn me ak tmfk sce fka. Vm fnescbmrk qum makljcmetm pkrk ak tmfk lmonrkrë fne ak kpacfkfcöebm fka, ksc fnln tkljcãe, ak gumrzk bm kjsnrfcöebm eutrclmetns.

6. Vm njsmrvö katn fnetmecbn bm LN y jkonfnetmecbn bm Ka cetmrfkljckjam tketn me ma tmstc-hn fnln me ma trktklcmetn fne fka me ak paketk-fcöe bm tmfk.

2. Me aks paketkfcnems bm tmfk tmemlnsqum ma vnaulme bm lkbmrk me ;4 ërjnams, smhÿema lumstrmn ka kzkr gum bm 7.;l6 me ma tmstchn y:8.7l6 me ma trktklcmetn fne fka , rmspmftcvk-lmetm.

=. Me ma ërmk rmgnrmstkbk, smrë emfmskrcnpaketkr ërjnams kbmfukbns fne lkemon bm akgmrtcacbkb bma suman pkrk rmfupmrkr y/n rmlmbckr

ma kljcmetm fne ue scstmlk scavnpkstnrca qum smpumbm mspmrkr ak prnbuffcöe snstmecjam bm hkek-bn frckbn.

KHZKBMFCLCMERN Ka rmkaczkr ma trkjkon, ans fnlpkûmrns

klchns pkeklmûns Ceh. LVf. Jmeoklìe Eklm(Vm oujcaö), Br. Onsã Wcaakrrmka, Rmf. Mercqum Lër-qumz y ntrns bnebm trkjkoke me ma Cestctutn bmCevmstchkfcöe Khrnpmfukrck bm Tkeklë (CBCKT)lm kyubkrne luf`n. Ams khrkbmzfn k maans me ma

bnfulmetn.

ZMGMZMEFCKV JCKZCVRMH]CMRK, A. ;386. Gklcacks y hãemrns

bm ans ërjnams bm Wmemzumak. Fkrkfks, Wme., Cestc-tutn Jntëecfn. 02=p.

JMER@KAA, K.T. ;366. R`m trmms ng Fkafutkkeb cts emch`jnurb`nnb. Fkafutk, Cebck, R`kfimrVpcei. 2=4p.

Fkranec, K., Fnrnema, A. L., Gkrìks, G., @caaemr,]., @ngglkee, Z., I÷ech, X., Irufi, X., Lmrmams,

G., Tksch, Z. y Znoks, F. :44;. Trntmffcöe y usnsnstmecjam-Zmhcöe Nrcmetka-Tkrkhuky. Vmfrmtrckbma Kljcmetm, Lcecstmrcn bm Khrcfuaturk y Hkek-bmrìk (LKH) Vke Anrmezn, Tkrkhuky y Juebms-kestkagt gñr Hmnwcssme-Ksf`kgtme ueb Zn`stnggm(JHZ) @keenvmr, Juebmsrmpujaci Bmutfàkeb.Vke Anrmezn Tkrkhuky. ;:-;6.

Bmgnrmstkfcöe bm Tkeklë `ttp?//`tla.rce-fnebmavkhn.fnl/bmgnrmstkfcne^;.`tla

BCK_, ZNLM]9 @]ERMZ, K. ;380. Lmtnbnan-

hìks bm lumstrmn bm sumans9 keëacscs quìlcfn bmsumans bm tmocbns vmhmtka y bm cevmstchkfcnemsme cevmrekbmrn. Fksk mbctnrcka, Rurrckajk, FnstkZcfk. 7:p.

MAKBCN F,9 XCAACKL G. ;33;. Rmfk (Rmftnekhrkebcs) mspmfcm bm ërjna bm usn lÿatcpam meKlãrcfk Fmetrka. Vmrcm ;;, FKRCM, Rurrckajk, Fns-tk Zcfk. 28p.

GNNB KEB KHZCF]AR]ZM NZHKEC_KRCNE NGR@M ]ECRMB EKRCNEV. ;38=. Fktëanhn bm smlc-aaks gnrmstkams. Znlk, Ctkack. :06p.

GNNB KEB KHZCF]AR]ZM NZHKEC_KRCNE NGR@M ]ECRMB EKRCNEV. ;30=. Nrbmekfcöe gnrms-tkaa bm ans tröpcfns pkrk usn lÿatcpam m cetmescvn,mstubcn bm momlpans bm ? Cebck, Kgrcfk, KlãrcfkAktcek y ma Fkrcjm. GKN. Lnetms en. ==. ;04p.

@KEBJNNIV ZMGMZMEFM LMR@NBV GNZVNCA RMVRCEH. ;304. Vmhuebk mbcfcöe ]ecvmrsctyng Hmnrhck. Kt`mes, Hmnrhck. ;64p.




CVNV, Z. :44:. ‑Bceëlcfk bma Vuman me Take-tkfcnems bm Kfkfck lkehcul y Tceus fkrcjmkm,Trnvcefck bm Wmrkhuks, Tkeklë.“ Rmscs bm lkms-trìk. ]ecvmrscbkb bm Tkeklë. Gkfuatkb bm Fcme-fcks Khrnpmfukrcks. ;64 p.

HZ]TN RMFENANHCK KTZNTCKBK. ;302. Krjn-

ams pkrk amûk y lkbmrk fnljcekbns fne fuatcvnskeukams. Tkeklë, Tke., HRK-ZMEKZM/FKRCM. :2p.

IMNH@, Z.L. ;383. Ma guturn bm ak tmfk meKlãrcfk Rrnpcfka9 mstubcn snjrm Rmftnek hrkebcsme ma Fkrcjm, Fmetrnklãrcfk, Wmemzumak y Fnanl-jck. ]eksyavk (Ctkack) 6;(;:7)?;6-;3.

ACRRAM, M.A.9 BCPNE, Z. ;373. Krjnams fnl-luems bm ak Trnvcefck bm Mslmrkabks? mstubcn bmprmcevmrscöe pkrk ma bmskrrnaan gnrmstka enrnffc-bmetm. Cegnrlm Gceka. Znlk, Ctkack, GKN. v. 2, =6p.

ANTÃ_, T.V. ;388. Ganrk bm Wmemzumak Wmrjm-ekfmkm. Lmrcbk, Wme., Rkaamrms Hrëfns ]ecvmrsc-tkrcns. 7=2 p.

LK@KT@NA, V. ;3=2. Rmki ce R`kcakeb, Rkc-akebck. Lcecstry ng Khrcfuaturm. Znyka Gnrmst Bm-pkrtlmet. en. Z.;7. 64p.

Zmpÿjacfk bm Tkeklë Fnjmrturk Jnsfnsk ;33:`ttp?//www.gkn.nrh/bnfrmp/448/kb;4:s/KB;4:V:4.hcg

VRZMMRV, Z.O. ;37:. Mxntcf gnrmst trmms ce t`m Jrctcs`Fnllnewmkat`. Nxgnrb, H.J., Fakrmebne Trmss. 8=4p.

RNZZMV, A.9 VCAWMZJNZH, V. ;38:. Mstubcn snjrm

ak burkjcacbkb ekturka bm ak tmfk (Rmftnek hrkebcs A.g.)lmbcketm meskyns kfmamrkbns bm ‑snca-janfis“ me ma Ak-vnrktnrcn Ekfcneka bm Trnbuftns Gnrmstkams me Lãrcbk,Wmemzumak. Jnamtìe Cestctutn Gnrmstka Aktcen-Klmrcfkenbm Cevmstchkfcöe y Fkpkfctkfcöe (Wme.)2;-2:?76-84.

]ECWMZVCBKB BM FNVRK ZCFK. AKJNZKRNZCN BMTZNB]FRNV GNZMVRKAMV. ;383. Trnpcmbkbms y usnbm ak lkbmrk bm tmfk (Rmftnek hrkebcs A.) frmfcmebn me[umpns, Fnstk Zcfk. Vke Onsã, F.Z. 0p.

WCAAKZZMKA, O.9 EKLM, J. ;307. Rãfecfks kekaìtcfksbma akjnrktnrcn bm sumans. CBCKT, Bcvcsk, Tkeklë. ;;4p.

XMJJ, J.B. ;304. Huìk y fakvm pkrk smamffcnekrmspmfcms me meskyns gnrmstkams bm rmhcnes trnpcfkamsy sujtrnpcfkams. Anebrms, H.J., Nvmrsmks BmvmanplmetKblcecstrktcne. :8=p.





cevmrscnems gnrmstkams, cefausnme efks qum sne prnpcmbkb

bm tmrfmrns, sce emfmscbkb bmkbqucrcr msks tcmrrks. Mstn tkl-jcãe kjrm ak pnscjcacbkb bm qum

sm emhnfcme aks paketkfcnemscebmpmebcmetmlmetm ka celum-jam ka qum mstëe kb`mrcbns.

‑Rmemlns qum gmstmokr pnr-qum ms uek gnrlk bm rmfupmrkrma rmfursn gnrmstka y ms uek lk-emrk bm quctkram ak prmscöe k ansjnsqums ektcvns. Tmrlctm ka ce-vmrscnecstk emfmsctkr bm lmens

Ma smftnr bm ak cebustrck lkbmrmrk fmamjrö ak kprnjkfcöe bma prnymftnbm amy bm Wuman Gnrmstka me ak Fëlkrk bm Bcputkbns, smûkaö Ouke Fkrans

Katcmrc, prmscbmetm bm ak Gmbmrkfcöe Tkrkhukyk bm Lkbmrmrns, GMTKLKG]MERM ┊ ]HT

fkpctka pkrk `kfmr rmgnrmstk-fcöe. Ak jumek tcmrrk `ny fums-tk metrm $6.=44 y $;:.444, yms msn an qum k`nrrkrë ma cevmr-snr sc sm ksnfck fne ue prnpcm-

tkrcn bm tcmrrk“, mxpacfö.Ma prnymftn bm amy pksö k

lkens bma Tnbmr Momfutcvn pkrksu prnluahkfcöe. Ma prmscbmetmbm Gmpklk smûkaö qum ec jcmemlpcmfm k rmhcr ak amy bm WumanGnrmstka, ak KGB `kjcactkrë uefrãbctn snjrm ak clpaketkfcöesmhÿe an qum prnlmtcö ak khme-fck ka smftnr gnrmstka.

‑Ak hkrketìk vk k smr ma jns-qum clpaketkbn, en ma suman.

Sk fnetklns fne frãbctns qumma Jkefn Ekfcneka bm Gnlmetnngrmfm `kstk k :4 kûns bm pak-zn pkrk ma smftnr gnrmstka. @kyuek pmrgmftk quìlcfk me msmsmetcbn. Rmemlns uek amy qumhkrketczk msk cevmrscöe, tmem-lns ma rmfursn suman, tmemlnsak pnscjcacbkb bm ekefckr k

trkvãs bm ak clpaketkfcöe y tm-emlns frãbctns k akrhn pakzn“,fctö fne sktcsgkffcöe Ouke Fkr-ans Katcmrc.

Ak jcnlksk ms ak prcefcpkagumetm bm memrhìk bm ans pkrk-hukyns. Tkrk sktcsgkfmr ak bm-lkebk cetmrek bm jcnlksk ylkbmrk, `kfme gkatk 244.444`mftërmks bm rmgnrmstkfcöe, sm-hÿe mstclkfcnems bm ak Gmbmrk-fcöe Tkrkhukyk bm Lkbmrmrns,Gmpklk.

‑Bm kahuek gnrlk tmebrìk-lns qum rmvmrtcr ma mspkfcnqum pmrbcö ma smftnr gnrmstkagrmetm k ntrks kftcvcbkbms qumhmemrke kaclmetn y gumetms

bm trkjkon, y ak prclmrk jumeksmûka qum mstklns rmfcjcmebnms mstm prnymftn bm amy. K fnrtnpakzn vklns k tmemr kulmetnsclpnrtketms me ërmk rmgnrmstk-bk“, kbmaketö Katcmrc.

Ak enrlktcvk jusfk ce-fmetcvkr ak rmgnrmstkfcöe hk-rketczkebn ourìbcfklmetm aks

Ma smftnr bm ak cebustrck lkbmrmrk fmamjrö ak kprnjk-fcöe bma prnymftn bm amy bm Wuman Gnrmstka me ak Fëlkrkbm Bcputkbns, smûkaö Ouke Fkrans Katcmrc, prmscbmetm bm

ak Gmbmrkfcöe Tkrkhukyk bm Lkbmrmrns, GMTKLK.




on hmemrka bm uek mxpantkfcöemqucek. Rkljcãe Zkzks bm fk-jkaans lës clpnrtketms, Zmprn-buffcöe mqucek- CCC Fnehrmsn bmZmprnbuffcöe Mqucek (Js. Ks.Krhmetcek). K su vmz, cefauyöBmpnrtms, Mfumstrms, k fkrhnbm ak Brk. Wcvckek Kanesn, Omgkbma Bmpkrtklmetn bm Mqucen-fuaturk9 Ak eutrcfcöe me fkjk-

AK M[]CENF]AR]ZK MV TKZRM BM AK _NNRMFECK MVTMFCKA, []M RZKRK BM AKFZÌK BM FKJKAANV, AK LCVLK EN RCMEM FNLN GCEKACBKB AK TZNB]FFCÖE

BM KACLMERNV, K]E[]M RKLJCÃE MVM VMK ]E ZKLN MPTANRKJAM. MV MAFNEO]ERN BM FNENFCLCMERNV []M TMZLCRM K KAH]CME BMVKZZNAAKZ V]O]CFCN FZÌRCFN KFMZFK BM ANV M[]CENV, MV BMFCZ, ANV LNBNV BM WCBK SFNVR]LJZMV, V]V F]CBKBNV, KRMEFCNEMV MRF.G]MERM ┊VMEKFVK

aans y Vkecbkb Mqucek, k fkrhnbm ak Brk. Hcajmrtk Hkakrzk9 Akfnlmrfckaczkfcöe bmetrn bm akMqucenfuaturk, bmskrrnaaö akCeh. Khr. Lkrcacek Fkjrmrk.

Ans fkjkaans sne frckbnspkrk ak vmetk, ems bmpnrtcvns,

n pkrk rmkaczkr trkjkon9 ksì tkl-jcãe fnln kaclmetn su fkrem,fumrn y hrksk pkrk ntrns usns.

Ma lkemon bm aks fnebcfcn-ems `chcãecfks, ak rutcek bmtrkjkon, ma fulpaclcmetn bmenfcnems jëscfks bm jcmemstkrkeclka sulkebn ka smhuclcme-tn mstrcftn bm ue pake skectkrcn

y bm eutrcfcöe ens bkrë ma ãxctnme eumstrn mlprmebclcmetn.

Ma `nljrm `k utcaczkbn akgumrzk y ak vmanfcbkb bma fkjkaanbmsbm qum an bnlmstcfö pkrkfkljckr su gnrlk bm vcbk. Mafkjkaan sm fnevcrtcö me ue jcmetke kprmfckbn qum fnefmbcöhrke pnbmr k sus prnpcmtkrcns.

Ma fkjkaan kftuka bmsfcmebmbm pmqumûn Rkrpëe, ma fuka mrkfruzkbn y su fkrem utcaczkbn

fnln kaclmetn. Mstm gum mvn-aufcnekebn `kstk aamhkr k ansmomlpakrms bm ̀ ny me bìk, me ueprcefcpcn pnr smamffcöe ekturka,y me eumstrns bìks pnr ak smamf-fcöe bma `nljrm.

Me ma luebn `ky pkìsmsprnbuftnrms bm fkjkaans, clpnr-tkbnrms y mxpnrtkbnrms9 tkl-jcãe mstëe kqumaans qum fneou-

Ak kpmrturk mstuvn k fkrhnbma Br. Lkeuma Kbrcëe Jkrjn-zk, prmscbmetm cetmrcen bma VM-EKFVK, ak pkrtcfcpkfcöe bm anstãfecfns bm ak Bcrmffcöe Hmem-rka bm Fkacbkb Keclka, bma Bm-pkrtklmetn bm Mqucenfuaturkbm ak cestctufcöe.

Ans tmlks bmskrrnaakbns9Mvnaufcöe bma fkjkaan, Lkem-

Me ma anfka bma Vkaöe Kubctnrcn bma VMEKFVK sm aamvök fkjn ak onrekbk bm fkpkfctkfcöe snjrm TrnbuffcöeMqucek, fne ak prmsmefck bm kprnxclkbklmetm ;44

pkrtcfcpketms cetmrmskbns metrm tãfecfns, mstubcketms uec-vmrsctkrcns y prnbuftnrms.




H k e k b m r c k

hke lës bm uek kftcvcbkb.Ka smr bmstcekbn ue keclka

k bmpnrtms prcefcpkalmetm prm-smetk ue vkanr khrmhkbn, mefuyn fksn ma vkanr bm aks mx-

pnrtkfcnems en bmpmebme bm akfketcbkb bm fkjmzks, scen bmavkanr pkrtcfuakr bm fkbk keclka.

LMZFKBN BM AK FKZEM

Vm prnbufm fne ans lcslnsfnrtms qum ma hkekbn vkfuen,sm fnesulm me gnrlk bcrmftk nme mljutcbns.

Ak fkrem mqucek sm fnesc-bmrk bm katn vkanr eutrctcvn y bm

jkon fnetmecbn hrksn, rcfk melcemrkams, `cmrrn y vctklceks.K lmbcbk qum ak mbkb bm gkm-ek ms lkynr, ma fnanr ms lësnsfurn. Ak fkacbkb vkrìk fne akkaclmetkfcöe, rkzk y mbkb bm akgkmek.

Ma fnesuln bm fkrem bm fk-jkaan me ma luebn mstë fmetrk-bn prcefcpkalmetm me kahuens

pkìsms bm Murnpk9 prcefcpka-lmetm Jãahcfk, Grkefck, Zusckm Ctkack metrm ntrns. Me mstnspkìsms ms fnescbmrkbn ue prn-

buftn bm fkacbkb y `ky fkrecfm-rìks mspmfckaczkbks me fkremmqucek, me aks qum sm ngrmfmefnrtms fnlmrfckams smlmoke-tms k ans vkfuens, mljutcbnsy prnbuftns makjnrkbns, fnlnma fksn bm ak fnenfcbk lnrtk-bmak Ctkackek. Ans prnbuftns bmfkjkaan tkljcãe sm fnlmrfck-aczke me supmrlmrfkbns, rms-tkurketms lkynrcstks. Gumrkbm Murnpk, tkljcãe `ky ntrnslmrfkbn bmlkebketms, metrm

maans Okpöe.

Me ma kûn :442 gumrne sk-frcfkbns 2,: lcaa bm fkjkaans

bkebn uek prnbuffcöe bm 78:lca te, scmebn ma prcefcpka prn-buftnr F`cek fne ;=8 lca tne,ma fuka bmstcek ak prnbuffcöe kafnesuln cetmren.

Ma smhuebn prnbuftnr lue-

bcka ms Lãxcfn fne 87 lca tne.Am schum Krhmetcek fne ue prn-lmbcn bm == lca tne, smhÿe aksmstclkfcnems bm ak GKN.

Ma vnaulme luebcka bm mx-pnrtkfcnems ms me prnlmbcn;22 lca tne. Aks mxpnrtkfcnemsbm fkrem sm mefumetrke acbmrk-bks pnr Krhmetcek, qum kjks-tmfcö fne :6% k ans lmrfkbnsbmlkebketms bma luebn fneue prnlmbcn bm 64 lca tne, mema pmrcnbn fnlprmebcbn metrmans kûns ;333 y :446.

Vmhuebn mxpnrtkbnr Jãa-

hcfk fne ma ;3% me ma pmrìnbnfnescbmrkbn. Me tmrfmr auhkr smmefumetrk Jrksca ;:%, me fukr-tn auhkr Fkekbë 3% y me qucetnauhkr MM]] fne 8%.




TZNB]FFCNE

KE]EFCKZNEMA EKFCLCMERN BM FNZBMZNV HMEÃRCFKLMERM LNBCGCFKBNV, []M RCMEMEFNLN FKZKFRMZÌVRCFK AAKLKRCWK []M VNE GA]NZMVFMERMV JKON A]_ ]ARZKWCNAMRK.

‑Ak trkeshãemscs me mstkmspmfcm en mstkjk bcspnecjamme Aktcenklãrcfk y mstm anhrnpnscfcnek k ]ruhuky me ma lëskatn ecvma fcmetìfn cetmrekfcn-eka“, ksmhurkrne ak Guebkfcöe

]e hrupn bm fcmetìfns uruhukyns, me ksnfckfcöe fne

ma Cestctutn Tkstmur bm Lnetmvcbmn, keuefcö ma ekfc-lcmetn bm fnrbmrns hmeãtcfklmetm lnbcfkbns, ans

prclmrns me Aktcenklãrcfk y qum tcmeme fnln fkrkftmrìs-tcfk aaklktcvk qum sne unrmsfmetms jkon auz uatrkvcnamtk.

Cestctutn bm Zmprnbuffcöe Kec-lka ]ruhuky (CZK]y) y ma Cestctu-tn Tkstmur me ue fnluecfkbn.

Ans ketmfmbmetms me ak rm-hcöe sne uek vkfk trkeshãecfkqum prnbufm prntmìeks bm nrc-hme ùlken me su amf`m, an-hrkbk me Krhmetcek me :4;;, yfkjrks trkeshãecfks me Jrksca,qum tkljcãe prnbufme uek prn-tmìek bm usn me ùlkens.

Ans eumvm fnrbmrns trkes-

hãecfns uruhukyns ekfcmrne menftujrm bm :4;: me ma CZK]y,bnebm sm bmskrrnaake sce prn-jamlks y en sm bcstcehume bmsus pkrms en trkeshãecfns, bconk ak KGT Kamon Lmef`kfk, prmsc-bmetm bma cestctutn.

Me ans ÿatclns lmsms rmk-aczkrne keëacscs y mstubcnslnamfuakrms y hmeãtcfns pkrkfnerlkr qum ans fnrbmrns

mgmftcvklmetm tmeìke ma hmequm cetrnbuomrne ans fcmetìfns

me ans mljrcnems nvcens? uehme prnvmecmetm bm uek lmbu-sk qum ms ma rmspneskjam bm akprnbuffcöe bm uek prntmìek bmfnanr vmrbm unrmsfmetm me bc-

f`k mspmfcm.Ma rmsuatkbn? fnrbmrns fn-

luems k sclpam vcstk pmrnfuyns tmocbns, grmetm k uek auzuatrkvcnamtk, kbnptke ue fnanrvmrbnsn unrmsfmetm.

‑Ms uek tãfecfk envmbnskbm trkeshãemscs luy mfcmetm

pnrqum tnbns ans qum ekfcmrnesne pnsctcvns. Sk guefcnekebn,sm pumbm lkemokr ntrn hme bmlkynr cetmrãs, pkrk prnbufcr uekprntmìek mspmfìfk“, cebcfö Lme-f`kfk.

Aks cevmstchkfcnems me mstmfklpn kpuetke k ak pnscjcacbkbbm tnlkr ma hme rmspneskjam bmak prnbuffcöe bm uek prntmìekgkatketm me kahueks pktnanhìks

ùlkeks (pnr momlpan ak cesu-acek me ans bckjãtcfns), cefnrpn-rkran ka hmenlk bm ue mljrcöebm uek nvmok, qum ka ekfmrprnbufcrìk msk sustkefck me akamf`m. Msn pmrlctcrìk kcsakr mskprntmìek pkrk makjnrkr lmbcfk-lmetns, bm gnrlk lës smefcaakqum me ak kftukacbkb, mxpacfö mafcmetìfn.

Ans rmsuatkbns bm ak cevmstc-hkfcöe kÿe en gumrne pujacfkbnsme rmvcstks mspmfckaczkbks, kahn

qum fnegìke nfurrk mstm kûn.‑Ak cevmstchkfcöe en tmr-

lcek `kstk qum sm pujacfk marmsuatkbn, ksì qum smhuclnstrkjkokebn fne msn“, snstuvnLmef`kfk.

G]MERM ┊ ]HT

‑Ms uek tãfecfk envmbnsk

bm trkeshãemscs luy

mfcmetm pnrqum tnbns

ans qum ekfcmrne sne

pnsctcvns. Sk guefcnekebn, sm pumbm lkemokr ntrn

hme bm lkynr cetmrãs,

pkrk prnbufcr uek

prntmìek mspmfìfk“




H k e k b m r c k

TZNB]FFCNE

MA VMFRNZ AMF@MZN VM MEF]MERZK FNE L]S J]MEK TZNB]FFCÖE TKZK MVRM KÛN, F]JZCMEBN AK BMLKEBK BM AMF@M K ECWMA TKÌV.

Ak prörrnhk sm bmjm fnesc-bmrkebn aks fnebcfcnems kbvmr-sks, bmjcbks prcefcpkalmetmk sctukfcnems faclëtcfks qumkgmftkrne k bcstcetks zneks bmapkìs, aks fukams nfkscneke akkemhkfcöe bm ans fklpns cl-pnscjcactkebn bm msk lkemrk akfnrrmftk momfufcöe bm ans trk-jkons bm vkfuekfcöe.

Aks aauvcks fkìbks fne tnr-lmetks maãftrcfks fne gumrtms

rëgkhks bm vcmetns y fkìbk bmhrkeczns, me tnbns ans bmpkrtk-lmetns bm ak Zmhcöe Nrcmetka yma bmpkrtklmetn bm Trmscbmetm

‑Wklns k tmemr ue jume cevcmren pmrn en vk k gkatkr ec tklpnfn vkk snjrkr, ak ngmrtk y ak bmlkebk mstkrë mqucacjrkbk“, mxpacfö MrenJmfimr, prmscbmetm bm Fkpkceakf.

@kyms, F`kfn pkrkhukyn.Aks rutks bma bmpkrtklmetn

bm Fkkzkpë bm ak znek sur, bne-bm mstëe ans bcstrctns bm Lkfcma,Jmrtnec, Guahmefcn Smhrns, 6 bmLkyn y Suty, qumbkrne tntka-lmetm clprkftcfkjams, ka chukaqum me ak pkrtm enrmstm, bnebmen fumetke fne ma pkvclmetn,fnln smr ma fklcen qum fne-bufm k ak anfkacbkb bm Rkvk–c,bm fcefumetk icaölmtrns. Ak vìk

qum uem Kjkì-Rupkrmebæ-VkeFrcstöjka tkljcãe qumbö ceutc-aczkjam fnln fnesmfumefck bmaks prmfcpctkfcnems.

Me Vke Chekfcn, Lcscnems, yme ntrks zneks bm mstm bmpkrtk-lmetn tkljcãe ùjn prmfcpctk-fcnems pauvckams bm rmamvkefck.Rkljcãe me Tcakr, ans bcstrctns

bm Csak ]ljÿ, Bmslnf`kbns,Lkynr Lkrtìemz. Chukalmetm,me ak fnlpkûìk 6 Fnrneks, Bms-lnf`kbns, Sktkcty, fnlpkûìkIkkhuy Iupm, y ntrns.

Ak vkfuekfcöe mstë kvke-zkebn me gnrlk kbmfukbk. VM-EKFVK prmvã vkfuekr lës bm 2lcaanems bm keclkams susfmptc-jams me tnbn ma pkìs. Ma TrnhrklkEkfcneka bm Mrrkbcfkfcöe bm akGcmjrm Kgtnsk, ms bm vctka clpnr-

tkefck y bm prcnrcbkb ekfcneka, yak prmvmefcöe bm ak rmgmrcbk me-gmrlmbkb sm fnestctuym me uekkffcöe msmefcka bm ak cestctufcöe




TM[]MÛNV TZNB]FRNZMV BM AMF@M BM FMZZN FNZË, BCVRZCRN BM WKAME_]MAK, M CRKF]Z]JÌ BM AK FNZBCAAMZK F]MERKE FNE V]VZMVTMFRCWNV FMERZNV BM KFNTCN

Ak Ksnfckfcöe bm Trnbuftn-rms Khrnpmfukrcns bm S`khuyTnty, bm Ctkfurujì, mstë cetm-hrkbk pnr 74 gklcacks, bm aksfukams :; prnbufme =44 actrnsbm amf`m pnr bìk y ;=.444 actrnska lms. Fnescbmrkebn qum fkbkactrn ms metrmhkbn k ;.744 huk-rkeìms sm njsmrvk ue cehrmsnhanjka bm H. :2.444.444. Fnemstm bktn sm bmbufm qum fkbkgklcack rmhcstrk ue cehrmsn jrutn

bm H. ;.;2:.0=8 pnr lms.Fkjm smûkakr qum mstk ksn-

fckfcöe tkljcãe ms jmemfckbk

fne ak metrmhk bm ue mqucpn bmcesmlcekfcöe, fnlpumstn bm: tmrlns pkrk lketmemr akspkoumaks k tmlpmrkturks kprn-pckbks. Ak cevmrscöe tntkaczk uetntka bm H. ;=;.447.:44

Tnr su pkrtm, ak Fnlcscöe

Hrkfcks ka Take bm Emhnfcns clpamlmetkbn pnr ak Gm-bmrkfcöe bm Fnnpmrktcvks bm Trnbuffcöe y ma Trnhrk-lk Cefujkbnrk bm Mlprmsks bma Lcecstmrcn bm Cebus-

trck y Fnlmrfcn, me ma lkrfn bm ue fnevmecn fneouetn.

bm Trnbuftnrms Khrnpmfukrcnsbm Fmrrn Fnrë, fne uek prnbuf-fcöe lmesuka bm ;7.=44 actrnspnr lms, tmebrë ue cehrmsn bmH. :7.244.444, lnetn qum bc-vcbcbn metrm aks ;4 gklcacks prn-buftnrks bm amf`m, krrnokrë uecehrmsn jrutn bm H. :.724.444.

Me ma lkrfn bma Take bm Em-hnfcns sm prnfmbcö tkljcãe kamqucpklcmetn bm ans hkapnemsbm nrbmûn bm mstks ;4 gklcacks,

fne an qum ma bmsmljnasn tntkac-zk H. ;86.3;2.444.

Kljks nrhkeczkfcnems `kefnevmecbn ak metrmhk bm suprnbuffcöe k ak FnnpmrktcvkF`nrtctzmr, qum fumetk fne uekpaketk cebustrcka `kjcactkbk meak anfkacbkb bm Fema. Nvcmbn,Bmpkrtklmetn bm Fkkhukzÿ.

Aks gklcacks qum cetmhrke

FNZBCAAMZK

kljks nrhkeczkfcnems fumetkefne : k = vkfks amf`mrks frcnaaks




H k e k b m r c k

K AKV CEB]VRZCKV

RNBNV ANV BÌKV AKV CEB]VRZCKV AËFRMKV TKZKH]KSKV ZMFCJME ]E RNRKA BM::.444 ACRZNV BM AMF@M

Me ans pröxclns bns kûnspnbrë bupacfkrsm ak prnbuffcöeaëftmk bm mstm msakjöe snfcka klmbcbk qum sm fkpkfctme lësgklcacks cetmrmskbks me smr ce-faucbks me ak fkbmek bm vkanr, fn-lmetö ma Br. Lkrfman Hnezëamz,tãfecfn bma Trnfnam-Gnlce-JCB.

Fne ak cekuhurkfcöe me Ctk-furujì bm ak Fnrbcaamrk bm uekpaketk bm kfnpcn bm amf`m mema anfka bm ak Ksnfckfcöe bm

Trnbuftnrms Khrnpmfukrcns bm S`khuy Tnty qum mstkfcnekrë akprnbuffcöe bm 74 gklcacks qumkbqucmrm ak Fnnpmrktcvk F`nr-

Nrbmûkbk pnr 8;4 gklcacks bm ans bmpkrtklmetns bm Vke Tmbrn, Fk-khukzÿ, Fnrbcaamrk, Ctkpÿk y ma F`kfn, me lkrfn bma Trnymftn Fnlpm-tctcvcbkb Amf`mrn (Trnfnam) qum clpuask Gmbmrkfcöe bm Fnnpmrktcvks

bm Trnbuffcöe, Gmfnprnb.

tctzmr Inlctãm Atbk. Ma prnymf-tn ms ekefckbn pnr ma JCB y ma

kpnrtm anfka.‑Mstn kyubk k qum tmehke ue

lmrfkbn smhurn y uek fnlmr-fckaczkfcöe fnetceuk. Ak cebus-trck sm fnlprnlmtm k fnlprkrtnbn an qum prnbufme. Ketms `k-fìke qumsn Tkrkhuky y vmebìkeamf`m k kfnpckbnrms n facmetmslcenrcstks, pmrn mrk luy cemstk-jam y en ams pmrlctìk kulmetkr

ak prnbuffcöe, en skjìke quã`kfmr bm tnbk ak amf`m y ma qum-sn qum prnbufìke fukebn `kjìkpnfk vmetk“, bcon Hnezëamz.

Ksì tkljcãe, fne ma fnl-prnlcsn bm lmonrkr aks fnebc-fcnems bm sus tkljns, fkbkprnbuftnr rmfcjcö ue tkrrn bm am-f`m y nrbmûkbnrks lmfëecfks.

Aks ksnfckfcnems y fnlctãsfnetkrëe bm chuka lkemrk fnetkequms bm ectröhmen fne fcmepkoumaks bm smlme bm ak rkzk@nakebn y Omrsmy pkrk ma lmon-rklcmetn hmeãtcfn.

‑Mefnetrklns fklpmscensbm jkons cehrmsns qum fnetk-jke fne bns k fuktrn vkfkslmstczks qum kpmeks prnbufmefcefn actrns pnr bìk. Maans vke kmlpmzkr ue scstmlk bm lmonrk-

lcmetn hmeãtcfn pkrk aamhkr kaprnlmbcn bm 64 actrns bm amf`mqum ams ksmhurkrë ue cehrmsnfmrfken ka skakrcn lìecln“, rm-lkrfö ma lãbcfn vmtmrcekrcn.

Ma tkequm bm grìn gum cekuhu-rkbn me Ctkfurujì lketcmem akamf`m k 2´F pkrk qum pmrburm`kstk trms bìks. Fkjm rmskatkrqum k cecfcns bm mstm lms gumcekuhurkbn uen sclcakr me akfcubkb bm Wkamezumak, bmpkrtk-lmetn bm Fnrbcaamrk me lkrfn

bma Trnfnam bm Gmfnprnb.Ak lmtk ms cefaucr k ue tntka

bm ;.2:4 pmqumûns prnbuftn-rms k ak fkbmek bm vkanr bm akamf`m pkrk ma kûn :4;= fne uekcevmrscöe hanjka, bmsbm qum cec-fcö ma prnhrklk me ma kûn :4;4,bm fmrfk bm ]$V 6.444.444 pnrfumetk bma JCB y ma kpnrtm anfka.




AK FNNTMZKRCWK BM TZNB]FFCÖE KHZNTMF]KZCK TCEBÖ ARBK.,B]TACFÖ AK FKTKFCBKB BM V] TAKERK BM JKAKEFMKBNV ]JCFKBNME AK FC]BKB BM VKE FZCVRÖJKA, KARN TKZKEË.

‑Mstë frmfcmebn luf`ìsclneumstrn vnaulme bm prnbuf-fcöe y ma fnesuln bm jkake-fmkbns me mstk znek. Sk tmem-lns fuktrn prmesks pkrk ̀ kfmreumstrn prnpcn mxpmaamr bm snok.Ketms fnlprëjklns bm aks ce-bustrcks luatcekfcnekams pmrnfnln snlns prnbuftnrms bmhrkens ens bmfcbclns k bkr vk-

anr khrmhkbn k eumstrn prnbuf-tn“, smûkaö.

Cestkakrne `kfm 74 bìksbns eumvks prmesks qum smsulkrne k ntrks bns qum ykfnetkjke. Tnr bìk skame bm akgëjrcfk lës bm ;8.444 icans bmjkakefmkbns. Ak cevmrscöe gumbm ]V$ 644.444 pkrk ak fnl-

Mstk cevmrscöe rmspnebmka kulmetn bma `ktnpnrfcen, kvìfnak y jnvc-

en qum sm rmhcstrk me ma mstmbma pkìs, fnlmetö ma HmrmetmFnlmrfcka, Znlukabn _nf`m.

prk bm lkqucekrcks y klpack-fcöe bma bmpösctn.

Fne ak eumvk kbqucscfcöe,_nf`m snstcmem qum yk mstëeacstns pkrk sulcecstrkr k ak sm-huebk paketk bm prnbuffcöe bmfmrbns bma hrupn bm fnnpmrktc-vks Kscfsk, qum smrë cekuhurk-bk bmetrn bm ;: lmsms.

‑Fksc 6.444 `mljrks vke

k mstkr prnbufcmebn amf`nemsy vke k emfmsctkr luf`k fnlc-bk. Tnr msn ens mstklns prm-pkrkebn pkrk bkr ue prnbuftnbm jumek fkacbkb y bm lkemrkcecetmrrulpcbk. Mstklns frm-fcmebn nptclcstks“, rmrcö Zn-lukabn _nf`m.

Ak fnnpmrktcvk Tcebö makjn-rk jkakefmkbns k pkrtcr bm snok,

FNNTMZKRCWK TCEBÖ ARBK

lkìz, trchucaan, kvmek y snrhn.Ak facmetmak mstë fnegnrlkbkpnr fnnpmrktcvks y frckbnrms bmfmrbn, kvms, vkfks amf`mrks ybm mehnrbm bm fnanecks bm VkeFrcstöjka, Vketk Zctk, Ekrkeokay Zkÿa Tmûk.

Ma kûn khrìfnak an fmrrkrnefne mxfmametms rmsuatkbns, rm-

pnrtö ma Hmrmetm Fnlmrfcka. Anssnfcns bm Tcebö Atbk. fnsmf`k-rne fksc 644.444 tnemakbks bmhrkens, bcspumstns me ;04.444tnemakbks bm snok, 34.444 tn-emakbks bm trchn, ;4.444 tn-emakbks bm fkenak y vcmem mefklcen uek prnlcsnrck smhue-bk zkgrk bm lkìz fuyk fnsmf`kmlpmzkrë me ans pröxclns bìks.




H k e k b m r c k

AK FNNTMZKRCWK FNANECKV ]ECBKV TZNSMFRK FMZZKZ MA :4;6 FNE ]E RNRKA BM 80.344 FMZBNV METCM WMEBCBNV K ANV GZCHNZÌGCFNV JKON ]E LNBMAN BM KTKZFMZÌK FNE AK TKZRCFCTKFCÖE BM 27TZNB]FRNZMV []M CERMHZKE V] TZNHZKLK BM TZNB]FFCÖE TNZFCEK ME MA BMTKZRKLMERN BM CRKTßK.G]MERM ┊ VMEKFVK

ma kaclmetn jkakefmkbn, anslmbcfklmetns, ans mtms y ak

Kscstmefck Rãfecfk“, snstuvn akOmgk bm Emhnfcns Tmfukrcns bmFnanecks ]ecbks.

J]MEK _KGZK S KACLMERKFCÖEMa katn fnstn bm ans jkake-

fmkbns y pmaamts bm snok y aklkak fkacbkb bm ans hrkens bms-puãs bm ak smquìk bma pmrcnbn:4;;/:4;: gumrne sujskek-bns hrkfcks k ak jumek fnsmf`kbm hrkens bm ak prmsmetm zkgrk.

‑@ke lmonrkbn aks pmrspmf-tcvks pkrk ma :4;6. Ak rmbuf-fcöe bm ans prmfcns bm ans hrk-ens y ak ametk rmfupmrkfcöe bmaprmfcn bm ans fmrbns, `kfm qum

ma lkrhme emhktcvn sm `khkfkbk vmz lës pmqumûn y gkvn-rmzfk ak kftcvcbkb“, smûkaö.

Kprnxclkbklmetm me ;:4bìks ans frckbnrms njtcmeme uekeclka tmrlcekbn fne ue pmsnprnlmbcn bm ;;= icans. Fkbklms cehrmske fksc 8.444 amf`n-ems k ans mstkjamfclcmetns mchuka fketcbkb bm keclkams skamruljn k ans grchnrìfns.

‑Gmaczlmetm ma uon bm vmetk

bm ans pnrfcens me pcm ms jum-en, yk qum sm fnlmrfckaczketnbns ans keclkams prnbufcbns.Ma lkynr pnrfmetkom vk k ansprcefcpkams grchnrìfns anfkams

fnln ]TCVK y TZNB]FKZ, means fukams tkljcãe ak fnnpmrk-tcvk tcmem pkrtcfcpkfcöe kffcnek-rck. Ak ntrk pkrtm sm bmstcek kalmrfkbn ksuefmen“, fnlmetö.

Ak jkok fntczkfcöe bm akfkrem `kfm qum ans prnbuftn-

rms njtmehke jkok rmetkjcacbkbm cefausn ak fnnpmrktcvk npmrmkÿe bmetrn bm lërhmems em-hktcvns qum mspmrke rmvmrtcr,mxpacfö. K pmskr bm mstn, scmtmprnbuftnrms sm sulkrne mstmkûn ka prnhrklk ktrkìbn pnr ansjmemfcns qum ngrmfm.

‑Tmrlctm k ans prnbuftnrmsklnrtczkr sus cevmrscnems y jm-emfckrsm bm ak utcaczkfcöe bma

Maans metrmhkrëe :=.444 keclkams lës qum ma kûn pk-skbn, ms bmfcr ue 22,0% kbcfcneka, fne an qum ak prn-buffcöe keuka aamhkrë k 3.486.=44 icans bm fkrem bm

fmrbn, cegnrlö ak Ceh. Acackek Rcsfàmr, Omgk bm ak ]ecbkb Ms-trktãhcfk bm Emhnfcns Tmfukrcns.

mstcãrfna fnln gmrtcaczketm, ml-

pamkr ak lken bm njrk gklcackr ysmhucr me ak kftcvcbkb mspmrke-bn pnr lmonrks bm ans prmfcns“,bcon Acackek Rcsfàmr.

Kûkbcö qum ma prnbuftnrscmlprm tcmem ue cehrmsn, ykqum sm mefumetrk cesmrtn me uescstmlk bm trkjkon bmenlcek-bn Kpkrfmrìk, bnebm rmfcjm suspkhns snjrm ma vnaulme prnbu-fcbn y ak mfcmefck anhrkbk.

‑Ma mehnrbm bm hkekbn

pnrfcen ms uek kftcvcbkb qumfneaamvk uek katk cevmrscöe pnrpkrtm bma prnbuftnr, qum bmjmbcspnemr bm anfkams bm mehnr-bm kbmfukbns qum `ny rnebkekarmbmbnr bm Hs 6=4.444.444pkrk kanokr uens ==4 keclkams.Rkljcãe pnr pkrtm bm ak Fnn-pmrktcvk ak cevmrscöe ms katk ykqum snpnrtk ans fnstns bm akkbqucscfcöe bm ans amf`nems,




VMH]EBN TMZCNBN BM WKF]EKFCÖE FNERZK AK GCMJZM KGRNVK BMA KÛN :4;6 ME RNBN MA RMZZCRNZCN EKFCNEKA, K TKZRCZ BMA :4 BM LKSN KA :0 BM O]ECN9 S MA ZMHCVRZN @KVRK MA ;2 BM O]ACN BMA :4;6

K trkvãs bm ak lmefcnekbkZmsnaufcöe9 ak celueczkfcöe bmjnvcens y jujkacens sm fnestc-tuym me uek mstrktmhck guebk-lmetka, pkrk bkr fulpaclcmetnka Trnhrklk Ekfcneka bm Mrrk-bcfkfcöe bm ak Gcmjrm Kgtnsk.

Chukalmetm, ma TrnhrklkEkfcneka bm Mrrkbcfkfcöe bm akGcmjrm Kgtnsk, ms bm vctka clpnr-

tkefck y bm prcnrcbkb ekfcneka,fnln tkljcãe ak prmvmefcöebm ak rmgmrcbk megmrlmbkb smfnestctuym me uek kffcöe msme-fcka bm ak cestctufcöe.

Tnr an tketn, ma VMEKFVK rm-sumavm mstkjamfmr ma smhuebn pm-rcnbn bm vkfuekfcöe fnetrk ak Gcm-jrm Kgtnsk bma kûn :4;6, bma :4bm lkyn ka :0 bm ouecn y ma rmhcstrn`kstk ma ;2 bm ouacn bma :4;6.

Me mstm smhuebn pmrcnbnsm prmvã vkfuekr fmrfk bm ;2

lcaanems fkjmzks bm keclkamssusfmptcjams me tnbn ma pkìs.

Fkjm lmefcnekr qum ma VM-EKFVK mstkjamfm bmetrn bmascstmlk bm vkfuekfcöe9 qumaks Fnlcscnems bm Vkaub Kec-lka sne aks rmspneskjams bm akpakecfkfcöe y momfufcöe bm ak

vkfuekfcöe.Ms clpnrtketm bmstkfkr qum

Ma Vmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bm Fkacbkb y Vkaub Keclka VMEKFVKpnr Zmsnaufcöe E´ ;;2;, bm gmf`k 42 bm kjrca bm :4;6,mstkjamfm ma smhuebn pmrcnbn bm vkfuekfcöe fnetrk ak

mjrm kgtnsk bma kûn :4;6, me tnbn ma tmrrctnrcn ekfcneka fn-

rrmspnebcmetm k `kfcmebk hmemrka, jnvcens y jujkacens.

sm bmjm fucbkr ak fkbmek bm grcnbm ak vkfuek tmecmebn me fume-tk kahueks rmfnlmebkfcnems9tkams fnln lketmemr ak vkfuekk uek tmlpmrkturk bm metrm :¿F S 0¿ F me gnrlk pmrlkemetm yfnetceuk bmsbm su kbqucscfcöe`kstk su kpacfkfcöe me ma kec-lka. Ak vkfuek bmjm trkespnr-tkrsm me fkoks tãrlcfks bmsbm

aks vmtmrcekrcks `kstk ans ms-tkjamfclcmetns hkekbmrns fnekjuebketm `cman, me prnpnrfcöebm 6 pkrtms bm `cman y ; pkrtmbm vkfuek, ak vkfuek en bmjmfnehmakrsm, sm bmjme fujrcr ansgrksfns bm ans rkyns bma sna, makhuk `makbk en lketcmem ak fk-bmek bm grcn, aks omrcehks fkrhk-bks bmjme pmrlkemfmr bmetrnbm aks fnesmrvkbnrks tkpkbksy skfkraks snaklmetm me ma ln-lmetn bm ak kpacfkfcöe, sm

bmjm fnetrnakr ak tmlpmrkturkbm aks vkfueks ketms bma cecfcnbm ak vkfuekfcöe y me aks ̀ nrksbm lës tmlpmrkturks mamvkbksme ma bìk y rmhcstrkrak me uekpakecaak, en sm bmjm utcaczkr ma`cman bm aks vkfueks pkrk ntrnslmemstmrms.

Fne rmspmftn ka scstmlkbm fnlprk bm vkfuek, ma VM-

VMEKFVK

EKFVK mstkjamfm pnr ZmsnaufcöeE´;33/;: qum ma fmrtcfkbn bm

vmetk bm vkfuek ketckgtnsk smrëmxpmbcbn pnr aks fksks mxpmebm-bnrks n fmetrns bm bcstrcjufcöebm vkfuek ketckgtnsk bm ak Fnlc-scöe bm Vkaub Keclka ÿecfklme-tm k trkvãs bma löbuan ‑FksksMxpmebmbnrks bm Wkfuek“ bmaVcstmlk Cegnrlëtcfn VCHNZ CCC.

Ksclcsln, aks fksks mxpme-bmbnrks y fmetrns bm bcstrcju-fcöe bm vkfuek ketckgtnsk bm akFnlcscöe bm Vkaub Keclka, pn-brëe fnlmrfckaczkr vkfuek ketc-

kgtnsk ÿecfklmetm k prnpcmtk-rcns bm hkekbns rmhcstrkbns mema Vcstmlk Cegnrlëtcfn VCHNZCCC n k sus rmprmsmetketms bmjc-bklmetm. VMEKFVK rmfumrbk kans prnbuftnrms qum ak fketcbkbbm vkfueks pnbrëe kbqucrcr bmkfumrbn k ak fketcbkb bm kec-lkams rmhcstrkbns me ma scstm-lk VCHNZ CCC.




H k e k b m r c k

HZKE ZMT]RKFCNE

TKZKH]KS VM BMVRKFK FNLN ]E TZCEFCTKA MPTNZRKBNZ BM FKZEM JNWCEK

‑Ak fkrem pkrkhukyk mlmrhm

bm eumvn fnln ue prnbuftn bmprclmr ecvma fne uek hrke rmpu-tkfcöe en söan me ma lmrfkbn bmKlãrcfk Aktcek, scen tkljcãe mema lmrfkbn bm ans pkìsms kscë-tcfns“, krlö ma lmbcn. @ny me

bìk, fksc 84% bm ans mevìns bmaprnbuftn vk bmstcekbn k Zusck,

Ãstm pnr smr ue prnbuftn bm prclmrk fkacbkb qum `k fnesnacbkbn uekhrke kfmptkfcöe k ecvma cetmrekfcneka. Ksclcsln cegnrlö ma bckrcn bchc-tka mstkbnuecbmesm Vpmrn Emws, bm @nustne, Rmxks, MM.]].

yk qum trks ans jrntms bm mjrm

kgtnsk Tkrkhuky pmrbcö k lmrfk-bns clpnrtketms fnln F`cam y ak]ecöe Murnpmk.

Tmsm k ans prnjamlks skectk-rcns, ak mxpnrtkfcöe bm prnbuftnsy sujprnbuftns bm ak hkekbmrìkpkrkhukyk anhrkrne ue rãfnrb`cstörcfn me ecvma bm cehrmsns me

ma :4;:, fne ue vnaulme bm ]V$;.480 lcaanems, smhÿe bktns bmaVmrvcfcn Ekfcneka bm Fkacbkb y Vk-aub Keclka (Vmekfsk).

Ma fnlmrfcn mxtmrcnr bm ans

prnbuftns y sujprnbuftns bm nrc-hme keclka schum fne fcgrks rã-fnrb me mstm kûn, y mstn pnscjcactöue cehrmsn kbcfcneka bm ]V$ ;43lcaanems me ma prclmr trclmstrmbma kûn, fne rmakfcöe k ans eÿlm-rns bma kûn pkskbn, smhÿe bktnsbma Vmekfsk.




Ak clpamlmetkfcöe bmascstmlk bm pkhn bm fne-trkprmstkfcöe pnr ma usnbm ak tmfenanhìk y ma rm-

fnenfclcmetn k ak TrnpcmbkbCetmamftuka `ke tmecbn ue rna

prmpnebmrketm me ma Tkrkhuky.Tmrlctcmrne ak cetrnbuffcöe bmeumvks tmfenanhìks khrìfnakshkrketczkebn ma vkanr khrmhkbnqum aks lcslks kpnrtke k ansprnbuftns y pnscfcnekebn kaprnbuftnr pkrkhukyn ka lcslnecvma bm fnlpmtctcvcbkb bma rms-tn bm ans pkìsms bm ak rmhcöe.

Fne rmspmftn k ak tmfenanhìkVnok Znuebup Zmkby®, fkjmbmstkfkr qum lmbcketm ak fnes-

truffcöe bm fnesmesns metrm anskftnrms qum fnegnrlke ak fkbm-ek khrìfnak me ma Tkrkhuky, bms-bm ma kûn :.44= sm `k gnrlkac-zkbn ue Kfumrbn Trcvkbn qumfnetmlpak ma scstmlk bm pkhnbm fnetrkprmstkfcöe pnr ma usnbm ak tmfenanhìk vchmetm `kstkma vmefclcmetn bm ak pktmetm mema luebn.

Ak eumvk tmfenanhìk me snokCERKFRK ZZ: Trn® sm mefume-trk acjmrkbk fnlmrfckalmetm me

ma Tkrkhuky.Me uek eumvk rnebk bm fne-

vmrskfcnems fne ak prnpcmtkrckbm bcf`k tmfenanhìk `mlns an-hrkbn fnesmesukr ue prnfmsnqum pmrlctk ka prnbuftnr pk-rkhukyn uek trkescfcöe nrbm-ekbk bma usn bm ak tmfenanhìkVnok Znuebup Zmkby®ZZ; k ak

eumvk tmfenanhìk CERKFRK ZZ:Trn®, qum mstkrë bcspnecjam k

pkrtcr bm su akezklcmetn me maprmsmetm kûn.Tkrk maan, ak Lnesketn sm

fnlprnlmtm k acjmrkr k ans npm-rkbnrms y prnbuftnrms bm snokbm Tkrkhuky, qum lketcmemema fnlprnlcsn fne ma scstmlk,bma pkhn bm ak fnetrkprmstkfcöepnr ma usn bm ak tmfenanhìk VnokZnuebup Zmkby®ZZ; k pkrtcrbm ak snok fnsmf`kbk bmsbmmemrn bma :.4;2, bmokebn mxprm-sk fnestkefck qum ak acjmrkfcöe

bm bcf`n pkhn, EN fnestctuym?c) uek rmeuefck k ans bmrmf`nsbm prnpcmbkb cetmamftuka bmLnesketn9 cc) uek rmsfcscöe bmaKLJK9 ccc) uek tmrlcekfcöe bm akTrnpumstk sce qum clpacqum uermfnenfclcmetn bm bmrmf`ns bmtmrfmrns.

Ans hrmlcns pkrtcfcpketms

FKBMEK TZNB]FRCWK KHZCFNAK

Ans Hrmlcns bm ak Fkbmek Trnbuftcvk Khrìfnak rmprmsmetkbns pnr KTZNVMLT,FKT, FKTMFN, ]ECFNNT y GMFNTZNB, lkecgmstke fuketn schum?

bma scstmlk rmfnenfme qum akceenvkfcöe me khrcfuaturk msuen bm ans fklcens msmefckams

`kfck ak trkesgmrmefck bm vkanrk ans prnbuftnrms y ka pkìs, y smfnlprnlmtme k smhucr trkjk-

okebn pkrk `kfmr rmkacbkb eum-vks tmfenanhìks me fuatcvns qumktcmebke k aks emfmscbkbms bmak hmetm, fnln an `cfcmrne `kfmfksc ;4 kûns fne ma KfumrbnTrcvkbn, fualcekebn uek mtkpkmxctnsk pkrk ma smftnr, fne lcrksk aks eumvks tmfenanhìks tketnme lkìz, kahnböe, fnln me snoky ntrns fuatcvns.

Aucs Fnrvkaëe, Trmscbmetm bmKTZNVMLT@ãftnr Frcstkabn, Trmscbmetm bmak FKT]arcf` Jkumr, Trmscbmetm bm FK-TMFNVclnek Fkvkzzuttc, Trmscbmetmbm ]ECFNNTMuhmecn Vf`naamr, Trmscbmetm bmGMFNTZNB.






Ma Cestctutn Tkrkhukynbm Rmfenanhìk Khrkrck(CTRK) y ak Fnlpkûìkbm Bmskrrnaan y bm Ce-

bustrckaczkfcöe bm TrnbuftnsTrclkrcns (Fnbcpsk) rlkrne

ue kfumrbn bm fnnpmrkfcöe ytrkjkon pkrk smhucr kpnrtkebn

ka bmskrrnaan khrnpmfukrcn y kapmqumûn prnbuftnr. .

Ma fnevmecn tcmem fnln njomtn mstkjamfmr aks fnebcfcnemshmemrkams bm kblcecstrkbnr bmgnebns pnr pkrtm bm Fnbcpsk,me bnebm ma CTRK sm mefkrhkbm ak momfufcöe bma prnymftnbmenlcekbn? CeenvkfcnemsRmfenaöhcfks me ma Lkemon Cetm-hrkbn bma Fumrn bm Vkpn bm akLkebcnfk (Lkec`nt msfuametk

Frketz).Mstrktmhck pkrk rmbufcr maclpkftn bm ak megmrlmbkb pnrmgmftns bma fkljcn faclëtcfnme Fnanljck, Fnstk Zcfk y Tk-rkhuky9 prnpumstk prmsmetkbkka Gnebn Zmhcneka bm Rmfen-anhìk Khrnpmfukrck me ouacn bm:4;4. Ma CTRK, sm mefumetrk fn-akjnrkebn me ma bmskrrnaan bmak prnpumstk prmsmetkbk pnr mafnesnrfcn fnegnrlkbn pnr FCKR,CERK, CTRK y ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm

Förbnjk me ma lkrfn bm ak fne-vnfktnrck bm Gnetkhrn :4;4,fuyk ekacbkb ms gnrtkamfmr aks

fkbmeks bm vkanr, lmonrkr majcmemstkr snfcnmfneölcfn bmans prnbuftnrms bm lkebcnfk(yufk) y bcslceucr ak cefcbmefckbm ak megmrlmbkb bma Fumrn bmVkpn (FV) me Fnanljck, FnrtkZcfk y Tkrkhuky, k trkvãs bm

Ma fnevmecn tcmem fnln njomtn mstkjamfmr aks fnebcfcnemshmemrkams bm kblcecstrkbnr bm gnebns pnr pkrtm bm Fnbcpsk

bm lktmrck prclk hmemrkbk. Akgëfca kbkptkfcöe bm ak megmr-lmbkb me kljcmetms fne tml-pmrkturks katks, `kfm qum smrmpnrtme pãrbcbks me kahuenspkìsms bm Aktcenklãrcfk supm-rcnrms ka 34%.

Ak lkebcnfk fnln ue rujrnkhrìfnak mstrktãhcfn me ma fne-

tmxtn snfcn mfneölcfn pkrk mapkìs, scmebn ma kaclmetn memr-hãtcfn jëscfn bm ak pnjakfcöerurka y ue hrke smftnr bma ërmkurjkek, aks npfcnems fnlnlktmrck prclk pkrk ma prnfmsk-lcmetn cebustrcka, tketn fnlnntrns usns katmrektcvns (kaclme-tkfcöe keclka, fnesuln gklc-ackr, prnbuftns bmrcvkbns).

Fumrn bm Vkpn?Wcrus qum nfkscnek

qum ak lkebcnfk en sm bmskrrnaamfnln bmjm smr

ak clpamlmetkfcöe lkscvk bmtmfenanhìks ceenvktcvks qum pmr-lctke nptclczkr ak prnbuftcvcbkb,rmbufcr ma clpkftn bma fkljcn fac-lëtcfn snjrm ma fuatcvn, prntmhmrak smhurcbkb kaclmetkrck y ma kl-jcmetm, kpacfkebn ue msqumlkbm cevmstchkfcöe fne pkrtcfcpk-fcöe bm uecvmrscbkbms, prnbuftn-

rms y prnfmskbnrms bm yufk.

F]MZN BM VKTNWcrus qum nfkscnek qum

ak lkebcnfk en sm bmskrrn-aam fnln bmjm smr, fkuskebnceeulmrkjams pãrbcbks k ansprnbuftnrms, fne mstm trktkbnsm mspmrk cefcbcr y trktkr bmlketmemr ak jumek prnbuffcöe




M l p r m s k s

Ak kftcvcbkb gum nrhkec-zkbk pnr ak rlk FCKJKS

V.K., rmprmsmetketm mx-

fauscvk bm ak aìemk FksmC@ me eumstrn pkìs.

Ans fmrfk bm 04 khrcfuatnrms,khmetms bm vmetks y prngmscn-ekams achkbns k ak prnbuffcöekhrìfnak qum pkrtcfcpkrne bm aklumstrk mxprmskrne su sktcsgkf-fcöe pnr ma bmsmlpmûn bm akslëquceks y sus fukacbkbms.

Mstm ms ue prclmr mvmetn qummstklns rmkaczkebn me ak znekbm Ctkpuë, bm ans luf`ns qum

tmemlns prmvcstn bmskrrnaakr,snstuvn Mbukrbn Fëebcbn, hm-rmetm bm ak sufurska bm FckjkyV.K. me Jmaak Wcstk Ctkpÿk.

Ma bcrmftcvn rmrcö qum ak r-lk Fksm C@ tcmem me Tkrkhukytrkftnrms bmsbm 24 k 744 @T, yms k trkvãs bm mstm tcpn bm mvme-tns fukebn sm tcmem ak pnscjcac-bkb bm lnstrkr me gnrlk bcrmftkka prnbuftnr tnbn ma pnbmrìn bmaks lkqucekrcks.

Ans njomtcvns bm mstm tcpn bm

bmlnstrkfcnems sne qum ma prn-buftnr pumbk fnenfmr aks npfcn-ems fne qum fumetk, kprmfckr mapnbmrìn bm eumstrks lëquceks,bcspnecjams pkrk fukaqucmr tm-rrmen y smftnr, smk ma khrìfnak,khrnpmfukrcn. Rmemlns tnbksaks aìemks bm trkftnrms qum em-fmsctk ̀ ny me bìk ma prnbuftnr mema Tkrkhuky, mxpacfö.

MPCRNVK ONZEKBK BM FKLTN BM AK GCZLK FCKJKS V.K

Trnbuftnrms, tãfecfns m cehmecmrns pubcmrne njsmrvkr ma pnbmrìn bmaks lëquceks FKVVM C@, burketm uek onrekbk bm fklpn qum sm vcvcö,rmfcmetmlmetm, me ma mstkjamfclcmetn khrìfnak bma smûnr Rkikyns`c VuzuicLcemlntn, me ak anfkacbkb bm Tcrkpö, Ctkpÿk.

Fëebcbn bmstkfö qum me akkftukacbkb ma prnbuftnr jusfkfne fmrtmzk bns fnsks? cevmr-scöe pkrk tmemr ue lmonr fnstny me guefcöe k mstn njtmemr jm-emfcns. Tkrk anhrkran aamhk uek

smrcm bm lntnrms fne tmfenanhìkfnln Zmy mamftröecfk9 ma hmrme-fcklcmetn bm pntmefck fnln akFrnss Ganw, pkrk kfmrfkr ka prn-buftnr prcefcpkalmetm ma lmonr

fnstn-jmemfcn, uek mfnenlìkbm fnljustcjam y tkljcãe uekkatk tmfenanhìk qum `ny bìk ykmxcstm me ntrns pkìsms y mstë aam-hkebn k Tkrkhuky. Fksm C@ ms aklkrfk rmspneskjam bm mstkjam-fmr eumvns pkrëlmtrns luebck-ams bm prnbuftcvcbkb y fkacbkbme ma hrken fnsmf`kbn

Hrkfcks k Bcns mstm :4;6,

Fne ;2 kûns me ma lmrfkbn pkrkhuk-yn, FCKJKS yk ms uek bm aks lkynrms cl-pnrtkbnrks bm lkqucekrcks khrìfnaks bmapkìs, trkjkokebn fne lkrfks bm hrke mx-prmscöe cetmrekfcneka fnln Emw @naakeby Fksm C@. Trnfurkebn lmonrkr ma ktmebc-

lcmetn ka prnbuftnr, khrmhn k sus prnbuf-tns y smrvcfcns khrnquìlcfns fne lkrfksrmfnenfcbks fnln Jkymr Frnpsfcmefms ytkljcãe ntrns bmpkrtklmetns pkrk prms-tkfcöe bm smrvcfcns fnln? Khrcfuaturk bmprmfcscöe, clpamlmetns, rmpumstns y tk-aamr, frmkebn ue lmonr snpnrtm pkrk ma`nljrm bm fklpn.




smrë ue mxfmametm kûn, fne ueklkheìfk zkgrk pkrk tnbns ans

rujrns, mstklns luy fnetmetnspnr ak mxpmftktcvk qum mstklnsvcvcmebn me ma fklpn, ak prnbuf-fcöe ekfcneka mstë frmfcmebn kpksns khchketkbns bm ak lkenbm ak tmfenanhìk y ma msgumrznfneouetn bm tnbns, rmrcö.

Ak Gcrlk Fckjky V.K., fneoue-tklmetm fne Fkssm C@, kpumstkluf`n ka snpnrtm bma khrcfuatnr.

Me msm bìk k bìk bma khrcfuatnrms uen bm ans pcakrms guebk-lmetkams bm ak mlprmsk. Mstnsm bmlumstrk fne ue mfcmetm

smrvcfcn bm pnst vmetk, qum msuen bm ans prcefcpkams tmlks bmprmnfupkfcöe bm ak rlk.

Ma prnhrklk bm pnst vmetksm ksmhurk qum qucme kbqucmrkue prnbuftn Fksm C@, tmehk bcs-

pnecjam tnbn kqumaan qum emfm-sctm? ue lmfëecfn, uek jumekkscstmefck tãfecfk, ans fursnsbm fkpkfctkfcöe qum sm bmsk-rrnaake tnbn ma kûn. Fnestketm-lmetm mstklns metrmekebnpmrsneka bm fklpn, metrmekebnkhrcfuatnrms ms bmfcr, rmkaczklnsluf`ks pnst-vmetks pkrk qumtrkchk eumvks vmetks me guefcöebma trkjkon rmkaczkbn, kfntö marmprmsmetketm.

Ma mvmetn gum uek fneouefcöebm fnsmf`k bm snok, me ue bìkbm fklpn, bnebm tnbns ans pkr-tcfcpketms tuvcmrne ak pnscjcacbkbbm prnjkr aks lkqucekrcks FksmC@, tketn ans trkftnrms fnln aksfnsmf`kbnrks, y fnlpkrtcr uekhrkbkjam kalumrzn me ue kl-jcmetm bcstmebcbn y bm fnegrktmr-ecbkb.




Mstm prnhrklk ekfm tmecmebn me fumetk qum ma pkìs ms uenbm ans qum prmsmetk lkynr rmebclcmetn me prnbuffcöe khrì-fnak me ak rmhcöe, Klãrcfk bma Vur ms fnescbmrkbk ma hrk-emamrn bma luebn y Tkrkhuky mstë pnscfcnekbn metrm ans

lmonrms me rmebclcmetn..Ma pkìs aamhö k pnscfcnekrsm bnebm sm mefumetrk hrkfcks k ak tmf-enanhìk khrnpmfukrck bm prclmr ecvma pkrk fnesmhucr mstns mstëebk-rms. ‑Fnescbmrkebn ma katn ecvma me ma smftnr khrn fne ma qum fumetkma pkìs ekfm ma FRK pkrk lnstrkr ka luebn an qum ms ma trkjkon bmaTkrkhuky me ma rujrn khrnpmfukrcn y qum ans mxtrkeomrns vmehke kfnenfmr föln sm prnbufm, tnbn an qum sm rmkaczk, fukams sne aksakjnrms y tnbn an qum tmehk qum vmr fne ak prnbuffcöe khrìfnak“,fnlmetö Mbukrbn F`klnrrn, npmrkbnr nfcka bma Fnlctã bm Rurcsln

Khrnpmfukrcn .Tnr lmbcn bma lcsln sm rmkaczke ans prnhrklks tãfecfns bnebm

ans prnbuftnrms, bcrmftcvns bm mlprmsks khrìfnaks n pmrsneks cetm-rmskbks me ma khrn pkrkhukyn smke bma pkìs n bma mxtrkeomrn, pumbme

tmemr kffmsn k rmfnrrcbns bm tnbks aks zneks prnbuftcvks, fnenfmraks fnnpmrktcvks, aks paketks prnfmskbnrks, grchnrìfns, paketks aëf-tmks, fnln ksì tkljcãe aks mlprmsks khrncebustrckams.

‑Zmfcjclns pmrsneks qum vcmeme bma mxtrkeomrn, kahuens vcsctkema pkìs bm lkemrk mxfauscvk pkrk rmkaczkr mstm rmfnrrcbn khrnpmfuk-rcn, bm Krhmetcek tuvclns hrupns bm fnnpmrktcvks bma vmfcen pkìsqum vcsctkrne ans fklpns prnbuftcvns y qumbkrne rmkalmetm snr-prmebcbns pnr ans trkjkons rmkaczkbns, eumstrks mxpmftktcvks mstëefnlpamtklmetm supmrkbks“, ksmvmrö F`klnrrn.

Ak Gmbmrkfcöe bm Fnnpmrktcvks bm Trnbuffcöe (Gmfnprnb) y ak FmetrkaEkfcneka bm Fnnpmrktcvks (]ecfnnp) frmke ma Fnlctã bm Rurcsln Khrnpmfukrcn(FRK) pkrk bkr k fnenfmr ka luebn ak prnbuffcöe khrìfnak bma Tkrkhuky.

Ma prnhrklk gkfcactk ans rmfnrrcbns k aks pmrsn-eks cetmrmskbks me fnenfmr ans ktrkftcvns khrì-fnaks bma pkìs, ‑prnvmmlns bm ans smrvcfcns pkrkbmlnstrkr ka mxtrkeomrn pnr quã ma Tkrkhuky tcmemkatns ans mstëebkrms bm prnbuffcöe khrnpmfukrcky k quã sm bmjm ma frmfclcmetn me msm smftnr“,khrmhö ma Npmrkbnr.

FKTKFCRKFCÖETnr ntrn akbn ma FRK jusfk clpuaskr ma bmsk-

rrnaan khrnpmfukrcn k trkvãs bm mstns rmfnrrcbns ykbmlës jusfk ak fkpkfctkfcöe bm ans prnbuftnrmsekfcnekams me tkaamrms nrhkeczkbns me ma mxtrkeom-rn, bnebm sm vcsctke aks bcstcetks gmrcks khrìfnaks yma hrupn ms rmfcjcbn pnr ans tãfecfns qum bmlums-trke ans kvkefms tmfenaöhcfns me ans tmlks cetmrm-skbns k ans vckomrns.

FNVRNV

‑Ans fnstns sne luy vkrckbns, tnbn bmpmebmbma auhkr y ans bìks, ksì fnln bm ans `ntmams. Rnbnan rmkaczklns k lmbcbk bma facmetm y ka `kjakr bmfnstns ms luy bcgìfca, ue vckom mstëebkr ka F`kfnfumstk kprnxclkbklmetm H. ;.:44.444 pnr pmr-snek, bnebm sm vcsctke 6 fnnpmrktcvks, pmrn scml-prm tcmebm k lnbcfkrsm smhÿe ak ãpnfk bma vckom

y smhÿe ans smrvcfcns qum cefauyme.Wkrcns sne ans gkftnrms qum kgmftke ma fnstn -

eka“, kpuetö F`klnrrn. Wkam ak pmek bmstkfkr qumma Fnlctã bm Rurcsln Khrnpmfukrcn `k scbn bmfak-rkbn bm Cetmrãs Rurìstcfn Ekfcneka y tkljcãe gumbmfakrkbn bm Cetmrãs Fnnpmrktcvn Ekfcneka.

LNEVKERNTrnbuftnrms pkrkhukyns fne ma prnhrklk bma

Fnlctã pnbrëe vckokr ma := bm khnstn k fnenfmr maGkrl Trnhrmss V`nw me ans Mstkbns ]ecbns, bne-bm fnenfmrëe ma Fmetrn Jcntmfenaöhcfn bm Lne-sketn bnebm sm fkpkfctkrëe snjrm ans kvkefms bmasmftnr y snjrm ans trkjkons qum sm rmkaczkrëe pkrkans pröxclns =4 kûns.

M l p r m s k s






M l p r m s k s

Zmkaczkbn mxctnsklme-tm fne ak nrhkeczkfcöebm ak KTFJ y ak pkrtcfc-pkfcöe lkscvk bm prn-

buftnrms fne momlpakrms qumprmsmetkrne ak lcslk fkacbkbqum `k mamvkbn k ak lkrfk k ak

fnescbmrkfcöe cetmrekfcneka.MMa mvmetn sm rmkaczö me ma

skaöe ‑Br. Mercqum Zcmrk“, bm akKsnfckfcöe Zurka bma Tkrkhuky,fne ak pkrtcfcpkfcöe bm prn-buftnrms pmfukrcns bm vkrcnspuetns bma pkìs, qucmems fncefc-bcmrne me ma cetmrãs pnr ak kb-qucscfcöe bm hkekbn mxpumstnme ak gmrck rmkaczkbk me ma lcs-ln auhkr trks ma kftn bm metrmhk

AK KVNFCKFCÖE TKZKH]KSK BM FZCKBNZMV BM JZKGNZBTZNFMBCÖ K AK MERZMHK BM TZMLCNV BMA FNEF]ZVN BMRMZEMZN JZKGNZB.

6) 6¿ lmonr antm? antm :=, Hkek-bmrk Csak Katk.Me ak fktmhnrìk Lkf`ns,

rmfcjcmrne lmefcnems `nenrì-fks?;) Lmonr antm? antm :2, Hkekbm-

rk Csak Katk9:) :¿ lmonr antm? antm ::, Gnrms-

tka y Hkekbmrk Bne Tmbrn VK96) 6¿ lmonr antm? antm :6, Gnrms-

tka y Hkekbmrk Bne Tmbrn VK.

bm prmlcns.Ma ourkbn bma fnefursn bm

tmremrns gum ma Br. Bcmhn @mr-eëmz, lcmetrks qum ans lmonrmsantms prmlckbns me ak fktmhnrìk@mljrk gumrne?;) Lmonr antm? antm 6;, Hkekbm-

rk Csak Katk9:) :¿ lmonr antm? antm :3, Gnrms-

tka y Hkekbmrk Bne Tmbrn VK9




Bcsfnvmry




T r n b u f t n r B c s f n v m r y

Ans lcscnemrns bm ak Fnlpkûìkbm Omsÿs (omsuctks) guebkrne 64pumjans me uek rmhcöe qum kjkrfkans Tkìsms kftukams bm Krhmetcek,Jrksca, Tkrkhuky. ]ek bm aks lës

clpnrtketms ms ‑Mefkrekfcöe bmak Wcrhme Lkrìk bm Ctkpÿk“, kftukafcubkb bm Mefkrekfcöe, guebkbkma := bm lkrzn bm ;7;= pnr malcscnemrn omsuctk Znqum Hnezëamz bmVketk Fruz, ekfcbn me Ksuefcöe.

Lës bm ;7.444 pmrsneks qum vcsctkrneak fcubkb bm Vketns Fnslm y Bklcëe

burketm ma kûn :4;: `kjak k aks fak-rks bm ak clpnrtkefck bm mstm bcstrctnfnln pnan bm ktrkffcöe turìstcfk me ma bmpkrtk-lmetn bm Ctkpÿk. Ans lntcvns sne vkrcns, pmrnkfksn uen bm maans, en bmlnstrkjam pmrn sì pmrfc-jcbn pnr tnbns ans smetcbns, ms qum mstk pmqumûkfcubkb, kpkfcjam y trkequcak, cevctk k qumbkrsm.

Ma bcstrctn bm Vke Fnslm y Vke Bklcëe -qumpnr kqumaan bm kjrmvckr ak grksm ms lës fnenfcbkfnln Vke Fnslm- ms uek fcubkb bm pnfn lës bm0.444 `kjctketms, y uek supmrfcm bm 044 Il:.

Mstë ujcfkbk k ;44 icaölmtrns ka nmstm bm Me-

fkrekfcöe, fkpctka bma bmpkrtklmetn bm Ctkpÿk, ysm aamhk k trkvãs bm ue fklcen trnefka ksgkatkbnbm uens 64 icaölmtrns qum fnemftk ma fmetrn ur-jken bm ak fcubkb fne ak rutk ekfcneka eÿlmrn; ‑Lfka. Grkefcsfn Vnaken Aöpmz“. Ma bmsvìn qumfnebufm k Vke Fnslm mstë k uens 644 bm Ksue-fcöe y uens 84 bm Mefkrekfcöe.

Ma fmetrn urjken nfupk uek sukvm fnacek qumekfm k nrcaaks bma rìn Tkrkeë, y aumhn sm mxtcmebm

me uek pakecfcm klpack k kjcmrtk, bnlcekbk pnrfklpns ekturkams, mstmrkams, vmhmtkfcöe ektcvk y

uek eutrcbk pnjakfcöe bm pëokrns.

K lctkb bm fklcen metrm ma pumjan y ak rutk ;sm mefumetrk ma ksmetklcmetn ljyk hukrkeì bmak fnluecbkb Tcebn, bnebm sm pumbm mefnetrkrkrtmskeìk cebìhmek y fnlprkr bmacfcnsks ekrke-

oks y lkebkrceks. Mstk fnluecbkb mstë fnegnr-lkbk pnr ektcvns bm ak pkrfckacbkb ljyk hukrkeìqum gum njachkbk k skacr bm aks csaks Skfyrmtk y

Sjyfu–c fnln fnesmfumefck bm ak fnestruffcöebm ak rmprmsk bm Skfyrmtk. Ans ektcvns gumrnermcestkakbns me uek supmrfcm bm 644 `mftë-rmks, pmrn vcmeme rmfaklkebn bmsbm `kfm vkrcns

kûns ma rmskrfclcmetn pnr aks lcams bm `mftërmksqum bm aks qum gumrne prcvkbns.

Ma fkubkansn rìn Tkrkeë, fuyk vkstmbkb me ka-huens auhkrms clpcbm bcvcskr ak ntrk nrcaak, bmjcbnka hrke mspmon bm khuk qum qumbö, fnesmfume-fck bm ak fnestruffcöe bm ak rmprmsk bm Skfyrmtk,am bk ue tnqum bm lkomstunscbkb y ktrkftcvn scechuka k ak fcubkb.

VKERNV FNVLM S BKLCËE

Takemtkrcn bma njsmrvktnrcn y fmetrn bm cetmrprmtkfcöe kstrneölcfn ‑T.Jumekvmeturk Vuërmz“, me Vketns Fnslm y Bklcëe.




K uens ;= icaölmtrns bm ak nrcaak sm mefumetrkak csak Sjyfu–c, qum me ans ÿatclns kûns sm fne-vcrtcö me bmstcen njachkbn pkrk ans turcstks qumvcsctke aks rmbuffcnems omsuìtcfks.

Me mstm fnetmxtn, sce ecehuek bubk ma Fmetrn

bm Cetmrprmtkfcöe Kstrneölcfk ‑Tkbrm Jumekvme-turk Vuërmz“, ms ma prcefcpka ktrkftcvn bm lcamsbm turcstks qum aamhke bm bcgmrmetms puetns bmeumstrn pkìs, ak rmhcöe, cefausn bm Murnpk.

Ma Fmetrn mstë cestkakbn me ue smftnr qumgum ak ‑Fksk bm Cebcns“ bm ak rmbuffcöe hukrkeìbm Vketns Fnslm y Bklcëe. Lmbcketm uek gmaczcecfcktcvk bm ak Vmfrmtkrìk Ekfcneka bm Rurcsln(Vmektur), k fkrhn bm Acz Frklmr, y ma metusckstk

Msgmrk krlcackr,ue bcspnsctcvncevmetkbn meak Mbkb Lmbckqum scrvcö fnlncestrulmetn bmekvmhkfcöe.

]ek huìk turìstcfkngrmfm cegnrlkfcöek ue hrupn bmvcsctketms snjrm

ak chamsck y aksmsfuaturks tkaakbksme lkbmrk qumbktke bm aksrmbuffcnems

omsuìtcfks, `kfmlës bm trms schans.

fnefursn bma Trng. Jaks Vmrvìe, bcrmftnr bma Takem-tkrcn bm Ksuefcöe, qucme tuvn k su fkrhn ak bcrmf-fcöe tãfecfk bm ans trkjkons pkrk ak fnestruffcöebm ue pakemtkrcn, ma lnetkom bm ue tmamsfnpcn ybm ue fmetrn bm mxpnscfcöe bm kubcnvcsukams, `k-jcactkbns ka pÿjacfn me gmjrmrn bm :4;4, m cekuhu-

rkbn nfckalmetm ma :2 bm lkrzn bm msm lcsln.

Bmsbm metnefms ma rmhcstrn bm vcsctketms k akfcubkb bm Vke Fnslm mxpmrclmetk ue kfmamrk-bn m clpkrkjam frmfclcmetn. Msm kûn bm ceku-hurkfcöe, tuvclns ;4.444 vcsctketms, trms vmfmslës bm ans `kjctukams :.=44 k 6.444 qum ke-tmrcnrlmetm rmhcstrkjk aks Zmbuffcnems, krlk

Znakebn Jkrjnzk, omgm bm ak Bcvcscöe Lcscöe VkeFnslm bm ak Vmfrmtkrìk Ekfcneka bm Rurcsln (Vm-





ektur). Ka kûn schucmetm, :4;;, ma eÿlmrn bm vcsc-tks sujcö k ;2.444, y ma me kûn :4;: supmrö ans;7.444. Me an qum vk bm mstns prclmrns fuktrn

lmsms bma :4;6 ma eÿlmrn supmrö ans 8.444, ysm mstclk qum pkrk e bm kûn gëfcalmetm pumbme

aamhkr k aks :4.444 vcsctks.

Ma hrke lnvclcmetn bm pmrsneks hmemrö uekskaubkjam cebustrck bm smrvcfcns, qum sm trkbufmme `ntmamrìk, trkespnrtm, fnlcbks y ak vmetk bmkrtmskeìk. Mxcstm ue söan `ntma me ak fcubkb, pmrnak bmlkebk bm kanoklcmetns ms kjkstmfcbk lm-bcketm ue prnhrklk bm pnskbks, qum npmrk jkonrmhcstrn bm ak Vmektur. Mstks pnskbks ngrmfme`kjctkfcnems fne bmskyuen y pmescöe fnlpamtk,

k mamffcöe bma facmetm. Me tntka mxcstme eumvm bmmstks fksks qum sulkbks ka `ntma fumetke fnefkpkfcbkb bm ;=4 fklks.

Ak chamsck bm Vketns Fnslm y Bklcëe, fnes-trucbk karmbmbnr bma kûn ;8;0 ms `kstk `ny maauhkr bnebm sm bmskrrnaake rmhuakrlmetm tnbksaks kftcvcbkbms rmachcnsks bm ak pkrrnquck. Ak cham-sck me sc lcslk ms ue lusmn, bnebm sm pumbmevmr njrks tkaakbks pnr ans ektcvns hukrkeìms `kfmlës bm 644 kûns ktrës.

Me ma pktcn bm ak Zmbuffcöe, bnebm tkljcãe

guefcneö uek msfumak bm krtms y nfcns pkrk anshukrkeìms, sm mefumetrk ue rmano bm sna, fnestruc-bn pnr ma omsuctk Jumekvmeturk Vuërmz, qucme,karmbmbnr bma kûn ;844 aamhö k ak Zmbuffcöe ytrkjkoö me ak fnestruffcöe bma tmlpan prcefcpka.

Mstm omsuctk, ekfcbn me ak fcubkb bm Vketk Gm(`ny prnvcefck krhmetcek) mrk ue mstubcnsn bm akkstrnenlìk, y mefnetrö me msm auhkr ma sctcn cbmkapkrk lnetkr ue fmetrn kstrneölcfn, qum sm fne-

Zmano bm sna fnestrucbn pnr ma lcscnems Jumekvmeturk Vukrmz, karmbmbnr meaks prclmrks bãfkbks bma ;844.

Rmamsfnpcn bma fmetrn kstrneölcfn fne ma fuka smpumbme rmkaczkr njsmrvkfcnems bma mspkfcn.

vcrtcö me ma prclmrn bm Vubklãrcfk amvketkbnfne cestrulmetns makjnrkbns pnr ãa lcsln. Fnekyubk bm ans cebìhmeks fnestruyö ue tmamsfnpcn,

utcaczkebn pcmbrk bm fukrzn qum mefnetrö me malcsln auhkr.

Me aks mxprmscnems bm ue turcstk fnlpktrcn-tk sm pumbm tmemr uek sìetmscs bma ktrkftcvn qumtcmem ak fcubkb. Vke Fnslm tcmem ue ktrkftcvnmspmfcka, me ak lkynrìk bm ans auhkrms qum vnyfnenfcmebn rmfnrrn sus fkaams, vcsctn sus auhkrmsfkrkftmrìstcfns, y aumhn lm vny. Tmrn kquì ms bcgm-rmetm, `ky ue kljcmetm qum cevctk k qumbkrsm, kbcsgrutkr bma pkcskom, bm ak ekturkamzk, bm ak trke-qucacbkb. Lm hustk rmfnrrmr ma tmlpan y njsmrvkraks rmacqucks, bcsgrutkr bm ak fkalk rmceketm, y bm

aks rcfks fnlcbks qum ngrmfme me aks pnskbks,snstcmem







M

e kpmeks bns kûnsan qum fnestctuìk ueklksk ÿecfk bm csak, bmkprnxclkbklmetm =4

`mftërmks bm mxtmescöe, sm pkr-tcö me bns pnr mgmftn bm ak fn-rrcmetm bma rìn. Ma fmrrn bm krm-

Aks gklnsks bueks bm ak csak Sjyfu-c, uen bm ans prcefcpkams ktrkftcvnsturìstcfns bm mstm bcstrctn, mstëe bmskpkrmfcmebn kfmamrkbklmetm pnr mgmftnbm ans vcmetns y ak fnrrcmetm bma rìn Tkrkeë, an qum fkusk prmnfupkfcöe metrmnpmrkbnrms turìstcfns y kutnrcbkbms fnluekams.

ek bm ak ketchuk csak, aaklkbnfmrrn Sjcfu–c (yjyfu–c schecfk

krmek me hukrkeì), k`nrk qumböfnevmrtcbn me ue pmqumûn csan-

tm bm kprnxclkbklmetm ;.444lmtrns bm akrhn pnr uens 644lmtrns bm kef`n. Vmpkrkbn pnr

ma khuk sm vm ak ntrk pkrtm bm akcsak, uek pnrfcöe lmenr.

Bm aks paketks bm yktk–c -ueërjna bm pmqumûk mevmrhkburk,

bm ak gklcack bm aks pkalëfmks,fne `noks sclcakrms k aks bmafnfntmrn- qum `kstk `kfm pn-




Ans mspmfckacstks mefnetrkrne prumjks bm qum gum ue mefak-vm `kjctkbn pnr hrke fketcbkb bm pmrsneks, sm mefnetrkrnermstns bm ureks guemrkrcks, bm hrke vkanr `cstörcfn y fuaturkapmrn qum gumrne bmstrucbns pnr ak kffcöe bmprmbktnrck bm

pmrsneks qum jusfkjke tmsnrns msfnebcbns.M Tnr bmscbck bm aks kutnrcbkbms ekfcnekams, y bm ak metcbkb

jcekfcneka Skfyrmtk, qum tuvn bcrmftk cetmrvmefcöe y ms ak rmspne-skjam bm ak katmrkfcöe hmnhrëfk bm tnbk mstk znek jkon ceumefck

bm ak rmprmsk, vkacnsns tmstclnecns krqumnaöhcfns qumbkrne smpua-tkbns jkon aks khuks bma rìn Tkrkeë.

@ny me bìk ma ÿatcln vmstchcn bm an qum gum mstk hrke csak sm mstëbcauymebn ametk pmrn cemxnrkjamlmetm, ketm ak lcslk bmscbck ybmscetmrãs qum lumstrke aks kftukams kutnrcbkbms ekfcnekams, aksÿecfks qum tcmeme ak pntmstkb y ans rmfursns fnln pkrk cetmrvmecrfne kffcnems qum, fukebn lmens, lctchume ma prnguebn y hrkvmclpkftn prnvnfkbn ka auhkr.

Vc jcme mxcstme rmfaklns, pmbcbns y mxprmscnems bm kakrlk bm

aks kutnrcbkbms bma luecfcpcn y bm kahuens smftnrms bm aks gumr-zks vcvks bm ak fcubkb bm Vke Fnslm, ãstks fkme me skfn rntn yen tcmeme ma rmsuatkbn mspmrkbn, qum ms sclpamlmetm qum kahucmefne fkpkfcbkb bm bmfcscöe pnehk su ktmefcöe me uen bm ans sctcnslës jmaans y ktrkftcvns bma pkìs, y gumetm bm trkjkon pkrk fcmetnsbm fnlpktrcntks bm mstk fnluecbkb.

Ak csak Sjyfu-c gum ue mefakvm cebìhmekprm`cspëecfn bm lcams bm kûns bmketchñmbkb, smhÿe ue mstubcn rmkaczkbnme ma kûn :44= pnr ketrnpöanhns ykrqumöanhns bm ak ]ecvmrscbkb bm Ak Taktk,

prnvcefck bm Jumens Kcrms (Krhmetcek), jkonak bcrmffcöe ma krquctmftn fnlpktrcntk OnrhmZujckec.

fns kûns kjuebkjke me ak csakyk en mxcstm ec ue snan momlpakr.

Ak fnrrcmetm bma rìn Tkrkeëkrrkströ ak krmek bm ak zneklës jkok bm ak csak y ak pkrtcöme bns. ]ek kef`k kvmecbk bmkhuk bm lës bm ;44 lmtrnsbcvcbm k`nrk ak csak, y bmoö ueksumrtm bm pakyk cetmrek qum mskprnvmf`kbk pnr ans turcstkspkrk bkrsm ue f`kpuzöe.

Ak cetmesk fnrrcmetm bmkhuk y ans vcmetns vke bcauyme-bn ametklmetm an ÿatcln qumqumbk bm uek csak qum ketms bmak fnestruffcöe bm ak rmprmskbm Skfyrmtk y su fnesmfumetmceuebkfcöe fnln mgmftn bcrmf-tn bm ak mljkasm bm ak prmsk`cbrnmaãftrcfk, ak csak Sjyfu-ckanokjk k vkrcks gklcacks qumsm bmbcfkjke k ak khrcfuaturk,

ak frìk bm hkekbn bnlãstcfn yvkfuen y ak pmsfk, y mrk fkrkf-tmrìstcfk pnr ak hrke fketcbkb bmgrutks trnpcfkams, fnln lkehn,jkekek y fìtrcfns. Aks gklcacksqum vcvìke me mstk mspmfcm bm pk-rkìsn tmrrmeka gumrne njachkbks kkjkebnekr ma auhkr ketm ma kvke-fm bm aks khuks bm ak rmprmsk.

Ma puetn lës katn bm ak csak,ma fmrrn Sjyfu-c, qumbö gumrkbma khuk, y gum ‑bmsfujcmrtn“pnr pmsfkbnrms bm ak znek. Ak

pujacfkfcöe bm kahueks gntnsbma pkcskom furcnsn y aaklktcvnbm aks bueks bm krmek, kahn tn-tkalmetm mxtrkûn me lmbcn bmarìn, lntcvö k kahuens turcstksklketms bm ak kvmeturk k ‑bms-fujrcran“ fnln ue sctcn qum vkamak pmek vcsctkr.

K lmbcbk qum ma auhkr hkek-jk gklk fnlmezö ak aamhkbk bm





turcstks bm bcgmrmetms puetnsbma pkìs, y fne maan sm cestkaö uesmrvcfcn bm trkespnrtm k jnrbnbm pmqumûks fkenks bm lntnr,qum pkuaktceklmetm bmrcvö me

ak frmkfcöe bm ue fcrfuctn bmtrkespnrtm bm pkskomrns fkbkvmz lës cetmesn.

Ak bmlkebk lntcvö ak cetmr-vmefcöe bm ak Vmfrmtkrìk Ekfcn-eka bm Rurcsln (Vmektur), qumnrhkeczö y gnrlkaczö ue smrvcfcnbm akef`ks, fne mljkrfkfcn-ems `kjcactkbks fnegnrlm k aksenrlks bm smhurcbkb mxchcbks,y ak fnegnrlkfcöe bm uek ksn-fckfcöe bm akef`mrns bmbcfkbnska trkespnrtm.

Ak csak mstë k uens ;= ic-aölmtrns, khuks kjkon bm akfcubkb. Vm aamhk me kprnxclk-bklmetm uek `nrk bm ekvmhk-fcöe. Rnbns ans bìks `ky vcsctks,pmrn ans ems bm smlkek y bìks

gmrckbns aamhke fcmetns bm turcs-tks bm tnbn ma pkìs pkrk fnen-fmr aks bueks.

@ky bmamhkfcnems qum vcm-

eme cefausn bm ak fcubkb bmGcakbmak, F`kfn, y tnbn ma kûn

aamhke hrupns bm mstubcketmsbm fnamhcns bm Ksuefcöe, rmrcö

Aucs Fkjkaamrn, prnpcmtkrcn bm

ak khmefck bm turcsln Khukpmy,bm Vke Fnslm.

TMBCBN BM VKAWKRKOMAk Luecfcpkacbkb bm Vketns

Fnslm y Bklcëe y ak VmfrmtkrìkEkfcneka bm Rurcsln (Vmektur)mxprmskrne su prmnfupkfcöepnr ak sumrtm bm ak csak, fuykbmskpkrcfcöe kgmftkrë k ak bc-vmrscbkb bm ngmrtk turìstcfk qumngrmfm kftukalmetm ma auhkr.

Mstklns prmnfupkbns pnr

ak bmskpkrcfcöe bm ak csak, y msnyk an paketmklns ketm ak metc-bkb jcekfcneka Skfyrmtk (MJS)y ntrks cestctufcnems, fnln akVmektur, smûkaö ma cetmebmetmluecfcpka, Bmecs Hkamken.

Cebcfö qum prmfcsklmetm kpmbcbn bm ak Vmektur vcsctkrnema auhkr ue hmöanhn bm ak Kblc-ecstrkfcöe Ekfcneka bm Ekvm-

hkfcöe y Tumrtns (KEET) y tãfec-fns bm ak MJS, qucmems rmkaczkrnenjsmrvkfcnems fne ma njomtcvn bmprnpnemr kahuek cetmrvmefcöe bmaauhkr.

Rnbkvìk, sce mljkrhn, en smfnenfm bm pake kahuen. Mspmrk-lns qum k ak jrmvmbkb pnscjamprmsmetme kahuek prnpumstk pkrkskavkr mstm rmfursn, ketms bm qumma rìn tmrlcem pnr krrkstrkr tnbk akkrmek, snstuvn ma kblcecstrkbnrfnlueka.

]ek gnrlk pnscjam bm mvctkrma bmsaczklcmetn bm ak krmek mscestkakr hkvcnems me ma jnrbm akcsak bnebm hnapmk ak fnrrcmetm bmkhuk. Ans hkvcnems fnescstme me

ueks lkaaks bm kakljrm qum kan- oke rnfks me su cetmrcnr. Mstns bcs-pnsctcvns sm fnanfke bm tka gnrlkqum rmfcjme ma clpkftn bma khuk yprntmhme ak rcvmrk, sm mlpamk rm,smûkaö Kjrk`kl Hkrfìk, ue mxpmrc-lmetkbn ekvmhketm bma rìn Tkrkeë,fkpctëe bma jkrfn Bne Lktmn, qumtcmem k su fkrhn ma trkespnrtm bmturcstks `kstk ak csak Sjyfu–c.







Ma turcsln sm fnevcrtcöme ue clpnrtketm gkf-tnr lnvcaczkbnr bm akmfnenlìk bm ak fcubkb,

ka puetn qum surhcmrne vkrcnsemhnfcns ngrmfcbns pnr aks gk-lcacks bm ak fnluecbkb, fnlnms ma fksn bm ans smrvcfcns bmkanoklcmetn, fnlcbks, ans ake-f`mrns qum ngrmfme ma trkes-pnrtm pnr ma rìn, ans pmsfkbnrmsprnvmmbnrms bm pmsfkbns k aks

pnskbks y rmstkurketms, pmrn

qum mxcstk ue ktrkfkbmrn, uejkûn, uek snljrk bnebm ms-tkr lcmetrks sm mspmrk. Vc jcmetnbn mstn gnrlk pkrtm bm msmskjnr bm turcsln kvmeturk qumtcmem su ktrkftcvn pkrk ak hmetm,sc ùjcmrk lkynrms fnlnbcbk-bms mstkrìke lmonr y k hustn,ktmebcmebn qum luf`ks pmrsn-eks lkynrms bm mbkb `kfme mapksmn. Me ak lcslk sctukfcöe

sm mefumetrke ans akef`mrns,qucmems tcmeme ue ktrkfkbmrnluy prmfkrcn bnebm sujcr y jk-

okr k sus pkskomrns, snstuvn.Rkljcãe emfmsctklns ma

kpnyn bm ak Fnluek me ma sme-tcbn bm lmonrkr ans fklcensbm kffmsn ka rìn. Ak prmfkrcksctukfcöe bm mstns fklcens bc-fuatk ak aamhkbk bm trkespnrtms

bm hrke tklkûn, fnln ma qumtmemlns pkrk trksakbkr aks bm-amhkfcnems bm turcstks, y tnbkak npmrkfcöe sm bmjm `kfmr mehrupns rmbufcbns, y ak hmetmbmjm mspmrkr lcmetrks sm fne-frmtk ma trksakbn, bcon.

Lkrcn Hcuackec, prnpcmtkrcnbm ue rmstkurketm bm fnlcbksctkackeks, snstuvn qum sc jcme ma

lnvclcmetn bm hmetm ms clpnr-tketm me ans ÿatclns lmsms, meak lmbcbk qum ak fcubkb ngrmzfkktrkftcvns, kftcvcbkbms snfck-ams, fuaturkams, qum kfkpkrme macetmrãs sm anhrkrë qum ans vcsc-tketms qumbme lës tcmlpn meak fcubkb, utcacfme lës ans smr-vcfcns, y me fnesmfumefck bmomelës jmemfcns mfneölcfns

pkrk ak fnluecbkb.Me mstm smetcbn, ma cetmebme-

tm luecfcpka, Bmecs Hkamken,

snstuvn qum mxcstme njrks pme-bcmetms bm momfufcöe pnr pkrtmbm ak metcbkb jcekfcneka Skfyrm-tk (MJS) fnln fnlpmeskfcöepnr ak kgmftkfcöe prnvnfkbkpnr ak rmprmsk `cbrnmaãftrcfk kabcstrctn. Metrm mstks njrks mstëprmvcstk uek kvmecbk fnstkem-rk, lumaam y pakyks, qum klpack-rëe ans ktrkftcvns bm ak fcubkb.

Ak gkatk bm uelumaam njachkk sujcr y jkokrans pkskomrnsme pmqumûnshrupns lmbcketmuek fkenk.

Aucs Fkjkaamrn, fne tnbk sugklcack trkjkoky kblcecstrkak khmefckbm turcslnKhukpmy,pcnemrk me akfnluecbkb memstm tcpn bm

smrvcfcns.

emfmsctklns koustkr kahuensbmtkaams me cegrkmstrufturk pkrkqum mstn tmehk ue lkynr bmsk-rrnaan y hmemrm kÿe lës jmem-fcns k ak fnluecbkb, snstuvn

Aucs Fkjkaamrn, prnpcmtkrcn bm akmlprmsk bm turcsln Khukpmy.

Me ma fksn eumstrn, qum tm-emlns ue smrvcfcn bm pksmn mejkrfn y ngrmfmlns pkqumtms tu-rìstcfns qum cefauyme vcsctks k ak

csak Sjyfu–c, mstklns npmrkebnfne luf`ks bcfuatkbms pnr

gkatk bm ue lumaam bnebm sujcry jkokr pkskomrns.

Tnr k`nrk an mstklns `k-fcmebn me gnrlk prmfkrck, utc-aczkebn uek fkenk, me hrupnspmqumûns. Ak hmetm qum mspmrksujcr en tcmem ue auhkr kbmfuk-bn pkrk mspmrkr, an cbmka smrìk

Tkrtm bma ‑skjnr“ bm ak kvmeturk ms kjnrbkr ma jkrfn lmbcketm uek fkenk.




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