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jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku,&üþ&üÿ] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k] lsDVj&öü
uks,Mk&üúûýúù (mÙkj çns'k)Website : www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No. 18001809393
ekè;fed ikB~;Øeüýø&fla/h
,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- okWVjekdZ øú th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfærA
lfpo] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku] ,&üþ&üÿ] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k] lsDVj&öü] uks,Mk&üúûýúù (mÙkj çns'k)}kjk çdkf'kr ,oa eSllZ jkt fçaVlZ] ,&ù] lsDVj ch&ü] Vªksfudk flVh] baMfLVª;y ,fj;k] yksuh] xkft;kckn }kjk eqfær A
National Institute of Open SchoolingDecember, 2018 (500 Copies)
C
MkW- eqjyh/j tSryh (vè;{k) MkW- vo/s'k dqekj feJk MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.khçksiQslj& fla/h Hkk"kk (lsokfuo`Ùk) çksiQslj funs'kdfnYyh fo'ofo|ky; vaxzsth ,oa fons'kh Hkk"kk fo'ofo|ky; jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"knfnYyh f'kykax ifjlj] f'kykax (es?kky;) (ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh
MkW- dhfrZ flag lat; dqekj flUgk MkW- gklks nknykuhlgk;d çksiQslj funs'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{kegkohj [kqyk fo'ofo|ky; jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;dksVk (jktLFkku) ukss,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) vtesj (jktLFkku)
MkW- deyk xksdykuh MkW- ehuk vklokuh MkW- ijes'ojh ieukuhO;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk) izksiQslj] fla/h foHkkx ,lksfl,V çksiQslj] fla/h foHkkxjktdh; egkfo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)
MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khlgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.kh MkW- gklks nknykuh MkW- deyk xksdykuhfuns'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{k O;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk)jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; jktdh; egkfo|k;y(ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)
Jh es?kjkt xqjukuh MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) lgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkufnYyh uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
lykgdkj&lfefr
ikB~;Øe&lfefr
lEiknd&eaMy
vè;{k funs'kd ('kSf{kd)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
MkW- jfo çdk'k Vsdpank.kh MkW- gklks nknykuh MkW- eqjyh Hkkoukuhfuns'kd mi&çkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxkè;{k vuqHkkx vf/dkjh (lssokfuo`Ùk)jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn fla/h foHkkx] l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky; ukss,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)(ek- la- fo- ea=kky;)] fnYyh vtesj (jktLFkku)
MkW- deyk xksdykuh Jherh dkark eFkjkuh MkW- ijes'ojh ieukuhO;k[;krk (lsokfuo`Ùk) ç/kukpk;kZ ,lksfl,V çksiQslj] fla/h foHkkxjktdh; egkfo|ky; nkS- fu- jkt- fla/h m- ek- fo|ky; l- i`- pkS- jkt- egkfo|ky;vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku) vtesj (jktLFkku)
MkW- foEeh lnkjaxkuh Jh es?kjkt xqjukuh Jherh 'kkfyuh lkxj,lksfl,V çksiQslj ofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) ofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk)rksykuh vkVZl~ dkWyst vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks vkdk'kok.kh] vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ksvkfniqj&dPN (xqtjkr) fnYyh fnYyh
Jherh ohuk Jaxh MkW- tsBks ykyokuh Jh jes'k ykyofj"B mn~?kks"kd (lsokfuo`Ùk) iwoZ funs'kd lgk;d funs'kdvkdk'kok.kh jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"knfnYyh vgenkckn (xqtjkr) vkj- ds- iqje] fnYyh
MkW- ckyÑ".k jk; nhid jruk.khlgk;d funs'kd ('kSf{kd) lykgdkj (fla/h Hkk"kk)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k) uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
jktdqekj csTtadh vk'kk fçUVlZxzkfi+Qd vkfVZLV gkFkh HkkVk] vtesj (jktLFkku)jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkkuuks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
ikB&ys[kd
ikB~;Øe&leUo;drkZ
js[kk fp=kkadu Mh-Vh-ih- dk;Z
ek-la-fo-ea- }kjk lefFkZr ,oa ,u-lh-ih-,l-,y- dh ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fodflr
'kkfxnZfu ykb c v[kj
I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]
Hkkjr ts lafo/ku ts vBsa 'ksM~;wy esa 10 vçsy 1967 rs fla/h Hkk"kk [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks gksA
lafo/ku esa 'kkfeyq fFk;.k cSfn Hkkjr ljdkj ts ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; ikjka fla/h Hkk"kk
ts fodkl&ok/kjs ykb lu~ 1994 esa jk"Vªh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn th LFkkiuk dbZ osbZA f'k{kk
ts [ks=k esa fla/h Hkk"kk tks çpk# çlk# dj.k ykb fla/h ifj"kn ts ekyh enn lka ,u-vkbZ-vks-
,l- esa ^fla/h lsy* cikZ dbZ osbZ vkgsA fgu ^fla/h lsy* ikjka ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- esa Mgsa ntsZ ts
ikB~;Øe esa fla/h Hkk"kk [ks fgd fo"k; ts :i esa ifgfj;kas Hksjks isf'k dans vLkka[ks csgfn [+k˜'kh
Fkh jgh vkgsA
fla/h Hkk"kk th >wuh ijaijk Lkka xM gk.kksds Lkekt ts lkEgwa vk;y eqnfu [ks fc bu ts fo"k;
oLrwv esa 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA ghm ikB~;Øeq Kku o/kb±nM+ ,sa fnypLi uewus r;k# d;ks
fo;ks vkgs] tafga esa fla/h LkkfgR; tks bfrgkLkq] fla/h Hkk"kk tks bfrgkLkq] tqnk&tqnk fy[k.k th
dyk ,sa O;kdj.k ts ?kf.k;qfu [+kkfLk;rqfu [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA xMksxM˜ fla/h LkaLÑrh]
LkH;rk ,sa vgeq fla/h vkfyefu tks ifjp; fc rOgka [ks feyanksA ghm Lktks eLkkSnks eqDrq ,sa M™jkgha
(nwjLFk) fLk[;k fLkfj'rs ts vk/kj rs Bfg;yq vkgsA budjs bu esa xkYgkb.k th 'kSyhv [ks
viuk;ks fo;kss vkgs ,sa 'kkfxnZfu [ks vH;kLk tks iwjks ekSd+ks fMuks fo;ks vkgsA
rOgka fgu dkslZ [ks fgd fo"k; ts :i esa pwafM;ks vkgsA mesn vkgs r rOgka[ks bgkss ikB~;Øeq iLkafn
b±nksA tsdMfga rOgka[ks dk fc eqf'dykr vps r t+:# c˜/kbtksA 'ky rOgka ykb fla/h Hkk"kk [ks
i<+.k tks bgks Lki+Q# fnypLiq] jkspdq ,sa 'kqHkq fFk, !
Mk;jsDVj @ funs'kd
,u-lh-ih-,l-,y-
ek-la-fo-ea- Hkkjr ljdkj
ps;jeSu @ lnj
,u-vkbZ-vks-,l-
uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]
,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ts fla/h Hkk"kk çksxzke esa rOgkath fnyh vkft;ka dts FkhA
ekè;fed lrg ts ykb fla/h Hkk"kk th lkexzh isf'k dans vlka[ks ?k.kh [+kq'kh Fkh jgh vkgsA [kqfy;y
,sa M™jkgha rbyhe t+jh, ghv [+kqfn vH;kl th lkexzh r;k# dbZ osbZ vkgs] tafga esa ?kf.k;wa [+kwfc;wa lek;y
vkfgfuA thva&
1- lco+Qfu ts pwaM esa fla/h Hkk"kk ts l:i ,sa bfrgkl] fla/h laLÑrh] egku gfLr;qfu] thou eqYg ,sa
fy[k.k ts fy;ko+Qrqfu [ks 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
2- fo"k; [ks loys ,sa fpVs rjhds lka tqnk&tqnk felkyfu t+jh, isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
3- lkfgR; ts tqnk&tqnk vnch flUi+Qqfu [ks 'kkfey d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
4- Hkk"kk th 'kq¼rk ,sa xzkej ts [+kwfc;qfu [ks isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
5- vH;kl th lkexzhv tks fgdq vgeq eo+Qlnq vnc t+jh, Hkk"kk th leq> o/kb.kq ,sa bt+gkj th
o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA
6- ghv lkexzh fla/h Hkk"kk th tk.k [ks o/kb±nM+ ,sa thou esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu tks ik;ks fo>.k okjh vkgsA
7- lkexzhv [ks xqÝ+rxw ts rjhds lka isf'k d;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga lka vOgka loykbZv lka fo"k; [ks leq>h
l?kank ,sa iafgath Hkk"kk esa isf'k djs l?kankA
fgu ikB~;Øe tks vH;klq dj.k lka rOgka[ks fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa laLÑrhv th cqfu;knh tk.k feyanhA xMksxM
bfErgku th fjFkk] lqokyukes tks uewuks ,sa ekdqZfu th fopwj fMuh osbZ vkgs] thva rOgka vH;klq ,sa nqfgjkm djs
l?kksA
vlka [ks mesn vkgs r i<+.k th ghv lkexzh rOgka[ks fnypLiq ,sa tk.k o/kb±nM+ yxanh ,sa rOgka
fla/h Hkk"kk th lqBh tk.k gkflyq djs l?kankA rOgkatk veqYgq lq>ko vlka ykb dkjkbrk lkfcrq FkhankA
fgu iqLrd ys[ku&dk;Z esa bgks fc è;kuq fMuks fo;ks vkgs r nsoukxjh fyihv esa tsds vke çpfyr
v[kj drfc vkank fo;k vkfgfu] 'kkfxnZfu th lgwfy;r ykb mgs bLrsekyq d;k fo;k vkfgfuA
'kqHkdkeukmfu eka
dkslqZ r;k# danM+ desVh
vOgka lka xkfYg cksfYg
lco+Q tks mUokuq& mUoku [ks i<+ans bZ rOgka vankt+ks yxk, l?kank r lco+Q esa Nk fMuks fo;ks vkgsA
bu [ks i<+ksA
eqgkx& ghm fglks rOgka[ks vofy gkflyq fFk;y tk.k lka tksM+hanks ,sa fMuy lco+Q th okfDi+Q;r
MhanksA bu [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA xMksxM˜ bgks fo"k; th i`"BHkwfe Mhanks ,sa rOgka esa lco+Q˜ i<+.k ykb gkSlyks
o/kb±nksA
eo+Qlnq& isf'k d;yq lco+Q˜ i<+.k cSfn rOgka fgu lco+Q tk eo+Qln gkflyq dj.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.kth osankA
bUgfu [ks ;kfn djs NfM;ks ,sa tkap dfj;ks r rOgka eo+Qlnfu [ks gkflyq djs NfM;ksA
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky& dq>q lco+Qfu esa rOgkath 'kq:vkrh i<+kbZv th ij[k dj.k ykb dq>q
oLrqfu"B lqoky fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA bUgfu tk tokc MsbZ rOgka iafgath ij[k djs vfx;ka o/h l?kks
FkkA
ef'kx+™fy;wa& lco+Q esa txg txg rs dq>q ef'kx+™fy;wa fMfu;wa os;wa vkfgfu] ftfu [ks rOgha loykbZv
lka djs l?kankA bgs rOgka[ks cfgr# <ax lka lco+Q tk uqD+rk leq>.k esa enn dafn;wa ,sa fo"k; ts
o/hd os>ks oBh osafn;waA rOgha mgs [+k˜fn dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;ks ;k ?kj esa oMfu lka rksM+s lkfFk;qfu
lka ft+Øq dfj;ksA bgs ef'kx+™fy;wa rOgka esa thv.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dafn;wa ,sa xzkej tks vH;klq
fc djkb±fn;waA
cqfu;knh lco+Q& lco+Q th lewjh lkexzhv [ks dsfrjfu fglfu esa fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs] rOgka fgdq
fgdq djs bUgfu [ks i<+ks ,sa leq>ank gyksA cqfu;knh lco+Q [ks lgh rjhds lka leq>.k ykb M˜f[k;fu
yÝ+t+fu th ekuk fc fMuh osbZ vkgs] tafga lka i<+.k ofD+r rOgka[ks enn feyanhA bUgfu [ks ;kfn dfj;ks
,sa cqfu;knh lco+Q [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA ftrs t+:jr leq>ks] fdrkc ts gk'khv esa fMuy txfg rs fVif.k;wa
fc fy[kank gyksA
ok/k;wa ! ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ikjka fla/h fo"k; th ikB~; lkexzh r;k# djkbZ osbZ vkgsA bgk [+kkfl rjg
rOgkats t+:jrqfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans jph osbZ vkgsA rOgka vkt+knq :i lka [+k˜fn i<+h l?kks] bu ykb fgu [ks fgd
[+kko+Qs esa ?kfM+;ks fo;ks vkgsA gsfB;ka b'kkjk rOgka[ks lkexzhv ts cfgrjhu bLrseky tk rjho+Qk c˜/kb±nkA lcd+fu
[ks dhva if<+ts] vpks tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA
iafgatk lcd+ dhva i<+ks
vpks r leq>wa& fgu esa lco+Q [ks foLrkj lka leq>k;ks fo;ks vkgsA fdFks dfork [ks Vqdjfu esa fofjgk,
r fdFks ulqj [ks vukljfu ts vk/kj rsA bu tks eo+Qlnq rOgka[ks loyh Hkk"kk esa lco+Q˜ leq>kb.kq ,sa
Hkk"kk th o+Qkfcfy;r o/kb.kq vkgsA
gjfgd lco+Q esa dafga dYiuk [kka iksb felky MsbZ fo"k; [ks fpVks d;ks fo;ks vkgsA bgs felky
rOgka[ks dYiukÅa leq>.k esa ennxk# lkfcrq FkhankA mUgfu [ks pkg lka i<+ksA
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky& fgu esa fgd yÝ+t+ ;k fgd tqfeys esa iqfN;y lqoky vkfgfuA bgs lqoky
if<+;y bdkbZv rs vk/k# j[kanM+ vkfgfu] rOgka[ks bUgfu tk tokc Mhanks gfy.kks vkgsA bu lka bZ
rOgkats ok/kjs th ij[k FkhanhA bUgfu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;.k ofD+r rOgka gFk esa isafly j[kks ,sa
tYnh tYnh lqokyfu tk tokc xksYghank gyks ,sa iafgats tokcfu th tkap lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj esa fMuy
dqathv lka dfj;ksA tokc lgh u gqt.k rs bdkbZv [ks chgj i<+ksA
rOgha Nk flf[k;k& ghm lts lco+Q tks eq[+rl# :iq vkgsA bUgfu vgeq uqD+rfu [ks ;kfn dfj;ksA
tsdMfga rOgka iafgats vkt+ewns twa feyanM+ tqyanM+ dq>q u;wa xkfYg;wa tksM+.kq pkfg;ks Fkk r mgs fc mrs
o/k, l?kks FkkA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks& gjfgd lco+Q tks ghm fglks mUgfu 'kkfxnZfu ykb vkgs] tsds cqfu;knh lco+Q
lka okLrsnk# o/hd tk.k gkflyq dj.k tk [+okfg'kean vkfgfuA mUgfu ykb vlka dq>q o/hd tk.k
,sa olhyk c˜/k;wa Fkk] thva okLrsnk# lco+Q˜ dafga fyf[k;ks] Nks fyf[k;ks ,sa mu ys[kd ;k dohv Nk
Nk fyf[k;ks ox+SjgA bu esa fMuy tk.k th bfErgku esa ij[k dksu FkhanhA fdFks fdFks bu [ks ckDl
esa fMuks fo;ks vkgsA
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky& lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj esa ua<fu ,sa oMfu tokcfu okjk lqoky fMuk fo;k
vkfgfuA bUgfu [ks rOgka tqnk tqnk iufu rs fy[kh vH;klq dfj;ksA tsdMfga rOgka pkfg;ks r vH;klh
edZt+ rs iafgats mLrkn ;k dafga fc, 'k[+l [ks Ms[kkjs l?kks Fkk ,sa mu [kka lykg oBh l?kks FkkA
tokc& fgu t+jh, rOgka tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu ,sa lco+Q ts lqokyfu ts tokcfu tks feykuq djs
l?kks FkkA
osclkbV& o/hd vH;kl ykb osclkbV tk gokyk fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA
Website : www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No. 18001809393
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
csofl twa dforkÅa
c˜<k vkJeq
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
fla/q tks bfrgklq
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
vklksikyo o.kq
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
fefYd;r
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
lk/w oklok.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
fla/h ckssyhv tks fodklq
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
lk# dhva fyf[kts
dkslqZ@ikB~;Øeq
lqokyukes tks l:iq
fla/h ekè;fed lqokyukeks
lqokyukes ts lqokyfu tk tokc ,sa ekdqZfu th fofjgklr
i+QgfjLruaa- lcd+ lqÝ+gks
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fVi.kh
1
lki+Q lqfFkjks Hkkjr
rOgkats eFkka tsdMfga dks xan th FksYgh mfNyk, r rOgka [ks et+ks b±nks ;k x+lks b±nks\
tsdh rOgka eglwlq d;ks] fc;k fc r b,a bZ eglwlq dankA xan ts <ssj Hkfjlka ya?kans vlha
iafgatks udq cafn djs NMhank vkfg;wa ij vlka[ks bgks vglklq u gwanks vkgs r xanxh
iQfgyk, vlha ekSrek# chekfj;qfu [ks uhaM Mhank vkfg;waA
bgk gkyfr dsfrjh rdyhi+Q MhanM+ vkgs r vlha li+QkbZv th vgfe;r leq>ans fc
veyh thou esa ykijokgq vkfg;waA LVs'ku] cx+hpk] cfl LVS.M] gj gaf/ iuk] iQyfu
twa [kywa] [kkyh ikÅp] iSdsV fMlh ilafn u dans fc vlha [+k˜fn mrs bZ fdfpjks fiQVh
dank vkfg;aw] u fd fdfpjs ts ncs esaA fgu lco+Q esa rOgka li+QkbZv th vgfe;r ,sa
lqtkxhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs leq>h l?kank r gjfgdq ukxfjdq iafgatks i+Qt+Z
leq>h] lki+Q˜ Hkkjr th eqfge [ks dkE;kcq c.kk,A
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
flgrean jg.k tk i+Qkbnk c;kuq djs l?kank_
xanxhv eka FkhanM+ uqo+Qlkufu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
li+QkbZv tk i+Qkbnk c;kuq djs l?kank_
chekfj;qfu ts djs FkhanM+ uqo+Qlku ts ckjs esa c˜/k, l?kank_
ljdkjh ;kstukmfu ,sa eqfge ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs c˜/k, l?kankA
eo+Qln
2
gk.ks vpks r ghm lco+Q˜ è;ku lka i<+™a ,sa leq>waA
xanxhv [ks ijs Hktk;ks]
chekfj;qfu [kka ik.kq cpk;ks_
j[kks li+QkbZ] j[kks li+QkbZ A
thm [+k˜f'k r tgku [+k˜f'kA tMfga balku ik.k [+k˜f'k gwanks vkgs r gqu [ks lfHkuh rfi+QZ
[+k˜'kh ,as cgkjh ut+j b±nh vkgsA ranq#Lr balku [+k˜f'k fetkt+ gwanks vkgs] tMfga r chekj
balku ek;wlhv ts nfj;kg esa x+ksrk [kkb±nks vkgsA poank vkfgfu r ^;d ranq#Lrh
gt+kj uber*A ranq#Lrh o+Q˜fnjr th oMh uber vkgsA ranq#Lrhv tks li+QkbZv lka
xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA tMfga fc dksbZ xanxh iQfgyk, Fkks r gw chekfj;qfu [ks uhaM Mhanks
vkgsA vke rjg gjfgd ?kj esa xan tks ncks gwanks vkgsA rafga gwans fc dsfrjk ek.gw fduq
fdfpjks IykfLVd th FksYghv esa fo>h] mgk FksYgh jLrs rs fiQVh dank vkfgfuA [+kkfl
djs fnYyhv tfgM+fu egkuxjfu esa ftrs Åfp;wa bekjrwa vkfgfu] mrs ÝySVfu esa jganM+
ek.gqfu esa bgk vknr ut+j vps FkhA
vlha tMfga ;kjfu nksLrfu lka xfMth dafga ckx+ ;k lqanj ut+kjfu ykb fidfud
dj.k osank vkfg;wa r fidfud iwjh fFk;.k [kka iksb vlha vDlj IykfLVd tk twBk
dksi IysVwa] fxykl] ik.khv twa [+kkyh cksrywa mrs bZ fiQVh djs gyh b±nk vkfg;aw ,sa bgks
dksu lksphank vkfg;wa r b,a dj.k lka vlha mu ckx+ ;k lqanj LFkku [ks xanks djs jfg;k
vkfg;waA
fl;kjs esa cksgheqÄ (ewaxiQyh) [kkb.k tks et+ks bZ dq>q fc;ks gwanks vkgsA vlha
jsyxkMhv esa] cl esa] dafga ckx+hps esa ;k jLrs rka ia/q dans] oDr xqt+kj.k ykb cksgheqÄ
fNys [kkb±nk vkfg;wa ,sa cksgheqÄfu tk fNydk iV rs mfNyk,] xanxh iQfgykb±nk osank
vkfg;wwaA xanxhv esa ef[k;wa
,sa eNj iSnk Fkhank vkfgfu]
tsds chekfj;wa iQfgykb±nk
vkfgfuA eNjfu ts djs
Msaxw ,sa eysfj;k tfgfM+;wa
[+krjukd chekfj;wa
iQfgytafn;wa vkfgfuA
û-û cqfu;knh lco+Q
uhaM = dksB
fVi.kh
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
iQfgytafn;wa = if[kM+tafn;wa
3
fVi.kh
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
rOgha chekfj;qfu [kka ik.k [ks cpkb±nk r
MkDVjfu ,sa nokmfu fcys rOgkatk iSlk
[+kpqZ u FkhankA bu jhfr flgr tks è;kuq
j[kh] iSlk cpk,] mUgfu iSlfu eka [kh#]
esok ,sa fc;k flgrc[+'kq [kk/k [kkbZ]
vlha ranq#Lrq jgh l?kwa FkkA
tsdMfga gjfgdq ukxfjdq iafgats ?kj esa ,sa
vklikfl liQ+kbZv tks è;kuq j[ks r vlkatks ns'kq lgh ekuk esa lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
cf.kth ioanksA Hkkjr ljdkj fc bu fMl esa eqfge gykbZ vkgsA
li+QkbZ eqfge ckcfr ljdkjh dksf'k'kwa
gj gaf/ li+QkbZv [ks vgfe;r fM;.k ts dksf'k'kqfu esa rst+h vk.k.k ykb ,sa li+QkbZv
[ks t+ks# oBkb.k ykb 2 vkWDVkscj] 2014 rs lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku th 'kq:vkfr fgd
tu&vkanksyu ts :i esa dbZ osbZ gqbZA fgu fe'ku tk c ua<k fe'ku& lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku
(xksBk.kks) ,sa lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku ('kgjh) vkfgfuA fcUgha fe'kuqfu tks eo+Qlnq egkRek
xka/hv th 150gha lkyfxjg [ks lgh uewus
f[+kjkt isf'k dans] lky 2019 rkb± lki+Q˜ Hkkjr
ts eo+Qln [ks gkflyq dj.kq vkgsA bu eka
xksBk.ks Hkkjr ts xksBkbZ byko+Qfu esa l[+rq ,sa
ikf.k;B vif'k"V inkFkZ bafrt+kefu ts dk;Zokfg;qfu
t+jh, li+QkbZv ts e;kj esa ok/kjks Fkhanks ,sa
xksBk.kfu [ks [kqfy;y eSnkufu esa 'kkSp (dkdwl)
[kka vkt+knh (vksiu fMi+QSds'ku çQh& vks-Mh-
,i+Q-) MsbZ lki+Q˜ ,sa ifo=kq Bkfg;ks osanksA
lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku tk 6 eq[;q vukflj vkfgfu&
O;fDrxr ?kjsyw 'kkSpky;
lkeqnkf;d 'kkSpky;
lkoZtfud 'kkSpky;
uxj ikfydk Bksl vif'k"V çca/u
lwpuk ,sa f'kf{kr lapkj (vkbZ-bZ-lh-) ,sa lkoZtfud lqtkxh
l?k iSnk dj.kq
f[+kjkt = J¼katyh
'kkSp = dkdwlq
flgrc[+'kq = lqBh flgr MhanM+˜
Bksl vif'k"V çca/u =
l[+rq dpjs tks bafrt+keq
eqafgatks lki+Q˜ HkkjrLoPN Hkkjr
4
fVi.khtk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
û-ü vpks r leq>wa
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- xanxh iQfgyk, vlha dafga [ks uhaM Mhank vkfg;wa\
(v) efgekufu [ks (c) mLrknfu [ks
(l) chekfj;qfu [ks (n) ikM+sflfj;qfu [ks ¹ º
2- li+QkbZ j[k.kq dfgM+s fo+QLe th vknr vkgs\
(v) vtkbZ (c) okfg;krq
(l) [+kjkcq (n) lqBh ¹ º
3- chekfj;qfu eka Nk tks uqo+Qlkuq Fkhanks vkgs\
(v) efgur tks (c) iSls tks
(l) i?kj tks (n) foanqj tks ¹ º
rOgha ghm lco+Q˜ if<+;ksA fgu [ks ys[kq poank vkfgfuA ys[kq dafga fc fo"k; rs
fy[kh lf?kts FkksA tfgM+ksfd lkekftd] lkfgfR;d] oSKkfud] eu&oSKkfud ox+SjgA
ys[k esa mu fo"k; ckcfr lewjh tk.k fMuh osanh vkgsA ys[kq ua<ks fc Fkh l?ks Fkks ,sa
rekeq oMks fcA
fgu ys[k esa xanxhv ts uqo+Qlkufu ,sa li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu rs jksf'kuh fo/h osbZ vkgsA
fgu ys[k esa tsdh rOgha if<+;ks] mgks rOgha jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa iafgats vklikfl
fMBks gwanks r dhva ek.gwa xanxh iQfgykb±nk vkfgfu ,sa li+QkbZv tks è;kuq u j[kank
vkfgfuA mu ofD+r gqufu [ks xanxhv esa FkhanM+ chekfj;qfu tks ohpk# u b±nkss vkgs ,sa
li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu ts ckjs esa fc u lksphank vkfgfuA fgu lco+Q esa xanxhv lcfc
FkhanM+ chekfj;qfu Mkagqa è;kuq fNdk;ks fo;ks vkgs ,sa li+QkbZv ts i+Qkbnfu tks fc ft+Øq
d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
rOgha cqfu;knh lco+Q esa ljdkjh ;kstukmfu ts ckjs esa tk.k gkflyq dbZA bu [kka lokb
xksBfu ,sa Ldwyfu esa fc ljdkj dsfrfj;wa bZ ;kstukÅa 'kq: d;wa vkfgfu] ftfu th tk.k
gkflyq dj.kq t+:jh vkgsA
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
5
xksBk.kfu byko+Qfu ykb lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku
Hkkjr ljdkj ikjka gyanM+ fueZy Hkkjr eqfge* çksxzkeq xksBk.kfu byko+Qfu esa ek.gqfu
th ?kqfjt rs c/yq ,sa tu&dsafær eqfge vkgs] tafga esa ek.gqfu ts li+QkbZv lka ykxkiks
j[kanM+ vknrqfu [ks cfgr# c.kkb.k] iafgats lgwfy;rqfu th ?kqfjt iSnk dj.k ,sa li+QkbZ
lgwfy;rqfu [ks eqgS;k djkb.k th ea'kk vkgs] tafga lka xksBk.kfu th thofr] jfg.khv
[ks cfgr# c.kk, lf?ktsA
ckfgfj;fu byko+Qfu ykb lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku
fe'ku tks ed+lnq 1-04 djksM+ dqVaqcfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans 2-5 y[k lkeqnkf;d
'kkSpky;] 2-6 y[k ljdkjh 'kkSpky; ,sa gjfgd 'kgj esa fgd l[+r vif'k"V
bafrt+ke th lgwfy;r eqgS;k dj.kq vkgsA bu çksxzke ts rgr fjgkb'kh bykdfu esa]
ftrs 'k[+lh ?kjsyw 'kkSpky;fu th vMkor dj.kq M˜f[k;ks vkgs] mrs fcjknjh 'kkSpky;fu
th vMkor dj.kq] lSjks&li+Qj ts ga/fu] ckt+k#fu] cfl LVSaM] jsyos LVs'kuqfu
tfgfM+;qfu vgeq tk;qfu rs fc ljdkjh 'kkSpky;fu th vMkor dbZ osanhA
lki+Q˜ Hkkjr lki+Q˜ Ldwy eqfge
bu flyflys esa FkhanM+ dkjZok;qfu esa 'kkfeyq vkfgfu&
Ldwy ts Dyklfu nkSjkfu gj jkst+ ckjfu lka li+QkbZ ,sa mu ts tqnk&tqnk igyqfu]
[+kkfl rkSj egkRek xka/hv ts li+QkbZ ,sa lqBh flgr lka okcLrk fl[;kmfu] ts
ckjs esa xkfYg;wa dfj;ksA
Dykl] dhE;k?kj ,sa fdrkc?kj ox+Sjg th li+QkbZ dj.kqA
Ldwy esa yxy dafga fc rLohj ;k Ldwy cikZ dj.k okjs 'k[+l ts ;ksxnku
ckcfr xkfYg;wa dj.kq ,sa mUgfu rLoh#fu th li+QkbZ dj.kqA
'kkSpky;fu ,sa ihv.k ts ik.khv okjfu byko+Qfu th li+QkbZ dj.kqA
fVi.kh
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
eqgS;k = e;lj
tu&dsafær = ek.gqfu [ks
è;ku esa j[kans
lSjks&li+Qj = ?kqe.k&fiQj.k
vMkor = Bkg&tksM+
6
fVi.kh
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk fgd flV esa tokc fM;ks&
1- ranq#Lrhv tks dafga lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgs\
2- dfgM+ks balkuq o/hd [+k˜'k&fetkt+ gwanks vkgs\
3- dfgM+s ga/ ts ek.gqfu esa xanxh fiQVh dj.k th vknr o/hd ut+fj vps Fkh\
4- xanxh iQfgykb.k lka Nk iSnk Fkhank vkfgfu\
5- vlka[ks iafgats Hkkjr [ks dhva Bkfg.kks vkgs\
6- Hkkjr ljdkj ^lki+Q˜ Hkkjr fe'ku* th 'kq:vkfr dMfga dbZ\
bLeq (laKk) Noundafga fc ek.gwv] fc, lkgokjs (çk.khv) ;k cstkfu 'kb] LFkku ;k xq.k (Hkko) ts
ukys [ks bLeq (Noun) pbcks vkgsA
jes'k dejs esa vacq [kk/ksA
fdrkcq dqlhZv rs j[kqA
ifgfj,a tqfeys esa jes'k* ek.gwv tks ukyks vkgsA dfejks* LFkkuq vkgs ,sa vacq* esoks
;kus 'kb vkgsA fc, tqfeys esa ^fdrkc* ,sa ^dqlhZ* cbZ 'k;wa vkfgfuA
fc;fu rs n;k dj.kq ?kqfjtsA
ifNrkm dj.k eka dfgM+ks i+Qkbnks\
efFk;fu fcUgha tqfeyfu esa ^n;k* ,sa ifNrkm* cbZ xq.kfu tk ukyk vkfgfuA bgs fc
bLe vkfgfuA bLefu tk fd+Le&
bLeq vkeq (Common Noun) tkfr okpd laKk
bLeq [+kklq (Proper Noun) O;fDr okpd laKk
bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) Hkko okpd laKk
vpks r bUgfu ts ckjs esa foLrkj lka leq>wa&
bLeq vkeq (Common Noun) tkfr okpd laKk& dafga fc çk.kh] 'kb] LFkku ts
ukys [ks bLeq vkeq pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd ?kksM+ks] dqlhZ] vkblØhe] unh] rykm]
efgykrqA
bgs lHkq jokth rkSj vkeq ukyk vkfgfuA bgs lHkq bLeq vkeq fFk;kA
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&û-û
û-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
7
bLeq [+kklq (Proper Noun) O;fDr okpd laKk& dafga fc çk.kh] 'kb] LFkku ts
ukys [ks bLeq pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd lrh'k] rktegy] psrd] xaxk] dSMcjhA
lrh'k balku tks] rktegy efgykr tks] psrd ?kksM+s tks] xaxk unhv tks ,sa dSMcjh
pkWdysV tks ukyks vkgsA bgs lHkq bLeq vkfgfuA
bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) Hkko okpd laKk& bLeq vkeq ,sa bLeq [+kklq [ks
fMlh ,sa gFkq yxk, Nqgh lf?kts FkksA ij tafga [ks fMlh ;k Nqgh uFkks lf?kts] ,sa tafga
eka ohpk# ;k eu tks Hkko t+kfg# fFk, rafga [ks bLeq t+kfr (Abstract Noun) pbcks
vkgsA tfgM+ksfd tqokuh] c˜<kiks] [+k˜'kh] Msf?k] osdfj] pqLrh] li+QkbZ] csjkst+xkjh] xqykeh]
nks[kks] esBkt] MiqA bu [kka lokb bLe tk fc;k fc fo+QLe vkfgfu&
bLeq rflx+h# (Diminutive Noun) vYikFkZd laKk& rflx+h# ekuk ua<ksA
bLe ts ua<s :i ts ukys [ks bLeq rflx+h# pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd fnyks&fnyh]
pksVks&pksVh] efVdks&efVdh] dd#&dfdjh] dVksjkss&dVksjh] pksyks&pksyh] fdrkcq&fdrkfcM+h
ox+SjgA
bLeq eqfjdcq] et+ewv ;k tem (Collective Noun) lewg okpd laKk&
?k.kfu ek.gqfu] tkuojfu] if[k;qfu th txg rs drfc b±nM+ fgd yÝ+t+ [ks bLeq
efjdcq pbcks vkgsA
if[k;qfu tks oy#
ef[k;qfu tks ekukjks
tkuojfu tks /.kq
jkanhxjfu th Vksyh
efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa oy#] ekukjks] /.kq] Vksyh] bgs lHkq bLeq efjdcq vkfgfuA fc;k
felky vkfgfu& o+Qchyks] vVkyks] >qfx;wa] twjh] dkesVh ox+SjgA
bLeq ftUl (Material Noun) æO; okpd laKk& vfgM+s fo+QLe twa 'k;wa]
ftfu eka fujkfy;qfu fujkfy;qfu lwjrqfu twa 'k;wa Bgh l?kfu fFk;wa] frfu [ks bLeq ftUl
lfMcks vkgsA thva r& pkaoj] df.kd] [kh#] mu] dig] lksu] pkanh] yksgq] dkBq]
js'keq] ik.kh ox+SjgA
1- bLeq dafga [ks poank vkfgfu\ bLe tk fo+QLe c˜/k;ks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fVi.kh
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&û-ü
8
fVi.kh2- gsfB fMuy bLefu tk fo+QLe fy[kks&
xaxk ------------------------------------
rktegyq ------------------------------------
[+kq'kh ------------------------------------
dVksjks ------------------------------------
3- BfgdanM+ yÝ+t+ yhd ik, feyk;ks&
v c
li+QkbZ [+kpqZ
xanxh rdyhi+Q
chekfj;wa flgrean
nokÅa chekfj;wa
1- tsdMfga rOgka[ks jLrs ts fop rs xan th FksYgh ut+j vps r rOgha Nk dank\
fgu rs rOgha iafgatk lq>ko fM;ksA
2- ckx+ ts dafga dqaM esa IykfLVd tk twBk dksi] IysVwa] fxykl] nksuk ,sa ik.khv
twa [+kkyh cksrywa ut+fj vpfu r mUgfu [ks mrka lki+Q˜ dj.k ykb rOgha iafgatk
lq>ko fM;ksA
li+QkbZ j[k.kq lqBh vknr vkgsA
li+QkbZ j[k.k lka chekfj;wa u iQfgytafn;waA
vlha flgrean jgh l?kanklhaA
chekjhv esa rdyhi+Q Hkksfxts Fkh ,sa iSlks fc [+kpqZ fFk, FkksA
bu jhfr iSlk cpk, vlha [kh#] esok ,sa flgr&c[+'kq [kk/k [kkbZ l?kwa FkkA
xanxhv rs ef[k;wa ,sa eNj iSnk fFk;fu Fkk] tsds chekfj;wa iQfgykbZfu FkkA
eNj Msaxw ,sa eysfj;k tfgfM+;wa chekfj;wa iQfgykbZfu FkkA
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û-û
rOgha Nk fl[;k
9
fVi.kh
lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
1- li+QkbZv tks flgr lka dfgM+ks ykxkiks vkgs\
2- ^;d ranq#Lrh gt+kj uber* foLrkj lka leq>k;ksA
3- xanxhv eka dfgM+k uqo+Qlku vkfgfu\
4- ^thm [+k˜f'k r tgkuq [+k˜f'k* [kksys leq>k;ksA
5- Hkkjr lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks ns'kq dhva cf.kth l?kanks\
6- dafga [ks fc jLrs ts ikls esa xanq mfNykb±ns fMlks r rOgha Nk dank\
7- nksLrfu lka xM˜ fidfud rs osank r xanxh u iQfgfyts] bu ykb Nk dank\
8- ^li+QkbZ eqfge* ckcfr dfgfM+;wa ljdkjh dksf'k'kwa d;wa os;wa vkfgfu\
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (l) 2- (n) 3- (c)
lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
1-1 1- ranq#Lrhv lka
2- ranq#Lrq balku
3- egkuxjfu ts ek.gqfu esa
4- ef[k;wa ,sa eNj
5- lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr
6- 2 vkWDVkscj 2014
1-2 3- BfgdanM+ yÝ+t+fu tk tokc&
v c
li+QkbZ flgrean
xanxh chekfj;wa
chekfj;wa rdyhi+Q
nokÅa [+kpqZ
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tokc
10
2
csofl twa dohrkÅa
fgu lcd+ esa vlha dohrk ts ckjs esa i<a+nklhaA ghv dohrk fla/hv ts egkdoh
fd'kupan csofl* th vkgs] tafga [ks vlha u,a nkSj tks ckuh 'kkb# fc poank vkfg;waA
csofl [kka iksb fc;k dsfrjk bZ uoka 'kkbj fFk;k vkfgfu] tsds lanfl iksbyx vkfgfuA
fgu lcd+ esa vlha csofl twa c dohrkÅa i<+anklha& oMh fnfy ,saa x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
nqfu;k esa ekStwn fc;kbZv okjs Hksn [ks feVkb.k tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
x+jhcfu ts ykb gennhZ j[k.k th Hkkouk tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
ifjokj ykb] lekt ykb] ns'k ykb thv.k th Hkkouk ts bt+gkj tks c;kuq djs
l?kank_
'kkbjhv th lq×kk.ki djs mu ts Hkko [ks isf'k djs l?kank_
for [kka o/hd iSlks ;k fefyfd;r gqv.k lcfc mu eka iSnk FkhanM+ fodkjfu
[ks leq>h l?kank ,sa mu iSls [ks ijekFkZ ykb [+kpqZ dj.k ckcfr nyhy MsbZ
l?kankA
eo+Qln
fVi.kh
11
dfj nqfu;k esa fnfy oMsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgka]
vkf.k euo`rhv esa iQsjks] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
1- v.k btkt+r [kka u vkgs] 'kf[+l;r esa tkb ts]
fnfy ts dafga gennZ HkkÄs esa] Hkyk Fkksjh r Ms_
rqafgath eqafgath dfj >dsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
2- xfjps georuh u vkgha] nsl oklh Fkh xqt+kfj]
nsl oklhv [kka oMks] nqfu;k fuoklh Fkh fugkfj_
/fj ut+j iq[+rh idsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
3- rafx et+gc esa u ekiwa] o+QkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]
Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms_
NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
4- iafgats 'kkgh egy eka] ?kfV ts dansa fgd dksfBM+h]
csv>s ewa tfgM+s yb] ioanh Bgh lk >wfiM+h_
dfj reuk ?kfV fr[ksjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
5- rqafgats nLrj[+oku rka] tsdh o×ks vfi+Qjknq Fkks]
cky i+Qt+™yhv ts gFkka] tsdh fFk;s cjcknq Fkks_
rafga rs dfj pkSdfl pÄsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
6- v'kji+Qh I;kys eka rqafgats] cwan ts fgfdM+h cps]
dsbZ nk.kk v tk Fkh] dwr x+fjck esa vps_
bva cpfr cdZr Hkysjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
7- ckx+&bf'kjr rqafgats eka ts] iwj daMfu tk cpfu]
cs fHkR;qfu Hkwaxfu Hkqrfu tk] gawn Fkh yks<+k ipfu_
leq> j[kq lkfyeq lpsjh] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
8- eqYd xhjhv th gol\ fgu isV fpUrk ts les !!
[+kwu gkj.k th bNk\ ^csofl* lH;rk ts les !!
jkst+ jks'ku esa va/sjh !!! rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
oMsjh = oMh
euo`rh = eu th Hkkoukv.k btkt+r = fcuk vkKk
xfjps = tsrks.khfd
rax et+gc = /eZ ckcfrd;wa ohpkj
Hkkbih = fcjknjh
:gkfu;r = vkè;kfRedrk
nqbZ = fc;kbZ
nhn = ut+j] n`f"V
esjh = cqjhdksfBM+h = ua<ks dfejks
csv>s = tafga[ks edkuq u gqts
lkS = lqBh] lqfg.khreuk = bPNk
fr[ksjh = fr[kh] rst+
i+Qjk[+kfnyh = oMh fnfy j[k.kqo+QkSfe;r = jk"Vªh;rk] fcjknjh
oMh fnfy
ü-û (v) cqfu;knh lco+Q fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
12
xfjps gfeoruh u vkgha]nsl oklh Fkks xqt+kfj]nsl oklhv [kka oMks]nqfu;k fuoklh Fkh fugkfj_/fj ut+j iq[+rh idsjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
fVi.kh
vpks] csofl th fgu dohrk [ks vlka fgdq Hksjks ojh i<+a™A
csofl balku [ks nqfu;k esa oMh fnfy djs jg.k th fgnk;r Fkks djsA csofl tks po.kq
vkgs r nqfu;k esa fli+QZ iafgats ykb thb.kks u vkgsA bgk Hkkouk jf[kts r rwa fc jgq
,sa eka fc jgkaA lanfl po.kq vkgs r iafgats eu ;kuh vanj th o`rhv esa cfnykm vk.ks
xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk gqv.kq [kisA
csofl fgu dohrk ts eki+QZfr balku [ks nqfu;ka esa oMh fnfy djs jg.k th lykg Mhans
p;ks vkgs r fuLokFkZq Hkko lka thouq xqt+kj.kq [kisA
vt˜ nqfu;k esa balku tks thouq fli+QZ ik.k rkb± egnwnq vkgs] vfgM+s oD+r esa ghv
dohrk vlka ts euo`rhv esa iQsjks vk.ks l?ks FkhA bgk xkfYg loyh cksyhv esa leq>kbZ
osbZ vkgsA
rOgha bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r vt˜ fgu Hkt˜Hktka okjs ;qx esa gfjdks balkuq iafgats
de&dkfj esa bZ iwjks yxks fi;ks vkgsA fc, dafgats ykb dafga [ks lksp.k tks oD+rq bZ
u vkgsA vt˜ eksckbZy tks ;qxq vkgsA ua<ks gqts ;k oMks] tsdMfga oD+rq feyanks fc r
mgks eksckbZy esa bZ #/yq jgs FkksA csofl iafgath fgu HkkoukRed dohrk esa balku [ks
leq>kb±ns p;ks vkgs r iafgats 'k[+lh thou esa fc dafgats jg.k th txfg c.kkbA
tsdMfga bgks u djs l?kha r fnfy esa Fkksjh dh ?k.kh gennhZ r gwanh] n;k djs dafga
nq[kh] nfjæ] ?kqfjtkÅv [ks Fkksjh r tkb fM;.kq fl[kqA fVi.kh vfx;ka leq>kb±ns pos
Fkks r tsdk rqafgats eqafgats okjh fc;kbZv th Hkkouk vkgs] mu [ks ?kVkbA rwa ,sa eka
xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk j[kwaA
1- csofl fgu 'kbj esa balku [ks balkfu;r ,sa gennhZv tks lans'k fMuks vkgsA
2- 'kbj esa ckj ckj ^^rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka** nksgjk;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga lka yxs
Fkks r csofl th cksyh vyadkjfu lka Hkjiwfj vkgsA
3- fgu 'kbj esa vkRe fparu ,sa thou th dyk [ks mHkkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA
'kkbj fgu esa leq>k;ks vkgs r tsdMfga iafgats oru tks u leq>ha r ns'koklh Fkh
xqt+kfjA v×kk fc oMks ut+fj;ks j[kq r nqfu;koklh Fkh xqt+kfjA 'kkb# pos Fkks r iafgath
ut+j [ks iq[+rks j[kh rwa ,sa eka cbZ xfMth jgwaA
'kkbj fgu cSr esa oMks ut+fj;ks t+kfg# d;ks vkgs] tafga eka 'kkbj th i+Qjk[+k&fnyh
t+kfg# fFk, FkhA
dfj nqfu;k esa fny oMsjh]rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka Avkf.k euo`rhv esa iQsjks]rwa fc jgq] eka fc jgka A
csofl fgu dohrk esafu%LokFkZ Hkko lka jg.kth lykg fMuh vkgsA
v.k btkt+r [kka u vkgs]'kf[+l;r esa tkb ts]fnfy ts dafga gennZ HkkÄs esa]Hkyk Fkksjh r Ms_rqafgath eqafgath dfj >dsjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
ü-ü vpks r leq>wa
csofl twa dohrkÅa
13
fgu esa 'kkb# et+gc ;kuh /eZ ts egnwn nk;js esa u jgh o+QkSfe;r] Hkkbih] balkfu;r
,sa :gkfu;r esa tkb fM;.k okjh xkfYg Fkks djsA fc;kbZv :ih n`"Vh NMs balku [ks
Hkkbih ,sa balkfu;r lka xqt+kj.k th lykg Fkks fM,A
'kkbj 'kkgwdkj balku [ks p;ks vkgs r rwa iafgats 'kkgh
efgy eka tsdMfga fgd dksfBM+h ;kus dfejks ?kfV
dansa] mgk ua<h dksfBM+h x+jhcq tsdks cslgkjk vkgs]
cs&v>s vkgs] mu ykb fgd lqBh >wfiM+h Bgh ioanhA
'kkbj 'kkgwdkjfu [ks pos Fkks r iafgaft;qfu bPNkmfu ,sa
reukmfu [ks ?kVk,] xfMth jg.k th Hkkouk j[kksA
vt˜dYg x+jhcfu ts ykb 'kkgwdkj ijksidkj tk de
dfu FkkA [+kkfl djs fla/h o+QkSe ykb bgk csofl th
çsj.kk vkgs tks flaf/;qfu dsfrjk bZ Ldwy] dkWyst]
vLirkywa [kksfy;wa vkfgfuA
1- csofl fgufu 'kbjfu esa 'kkgwdkjfu [ks nqfu;k esa i+Qjk[+kfnyhv lka jg.k th lykg
Mhans p;ks vkgs r oMh fnfy djs jfgts ,sa bgk Hkkouk jf[kts r x+jhc] tsds
vkleku ts gsBka jgh xqt+j dfu Fkk] mUgfu x+jhcfu ykb fc dq>q dj.kq ?kqfjtsA
2- csofl iafgats 'kbj esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu] HkkbZpkjs th Hkkouk ,sa x+jhcfu tks fgek;rh
cf.kt.k ykb çsj.kk fMuh vkgsA
csofl th ^oMh fnfy* dohrk tks HkkokFkZq tk.kans] fc, dafga dohv th dohrk tks
vfgM+s fo+QLe tks Hkkoq t+kfg# d;ksAac
rafx et+gc esa u ekiwa]dkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]Hkkbihv] balkfu;r]:gkfu;r esa tkb Ms_NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
iafgats 'kkgh egy eka]?kfV ts dansa fgd dksfBM+h]csv>s ewa tfgM+s yb]ioanh Bgh lk >wfiM+h_dfj reuk ?kfV fr[ksjh]rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
doh fd'kupan csofl*
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ü-û
14
fVi.kh
1- [+kky Hkfj;ks&
(1) vkf.k ------------------------- esa iQsjks] rwa fc jgq eka Hkh jgkaA
(2) xfjps ------------------------- u vkgha] nsl oklh Fkh xqt+kfjA
(3) Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] ---------------------- esa tkb MsA
(4) dfj reuk ?kfV ----------------------- rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgkaA
(5) nsl&oklhv [kka oMks ------------------------ Fkh xqt+kfjA
2- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1& nqbZ v[kj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) fgd tfgM+kbZ (c) fc;kbZ
(l) ?k.kkbZ (n) FkksjkbZ ¹ º
2& nhn v[kj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) ut+j (c) n;k
(l) tks'k (n) nqvk ¹ º
3& csofl iafgats 'kkgh efgy eka Nk ?kfV dj.k ykb p;ks vkgs\
(v) dqlhZ (c) dksfBM+h
(l) ia[kks (n) iyaxq ¹ º
csofl twa dohrkÅa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ü-û
15
1- tk vkgs tkbnkn u ols Zcoky [kkaFkhanh u t+sfj ckj u fxjohv ts [+;ky [kkavksuks u tafga[ks vkgs dks tks[kks tatky [kkagfydh jgs tk fga;ko rs loyh laHkky [kkatafga esa x+:# t+fj u ljklfj l?ks f?kM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
2- NkÄs Nuks vfM;kÅa ykeqfu y[kfu ea>kalknks v>ks flfV;kÅa iqjk.kfu i[kfu ea>kadk<ks df<;kÅa dfM+c ts dkufu d[kfu ea>kaiksjfg;ks ifV;kÅa ik.k ,sa ljrfu l[kfu ea>kaeqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph eqfM+l Fkh feM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
3- tafga rs u uD+'k lkt+ [ks dks ukt+ Fkks jgsjkt+ks M[k.kq u tafga rs dks yksgkj Fkks ogspwus] iFkj ;k flj tks u flj ckj lk lgs^eglwy tkb* xkg ts gsBka u tk xgselqokM+ cs fegkj th vkgs u tk fiM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
4- fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>kafrjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>kaHkqf.kdk danh Hkts gok tafgats fHkfr;qfu ea>kafN.kdkj ehagqa Fkks djs NqVdh fNfr;qfu ea>kao+Q˜fnjr lanh deky] flgr ykb lwf[kM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
5- tafga esa et+ks eps feBs <ks<s Tokj rslknks xqt+j fo>s u rchcfu raokj rsiksfjfg;ks fo>s Fkks okf/ oMsjh tekj rsx+kfyc ios u fglqZ [+k˜'khv ts [+k˜ekj rscsofl ftrs tyk, u fpark th pwfpM+hvyk ! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
tkbnkn = fefYd;rols Zcoky=oMfu [kka fefy;y iwatht+sjckj = gsBkafxjoh = vks/fj ts ,oft+ esa j[k.kq(vks/fj ,oft+ t+ekur rkSj j[k.kq)fgek;rh = gennqZ] lt.kqvM.kq = Bkfg.kq] c.kkb.kqmtwjks = eqvkot+ksvksuks = fparktks[kks = tks[keqtatkyq = eqlhcrfga;ko = fnfyx:# = vfHkekuqt+fj = iSlksNkÄs Nuks = d[kkb± iukb± >wfiM+hykefu = d[k&iuv>ks = txgflfV;kÅa = Bkfg;kÅad[kkvksa = d[k&iudk<ks = fnfy th [+okfg'kdfM+c = twvfj ck>jhv tslaxfu tk lqdy dkukiksfjfg;ks = efgureqÝ+rh enn = iQksdV th ennuD'klkt+ = fp=kdkjjkt+ks] M[k.kq = ok<ks] [kkrh(ydM+hv tks deq dj.k okjks)eglwy = <y (dj] VSfDl)efgj = n;kxgs = xlscsfegkj = fcuk efgus okjkok>= fy;kdk ikb.kq (fy;k ikb.kq)frfjd;ks = frjd.kqHkqf.kdk = Hkq.k Hkq.k dj.kqfofFk;qfu = lksjk[+kfu ekalwf[kM+h = lkSx+krrchcq = gdheqx+kfyc = Nkabth o×k.kqfglqZ = yksHkq] ykyfpraokj = t+:jrxqt+jkuq = gy.kq] ?kkj.kq] clj dj.kqfpaxkjh = fpf.kx] ckfg] vkfx
x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h
ü-ý (c) cqfu;knh lco+Q fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
16
fVi.kh
'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv ckcfr c˜/k;ks vkgs r x+jhcfu [ks d[kkb± >wfiM+h
iafgats oMfu [kka ofjls tkbnkn esa u fefy;y vkgsA mu >wfiM+hv [ks u dMfga fxjoh
j[kh lf?kcks] u mu >wfiM+hv [ks dafga tksf[ke oxS+jg tks Miq vkgsA >wfiM+hv esa
jganM+ x+jhcfu tks fg;kam ;kuh fnfy gYdh jgs FkhA mUgfu th lkj laHkky fc loyh
jgs FkhA mu >wfiM+hv esa t+jks fc vfHkekuq] ?ke.Mq u Fkks f?kM+h l?ksA u mu >wfiM+hv
esa iSlks Fkks vpsA csofl x+jhcfu tks fgek;rh vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th
>wfiM+hv [ks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A
'kkbj x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv th cukoV tks ft+Øq fgu 'kbj esa d;ks vkgsA d[k dkuk
[k.kh djs x+jhc vk;kA mUgfu lka >wfiM+h vMhfu FkkA lknh >wfiM+h] iqjk.kk lqjk.kk
d[k dkuk] o.kfu ts Vkfj;qfu lka iafgatks v>ks ;kuh >wfiM+h vM.k th dksf'k'k dfu
FkkA ik.k eas xfMth nksLr ;kj efgur djs fgd fc, twa >wfifM+;wa [+k˜'khv lka vMhfu
FkkA fcuk mtwjks oB.k ts >wfifM+;qfu th vMkor dfu FkkA 'ky vfgfM+;qfu x+jhcfu
ts >wfifM+;qfu tks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A
'kkb# leq>k, Fkks r mu >wfiM+hv rs dafga ltkb±nM+ [ks dks ukt+ vkgs] u dafga dkB
ts deq dj.k okjs c<+bZ ([kkrh) ;k yksgkj th t+:jr vkgs ,sa u bZ mu >wfiM+hv th
vMkor ykb pwus] iFkj ;k fl#fu th t+:jr vkgsA u mu >wfiM+hv rs dk <y
(VSfDl) Fkh yxsA u bZ mu rs dk ekgokjh elqokM+ Fkh yxsA 'ky vfgM+h x+jhcfu th
>wfiM+hv tks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A
1-tk vkgs tkbnkn u ofjls coky [kka
Fkhanh u t+sfj ckj u fxjohv ts [+;ky [kka
vksuks u tafga[ks vkgs dks tks[kks tatky [kka
gfydh jgs tk fga;ko rs loyh laHkky [kka
tafga esa xq:# t+fj u ljklj l?ks f?kM+h
vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
2-NkÄs Nuks vfM;kÅa ykeu y[kfu ea>ka
lknks v>ks flfV;kÅa iqjk.kfu i[kfu ea>ka
dk<ks df<;kÅa dqfM+c ts dkufu d[kfu ea>ka
iksjfg;ks ifV;kÅa ik.k ,sa ljrfu l[kfu ea>ka
eqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph eqfM+l Fkh feM+h
vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
3-tafga rs u uD+'k lkt+ [ks dks ukt+ Fkks jgs
jkt+ks M[k.kq u tafga rs dks yksgkj Fkks jgs
pwus] iFkj ;k flj tks u flj ck# lk lgs
^eglwy tkb* xkg ts gsBka u tk xgs
elqokM+ cs fegkj th vkgs u tk fiM+h
vyk! >wjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
ü-þ vpks r leq>wa
csofl twa dohrkÅa
17
'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv eFkka
o+Q˜fnjr th efgj tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgs r
mu d[kkb± >wfiM+hv esa tsds fofFk;wa ;kuh
[+kky vkfgfu] mUgfu eka fltq] paMq fy;k
ikbZfu Fkk] rkjfu ,sa dfr;qfu tk frjfojk
fc nkf[+kyq fFk;fu FkkA >wfiM+hv ts fHkfr;qfu
eka gok ljljkgV djs fufdjs FkhA b,a Fkks
yxs t.kq gok Hkqf.kdk dans Hkth jgh
vkgsA >wfiM+hv ts fNfr;qfu eka ehaga tks
ofldkjks fc fFk, FkksA mUgfu x+jhcfu th
>wfiM+hv eFkka o+Q˜fnjr fc dekyq djs Fkh
t.kq mUgfu th ranq#Lrhv ykb uber
vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv
tks dks uqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A
'kkb# c˜/k, Fkks r >wfiM+hv esa x+jhc #[ks ,sa lqdy twvfj ts <ks<s rs xqt+jkuq dfu
FkkA mu eka fc [ksfu esBkt vps FkksA mu lkns xqt+j rs fgjh o×k.k lcfc [ksfu dafga
gdhe rchc th t+:jr uFkh iosA i?kj ts iksfjfg;s dj.k lka lanfu mfefj fc
o/s FkhA x+jhcfu th [+k˜'khv rs dafga fc fo+QLe tk 'kkSad gkoh uFkk fFk;fuA mrs dk
fc fpark :ih fpaxkjh tyk, uFkh l?ksA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv tks ok#
fc foaxks u fFk,A
5-tafga esa et+ks eps feBs <ks<s Tokj rs
lknks xqt+j fo>s u rchcfu raokj rs
iksfjfg;ks fo>s Fkks okf/ oMsjh tekj rs
x+kfyc ios u fglqZ [+k˜'khv ts [+k˜ekj rs
csofl ftrs tyk, u fpark th pwfpM+h
vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
4-fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>ka
frjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>ka
Hkqf.kdk danh Hkts gok tafgats fHkfr;qfu ea>ka
fN.kdkj ehagqa Fkks djs NqVdh fNfr;qfu ea>ka
o+Qfnjr lanh deky] flgr ykb lwf[kM+h
vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hA
fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
18
fVi.kh
1- [+kky Hkfj;ks&
(1) gfydh jgs tk ------------------------- rs loyh laHkky [kkaA
(2) eqÝ+rh enn rs vk;k eph --------------------- Fkh feM+hA
(3) vyk! >qjs e 'kky ---------------------- th >wfiM+hA
(4) o+Q˜fnjr lanh deky] ---------------------- ykb lwf[kM+hA
2- tkbnkn v[kj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) fefYd;r (c) ckl.k
(l) [kk/ks&ihrks (n) iks'kkd ¹ º
3- x:# v[kj tks ft+nq vkgs&
(v) vfHkekuq (c) fugBks
(l) ?keaMh (n) csle>q ¹ º
t+eh# (loZuke) Pronoun
rOgha bLe ts ckjs esa i<+h vk;k vkfg;ksA ij ckj&ckj bLe tks bLrsekyq u dfj.kks
ios] bu ykb bLe th tkb rs tafga yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgs rafga [ks t+eh#
pbcks vkgsA
dSyk'kq Mqdanks vk;ksA
gw Mqdanks vk;ksA
ifgfj,a tqfeys esa ^dSyk'k* bLeq vkgs] ij fc, tqfeys esa ^dSyk'kq* th tkb rs ^gw*
yÝ+T+k˜ drfc vk;ks vkgsA ^gw* t+eh# vkgsA vfgM+hv jhfr& eka] vlka] rwa] rOgha] gw]
gwv] gqufu] eqafgatks] rqafgatks] rOgkatks] ds#] dafga] dfgM+ks] bgs lHkq t+ehj vkfgfuA
t+ehj tk fo+QLe
û- t+eh# [+kkfyl Personal Pronoun (iq#"kokpd loZuke)& mgs t+ehj] tsds
xkYgkb±nM+] c˜/anM+ ;k fc, dafga [+kkfl ykb drfc vpfu] mUgfu [ks t+eh# [+kkfyl
pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd eka] vlka] rwa] rOgha] gw] mgsA t+ehj [+kkfyl tk Vs fo+QLe
vkfgfu&
ü-ÿ Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
csofl twa dohrkÅa
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ü-ü
19
(û) t+eh# eqfrdyeq (mÙke iq#"k) First Person& tsdks t+eh# xkYgkb±nM+ tscfnjka de vps Fkks rafga [ks t+eh# eqfrdyeq pbts FkksA tfgM+ksfd eka] vkÅa] vlka] vlhaA
(ü) t+eh# gkft+# (eè;e iq#"k) Second Person& tafga lka t+eh# eqfrdyeqxkYgkb±nks gqts rafga [ks t+eh# gkft+# pbcks vkgsA tfgM+ksfd rwa] rOgkaA
(ý) t+eh# x+kbcq (vU; iq#"k) Third Person& tafga ckcfr xkfYg dts ij mgksgkft+# u gqtsA tfgM+ksfd gw] mgsA
t+eh# tMfga tqfeys esa drc vkf.k;wa Fkk rMfga mutks :iq cfnfyts FkksA mueqrkfcfo+Q t+ehj tk 6 fo+QLe vkfgfu&
ü- t+eh# b'kkjks Demonstrative Pronoun (fu'p; okpd loZuke)& vfgM+kt+ehj] ts fdfu bLefu Mkagqa b'kkjks dfu Fkk] frfu [ks t+eh# b'kkjks pbcks vkgsAtfgM+ksfd ghm] ghv] gh] fgu] fgufu] gqufu] gquA t+eh# b'kkjs tk c fo+QLe vkfgfu&
os>ks& ghm] gh] fgu] fgufu] ghvA ijs& gw] gqu] gqufu] gwvA
ý- t+eh# eq'rdZq Reflexive Pronoun (fut okpd loZuke)& mgs yÝ+t+]tsds i+Qkby lka xM˜ Fkh dfe vpfu ,sa dMfga dMfga ^i+Qkby* [ks oBk, ;k^i+Qkby* ts cfnjka deq vpfu] mu[ks t+eh# eq'rdqZ pbcks vkgsA thva r ik.k][+k˜fn] iafgatksA ^iafgatks* ik.kq lq×kk.kqA eka ^[+k˜fn* rks ofV b±nqflA ewa ik.k [ks ^ls[kr* fMuhA
þ- t+eh# bflri+Qgkeq Interrogative Pronoun (ç'uokpd loZuke) &mgks yÝ+t+] tsdks lqoky iqN.k ykb drfc vps FkksA tfgM+ksfd ds#] dfgM+ks] NkA
^ds#* vk;ks vkgs\ ^dfgM+ks* fdrkcq [kisbZ\ ^Nk* Fkks poha\
ÿ- t+eh# ekSlwyq Relative Pronoun (lEcU/okpd loZuke)& ekSlwy ekukxa<hanM+A mgks yÝ+T+k˜] tsdks bLe ts cfnjka dfe vps Fkks ,sa fcfu tqfeyfu [ks xa<s Fkks]rafga [ks t+eh# ekSlwyq pbcks vkgsA felky rkSj& mgks fdrkcq xqeq Fkh fo;ks] fdrkceqEcbZv [kka vkanks gksfeA bUgfu [ks feyk,] ;dks tqfeyks fgu jhfr cf.kcks& mgksfdrkcq xqeq Fkh fo;ks tsdks eqEcbZv [kka vkanks gksfeA
^tks* ek.gw vfp.kks gks] ^lks* u vk;ksA
^mgk* xkfYg jfgth osbZ] ^tk* pfo.kh gqbZA
fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
20
fVi.khö- t+eh# tokc ekSlwyq Co-relative Pronoun (lglEcU/ okpd loZuke)& mgks
t+eh#] tsdkss t+ehj ekSlwy ts tokc esa de vps Fkks ,sa mu lka ykxkiks j[ks FkksA
^tks* vfp.kks gks] ^lks* u vk;ksA
^tk* vfp.kh gqbZ] ^lk* u vkbZA
^rafga* ,sa ^frfu* eqt+dj (iqfy±x) ,sa eksUl (L=khfyax) esa lkfx, :i esa drfc b±nk
vkfgfuA
eqt+dj eksUl
rafga Nksfdjs rafga Nksfdjhv
frfu enZfu frfu vkSjrqfu
÷- t+eh# eqcgeq Indefinite Pronoun (vfu'p;okpd loZuke)& ^eqcgeq*
yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs fydyq] xqeq ;k uk ebyweq] efrycq r tafgatks iwjks irks ;k [+kcj
u ios A tfgM+ksfd dk] ds] dks] dqNq] dafga] fdfu] dh ox+SjgA
^dks* ghva pos ^dks* gwva posA
fgu [ks ^dq>q* t+:# ?kqfjtsA
^fdfu* th vknr Fkhanh vkgs fxyk dj.k thA
ø- t+eh# eqrlyq Inseparable Personal Pronoun (futokpd loZuke)&
^eqrlyq* th ekuk vkgs xfM;y*A tMfga ds t+ehjh fu'kkfu;wa tfgM+ksfd e] ;e] l]
ghva lh] o fdfu bLefu ox+Sjg ts iqfB;ka 'kkfey Fkh deq b±fn;wa vkfgfu] mUgfu [ks
t+eh# eqrlyq pbcks vkgs A tfgM+ksfd& iqVfe] lk.kqfe] d;kslwa ] fga] b] oA
thva& iqVfga (rqafgatks iqV)] [kk/qo (rOgka [kk/ks)] ihro (rOgka ihrks)A
t+eh# x+kbcq twa fu'kkfu;wa&
thva& iqVfl (gqutks iqVq)] eaf>fl (mUghv eaf>)] p;kb± (gqu p;ks)A
1- t+ehj th ekuk Nk vkgs\ felky MsbZ leq>k;ks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu eka t+ehj ,sa mUgfu tk fo+QLe fy[kks&
tqfeyks t+ehj fo+QLe
dks dhva pos] dks dhva pos ------------------------- -------------------------
fga fdFks vkgs\ ------------------------- -------------------------
dfgM+k fdrkc [kisbZ\ ------------------------- -------------------------
csofl twa dohrkÅa
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ü-ý
21
fgu dohrk esa 'kkbj csofl x+jhcfu th fgek;r dans iafgath dYiuk lka mUgfuth >wfiM+h vM.k th fgek;r dans bgks t+kfgj d;ks vkgs r gqufu efgur ,sati+Qkd'khv lka >wfiM+h Bkgh vkgsA 'ky vfgM+fu x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv [ksuqo+Qlkuq u fFk,A
dohrk esa 'kkbj ckj ckj ^^vyk! >qjs e 'kky x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h** flV [ksnqfgjk;ks vkgs] dohrk esa laxhrq iSnk fFk, FkksA
t+kfgj vkgs r 'kkbj [ks x+jhcfu ykb lkst+] nnZq ,sa gennhZ vkgsA
fgu dohrk esa balkuh o+Qnqjfu tfgM+fu igyqfu [ks mHkkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA
rOgkats ut+j esa dks fc x+jhc balkuq cslgkjk ,sa cs&v>s gqts r rOgha ts eu esa dfgM+h
Hkkouk iSnk Fkhanh\ csofl th ghv dohrk i<+h iafgatks jk;ks fM;ks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fVi.kh
csofl twa dohrkÅa
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ü-ü
csofl tks tueq fla/q ts ykM+dk.ks 'kgj esa 1885 esa fFk;ksA gh fgdq vkn'kZvè;kidq] vkn'kZ firk] fgdq gdheq gksA ekLrjh is'ks lka xMksxM fgder fc danksgksA lanfl gFk esa 'ki+Qk gqbZAcsofl fla/h 'kkbjhv [ks uvksa eksM+ fMuksA fgu [kka vx˜ fla/h 'kkbjhv rs mnwZ ,sai+Qkjlhv tks ?k.kks vl# gksA fli+QZ vkRek ,sa ijekRek tk fo+Qlk ,sa :gkuh jkt+futks c;ku gksA csofl bUgfu lfHkuh jokbrh xkfYg;qfu [kka fla/h 'kkbjhv [ksvktks djk;ksA fgu fla/h 'kkbjhv esa uoka&uoka fo"k; [ka;kA ckjfu rs 'kkbjhfyf[k;kb±] mUgfu esa fc iatfu&Ngfu lkyfu ts mez okjfu ckjfu ykb mu Mkaoth 'kkbjh fyf[k;kb±A pksMgfu iaægfu ofjg;fu ts ckjfu ykb o+QkSeh ,drk]ns'kçse twa dohrkÅa fyf[k;kb±A bu [kka lokb L=khv rs] o+Q˜fnjr rs] lektokn rs]x+jhcfu th >wfiM+h oxS+jg dsfrjfu bZ fo"k;fu rs dohrkÅa fyf[k;wa vFkkb±A tMfgagw 16 ofjg;fu tks gks] ekLrjh Vsªfuax dans ifgjha dohrk cjlkfr* rs fyf[k;kb±Amu [kka iksb gqu 'kkbjhv ts [ks=k esa fo[k o/kbZ ,sa gqu fla/h 'kkbjfu esaegkdohv tks yo+Qcq gkflyqq d;ksA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
rOgha Nk fl[;k
22
fVi.kh
tokc
1- 'kkbj ^oMh fnfy* dohrk esa balku [ks Nk esa tkb fM;.k ykb p;ks vkgs\
2- iafgats 'kkgh egy eka dfgM+h 'kb ?kfV dj.k ykb 'kkbj p;ks vkgs\
3- 'kkbj ns'koklhv [kka fc oMks fFk;.k ykb dfgM+h lykg fMuh vkgs\
4- 'kkb# oMh fnfy* dohrk esa Hkkbihv ,sa balkfu;r th Hkkouk tks ft+Øq
dfgM+hv jhfr djs Fkks\
5- ^oMh fnfy* dohrk tks eqf[+rlj esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA
6- gsfB;qfu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&
(1) x+jhcfu [ks d[kkb± >wfiM+h fdFkka fefy;y vkgs\
(2) >wfiM+hv th vMkor dfgM+s uewus dbZ osanh vkgs\
(3) 'kkbj >wfiM+hv eFkka dafgath efgj tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgs\
(4) x+jhcfu tks xqt+jkuq Nk rs vkgs\
(5) i?kj ts iksfjfg, dj.k lka Nk Fkhanks vkgs\
7- gsfB,a 'kbj tks eryc leq>k;ks&
^^fltq paMq ok> rks fo>s tafgats fofFk;qfu ea>ka]
frfjfd;ks vpfu Fkk frjfojk rkjfu dfr;qfu ea>kaA**
8- csofl th dohrk x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv tks lk# eqf[+rlj esa iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu
esa fy[kksA
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
csofl twa dohrkÅa
lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc2-1 (1)- 1- euo`rh 2- georuh
3- :gkfu;r 4- fr[ksjh 5- nqfu;koklh
2-1 (2)- 1- (c) 2- (v) 3- (c)
2-2 (1)- 1- fg;kao 2- eqfM+l
3- x+jhcfu 4- lsgr
(2)- (v) (3)- (c)
23
3
c<k vkJeq
rOgka iafgats vkfl&ikfl ts ekgksy eas fMBks gwanks r ds balku xfM;y dqVqac esa jgfu
Fkk r ds t+ky eqfM+l vdsyk jgfu FkkA b,a Nks vkgs\ ds xM jg.kq pkghfu Fkk r
ds xM u jgh] vkt+knh ilafn dfu Fkk ,sa dafga fc fo+QLe th jksd&Vksd ilafn uFkk
dfuA rOgha bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r jksVh jkst+hv okLrs 'kgj NMs o×kfu FkkA iafgats
LokFkZ ykb vyfx jg.kq ilafn dfu FkkA
^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.khv esa fc bgks c˜/k;ks fo;ks vkgs r jsf'kek xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.kq
uFkh pkgsA vkt+knh ilafn Fkh djs] gqu [ks dafga th jksd&Vksd ilafn ukgsA ij Nk ?kj
tk fc;k Hkkrh fc b,a pkghfu Fkk\ cqt+xZ vyfx jg.kq pkghfu Fkk\ vpks r fgu
dgk.khv ts eki+QZfr tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa r xfM;y dqVaqc esa jg.k eka dfgM+k
i+Qkbnk vkfgfuA cqt+xZ ?kj ts Hkkfr;qfu [kka dfgM+h vk'kk j[kfu Fkk\
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
lekt ts VqVanM+ dqVqacfu ts lccfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
cqt+xZfu twa ijs'kkfu;wa c;kuq djs l?kank_
ua<s dqVqac ,sa xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.k tks i+QdqZ c;kuq djs l?kank_
dgk.khv ts vukljfu ts vk/kj rs dgk.khv tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
eo+Qln
fVi.kh
24
vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgkath enn ykb fgu dgk.khv esa vk;y
M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh o×ks FkhA
eksguq xqft+fj;y c˜/j Mhagqa iafgats ekm ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa nkf[+kyq djk, vk;ks
gks ---- fgufu th dkWyksuhv esa bu xkfYg th 'kq:vkfr olank.kh dqVqac dbZA mu dqVqac
esa pkj oMk ,sa c ua<k ckj vkfgfuA t+ky eqfM+lq ukSdjh dank vkfgfu] ckj Ldwy esa
i<+ank vkfgfuA lhfu;# olank.kh tksM+ks oyhjke ,sa lanfl t+ky ltks oD+rq ?kj esa gwank
gqvkA fgufu th uqaga [ks vph eu esa fFk;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa eksfdys]
ik.k vkt+knh ek.ksA fgufu th ekStwfnxhv esa gwv iafgath et+hZ gyk, uFkh l?ksA irhv
[ks fc iafgats ol esa djs u l?kh vkgsA gwv iafgatk ckj fc iafgathv et+hZv lka fuik,
uFkh l?ksA ckj [ks pÄs eBs rka dq>q pm r MkMks&MkMh fop esa Vifd;ks iofuA
'kke tks irh vki+Qhl eka eksVs r ifgjha ekbVfu ts
dfejs esa o×ksA fgufu ofV Mg iaæga feUV foganks]
[kkamfu gkyq vfgokyq oBh ---- nok nfjey
ckcfr iqNh iksb t+ky ofV b±nksA gw tMfga [kkamfl
iqNanks gks % gkb Mkfy±x ! dhva xqft+fj;ks Mhagqa] r
gwv poanh gqbZ % cfl xqft+jh fo;ks Mhagqa ---- gqu
[kss ?kksV lka xkYgkb.k ykb mRlkgq bZ u gwanks gksA
gwv pkghanh gqbZ r ?kksVfl ?kfj f?kM+.k lka ifgjha
lk.kqfl fogs ---- pakfg ik.kh ih,A gqu[ks llq
lgqjs th ekStwfnxh fcYdqyq daMs okaxq# pqHk.k
yxh ---- vkf[+kfj gqu fgdq jLrks xksfYg;ksA
vt˜dkYg c˜<k vkJeq Nks Bfg;k vkfgfu\ fgufu c˜<s c˜<hv [ks Nks u mrs eksfdfy;ks
o×ks\ gj efgus 15 gt+kj [kuq fM;.kk ioankA mgs fM;.kq loyk vkfgfuA fgu ?k.kk
bZ ghyk olhyk gyk, usfB eqfM+l [ks jkt+h d;ks ,sa cqt+xZ olank.kh tksM+ks o×kh c˜<k
vkJeq HksM+ks fFk;ksA
dkWyksuhv esa fgu ijEijk th 'kq:vkfr Fkh r iksb ?k.kfu bZ dqVaqcfu tss uqaga#fu [ks
NsMdq yxksA gw iafgatfu eqfM+lfu tk du [kkb.k yfx;wa r rOgha fc ekm ihm [ks c˜<k
vkJeq esa NMs vpksA eksguq fc mUgfu eqfM+lfu eka fgdq gksA
dqVqacq = ifjokj
lhfu;j = oMks] cqt+xZ
tksM+ks = c t.kk (t+ky eqfM+l)
fuik, = ikys
olhyk = t+jh;k] miko
t[+eh fta+nxh =
iafgath [+k˜fn th fta+nxh
[kqaf/&[kqaf/ dj.kq =
Vksd&Vksd dj.kq
csvf[+r;k# = vt+[+k˜fn]
ik.k eqjknks
egnwnq = lhfer
ý-û cqfu;knh lco+QfVi.kh
c˜<k vkJeq
25
'kq:vkfr esa gqu ?k.kh vkukdkuh dbZ r u] gw vfgM+ks o+Qneq gjfxft+ u [k.kanksA gqu
t+ky [ks ?k.kks bZ leq>k;ks r tMfga gw vlkats 'k[+lh ft+anxhv esa dks n[+kyq uFkk
fM;fu] iafgats eqagqa iafgatks thm thvkjs jfg;k vkfgfu_ rMfga t+kyfl [ks dfgM+ks gdq
vkgs tks gwv [ksfu ?kj eka rM+s c˜<k vkJeq esa eksfdys\ ij jsf'kek ts ?k.khv [kaqf/
[kqaf/ [ksfl etcw# d;ksA gqu ts ekm ihm th fnfy uqaga ts #[ks ofgaokj eka [kVh Fkh
isbZ ---- gqufu iqV [ks p;ks] ^^vlka[ks dks ,srjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq
esa NMs vpqA**
eksgu fnfy rs iFk# jf[k;ks gksA gqu [ks xqukg tks vglklq ?ksjs jfg;ks gksA gqu ts eqaga
rs ifgjha okjh jkSuo+Q u jgh gqbZA gw lHkq dq>q t.kq eFkkfNjks djs jfg;ks gksA fgd Mhagqa
usfB gquth t+cku eka fufdjh fi;ks] ^^jsf'kek ! vlkatks xqMks fc tMfga oMks Fkhanks]
rMfga t+ky ts po.k rs vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nksA**
eksgu th t+cku eka bgs yÝ+t+ c˜/h jsf'kek th t+cku eka csvf[+r;k# fufdjh fo;ks]
^^u u ! vlkatks xqMks vfgM+ks dksUgsA**
rMfga eksgu [ks fc xkYgkb.k tks o>q feyh fo;ksA p;kb±] ^^vlkatks xqMks vfgM+ks
dksUgs] ij eka eksguq vfgM+ks deh.kks iqVq vkfg;ka] tks rqafgats po.k rs iafgats ekm ihm
[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;qflA**
vkfjrokj tks Mhagqa gksA jsf'kek usjfu rs nkfy idoku Bkfg;k gqvk ---- ij usjfu [kk,
ds#\ ?kksVfl gwava v[+kckj i<+ans Mg ni+Qk poanks vkgs % jsf'kek! usjfu tYnh Bkfg]
cq[k yxh vkgsA ij vt˜ gw u v[+kckj i<+h jfg;ks vkgs ,sa u bZ usjfu ?kqjh jfg;ks vkgsA
,sa ckj r v×kk fuaM eka mfFk;k
bZ dksu vkfgfuA vkf[+kfj
jsf'kek usjfu eSt+ rs j[kh ?kksV
[ks p;ks] ^usjfu eSt+ rs j[kh
vFkoA**
iksb gwv ckjfu [ks fuaM eka
mFkkj.k osbZA iqV [ks /wa/kM+s
p;kb±] ^vM+s xqMw ! mFkqA Mg
Fkh fo;k vkfgfuA rqafgath
fnfy ilafn usjfu Bkgh
vFkfe** c pkj lM dj.k
fVi.kh
usjfu = uk'rks
frfMM+h = uaf<M+h
fxjkfVM+h ikb.kq =
fxy [kka iVs I;k# dj.kq
uqaga = iqV th dqaokfj
vkSo+Qkr = gSfl;r
vkjlh = vkbZuks
fljksVkss = xjh flj
mckf.kdk = ek;wlq] mnklq
c<k vkJeq
26
cSfn fc tMfga xqMw u mfFk;ks] rMfga jsf'kek dfd Fkh p;ks] ^^o×kh u mFkq] u [kkm
usjfuA** rMfga xqMw ga/ rs mFkh osgh jfg;ks ---- gqu vf[k;qfu eka xks<+k xkM+hans p;ks]
^^u [kkb±nqfl usjfuA ifgjha c˜/kb] gqrs veka ckck [ks nkfy idoku ds# Mhanks\**
jsf'kek iqV ts eFks rs gFkq j[kh p;ks] ^^gqrs fc usjfu feyanh vkgsA rqafgatks iik r
vkJeq okjfu [ks iSlk MsbZ vk;ks vkgs ---- gw veka ckck [ks [kkjkb±nkA**
^^ij gww Nks [kkjkbZfu\ gw ds# fFk;fu vlkatk\ ,sa veka ckck gqrs Nks jgfu\ gqufu [ks
iafgatks ?k# dksUgs Nk\ ?k# vkgs r veka ckck tks ----**
vksfprks jsf'kek tks è;kuq fo;ks gquth frfMM+h ds- th- Dykl esa i<+anM+ /hm ga/ rs
mFkh osBh gqbZ ,sa jksbZ jgh gqbZA
xqMw Hks.k [ks #vanks fMlh ofVfl fo;ksA gqu[ks fxjkfVM+h ik, iqfN;kb±] ^^Nks Fkh jksb±\
cq[k yxh vFksbZ\** gqu da/ lka ukdkj djs p;ks] ^cq[k u yxh vkgsA #vka Fkh] cfl
#vka Fkh_ ewa[ks veka [kisA**
jsf'kek leqf>;ks gks r llq lgqjs th x+SjekStwnxhv esa ckj fli+QqZ eqafgatks bZ p;ks
e×khank ---- gwava MkMs MkMhv ts dejs eka Mg ni+Qk lM djhfu] rMfga el vpfuA
vyk, MkMs MkMhv esa dfgM+ks lksuq fMBks vFkfu!
jsf'kek FkksM+h eqa>h isbZA ij iafgats vafnjka vkjlhv esa fugkj.k [kka uVk, jgh gqbZA ;kjgsa
cts de okjh ekbZ 'kdqaryk vkbZA gqu c˜gkjh iV dj.k cSfn jsf'kek [ks vph p;ks]
^^veka ckck okjks dfejks Fkh lki+Qq dfj;ka r fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA gw cbZ ewa lka [+kwcq
xkfYg;wa dank gqvkA rqafgath dsMh lkjkg dank gqvkA lnkb± poank gqvk r uqaga r
vlkathA**
jsf'kek [ks fnfy esa fgdq pqfgacnk# rh# pqHkh fo;ks ---- mu pqHkfu [ks cnkZ'r dans gqu
ckfgjka iafgathv de okjh 'kdqaryk [ks p;ks] ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr
fMlqA rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats ?kj ts xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA**
'kdqaryk ojkf.k;ks] ^^cjkcfj eka ukSfdfj;k.kh vkfg;kaA eqafgath vkSo+Qkr dfgM+h vkgsA
ij ekyfdf.k! ewa[ks iat lky Fkh fo;k vkfgfu fgu ?kj esa deq dansA veka ckck ,sa
rOgha lHkq ewa[ks iafgatk yxank vkfg;ks ---- ekyfdf.k! lksfp xqMw oMks Fkhanks ,sa 'kknh
danks] iksb rks[ks ,sa lsB [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nks r rks[ks dhva yxanks\**
jsf'kek [ks eu esa vk;ks r tsdj de okjhv [ks fgdq fljksVks Bdkm djs g.ks] ij gqu
vfgM+ks dq>q u d;ksA gwv jaf/.ks esa o×kh ea>afn ts ekuhv th r;kjh dj.k yxhA
jsf'kek jaf/.ks esa d<+h j/hans lksps Fkh r ewa leqf>;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa
fVi.kh
c˜<k vkJeq
27
eksfdys vkt+knh ek.khanflA ckfgfj vp.kq o×k.kq ---- [+kjhnkjh dj.kq ---- j/&ipkv esa]
gj xkfYg esa eka [+k˜neqf[+r;k# gwanfl] eka lgh ekuk esa fgu ?kj th ekyfd;k.kh
FkhanflA jsf'kek tks euq ejksfVth&ljksfVth jfg;ks vkgsA gqu dsMh efgur lka eqfM+l [ks
e×kk;ks r veka ckck [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA gqufu th x+SjekStwnxhv esa dfgM+h
ekfydh feyh vkgs ewa[ks\
ekuh j/hans [ksfl t.kq iafgath llq tks vkokt+ Fkks c˜/.kq vpsA gwv jf/.ks esa vph
[ksfl poanh vkgs] dqaokfj! vlkath pkaojfu piVh [k.kh vyfx jf/tkab] ik.khv <qdq
fof>tkabA vlka[ks ujeq pkaoj Fkk [kifu] Man det+ks# vkfgfu u ---- dqaokfjA
tqokuhv esa vlka[ks fc NqfM+;ks pkao# o.kanks gks ---- iQqydfu ,sa Hkkft;qfu ykb fc dk
u dk fgnk;r Mhanh gqbZA Nks r veka ,sa ckck fcUgha [ks [kk/ks pckM+.k ykb ujeq
[kk/ks [kianks gksA jsf'kek [ks [+;ky Fkks vps r c˜<k vkJeq esa gwv dafga[ks bgs fgnk;rwa
Mhanh ,sa ds# [ksfl ujeq pkaoj ,sa lUgM+ks ujeq iQqfydks ipk, Mhanks\ Hkkft;wa fc tsds
feyafn;wa] ls [kkb±nkA [ksfu [kk/ks o.ks ;k u] pckM+s l?kfu ;k u] c˜/j [kka oBh tsdh
feysfu] lks lr~ djs [kk/ks gwankÅaA
jsf'kek ea>afn th ekuh r;k# djs lksps bZ lksps jgh gqbZA gqutks euq jaf/.ks esa u gksA
dsfrjks yw.kq fepqZ fo>h jgh gqbZ] [ksfl [+kcj bZ u isbZ iosA [+kkfl djs bgs yÝ+t+ r
^^xqMw fc oMks Fkhanks] 'kknh danks r ewa[ks ,sa eksgu [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs b±nks** gqu
ts fg;kao esa eka/k.kh fo>h jfg;k gqvkA ?kksVfl fc bgs yÝ+t+ p;k ,sa ukSfdfj;k.kh
'kdqaryk fc bgs yÝ+t+ p;k ---- b,a Fkh Fkks l?ks Nk\ erka fFk, r! eksguq fc r fgdq
vkn'khZ iqVq vkgs ij eqafgats po.k rs veka ckck [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;ksA veka
ckck gqrs iksVs iksVhv [kka lokb dsMk mckf.kdk
fFk;k gwankA 'kk;n fgd fc, [kka fydk,
xks<+k xkM+hank gqtfuA
jsf'kek ekuh jf/.k [kka iksb iafgats dejs esa
o×kh ga/ rs ysVh isbZA ea>afn tk c ot.k rs
gqvk ij gqu tk gFk u gyfu tks ekuh ik,
eSt+ rs j[ksA gwv fHkfr ikls eqagaq djs ysVh isbZ
gqbZA fgu ts vf[k;qfu eka xks<+k xM+h jfg;k
gqvk ---- gwv jaf/.ks eka fufdrh r fMBkb±
?kksVfl dqlhZv rs vf[k;wa c™Vs osBks vkgsA u
v[+kckj Fkks i<+s ,sa u dks fdrkcq Fkks i<+sA
fVi.kh
c<k vkJeq
28
gwava vkjrokj Mhagqa dks u dks fdrkc i<+anks vkgsA iqVfl fc cSV&cky [ksM.k u fo;ks
vkgsA gquts nksLrfu tk i+Qksu vph jfg;k vkfgfuA gw [ksfu dwM+ xkYgk, pbZ jfg;ks
vkgs r ewa[ks cq[+kk# vkgsA eka vt cSV&cky u [ksMhanqflA go+Qho+Qr esa gqutks euq
bZ u Fkh jfg;ks gks tks cSV&cky [ksM.k o×ksA uaf<M+h ccyh fc fdrkcfu tks FksYgks
[kksys] fcuk lcfc fdrkc FksYgs eka d<h ojh okifl j[kh jgh vkgsA fgu [kka
gkse&odqZ dj.kq fc uFkks iqtsA gwava [ksfl MkMks ;k MkMh gkse&odqZ dj.k esa enn dank
vkfgfuA
ea>afn tk lok c vph yxkA jsf'kek iafgats ga/ rka mFkh dejs eka ckfgfj vkbZA gqu
iafgats irhv ofV vph p;ks] ^gyks c˜<k vkJeq] veka ckck [ks okifl oBh Fkk vpwa]
iksb vph Fkk ekuh [kkÅaA**
Åankgs ?kj esa t.kq jks'kuq 'keknkuq cjh fi;ksA
lgh tokc xksYgs fMafx;qfu esa fy[kks&
1- ^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA** gh
yÝ+t+ dafga p;k vkfgfu\
(v) jsf'kek (c) eksgu
(l) 'kdqaryk (n) eksgu ts ekm ihm ¹ º
2- ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr fMlqA rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats ?kj ts
xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA** gh yÝ+t+ dafga[ks p;k fo;k\
(v) jsf'kek [ks (c) 'kdqaryk [ks
(l) xqMwv [ks (n) eksgu [ks ¹ º
3- ^^u [kkb±nqfl usjfu** ghm yÝ+t+ xqMwv Nks p;k\
(v) Nkdkf.k r usjfu lqBh dksu gqbZ
(c) xqMw ihm [kka ukjkt+ gks
(l) usjfu fnfy ilafn u Bgh gqbZ
(n) xqMwv tk veka ckck c˜<k vkJeq esa gqvk ¹ º
4- ^daMs okaxq# pqHk.k* bLrykg th ekuk vkgs&
(v) daMks yx.kq (c) cqjks yx.kq
(l) euk dj.kq (n) Vksd Vksd dj.kq ¹ º
fVi.kh
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
c˜<k vkJeq
29
vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
dafga fc dgk.khv [ks leq>.k ykb [+kkfl rkSj Ng rRo fFk;fu FkkA fo"k;
(dFkkoLrq)] fdjnkj (ik=k)] xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki)] ekgksyq (okrkoj.kq)] Hkk"kk (cksyh)
,sa eo+Qlnq (mís';)A vlka bUgfu vukfljfu (rRofu) [ks è;ku esa j[kh] dgk.khv
th lekykspuk] vks[k Mks[k danklhaA dFkkoLrq esa dgk.khv th dFkk] [kkst th
xkfYg dbZ o×ks FkhA dgk.khv esa vk;y fdjnkjfu th lhjrfuxkjhv tks c;kuq vps
FkksA gw fli+QZ dgk.khv esa 'kkfeyq bZ u vkfgfu] ij iafgath 'kf[+l;r xM [k.kh vk;k
vkfgfuA xqÝ+rxw dgk.khv tks vaxq vkgsA bu lka bZ dgk.kh vfx;ka o/s FkhA yÝ+t+]
tqfeyk dfgM+k vkfgfu] ekgksyq (okrkoj.kq) lka Bfgdfu Fkk ;k u] bu xkfYg tks
è;kuq jf[k;ks o×ks FkksA dgk.khv esa ns'k] dky] okrkoj.k th xkfYg dbZ osbZ vkgsA
û-ü-û fo"k;&oLrw (dFkk&oLrw)
fgu dgk.khv esa ysf[kdk dyk çdk'k bgks c˜/k;ks vkgs r vtksds (ekStwnk) lekt
esa gfjdks vkt+knh pkgs FkksA vt˜dYg tk ckj vkt+knh ilafn dfu FkkA dafga fc
fo+QLe th jksd Vksd ilafn uFkk dfuA xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.kq uFkk ilafn dfuA oMfu
th] cqt+xZfu th bt+r uFkk dfuA vt˜dYg jkst+xkj ts ykb gfjdks lekt esa iafgath
fglsnkjh fuHkk, FkksA dqVqac [ks iky.k ykb gk.ks vkSjrwa fc ukSdjh dj.k ykb ckfgfj
fufdfr;wa vkfgfuA tafga lka mgs ?kj rfi+QZ è;kuq ?kfV fM;fu fFk;wa ,sa oD+rq ?kfV gqv.k
djs mgs xfM;y dqVqac esa jg.k okjfu cqt+xZfu rfi+QZ fc è;kuq ufFk;wa fM;fuA mUgfu
Mkagqa gennhZv Hkfj;ks ofgaok# u dj.k lcfc xfM;y dqVqac VqV.k yxk vkfgfuA
gfjdks ifjok# gk.ks vyfx vyfx jg.k yxks vkgsA
dgk.khv esa ysf[kdk bgks è;kuq fNdk;ks vkgs r xfM;yq dqVqacq gqv.k lka Hkkfr;qfu
esa çseq o/s Fkks] cqt+xZ fc iafgatfu ckjfu eka mesn dfu Fkk r vlka ckjfu lka xM˜ jgwa]
mFkwa fogwa] ?kqewa fiQ:aA iksVfu&iksfV;qfu lka xM˜ jkafn :afn dfj;aw] mUgfu tks ikyuq iks"k.kq
dfj;wa] mUgfu lka xM˜ oD+rq xqt+kfj;wa ij ?kj th uqaga [ks bgks cnkZ'r uFkks fFk,A gwv
mUgfu cqt+xZfu th lsok uFkh dj.k pkgsA gwv fli+QZ t+ky eqfM+l ,sa ckjfu rkb± iafgatks
ifjok# egnwnq dj.kq pkgs Fkh ,sa pkgs Fkh r mu tks irh fc fli+QZ iafgath t+ky ,sa
ckjfu rs è;ku fM,A c˜<s c˜<hv rfi+QZ iafgatks è;kuq u fM, ?kj esa fi.kq ?kj th jk.kh
Fkh jgsA ?kqes fiQjs] ds# mu [ks jksd Vksd dj.k okjks u gqtsA oMfu th pm&ipm
ý-ü vpks r leq>wa fVi.kh
c<k vkJeq
30
cnkZ'r uFkh djs] tafga lka ifjokj VqVfu FkkA gwv pkgs Fkh r c˜<fu [ks c˜<k ?kj esa
j[kh] vkjke lka jfgtsA
ij ysf[kdk fi.kq bu rfi+QZ è;kuq fNdkb.kq pkgs Fkh r vt˜ tk cqt+xZ fc gj gky esa
[+k˜f'k jg.k pkghfu Fkk] ?kj th fdyfdy] [kqaf/ [kqaf/ [kka cp.k ykb c˜<k vkJeq
esa jg.kq pkghfu Fkk] ckjfu th [+k˜'khv esa [+k˜f'k jgfu FkkA
ysf[kdk bu rfi+QZ fc è;kuqq fNdk;ks vkgs r vt˜ tk ckj fc iafgats MkMs MkMhv
rfi+QZ çse tks ofgaokj dfu FkkA ckjfu [ks fc MkMs MkMhv lka xM jg.kq lqBks Fkks yxs
,sa gw mUgfu ts fcuk uFkk jgh l?kfu ,sa vkf[+kfj esa iafgats ckjfu ts ft+n ts vfx;ka
jsf'kek gkjk, o×ks Fkh ,sa tMfga lksps Fkh r gh ckj fc ewa lka tsdMfga vfgM+ks ofgaok#
dfu ,sa vlka[ks fc oMs gwans c˜<k ?kj esa NMs vpfu r Nk FkhanksA tsdMfga [+k˜fn lka
vfgM+ks ofgaok# fFk, Fkks r ----\ gwv lksp.k rs etcw# fFk, FkhA lgh i+QSflyks djs
FkhA b,a bZ fgu dgk.khv esa jsf'kek fc okifl c˜<fu [ks ?kfj oBh vp.k ykb r;k#
fFk, FkhA
1- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fy[kks&
(1) eksguq dfgM+s Mhagqa ekm ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa nkf[+kyq djk, vk;ks\
(2) uqaga Nks pkfg;ks r llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpwa\
(3) uqaga] iqV] iksVs] de okjh ekbZv tk ukyk Nk gqvk\
(4) de okjh ekbZv uqaga [ks Nk p;ks\
fVi.kh
c˜<k vkJeq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-û
31
2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fy[kks&
(1) ^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.khv esa uqaga] llq lgqjs lka dhva gyanh gqbZ\
(2) iqV tks ofgaok# ekm ihm ykb dfgM+ks gks\
(3) iksVks iksVh MkMs MkMhv ykb Nks #uk\
(4) jsf'kek xfM;y dqVqac esa Nks u Fkh jg.kq pkgs\
3- gokyk % dafga] dafga [ks p;ks&
(1) ^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgsA rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA**
(2) ^^u u ! vlkatks xqMw vfgM+ks dksUgsA**
(3) ^^Nks Fkh jksb±\ cq[k yxh vFksbZ\**
(4) ^^rwa iafgatks deq dfj] iafgath vkSo+Qkr fMlq A rks[ks go+Q˜ dksUgs vlkats
?kj tss xkfYg;qfu esa n[+kyq fM;.k tksA**
1- jsf'kek th txg rs tsdMfga rOgha gqtks gka r Nk rOgha c˜<k vkJeq esa cqt+xZfu
[ks NMs vpks gk\
2- xqMwv tks MkMs MkMhv ts çfr çseq u gqts gk r Nk fFk, gka\
3- rOgha iafgats MkMs MkMhv lka dfgM+ks ofgaok# dank\
û-ü-ü fdjnkj ,sa fdjnkjfu tks fpVq fpV.kqvpks r fgu dgk.khv ts eq[;q fdjnkjfu ts pfj=k th [+kwfc;qfu [ks leq>.k th
dksf'k'k dfj;waA ysf[kdk dfgM+s uewus mUgfu tks fpVq fpfV;ks vkgsA
dgk.khv th eq[;q fdjnk# jsf'kek vkgs] tsdk vkt+knq [+;kyfu th vkt+knh ilafn]
ukSdjh danM+ L=kh vkgs] tsdk ?kj ,sa ckfgfj] fcUgha rfi+QZ eqagqa MsbZ jgh vkgsA ij gwv
lanfl irhv [kka mesn j[ks Fkh r gw iafgats ekm ihm Mkagqa u ij iRuhv rfi+QZ è;kuq
Ms] ckjfu rs è;kuq Ms] ?kqek, iQsjk,] vki+Qhl eka vp.k [kka iksb ifgjha lk.kqfl xM˜
osgh pkafg ih,] xkfYg;wa djsA
eksguq] jsf'kek tks ?kksVq] tsdks t+ky ts po.k rs ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs r
vps Fkks] ij eu esa nq[kh vkgsA ij vkf[+kfj tMfga gqu [ks yxs Fkks r vlka tk ckj
fVi.kh
c<k vkJeq
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ý-û
32
fc oMk Fkh b,a dank r ifNrk, Fkks ,sa jsf'kek [ks pos Fkks r vfxrs gyh vlka lka
fc b,a u fFk,A iksb jsf'kek ts ohpkjfu esa fc iQsjks vps FkksA
jsf'kek tk llq lgqjks fc fl/s lkns lqHkko tk vkfgfu] tsds ?kj ts 'kkarhv ykb c˜<k
vkJeq o×k.k ykb r;k# Fkh Fkk o×kfuA
xqMw ,sa xqMh ckj fc MkMs MkMhv lka çse dfu Fkk ,sa mUgfu fcuk uFkk jgh l?kfuA
bu jhr mUgfu lka fuLokFkZq çseq Ms[kkfj;yq vkgsA
lgh ,sa BfgdanM+ tokc rs tks fu'kku yxk;ks&
1- jsf'kek dfgM+s fo+QLe th L=kh vkgs\
(v) ?kjsyw (c) vkt+knh ilafn
(l) lsok Hkkoh (n) lqLrhv okjh ¹ º
2- eksguq dafgats po.k rs ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq NMs vk;ks\
(v) jsf'kek ts (c) nksLrfu ts
(l) ikM+s okjfu ts (n) xqMwv ts ¹ º
3- ^fg;kao esa eka/k.kh fo>.kq* bLrykg th ekuk fy[kh tqfeys esa deq vkf.k;ks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fVi.kh
c˜<k vkJeq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-ü
33
û-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki@dFkksidFku)ik=kfu th xkfYg cksfYg [ks xqÝ+rxw pbts Fkks tsdk dgk.khv [ks vfx;ka o/k, Fkh]fdjnkjfu twa [+kwfc;wa c˜/k, FkhA dgk.khv esa ukVdh xq.k iSnk fFk, FkksA
fgu dgk.khv esa xqÝ+rxw ?k.kh dkUgsa ij fdjnk# fl/s uewus xkYgk, Fkks] tafga ekalanfl [+k˜'khv th tk.k fFk, Fkh] dgk.khv esa fnypLih iSnk fFk, FkhA fgu dgk.khvesa fut fla/h yÝ+t+ xqÝ+rxw esa deq vkank fo;k vkfgfu] tsds dgk.khv [ks fta+ngj[k.k esa enn dfu FkkA xqÝ+rxw ljy lqHkkohd vkgsA thva ekm&ihm pofu Fkk r^^vlka[ks dks ,rjkt+ dksUgs] rwa Hkys vlka[ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vpqA**
û-ü-þ ekgksy (okrkoj.kq)vlka fgu dgk.khv eka tk.kh pqdk vkfg;wa r c˜<k vkJeq dgk.kh ekgksy rs enkjFkh j[ksA vt˜ ts lkekftd ekgksy ewftc o.kZuq d;y vkgsA ij jsf'kek ts t+jh,ukfj;qfu ts euksn'kk tks o.kZuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs r fc, rfi+QZ ckjfu tks MkMs MkMhvrfi+QZ çseq Ms[kkjs] xfM;y ifjokj [ks VqV.k [kka cp.k tks lans'kq fc fMuks fo;ks vkgsAub± ih<+h fc cqt+xZfu ts çfr lgkuqHkwfr] çse tks ofgaok# djs ,sa cqt+xZ fc ckjfu th
[+k˜'khv esa [+k˜f'k jgfuA
1- rOgha ts vksM+s ikM+s esa fc, dafga dqVqac th tk.k vFko] tafga iafgats cqt+xZ ekm&ihm [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vk;k gqtfu] vfgM+fu dqVqacfu th lwph Bkgs tk.kfM;ksA
2- rOgha tsdMfga eksgu th txg rs gqtks gk r Nk dfj;ks gk\
û-ü-ÿ Hkk"kk&'kSyhfgu dgk.khv th Hkk"kk 'kSyh ljy vkgsA fdFks fdFks bLrykgfu tks bLrsekyq d;ksfo;ks vkgs] thva& [kqaf/&[kqaf/ dj.kq] daMs okaxq# pqHk.kq] vkukdkuh dj.kq] fg;kao esaeka/k.kh fo>.kq ox+SjgA
û-ü-ö ed+lnlekt esa VqVanM+ dqVqacfu tks dkj.kq leq>h] mUgfu [ks nwfj dj.k tks rjhdks xksYgsl?kank ,aas xfM;y ifjokj esa jg.k th vgfe;r leq>h l?kankA cqt+xZfu th ifjokj ykbvgfe;r [ks lq×kk.ks l?kankA
fVi.kh
c<k vkJeq
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ý-ü
34
gsfB;fu c;kufu [ks i<+h] ,sa tk fu'kku yxk;ks&
1- uqaga llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vkbZA ¹ º
2- xqMw usjfu ykb jksbZ jfg;ks gksA ¹ º
3- de okjh ekbZ 'kdqaryk jsf'kek [ks p;ks r veka tks dfejks lki+Q˜ Fkh dfj;ka r
fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA ¹ º
4- xqMwv th Hks.k veka ykb jksbZ jgh gqbZA ¹ º
5- eksgu [ks xqukg tks vglklq ?ksjs jfg;ks gksA ¹ º
fgu dgk.khv eka rOgha fl[;k r oMfu ,sa cqt+xZfu lka çse Hkfj;ks ofgaok#
dfj;ksA çse lka bZ fnfy thrs lf?kts FkhA
cqt+xZfu th laHkky dfj;ksA
ekm&ihm th lsok dfj;ksA mUgfu [ks fc ik.k lka xM˜ j[kh dqVqac th laHkky
dfj;ksA
xfM;y ifjokj esa jgh yqRi+Qq ekf.k;ksA
oMk ekbV vlkatk lt.k vkfgfuA gw ik.k nq[k lgh fc vlka ckjfu [ks [+k˜f'k
j[k.kq pkghfu FkkA
fVi.kh
fla/h o.kZekyk (v[kjekyk)
v c c i Hk r B V l Fk i+Q iQ
x x Ä [k ; n t+ / M M < g
t t ×k p N [+k v x+ j t+ M+
e u y l 'k o d+ l t+ r t+
g .k > ?k d v (gEt+ks [+kkyh)
ý-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
c˜<k vkJeq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ý-ý
rOgha Nk fl[;k
35
fVi.kh
c<k vkJeq
Loj ;k O;atu [ks o.kqZ ;k v[k# poank vkfgfuA
1- Loj
2- O;atu
Loj (Vowels)
v vk b bZ m Å , ,s vks vkS
Loj fcfu çdkjfu tk gwank vkfgfu&
1- y?kq ;k ua<k Loj
2- nh?kZ ;k fM?kk Loj
y?kq ;k ua<k Loj (Short Vowels)&ftfu Lojfu tks mpk# dj.k esa rekeq ?kfV ofD+rq yxs] mgs y?kq ;k ua<k Loj vkfgfuA
v] b] m A
nh?kZ ;k fM?kk Loj (Long Vowels)&ftfu tks mpk# y?kq ;k ua<s Loj ts HksV esa fM?kks ;k oMks dcks vkgs] mgs nh?kZ ;k
fM?kk Loj vkfgfuA
vk bZ Å , ,s vks vkSA
uksV% x t M c] bgs pkfj futq fla/h mpkj okjk v[kj vkfgfuA
bUgfu [ks var%LiQqfVr (Implosives) poank vkfgfuA
dyk çdk'k tks tueq 1934 bZ- esa fFk;ksA ghv fla/hv th e'kgw# ukWfoyuohlq
,sa dgk.khdkj vkgsA fgu iafgaft;qfu jpukmfu esa ukjhv ts dksey lw[;eq Hkkofu
[ks dkE;kchv lka fpfV;ks vkgsA gqu ?k: fta+ nxhv ts go+Qho+Qh lpk;qfu [ks
balkuh eu ,sa fj'rfu ts dksey Hkkokukmfu [ks loyhv cksyhv esa isf'k d;ks
vkgsA gqu [ks cfgrjhuq jpukmfu rs dsfrjk bZ buke feyh pqdk vkfgfuA gqu [ks
egkjk"Vª xkSjo lEekuq fc gkflyq vkgsA
^'kh'ks th fnfy*] ^fgdq lqiuks lq[kfu tks*] ^g;krh gksrfu js*] ^eqdZ ,sa eerk*]
lanfl dgkf.k;qfu tk etewvk vkfgfuA eerk twa yg:a* lanfl dohrkmfu tks
etewvks vkgsA vkfjlhv vkMks* fdrkc rs [ksfl lkfgR; vdkneh bukeq fefy;ks
vkgsA 5 vkxLV 2018 rs lanfl pkyk.kks fFk;ksA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
36
fVi.kh
1- vt˜ dYg xfM;y dqVqacq Nks uFkks o.ks\
2- fgu dgk.khv esa lekt tks dfgM+ks fpVq fpfV;yq vkgs\
3- ^c˜<k vkJeq* dgk.kh rOgha[ks dsfrjs o+Qnq# o.kh\ [kksys fy[kksA
4- MkMs MkMhv th x+Sj ekStwnxhv esa ckjfu Nk efglwlq d;ks\
5- jsf'kek llq lgqjs [ks c˜<k vkJeq eka okil Nks oBh vkbZ\
6- fgu dgk.khv eka vlka[ks dfgM+h fl[;k Fkh feys\
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (n) 2- (c)
3- (n) 4- (c)
lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
3-1 1- (1) c˜/j Mhagqa (2) vkt+knh ek.k.k ykb
(3) eksgu] jsf'kek] xqMw] 'kdqaryk
(4) veka ckck okjks dfejks lki+Q˜ Fkh dfj;ka r fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vps
2- (1) gqu[ks llq lgqjs th ekStwnxh daMs okaxq# pqHkanh gqvfl
(2) gqc Hkfj;ks gqvks
(3) gqufu [ks c˜<k vkJeq esa NMs vp.k ts djs
(4) vkt+knh ek.k.k ykb
3- (1) ekm ihm eksgu [ks (2) jsf'kek eksgu [ks
(3) xqMw Hks.k [ks (4) jsf'kek 'kdqaryk [ks
3-2 1- (c) 2- (v)
3-3 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
tokc
c˜<k vkJeq
37
fVi.kh
4
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq
çÑrhv tk lqanj ut+kjk vlka ts eu [ks [+k˜'khv lka Hkjs NMhank vkfgfuA lki+Q˜ ik.kh]
lki+Q˜ gok] lki+Q˜&lqfFkjks okrkoj.kq vlka ts fny ,sa fnekx+ [ks rjksrkt+k Fkk c.kkbZfuA
rOgha ,sa vlka ?k.ksbZ Hksjk ckx+fu esa ?kqe.k fo;k gwanklhaA mrs ts jax&fcjaxh xqyfu th
dkseyrk esa [+kq'kcwb tks vglklq fFk;ks gwanksA o.kfu&fV.kfu th Nkao gsBka osBk gwanklha
,sa o+Q˜fnjrh ut+kfju tks et+ks ekf.k;ks gwanksA i[khvM+fu tk fefBM+k cksy c˜/.k esa vk;k
gwankA
ij vt˜ ts okrkoj.k esa mUgfu xqyfu&iQqyfu] o.kfu&fV.kfu th dfgM+h gkyr Fkh
vkgs\ vt˜ lki+Q˜ ik.kh] lki+Q˜ gok] ,sa o+Q˜fnjrh [+kwclwjr ut+kjk ?kfVtank Fkk o×kfuA
fx+ykt+rqfu ts djs xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks dfgM+ks gky Fkks fFk,\ o.k dsjk;k Fkk
o×kfu ,sa i[khvM+k #vank mrka mMke.k Fkk yxfuA mUgfu tks nnhZyks vkokt+ balku
rkb± uFkks igqapsA vt o+Q˜fnjr iafgats cpko ykb iqdkjs jgh vkgsA vlka [kss mu iqdkj
[ks c˜f/.kks vkgsA rOgha [ks fc fgu lco+Q t+jh, bu tks iwjks vuqHkm FkhanksA
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
ckx+fu th o+Q˜fnjrh lwaga tks ft+Øq djs l?kank_
balku ,sa o+Q˜fnjr ts njE;kfu fj'rfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
vyfx vyfx fo+QLe ts fx+ykt+rqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
okrkoj.k [ks lki+Q˜ j[k.k th dksf'k'k ckcfr ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_
'kgjfu ts ekgksy esa feyanM+ gok&ik.khv tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
fx+ykt+rqfu = çnw"k.kmMke.k = mM+us yxuk
vuqHkm = vkt+ewnks
o.kfu&fV.kfu = isM+&ikS/s]
o.k c™Vk
eo+Qln
38
vpks] gk.ks fgu lco+Q [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A
rOgkath loykbZv ykb Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh osbZ vkgsA
'kgjfu ts fop esa ckx+ [ks fiQfiQM+ djs ysf[k;ks osanks vkgsA tfgM+hv rjg fiQfiQM+
gok eka vkWDlhtu [k.kh] dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM d<h] 'kjhj [ks ranq#Lrq j[kfu Fkk]
rfgM+hv rjg ckx+ esa yxy c™Vk u #xks lfHkuh [ks vkWDlhtu fM;fu Fkk] ij xqyfu
th [+k˜'kcwb ,sa 'khryq Nk;k fif.k fM;fu FkkA ij fMlks r 'kgjfu esa o/anM+ fx+ykt+rqfu
dhva u bUgfu xqyfu [ks M˜[kk;ks ,sa eqfj>k;ks vkgsA i[khvM+k fc dhva u nnZ Hkfj;k
nkLrku fi;k c˜/kbZfuA i[khvM+k vxs ckx+fu esa fViank dqMank ,sa ykfr;wa yoank gqvkA
HkkSajk] ek[khv twa ef[k;wa ,sa iksiV xqyfu [ks pkg fopka pqeank ,sa iQsfj;wa ik, [+k˜'khv
esa cfgdank gqvk ij vt˜ Nk Fkh fo;ks vkgs\
gw fMlksA ckx+ ts lkEgwa [+kkfl jLrs rka MqdanM+ LdwVj] eksV:a] dk:a ,sa fc;k vkenjÝ+r
tk lk/u] tsds fx+ykt+rwa iQfgyk, uqo+Qlkuq jlk, jfg;k vkfgfuA
gksMkagqa fMlks] gqu xqy th f'kfdyA eksV#fu] LdwVjfu ,sa dk#fu ox+Sjg ts nwagsa djs
ospkjks eqfj>kbth fo;ks vkgsA c˜/ks] c˜/ks] gw Nk pbZ jfg;ks vkgs& eka iafgatks nnqZ #xks
rOgka[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;ka] Nks tks vOgha vo+Q˜y okjk if<+;y fyf[k;y balku
vkfg;ksA vOgka foKku fo"k; fc if<+;ks ,sa leqf>;ks vkgsA vOgka tsdMfga eqafgatks nnZq
fiQfiQM+ = iQsiQM+snkLrkuq = c;kuq] o.kZuq
ykfr;wa yao.kq = cksfy;wa cksy.kq]
xhr xkb.kq
pkg fopka = I;kj lka
vkenjÝ+r tk lk/u =
vp.k o×k.k tk olhyk
jlk, = igqpk,
mft+ok = vax
rbnknq = ek=kk] eo+Qnk#
þ-û cqfu;knh lco+QfVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
39
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq
u leq>ank r fc;ks ds# leq>anks\ vlha o.k tk mft+ok vkfg;wa] iu vlkatk Hkkmj
vkfgfu] ts flt th jks'kuhv esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM [k.kh] vOgka ykb vkWDlhtu
NMs] vOgka th çk.k j[;k dfu FkkA ij vOgka [ksfu eksV esa Nk Fkk fM;ks\ ,frjks r
nwagksa] tafga eas u #xks dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM] ij fc;wa fc dsfrfj;wa [+krjukdq xSlwa
vkfgfu] ts iufu [ks iafgatks [+kkfl
deq dj.k [kka jksdhfu fFk;waA vlka
tk Hkkmj lfHkuh lkg okjfu
thofu [kka dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM
[k.kh] mUgfu [ks vkWDlhtu MsbZ
l?kfu FkkA ij vkenjÝ+r ts uofu
lk/ufu ts o/anM+ nwagsa ts djs
,frjh vkWDlhtu fM;.kq eqf'dyq
Fkh fi;ks vkgsA iu tsdMfga [kk/ks u Bkgs l?kank ,sa ikM+a™ ik.kh u igqpk, l?kafn;wa r
xqy iQqy dhva fVM+h l?kank\ bu nwagsa u #xks iufu [kss] ij vlka lfHkuh [ks Mk<ks
uqo+Qlkuq jlk;ks vkgsA vlka oD+r [kka vx˜ bZ eqfj>kbth fdjh Fkk iÅaA vlka [ks
eqfj>k;yq fMlh HkkSajk] iksiV ,sa ek[khv twa ef[k;wa fc vph Nk dfu\ tks vlka ts
vanfj jlq bZ dhu vkgsA iksb vOgka [ks [+k˜'kcwb ykb vrqj] [kkb.k ykb ek[kh ,sa fc;wa
dsfrfj;wa 'k;wa dhava feyafn;aw\ o/hd Nk pokaA ik.k vo+Q˜yean vkfg;ks] lksfp;ksA u
#xks vlka tks nnZq nwfj dfj;ks] ij ik.k fc ekSt ekf.k;ksA [+kqf'k;wa eYgk, xhr xk;ks]
>weks ,sa upksA lpq fc bgks vkgs r fc;fu ts Hkys esa bZ iafgatks Hkyks vkgsA
b,a pbZ xqyq pqi Fkh fo;ksA t.kq r lkgq [k.k.kq fc M˜f[k;ks gksflA mu ofD+r fgd fc,
iqfB;ka b±nM+ Vªdqfu [+kwc nwagksa mMk, xqy [ks dkjks djs NfM;ks ,sa gw VqVh fdjh fi;ksA
ewa tMfga mu th bgk gkyfr fMBh r eqafgats vf[k;qfu esa ik.kh Hkfjth fo;ks ,sa fnfy
esa nnZq iSnk fFk;ksA i[kh fc ykfr;wa yao.kq folkjs osBkA gw lksp.k yxk r vlka fc
mMkeh fdFks o×kh jgwaA if[k;qfu tks v>ks r ftrs gw feyh xkbZfu] >wefu ,sa fVifu
dqMfu ,sa lfHkuh tks euq eksgs NMhfuA i[khvM+k fctfu iQfgykb.k tks fc deq dank
vkfgfuA i[kh o.k tk iQy ;k fct [kkb±nk vkfgfu] mu eka dq>q dpk ;k dq>q idy
gwank vkfgfuA mgs dq>q fct t+ehu rs fdjh ioank vkfgfu ;k gok esa gsMkagqa gksMkagqa
mMkeh osank vkfgfuA tsdMfga mrs th t+ehu mitkÅ gwanh vkgs r ojh mgs mflj.k
yxank vkfgfuA vfgM+hv rjg i[kh o+Q˜fnjrh fctfu ts iQfgyko ,sa o.kfu ts mfit.k
esa enn dank vkfgfuA
nwagksa = /qavka
eqfj>kbth = dwekbth o×k.kq
v>ks = jg.k th tkb]
if[k;qfu tk vk[ksjk
lkgq [k.k.kq = Lokl oB.kq
mflj.kq = o/.kq] mfHkj.kq
çnwf"kr = [+kjkcq] fx+ykt+r okjks
40
ij bu nwagsa tks Hkyks fFk,A ekYgh fc rafx Fkh fi;ks vkgs r bUgfu o.kfu&c™Vfu [ks
eqfj>kb.k [kka dhva cpk,\ gw Nk djs] thva o.k&fV.k lqdfu uA xqy&iQqy [+kwcq
fVM+fuA gw [+kqfn ijs'kkuq vkgs r ik.kh fc 'kq¼˜ lki+Q˜ uFkks feysA tks dkj[+kkufu tks
t+gjhyks ik.kh lki+Q˜ ik.khv lka feyh] mu [ks fc [+kjkcq djs FkksA vfgM+s x+yht+
ik.khv ,sa gok] o.kfu [ks lqdk, NfM;ks vkgsA i[khvM+k jkst+ xqyfu ,sa iufu [ks
N.kanks fMlh fgu ckx+ [ks NMhank fi;k o×kfuA gj ?kj eas c™Vs [ks o/.k tks ekSo+Qks ?kfV
Fkks feys tks gok th fx+ykt+r mUgfu [ks mflj.k [kka jksds jf[k;ks vkgsA vfgM+hv
gkyfr eas Nk dfu ,sa fdFks o×kh olfu\
'kgjfu esa ts o.k u gwank r 'kgjfu esa jganM+ ek.gqfu tk fiQfiQM+ [+kjkcq Fkh l?kfu
Fkk] tks o.k vkWDlhtu NMs] ik.k dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM [k.kfu Fkk ,sa chekfj;wa
jksdhfu FkkA Nkdkf.k r o.kfu esa o+Q˜fnjrh xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh gwanh
vkgsA o+Q˜fnjrh ok;qeaMy esa ,frjks r cfnykm vph fo;ks vkgs] tks euq"; thou ykb
bZ [+kfrjks iSnk Fkh fo;ks vkgsA vkdk'kq fc if[k;qfu ykb egi+Qwt+ txg u jgh vkgs
tks /jrhv [kka vkdk'k rkb± vfgM+h dk fc txg u vkgs] ftrs lki+Q˜ gok gqts]
lki+Q˜&lqfFkjks okrkoj.kq gqtsA budjs bgks nnqZ #xks o.kfu fV.kfu] xqyfu ;k i[khvM+fu
tks u vkgs ij gjfgd balku tks fc vkgsA mUgfu ts nnZ [ks iafgatkss nnZq leq>h] mu
[ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
x+yht+ = xanks
olfu = jgfuegi+Qwt+ = lyker
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
41
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ^eka iafgatks nnZ #xks rOgha[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;ka* bgks tqfeyks dafga p;ks vkgs\
(v) xqy (c) ekYghv
(l) o.k (n) yss[kd ¹ º
2- o+Q˜fnjrh xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh dafga esa gwanh vkgs&
(v) if[k;qfu esa (c) tho tarqfu esa
(l) o.kfu esa (n) xqyfu esa ¹ º
3- jkst+ xqyfu ,sa iufu [ks N.kanks fMlh ds# ckx+ [ks NMhank fi;k o×kfu&
(v) i[khvM+k (c) ekYgh
(l) tkuoj (n) bUgfu eka ds# fc u ¹ º
bgks r rOgha lHkq leq>ks Fkk r balku esa bZ c˜f¼] foosdq ,sa dYiuk 'kDrh vkgsA budjs
gw tM+&psru esa nq[k&lq[k th dYiuk djs] mUgfu ts nq[k [ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k
danks vkgsA balkuq cstku lka fc iafgath dYiuk 'kDrhv t+jh, ekuo tfgM+ks ofgaok#
danks vkgs r iksb xqyfu ts nnZ tks fc gqu [ks dhva u vglklq Fkhanks\ o.k& fV.k]
xqy&iQqy] gok] çÑrhv ts okrkoj.k [kka eqrkfl# Fkk fFk;fuA fgu lcd+ esa xqyM+fu
,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ tks vglklq djk;yq vkgsA
bgk lpqipq fpark th xkfYg vkgs r o.k ?kfVth jfg;k vkfgfu] lkod xqe Fkh
jgh vkgs ,sa balku ts thou rs butks rckgh danM+ vl# ibth jfg;ks vkgsA
lksfp;ks r bu gkyfr ykb ds# ft+esnk# vkgs\ bu ykb vlka lHkq ft+esnk# vkfg;waA
vlka ykb ph[+k™a danM+ o.kfu th ihM+k lka vlkatks dks okLrks u vkgsA vlka #xks
iafgats LokFkZ esa va/k Fkh fo;k vkfg;waA eqLro+Qfcyq ,sa fc;fu th fpark dj.k fcuk
vlka lfHkuh 'k;qfu tks o/hd ,sa o/hd bLrsekyq djs jfg;k vkfg;waA bu vknr tks
mfxjks vl# o+Q˜fnjr ,sa ok;qeaMy rs ibth jfg;ks vkgsA butks lccq baalku th LokFkZ
Hkkouk vkgsA
rOgha bgks efglwlq d;ks gwanks r tMfga cjlkfr ioanh vkgs r o.k lki+Q˜&lqfFkjk ,sa
lkok Fkh osank vkfgfuA tMfga gok yxanh vkgs r o.k ,sa c™Vk [+kq'khv fopka >we.k
þ-ü vpks r leq>wa
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
lkod = gfj;kyhrckgh danM+ = fouk'kdkjh
eqLro+Qfcyq = Hkfo";
mfxjkss = uqo+Qlkudk#
o+Q˜fnjr = çÑfr
lkok = gjk&Hkjk] lkod okjk
42
yxank vkfgfuA rOgha dMfga o.kfu esa balkufu th dYiuk u dbZ vkgsA dMfga b,a
u fFk;ks vkgs r o.kfu twa Vkfj;wa rOgha [ks balkuh gFkfu tfgfM+;wa yfx;wa gqtfu\! o.k
dqYgkM+hv ts lnes [kka fMth iqdkj.k yxk gqtfuA o.kfu twa Vkfj;wa t.kq enn ykb
vlka[ks iqdkjhafn;wa gqtfuA
tMfga vlkatks dks iafgatks vlka [kka foNqM+h osanks vkgs r vlka[ks Mk<h rdyhi+Q Fkhanh
vkgsA vfgM+h bZ ihM+k dafgaa o.k ts dfVt.k lcfc fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA Nks tks mUgfu rs
vlkats thou tks nkjksenk# vkgsA mgs vlkath thou 'kDrh vkfgfuA mUgfu esa fc
thou vkgsA budjs dafga o.k ts dfVt.k lka vlka[ks b,a bZ lfneks yx.kq ?kqfjts] thva
iafgats 'kjhj tks dks vaxq dfVth fo;ks gqtsA
et+ewuq lkfgR; th fgd vfgM+h 'kk[+k vkgs] tafga esa ys[kdq] ikBd lka dfgfM+;wa
fc xkfYg;wa djs l?ks FkksA l`"Vhv th dfgM+h fc oLrw] dfgM+ks fc elbyks [k.kh
ys[kd mu ckcfr iafgatk [+;ky t+kfg# djs l?ks FkksA et+ewu esa eq[;q rRo gwank
vkfgfu&
vpks r fo"k;] bckjr ,sa cksyh] fnypLih] 'kf[+l;r] eqf[+rl# gqv.kq] c˜f¼ rRo
ox+Sjg rRofu ts vk/kj rs fgu ikB [ks le>waA
þ-ü-û fo"k;&oLrwfgu et+ewu th fo"k; okrkoj.k lka okLrks j[kanM+ vkgsA okrkoj.k tks i[khvM+fu
,sa xqyfu rs dfgM+ks vl# Fkks ios] tafga djs mUgfu [ks dfgM+ks nnZq Fkks feys] mu
tks o.kZuq vkgsA fgd lqBs et+ewu esa dks uvksa ohpk# ;k uvksa ut+fj;ks jganks vkgsA
fgu et+ewu esa 'kq:v [kka xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ tks vglklq vkgsA et+ewu esa
[+;ky th fpVkbZ gqv.kq t+:jh vkgs] thva ikBdq cs&ed+lnq u fHkfVdsA vtk;ks
?kqekm&fiQjkm u gqtsA bgks lHkq fgu et+ewu esa ekStwn vkgsA o.k&fV.k dkcZu
Mkb&vkWDlkbM [k.kh] vlka ykb vkWDlhtu NMhfu Fkk r vlka tks i+Qt+Z vkgs r
mUgfu ts nnZ [ks leq>waA
þ-ü-ü bckjr ,sa cksyh[+;ky ,sa ohpkj et+ewu tkss vgeq vaxq vkgsA tMfga mUgfu [ks lqBh bckjr esa cksyh
feys Fkh r mgks et+ewuq lyhlq] o.kanM+ ,sa leq>.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.kth Fkks iosA o+Qkfcy
et+ewu&fuxk# g:Hk: Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq u dankss vkgsA fgu et+ewu esa
xqy th ihM+k tks c;kuq dfgM+h u ljy cksyhv esa d;ks fo;ks vkgsA ^c˜/ks] c˜/ks] gw
Nk pbZ jfg;ks vkgs] eka iafgatks nnqZ #xks rOgha[ks Fkks c˜/kb.kq pkfg;kaA
nkjksenk# = fuHkZj
fVi.kh
et+ewuq = fuca/q
ut+fj;ks = n`f"Vdks.kq
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
lyhlq = ljy
Vkfj;wa = 'kk[+kkÅa
43
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
1- rOgha ckx+fu esa ?kqeans xqyfu [ks dwekbtans fMBks gwankssA mUgfu ts eqfj>kb.k tks
dkj.kq fy[kks&
dkj.kq --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Fkksjs esa iafgatk ohpkj fy[kks&
ohpkj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
þ-ü-ý fnypLihet+ewu [ks ljy ,sa fnypLiq c.kkb.k ykb bgks t+:jh vkgs r mu esa dq>q et+kd ,sa
rUt+ fc gqts] exfj mgk et+ewu lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ gqtsA et+ewuq lkfgR; th fgd
[+k˜'dq flUi+Q vkgsA fgu et+ewu esa fc ljy Hkk"kk drfc vkanh osbZ vkgsA thva ekYgh
fc rafx Fkh fi;ks vkgs r bUgfu o.kfu&c™Vfu [ks eqfj>kb.k [kka dhva cpk,] gw Nk
djs thva o.k&fV.k lqdfu uA xqyq fc pos Fkks r vlka[ks eqfj>k;yq fMlh HkkSajk] iksiV
,sa ek[khv twa ef[k;wa fc vph Nk dfu\ Nks tks vlkats vanj jlq bZ dksu vkgsA ij
fgu nwagas tks Hkyks fFk,A
þ-ü-þ 'kf[+l;ret+ewu esa ys[kdq fl/ks lavks ikBd lka ohpkjfu th Ms&oBq danks vkgsA bu esa ys[kdq
dafga ekSt+™v (fo"k;) rs iafgats 'k[+lh ohpkjfu] Hkkoukmfu] bNkmfu ,sa vk'kkmfu tks
bft+gk# djs FkksA fgu et+ewu [ks i<+ans vlkats eu esa fc ihM+k Fkh iSnk fFk,A et+ewu
esa ys[kd th 'kf[+l;r >ydanh vkgs r gw Nk Fkks lans'k fM;.kq pkgs\
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu ts nnZ [ks nwfj dj.k ykb rOgha ds miko Mfl;ks&
miko ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
þ-ü-ÿ eqf[+rl#et+ewuq reke oMks u gqv.kq ?kqfjtsA mu esa bgk [+kwch gqv.kq ?kqfjts r mgks Fkksjs esa bZZ
?k.kks dq>q pbZ o×ksA fgu et+ewu esa i[khvM+fu ,sa xqyfu ts nnZ tks bZ o.kZuq u vkgs]
ij lewjh çÑrhv rs tsdks okrkoj.k tks vl# Fkks ios] tsds [+kjkcq urhtk Fkk
fufdjfu] mgs ikBd [kss dq>q dj.k ykb etcw# dfu FkkA
ef'kx+™fy;wa&þ-ü
ef'kx+™fy;wa&þ-û
Ms&oBq = ysu&nsu
bft+gk# = vfHkO;fDr
rUt+ = vkykspuk
flUi+Q = fo/k
eqfj>kb.kq = dwekbt.kq
44
þ-ü-ö cf¼ rRo
et+ewu tks ykxkiks c˜f¼ rRo lka vkgs] tafga esa dYiuk ,sa Hkkouk [ks rekeq ?kfV txg
vkgsA nyhy ç/ku ,sa ohpkj ç/ku gqv.k lcfc et+ewu c˜¼h rRo lka laca/ j[ks FkksA
i[khvM+k fc o+Q˜fnjr tks bZ fglks vkfgfu] mgs fc okrkoj.k th gkyfr esa iafgatks
;ksxnkuq Fkk fM;fuA xqy iafgath osnuk Fkk c˜/kbZfuA x+yht+ gok] x+yht+ ik.kh
fx+ykt+rqfu ts djs mUgfu th fta+nxh [+krjs esa vkgsA ij mUgfu tks vl# iwjs okrkoj.k
rss] lfHkuh lkg okjfu rs Fkks iosA budjs mgs pofu Fkk r vlkath fgi+Qkt+r dj.kq
vOgkatks i+Qt+Z vkgsA o/hd Nk pbts] ik.k vo+Q˜yean vkfg;ks] lksfp;ksA u #xks
vlkatks nnZq nwfj dfj;ks] ij ik.k fc ekSt ekf.k;ksA
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq
fpidks vkanksyuq&vt okrkoj.k esa tsds fx+ykt+rwa iQfgfy;y vkfgfu] mu tks eq[;q lccq vlka
lHksbZ balku vkfg;waA bu [+kjkcq okrkoj.k [ks nwfj dj.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
o.kfu&fV.kfu] xqyfu ,sa if[k;qfu th j[;k dfj;waA Nkdkf.k r bUgfu [kka lokb
thou th dYiuk dj.kq csdk# vkgsA vlka o.kfu [ks ifgjha okaxq# [+kwclwjrq
c.kk, l?kwa ,sa 'kq¼˜ okrkoj.k esa lkgq [k.kh l?kwa] thva fpidks vkanksyu* ts djs
dsfrjk o.k dfVt.k [kka cph fo;kA
fpidks vkanksyuq x<+oky ts peksyh ft+ys ts fgd xksB jSa.kh [kka 'kq: fFk;ksA
fgu xksB th fgd lk/kj.kq vkSjr xkSjk nsoh o.kfu ts vgfe;r ,sa o+Q˜fnjr th
ihM+k [ks leqf>;ks gksA Bsdsnkj tk ek.gwa uhyke fFk;y 2451 o.kfu [ks dV.k
vk;k gqvkA xkSjk nsohv mUgfu [ks p;ks r ghm >axyq ,sa o.k] vlkatk nsork
vkfgfuA bUgfu rs vlkats thou tks vk/k# vkgs] budjs vlka rOgha[ks bgs o.k
dV.kq u MhanklhaA bgks pbZ xkSjk nsoh ,sa mu twa lf[k;wa o.kfu lka fpidh chgh
jfg;waA bgks bZ fpid.kq fpidks vkanksyu* ts ukys lka e'kgwj Fkh fo;ksA lu~ 1987
esa bu vkanksyu [ks lE;d thfodk iqjLdkj* (Right Livehood Award) fMuks
fo;ksA
^fpidks vkanksyu* [ks yksdfç; c.kkb.k esa lqanjyky cgqxq.kk lfHkuh txfg;qfu
^o`{kfe=k* ts ukys lka e'kgw# fFk;ksA
o/hd tk.k
45
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
o+Q˜fnjr tkss t+:jr [kka o/hd bLrsekyq danM+fu ,sa o+Q˜fnjrh olhyfu [ks
uqo+Qlkuq igqpkb.k okjfu th eq[+kkfyi+Qr tks bfrgklq rekeq yacks vkgsA bu
fo"k; esa fpidks vkanksyu* th gypy ts ckjs esa vOgka lcd+ esa eFks i<+h
pqdk vkfg;ksA
rOgha [ks [+kcj vkgs r x+Sj vkckn t+ehu [ks ljlCt+ c.kk, l?kwa FkkA
cjlkfr tks ik.kh dBks djs ,sa ryko Bkgs ;k rykofu th fgi+Qkt+r djs]
ik.khv th deh nwfj djs lf?kts Fkh\ ij tsdMfga tcy fgdq Hksjks uklq
Fkh fo;k r mgs chgj iSnk Fkh u l?kank\
çkphu dky esa igkM+ [ks Hkw/j lfM;ks osanks gks] tafga tks efrycq vkgs Hkwaba
;kuh /jrhv [ks /kj.kq dj.k okjksA tsdMfga igkM+ u gqtfu r iksb /jrhv
ts vanfj FkhanM+ gypywa] iSnk FkhanM+ xSlwa ,sa fc;wa dkjxqt+kfj;wa ;k mFky&iqFky
/jrhv [ks uklq djs l?kfu FkkA ij tcy bUgfu van:uh gypyqfu [kka
/jrhv th fgi+Qkt+r dfu FkkA
tcyfu eka o+Qherh eSfnuh inkFkZ fc feyank vkfgfuA
bgks fc tk.kks
eqrkfl# = çHkkforok;qeaMyq = i;kZoj.kq
fx+ykt+rwa = ok;qeaMy esa
if[kfM+;y xanxh
eq[+kkfyi+Qr = fojks/q
x+Sj vkcknq = cat#
ljlCt+ = lkod] gjksHkjks
fgi+Qkt+r = cpkmtcyq = igkM+
uklq = u"V
dkjxqt+kfj;wa = xfrfof/;waeSfnuh = [kfut
46
v& gsfB;fu c;kufu esa lgh ts vfx;ka () ,sa x+yfr ts vfx;ka () tks fu'kku
fMafx;qfu esa yxk;ks&
1- o.k vkWDlhtu NMs lfHkuh lkg okjfu th çk.k j[;k dfu FkkA ¹ º
2- vt˜ vlkats vklikfl tks ok;qeaMyq fcYdqyq lki+Q˜ ,sa fueZyq vkgsA ¹ º
3- vkenjÝ+r ts lk/ufu xqyfu ,sa o.kfu&fV.kfu [ks i+Qkbnks igqpk;ks vkgsA
¹ º
4- xqy [ks dkjks Fkh] fdjanks fMlh] i[kh fc ykfr;wa yo.kq NMs Fkk fM;fuA ¹ º
c& lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- balkuh :i tks efrycq Nk vkgs\
(v) tsdks balkuq u vkgs] muth balku ts :i esa dYiuk dj.kq
(c) fc;fu ts nq[k lq[k [ks iafgatks leq>.kq
(l) o.kfu] igkM+fu ,sa ufn;qfu ox+Sjg ykb fpark t+kfg# dj.kq
(n) lpks balkuq cf.kt.kq ¹ º
2- okrkoj.k tks efrycq Nk vkgs\
(v) balku ykb t+:jh vklikfl th o+Q˜fnjrh gkyfr
(c) o+Q˜fnjrh o+Qfg#] thva r cksfM] lksd] Hkwdaiq
(l) o.kfu] ufn;qfu] tcyfu (igkM+fu) [ks balkuh :i esa isf'k dj.kq
(n) o+Q˜fnjr [ks ckjhdhv lka j[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r ({kerk) ¹ º
fØ;k (i+Qby) VerbfØ;k ;k i+Qbyq mgks vkgs] tafga lka dafga tks dq>q dj.k ;k fFk;.k th tk.k ios
FkhA
“A Verb is a main part of speech that is often used to describe or indicate an
action.”
thva& t;s'kq fo;ks] nhidq vk;ksA
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&þ-û
þ-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
fVi.kh
47
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
bUgfu okD;fu ;k tqfeyfu esa ^fo;ks* ,sa ^vk;ks* 'kCn fØ;kÅa vkfgfuA fØ;k tks
vk/k# /krw vkgsA
mgs yÝ+t+ ftfu eka gqv.k] dj.k] lg.k] fFk;.k ,sa io.k th ekuk fufdjs] frfu [ks
^i+Qbyq* pbcks vkgs A i+Qby th ekuk vkgs deq dj.kq ;k deq fFk;.kq A i+Qbyq c˜/k,
Fkks r dafga bLe ;k dafga t+ehj dfgM+ks deq d;ks vkgs A thva r&
gqv.kq & (1) gw lpks vkgs A (2) rOgha ds# vkfg;ks\
dj.kq& (1) eka fy[kka Fkks A (2) gqu fdrkcq if<+;ksA
lg.kq& (1) jksVh ips FkhA (2) isfUly ?kfM+ts FkhA
fFk;.kq& (1) >qM+ fFk;s Fkks A (2) deq dsfrjks fFk;ks\
io.kq& (1) ehagqa ios Fkks A (2) Fkf/ ioUnhA
i+Qby tk fo+QLe (KINDS OF VERBS) (fØ;k ds Hksn)
1- i+Qbyq ykft+eh (Intransitive Verb) (vdeZd fØ;k) & mgs i+Qby ftfu tks
ykxkiks i+Qdfr i+Qkby lka vkgs ,sa mutks vl# i+Qkby* [kka lokb fc;ks dafga fc yÝ+t+
rs uFkks ios] frfu [ks i+Qbyq ykft+eh pbcks vkgs A ykft+ehv th ekuk vkgs i+Qbyq iafgats
i+Qkby lka ykx™ jgs A
vfgM+k i+Qby ds de ;k gkyrwa Ms[kkjhfu Fkk A thva r&
(1) rksrks mMkeh fo;ks A (2) jkeq 'kkgwdk# vkgs A
2- i+Qbyq eqrbnh (Transitive Verb) (ldeZd fØ;k) & vfgM+s fo+QLe tk i+Qby
ftfu tks vl# u fli+QZ i+Qkby ij ei+Qmy rkb± igqps Fkks] frfu [ks ^i+Qbyq eqrbnh*
pbcks vkgs A eqrbnh yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs vfxrs of/;y*A vfgM+fu i+Qbyfu [ks tqfeys
esa i+Qkbyq ,sa ei+Qmy cbZ Fkhank vkfgfuA i+Qby tks ykxkiks ;k vl# fcUgh rs jganks
vkgs A
felkyq& xksiky fdrkcq if<+;ks A
fgu esa xksiky& i+QkbyqA fdrkcq& ei+Qmyq A if<+;ks& i+QbyqA
ykxkiks& dafga if<+;ks\ xksiky
Nk if<+;ks\ fdrkcq
lkxhv jhfr& (1) jktk fo+Qyks i+Qrg d;ks A
(2) rkulsuq jkx xkb±nks gks A
(3) vlka ekuh [kkb±nklhA
(4) jke lwi+Q˜ [kk/ks A
i+Qkbyq = drkZ
i+Qbyq = fØ;k
ei+Qmyq = deZq
48
i+Qby eqrbnhv tk Vs HkkÄk Fkhank vkfgfu&
(v) i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q (Active Voice) (drZ okP; fØ;k)
(c) i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwy (Passive Voice) (deZ okP; fØ;k)
(l) i+Qby eqrbnh ckyokLrg (Indirect Action) (çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k)
(v) i+Qbyqq eqrbnh ev#i+Q (Active Voice) (drZ okP; fØ;k)& tqfeys esa bgks
i+Qkbyq deq ik.k Fkks djs A i+Qkbyq tkryq ;k if/jks gqts] rafga[ks i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q
lfMcks vkgs A
thva r& (1) Å"kk dsyks [kk/ks A (2) jk/k [k+rq fyf[k;ks A
(3) eksfguhv bukeq [kfV;ksA (4) lhrk ?kfj vkbZ A
efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa ^^[kk/ks] fyf[k;ks] [kfV;ks ,sa vkbZ** i+Qby eqrbnh vkfgfu ij
tafga lwjr esa mUgfu tk i+Qkby ^Å"kk] jk/k] eksfguh] lhrk* de tk [kqfn danM+ vkfgfu]
rafgadjs mUgfu ts i+Qbyfu [ks eqrbnh ev#i+Q* Fkks lfMtsA
(c) i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwy (Passive Voice) (deZ okP; fØ;k)& vfgM+k i+Qby
eqrbnh ftfu tks ei+QÅyq fi+Qjh u fli+QZ i+Qkby th txg Fkks okykjs ij de tks dUnM+
fc [kqfn ei+QÅyq fFk;ks ios] rafga[ks ^i+Qbyq eqrbnh etgwyq* Fkks lfMtsA etgwyq th
ekuk vkgs& uk ekywe ;k v.ktkryqA
felky& (1) o.kq dfVts Fkks A (2) [k+rq fyf[kts Fkks A
(3) dwvk ekfjtfu FkkA (4) fglkcq dcks A
efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa (o.kq] [+krq] dwvk ,sa fglkcq) ei+QÅyq vkfgfu ij i+Qkby th
txfg deq vkany vkfgfu] budjs (dfVts] fyf[kts] ekjtfu] dcks) i+Qbyq eqrbnh
etgwy vkfgfuA fgu rjg ts tqfeyfu ts iNkM+hv esa ts] Fkks] fo;ks] cks ox+Sjg b±nks
vkgs A
(l) i+Qbyq eqrbnh ckyokLrg (Indirect Action) (çsj.kkFkZd fØ;k)& mgks i+Qbyq
tafgatks i+Qkbyq fc, ts evji+Qr (Indirectly) deq djk,] rafga[ks ^^i+Qbyq eqrbnh
ckyokLrg** djs pbts Fkks A ckyokLrg tks efrycq vkgs fc, tks okLrks ;kfu fc,
ts evji+Qr deq djkbtsA
felky& (1) jke Hkkm [kka [+krq fy[kkjk;ks A
(2) 'kkgtgka rktegyq vMkjk;ks A (3) gqu eksgu [ks ekjk;ks A
(4) jktk i[kh ekjk, Fkks A (5) dafga fHkfr Hk×kkbZ\
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
49
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
3- i+Qbyq eqvkou (Auxillary Verb) (lgk;d fØ;k) & gh mgs i+Qby vkfgfu]
ts fdfu i+Qbyfu iqfB;ka xfMth uoka uoka t+eku Bkfg.k esa enn dfu Fkk A eqvkou
yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs enn danM+ (Helping Verb)A vfgM+s fo+QLe tk i+Qby gqv.kq] lg.kq]
fFk;.kq eLnjfu eka fufdjfu FkkA gh tqnk i+Qby Fkh dMfga fc de dhu b±nk vkfgfuA
tMfga bgks i+Qby vdsyks deq b±nks vkgs r mu[ks i+Qbyq ykft+eh* pbcks vkgs A i+Qby
eqvkou th fu'kkuh& Fkks] fi;ks] vkgs] Fkh] ibZ] gqvk] gkA bgs i+Qby lka xM yxank
vkfgfuA
felky& (1) jkeq ekuh [kk, Fkks A
(2) vkbuks dafga Hkxks vkgs\
(3) Nksfdjk Ldwy esa osank vkfgfuA
(4) jkeq ,sa eksguq nqdku rs fogank gqvkA
(5) y{eh ups FkhA
4- i+Qbyq ejdc (Compound Verb) (la;qDr fØ;k) & ejdc th ekuk vkgs
^xfM;y*A tMfga fgfdM+ks i+Qbyq fc, i+Qby lka xfMth fgdq ;dks i+Qbyq Fkks Bkgs]
rMfga mu[ks ejdc i+Qbyq Fkks pbtsA thva r&
(1) gw de danks jfg;ksA
(2) lk/w oklok.kh osanks jfg;ks A
(3) ewa[ks vkxjs of×k.kks ioUnks A
(4) ikl fFk;.k ykb rks[ks efgur dfj.kh ioUnhA
(5) ?kj tks cks>ks rks[ks [kf.k.kks vkgs A
(6) rks Bfg;y de fc Mkgs NfM;kA
efFk;fu tqfeyfu esa danks jfg;ks* fcVk i+Qby vkfgfuA lkxhv rjg osanks jfg;ks] of×k.kks
ioUnks ox+SjgA
ÿ- i+Qbyq vdrZjdq (i+Qby cs i+Qkbyq)& i+Qbyq vdrZjdq Bganks vkgs i+Qby ykft+ehv
ea>ka A bgks i+Qbyq tafga[ks i+Qkbyq u gqts] rafga[ks vdrZjdq i+Qbyq pbcks vkgs A thva r&
(1) MksfM+cks r pqLrq jfgcks A
(2) iha?ksa esa yqfMcks vkgs A
(3) ckx+ Mkagqa gfycks A
(4) losy lqfEgts losy mfFktsA
(5) eksxks u fFkts A
eLnjfu = /krw
50
fVi.kh
1- i+Qbyq Nk[ks Fkks pbts\ i+Qbyfu (fØ;kmfu) tk dq>q felky fy[kks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu tk i+Qby fy[kks&
tqfeyk i+Qby
jkts'k p;ks] egs'k c˜/ksA ------------------------------------
o×ks FkksA ------------------------------------
NfMA ------------------------------------
3& i+Qbyq ykft+eh Nk[ks pbcks vkgs\ felkyq fM;ks A
4& ^i+Qbyq ykft+eh* ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh* esa dfgM+ks i+QdZq vkgs\
5& gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka i+Qbyq ykft+eh ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh pwafM;ks&
(1) eksguq Hkth fo;ks A (2) ehuk fdrkcq if<+;ks A
(3) 'ks# MksM+s Fkks A (4) iwue xkfYg dbZA
6& i+Qbyq eqrbnh ev#i+Q ,sa i+Qbyq eqrbnh et+gwy esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ vkgs\
7& i+Qbyq eqvkou Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\
8& gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka i+Qbyq eqvkou pwafM;ks&
(1) xkab ik.kh ih, isbZ A
(2) gqu lqBks deq d;ks vkgs A
(3) eksguq ,sa lksguq Ldwfy osank vkfgfuA
(4) rOgha vlka ofV fi;k vfptks A
(5) iwue jkst+ ckx+ esa ?kqeUnh vkgs A
9& i+Qbyq ejdc Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\
10& gsfB;fu eka i+Qbyq ejdc pwafM;ks&
(1) pksj lewjks ekyq [k.kh fo;kA
(2) nosZ'k nqvk dank osank jfg;kA
(3) xka/hv [ks ns'knzksghv ekjs NfM;ks A
(4) gw ?k# NMs fo;kA
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnZq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&þ-ü
51
fVi.kh
xqyfu ,sa i[khvM+fu tks nnqZ
o.k&fV.k] xqy&iQqy] gok] o+Q˜fnjr ts okrkoj.k [kka eqrkfl# Fkk fFk;fuA o.kfu]
xqyfu th vlka lfHkuh [ks laHkky dj.kq ?kqfjtsA i[kh fctfu iQfgykb.k tks
deq fc dfu FkkA vklikl th t+ehu mitkÅ vkgs r o/hd o.k ,sa xqy mfljh
l?kfu FkkA ok;qeaMy [ks lq/kj.k esa ennxk# Fkh l?kfu FkkA o.kfu esa o+Q˜fnjrh
xSlqfu [ks ik.k esa lekb.k th 'kDrh gwanh vkgsA vfgM+hv rjg gw vlkath
/jrhv [ks [+kjkcq ok;qeaMy [kka cpk, jfg;k vkfgfuA
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&
1- ckx+fu [ks 'kgjfu tks Nk djs ysf[k;ks fo;ks vkgs\
2- 'kgj esa o.kfu [ks dfgM+hv rjg uqo+Qlkuq igqph jfg;ks vkgs\
3- xqyq dafga [ks iafgath nkLrku c˜/kb.k Fkks pkgss ,sa Nkss\
4- fc;fu ts Hkys esa iafgatks Hkyks vkgs] lks dhva\ felky MsbZ leq>k;ksA
5- ys[kd ts vf[k;qfu esa ik.kh Nks Hkfjth vk;ks\ tsdMfga vfgM+ks ut+kjks rOgha
fMlks r rOgkath dfgM+h gkyfr fFk,\
6- ^fpidks vkanksyu* tss t+jh, xkSjk nsohv thva o.kfu [ks dV.k [kka cpk;ks]
rOgha xkSjk nsohv ts txg rs gqtks gk r Nk dfj;ks gk\
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
lgh tokc pwaM.kq&
1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (v)
lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc4-1 v& lgh x+yr tokc&
1- () 2- () 3- () 4- ()
c& 1- (v) 2- (v)
4-2 [+k˜fn dfj;ksA
tokc
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
rOgha Nk fl[;k
52
5
fla/q tks bfrgklq
gj balku ykb bgks t+:jh vkgs r gqu[ks tk.k gqv.kq ?kqfjts r lanfl cq.kq cqfu;kn
dfgM+ks vkgs\ vt˜ dkYg lfHkuh eqYdfu esa tqnk&tqnk ga/fu tk ek.gw Fkk jgfuA
oMk&oMk fo}ku fc iafgats iafgats cqfu;kn th ryk'k fi;k dfuA
vlha fla/h vkfg;wa] ij vlka[ks iafgats fla/q th lq×kk.ki ts ckcfr o/hd tk.k u
vkgsA vlka[ks r bgk fc [+kcj u vkgs r fla/q fdFks vkgs] Nkdkf.k r Hkkjr esa
fla/q ukys okjks dks fc t+ehu tks Vqdjks u vkgsA vpks r fla/q ,sa flaf/;qfu ts ckjs
esa tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA
ln
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
bgks tk.kh l?kank r flaf/;qfu th tueHkwfe dfgM+h vkgs_
fla/q th 'kq:vkfr dMfga Fkh vkgs] bgks c;ku djs l?kank_
fla/q dfgM+fu dfgM+fu nkSjfu eka xqft+fj;ks vkgs] bgks c;ku djs l?kank_
flaf/;qfu th liQyrk tks jkt+ dfgM+ks vkgs] bu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
flaf/;qfu ts [+kwfc;qfu tks c;ku djs l?kank_
flaf/;qfu ts jhfr;qfu jLeqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
fla/w unhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs l?kank_
fla/q ts eq[;q /a/fu @ okikj tks ft+Øq djs l?kankA
tk.k = [+kcj] tkudkjh
cq.kq cqfu;kn = [+kkfyl]
vlqy uLy
cqfu;kn = ik;ks] ihf<+]
dqy] tM+
vlyh = ewy'kq:vkfr = ifg;kZfr
nkS# = t+ekuks] ;qx
jkt+ = x˜>q] ea>q] Hksnq
eo+Qln
fVi.kh
53
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
iqjk.kh = >wuh] o+Qnheq] vkxkVh
lH;rk = rgt+hc] laLÑrh
ekfFkjh = oknh] tcyfu tsfop okjh t+ehu
okfjlq = gdnkj
bykdks = eqYd tks fglks]
ijfx.kks
fofjgkÄks = okVks] foHkktu
eqi+Qkflyks = nwjh] foNksVhohjkuq = fiQVy] cckZnq fFk;y
Vhyks = eFkkagksa iVq
feVhv tks Vhyks = eqvyfu
ek.gqfu tks eFkkgksa iVq
vthcq = gSjrvaxst+
fla/q ts bfrgkl rs iat flVwa fy[kks&
(1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
flaf/;qfu th tue Hkwfe ;k ewyq Hkwfe vkgs fla/qA fla/h nqfu;k th lfHkuh [kka iqjk.kh
lH;rk ^fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk* tk okfjl vkfgfuA ij fla/q tks byko+Qks] tsdks
lu~ 1947 [kka ifgjha fganqLrku tks fgfdM+ks ijfx.kks gks] vt˜dYg ikfdLrku tks fgdq
lwcks vkgsA Nkdkf.k r lu~ 1947 ts fojgkÄs ofD+r] eqfLye vkcknhv th ?k.kkbZv
lcfc ikfdLrku esa 'kkfeyq d;ks fo;ksA
ohgha lnhv rkb± nqfu;k esa
dafga[ks fc fla/w ekfFkjhv ts
lH;rk th tk.k dku gqbZA
mÙkj fla/ esa ykM+dk.ks 'kgj
[kka 25 ehy ijs ,sa Mksfdjh
LVs'ku [kka vfVdy lk<fu
fVfu ehyfu ts eqi+Qkflys rs
fgdq ohjkuq Vhyks gks] ftrs
fgfdM+ks Bqy ,sa c˜¼ tks eB
gksA Hkfj okjfu xksBfu ts ek.gqfu
tks ohpkj gqvks r mrs dsfrjk bZ
ek.gw ni+Quq fFk;y vkfgfuA
budjs xksBk.kk mu Vhys [ks
^eqvfu tks nM+ks* poank gqvkA
ij mrka Hkxy fHkfr;qfu twa
lqfgf.k;wa fl:a [kksVs [k.kh vph iafgatfu ?kjfu esa de vk.khank gqvkA
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ÿ-û
ÿ-û cqfu;knh lco+Q
54
lu~ 1922 /kjs] fganqLrku ts vkD;kZykthdy [kkrs tks lqifjaVsaMaV Jh jk[kkynkl
cSuthZ] iatkc [kka fldanj ts t+ekus tk fu'kku xksYghans vph eqvfu ts nM+s rkb± igqrksA
mrs twa fl:a ,sa [kksfV;yfu ga/fu rka ds fBdj tk vthcq Vqdjk gkflyq djs] gqu tkrks
r mu gaf/ [kksVkbZv th t+:jr vkgsA lanfl MkbjsDVj lj tkWu ekW'kZy lu~ 1922
bZ- [kka lu~ 1927 bZ- rkb± [kksVkbZ djs dsfrfj;wa fc;wa 'k;wa gkflyq d;waA tMfga gqu
iafgath fjiksVZ nqfu;k ts fc;fu nkfu'keanfu Mkagqa eksfdyh r lfHkuh twa vf[k;wa p[+kZ
Fkh os;waA mu cSfn bZ lth nqfu;k ts vkfyefu o+Qcwy d;ks r fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk
eslksiksVkfe;k ,sa felz th lH;rkmfu [kka fc iqjk.kh vkgsA
^eqvfu ts nM+s* th [kksVkbZv eka bgk tk.k isbZ r mrs i+Qo+Qfr fgdq 'kgj u cfYd fgd
fc, eFkka ?kfV esa ?kfV pkj 'kgj nfc;y gqvkA mUgfu ts vkSt eka [+kcj Fkh ios r
lHksbZ 'kgj tsds pbfu t+ekufu tk vkfgfu] vt˜dYg ts LekVZ 'kgjfu [kka o/hd
mflfj;y gqvkA mrka fefy;y 'k;qfu ,sa mfg×kk.kfu eka ebywe Fkkss fFk, r mgk txg
okikj tks eq[;q edZt+ gqbZA
fla/w ekfFkjhv tk jgoklh fjFkkbrs uewus ofl;y 'kgjfu esa jgank gqvkA lanfu jg.k
twa txfg;wa dq'kkfn;wa] goknk# ,sa id&flfj;wa gq;waA gjfgd edku esa luku th tkb
gqbZA ?kj eka ik.kh <fd;y eksfj;qfu t+jh, ogh o×kh ckfgfj;qfu dfl;qfu esa ioanks gksA
mgs fif.k <fd;y gq;waA ?kjfu ofV [kwg fc gqvkA vke ek.gqfu ykb [kwg] rykv ,sa
iapk;rh gky fc gqvkA vfgM+h fjFkkbrh 'kgjh vMkor ;wjksi esa m.kohgha lnhv esa
fc uFkh feysA
ek.gqfu tks eq[;q /a/ks [ksrh gksA df.kd] to ,sa difg th iks[k dank gqvkA ?kksM+k]
xka;wa] fj<wa ,sa cfdfj;wa ikyhank gqvkA gw dr.k ,sa m.k.k esa HkM+ gqvk ,sa lksVh rksM+s Åuh
diM+ks Bkghank gqvkA lanfu efy* ukys lksVh diM+ks r felz rkb± e'kgwj gqvksA lanfu
eq[;q iks'kkd gqbZ /ksrh ,sa pknjA enZ rksM+s t+kywa ghjfu] tokgjfu tk 'kkSadhu gqvkA
[kksVkbZv eka gkj] eqafM;wa] dax.k ox+Sjg fefy;k vkfgfuA gw o+Q˜fnjrh vukljfu] paM]
vf[k;wa p[+kZ fFk;.kq = vtc
esa io.kq
rgt+hc = lH;rk
mflfj;yq = vkcknq fFk;yq
edZt+ = eq[;q ga/q] dsaæq
dq'kknh = [+k˜yklh] osfdjh
eksjh = x˜>h dlh] ukyh
vkSt = cqyanh] ÅapkbZ] 'kkuq
^eqvfu ts nM+s* th [kksVkbZv eka fefy;y vo'ks"k (cqr) ,sa t+soj
dr.kq = ,sV jLrs lqVq oV.kq
m.k.kq = diM+ks Bkfg.kq
HkM+ = ekfg#] gksf';k#
eqfgj = v'kji+Qh
mfg×kk.kq = fu'kkuqi[ksM+ = iQfgykm] ,jkt+h
[+k˜'dh = lqdy t+ehu
Hkfj;ks Hkkfx;ks =lqf[k;ks] 'kkgwdk#
[+kq'kgkyh = vklwnxh] lqf[k;kbZ
iQqj&yqV = t+ksjhv eky [kl.kq
?kjk.kks = dqyq
bfrgklq = rokjh[+k
gqdwer = jkt˜] ckn'kkghdkg = geyks] vksfprh p<+kbZ
eq;l# = gkflyq] çkIr
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
55
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
lwjt] gok] f'ko ,sa 'kDrhv th iwtk dank gqvkA lanfu eqfg#fu rs mfdfj;y v[kjfu
eka tk.k Fkh ios r gw fy[k.kq i<+.kq tk.kank gqvkA ij lanfu cksyhv [ks v×kk rkb±
dks fc leq>h u lf?k;ks vkgsA tMfga eqvfu ts nM+s* eka y/y 'k;qfu th HksV iatkc
ts gM+Iik eka fefy;y 'k;qfu lka d;kÅa r bgks r; d;ks fo;ks r fla/w ekfFkjhv th
rgt+hc [kka oBh vjch leqaM rkb± iQfgfy;y gqbZA
lu~ 1950 esa tMfga xqtjkr ts fcfu 'kgjfu <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky th [kksVkbZv eka
fif.k lkfx;wa 'k;wa fefy;wa r id Fkh r fla/w ekfFkjhv th lH;rk th i[ksM+ [kka
M[k.k esa lwjr rkb± gqbZA lth ,jkt+h csgfn [+kq'kgkyq ,sa vklwnh gqbZA bgk [+kq'kgkyh
,sa vklwnxh fla/q th nq'eu c.kh ,sa 712 bZ- [kka vt˜ rkb± fla/q /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB
jfg;ks vkgsA
vlka[ks fla/q ts bfrgklq ts ckjs esa tk.k Ngha lnhv esa vjcfu ts fyf[k;y fdrkc
^ppukeks* eka Fkh iosA mu esa fMuy c;ku ewftfc fla/q rs lfHkuh [kka ifgjha bZjku
ts ckn'kkg nkjl tks dCt+ks bZLoh lu~ [kka 510 lky ifgjha fFk;ks gksA mu [kka iksb
lk/ csyks eafnj okWVj VSad
vkxkVs = çkphu] vokbyh
û- bfrgklq& vpks] fMlwa r bfrgklq Nk [ks Fkks pbtsA dafga ekuo lekt ts
lekth] jok;rh ,sa ekyh rjrhc tks flyflysok# vfgokyq tsdks mu lekt th
rjdhv tks c;kuq djs] mu[ks mu lekt tks bfrgklq poank vkfgfuA bfrgklq esa
mu lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ lekt ts ckjs esa 'kq:v [kka oBh vt rkb± lfHkuh
dks'k'kqfu tks c;kuq feys FkksA mu esa lekt th] lH;rk th] gjfgd pqfj&iqfj
fMuy gwanh vkgsA
ü- bfrgklq fy[k.k th t+:jr& bfrgklq tafga lekt ts ckjs esa fyf[kcks vkgs]
mu lekt ts 'k[+lfu [ks iafgats cqfu;kn th tk.k gkflyq Fkhanh vkgsA tsdMfga
mu lekt tk ek.gw iafgath rjdh dj.k pkghfu r gw bfrgklq th enn lka
iafgathv efgur t+jh, iafgats vkxkVs vkSt [ks gkflyq djs l?kfu FkkA
56
ojh bZLoh lu~ [kka 325 lky ifgjha tks c;kuq vkgs] tMfga xzhd ckn'kkg fldanj
Hkkjr rs geyks d;ksA fldanj ts o×k.k cSfn ex/ ts ekS;Z ?kjk.ks ts paæxqIr gquts
eqdjj fFk;y veynkjfu [ks gkjk,] fla/q rs iafgath gqdwer o+Qkbe dbZA ekS;Z ?kjk.ks
ts jktk v'kksd] c˜¼ /eZ [sk t+ks# fMuksA lanfl ys[k fla/q esa fc feyfu FkkA
fla/q ts bfrgklq esa ojh bZLoh lu~ [kka 180 lky ifgjha rkb± dks fc c;kuq eq;l# u
vkgsA bZLoh lu~ [kka 180 lky ifgjha cSfDV;kZ ts ;wwukuh yksdfu fla/q rs dCt+ks d;ksA
mu [kka iksb bZLoh lu~ [kka 70 lky ifgjha 'kd ;k lhfFk;fu yksd] tsds rkrkjh rqdZ
gqvk] fla/q rs dCt+ks djs mrs oflth osBkA lhfFk;fu [kka iksb dq"kk.k ?kjk.ks tk yksd
fla/q rs jkt dj.k yxkA lanfu jktk dfu"d fla/q esa c˜¼ /eZq iQfgyk;ksA lu~ 320
[kka oBh fla/q Hkkjr ts xqIr ?kjk.ks ts gFk gsfB jfg;ksA xqIr ?kjk.ks th gqdwer
vfVdy 150 lky jghA mu [kka iksb fla/q rs gw.kfu tks jkt˜ jfg;ks] tsdks lky 644
rkb± jfg;ksA mgks jkb ?kjk.ks tks jkt˜ gksA jkb ?kjk.ks tks jktk jkb lkglh fc;ksa fcuk
vkSykn eqvks r lanfl jk.kh lqganhv ot+hj pp lka 'kknh dbZA bu rjg jkt pp ts
gfFk vk;ks] tafga czkã.k dqy tks ik;ks fo/ksA lu~ 712 esa tMfga vjcfu
eqgen&fcu&o+Qkfle ts gFk gsfB fla/q rs geyks d;ks] mu oDr pp tks iqVq jktk
Mkfgjlsu fla/q tks jktk gksA
vfVdy 350 lky fla/q rs vjcfu th gqdwer gqbZA tMfga fla/q tk vjcveynkj det+ks# fFk;k r fla/q ts Msgh lwfejfu ljnkjfu lu~ 1060 bZ- [kka1350 bZ- rkb± fla/q rs jkt˜ d;ksA gqufu fc bLykeq o+Qcwy d;ks gksA lwfejfu th gqdwer[kka fla/q esa Msgh ljnkjfu th jktuhrh t+ks# isbZA budjs lwfejfu [kka iksb lefu tksjkt lu~ 1350 bZ- [kka lu~ 1520 bZ- rkb± jfg;ksA lek jktk ik.k [ks tke pokb±nkgqvkA lwfejfu ,sa lefu ts jkt esa fla/q twa b'o+Qh] cgknqjhv ,sa ns'kçse twa dgkf.k;waotwn esa vk;waA
otwnq = thouq] fta+nxh] gLrh
eks[k.kq = ukfe;kjks deq dj.kq
vfxjks = cfgr#] menks
ehjfu tks o+Q˜cks] gSnjkckn (fla/q)
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
57
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
mu [kka iksb ckcj ts t+ksj rs 'kkg csx+ vfjx+™u fla/q rs dkg dbZA vfjx+™ufu th gqdwer
lu~ 1520 bZ- [kka lu~ 1555 bZ- rkb± jghA gqufu ts oD+r esa gqek;wa fla/q esa vk;ks ,sa
vdcj tks tueq vejdksV esa fFk;ksA vfjx+™ufu [kka iksb fla/q rs rfj[+kkufu th gqdwer
lu~ 1555 bZ- [kka lu~ 1592 bZ- rkb± jghA lu~ 1592 bZ- [kka iksb fla/q rs eqx+yfu tks
jkt jfg;ksA bu oD+r esa dYgksM+k ?kjk.ks t+ks# ofjrksA dYgksM+fu th gqdwer lu~ 1780
bZ- rkb± gyhA lu~ 1782 bZ- esa fla/q th gqdwer Vkyiqjfu ts gfFk vkbZA gw cyksp gqvk
,sa ik.k [ks ehj lMkb±nk gqvkA ehjfu [ks vaxzst+fu lu~ 1843 bZ- esa fevk.khv th
yM+kbZv esa gkjk,] fla/q iafgats dCt+s esa dbZA vaxzst+fu ts jkt esa flaf/;qfu rbyhe]
lkfgr] bafrt+ke] jktuhrh ,sa nqfu;k ts ekeyfu esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks vkgsA okikj esa r
fla/h lfHkuh [kka vfxjk vkfgfuA ij lu~ 1947 bZ- esa vaxzst+fu vkcknhv th ?k.kkbZv
djs fla/q tks ltks byko+Qks ikfdLrku [ks fMuksA vfgM+hv rjg fla/q lu~ 712 bZ- [kka
oBh vt˜ rkb± /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB jgh vkgsA
ojh lu~ 1947 bZ- esa fganqLrku tks fofjgkÄks fFk;ks r fla/q ikfdLrku tks fglks cf.k;ks
,sa vfgM+hv rjg fla/q vt˜ rkb± /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB vkgsA
xqft+fj;y 1300 lkyfu esa fla/h [kf=k;qfu eka cfnfyth oS'; cf.kth fo;k ,sa iafgats
/a/s [ks o/k,] ckfgfj;fu eqYdfu esa olank fo;kA gw /kfj;fu eqYdfu esa jgans iafgaats
lekt] cksyhv ,sa laLÑrhv [ks o+Qkbe j[kank vk;kA gsfrfj;wa lfn;wa fc;fu ts gFk gsfB
jg.k djs gw gj gkyfr esa ik.k [ks lyker j[k.k ts gquj esa gqujeanq cf.kth fo;kA
fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu ,sa lektfu ts ek.gqfu lka esy esyki lka jg.k ykb gqufu lgu'khyrk
gqujeanq = ekfg#] leq>w
fla/q unh
58
tks xq.kq gkflyq d;ksA okikj esa gqufu tks vo+Qhnks vkgs r ^Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr*
budjs iafgathv gksf'k;kjhv ,sa bZekunkjhv djs gjgaf/ okikj esa ok/kjks djs [+k˜'kgky
cf.kth lf?k;k vkfgfuA bZekunkjhv] lPpkbZv ,sa fc;fu lka esy&esyki ts xq.kfu
dkj.k fla/h fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ts tqnk tqnk fglfu esa olh] iafgats efgur ,sa
vojpkbZv dkj.k lekt tks vVwVq vaxq cf.kth fo;k vkfgfu ,sa ns'k ts ok/kjs esa oMks
fglks oBfu FkkA
1-1
1- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
dafga fc lekt th lekth] jktuhfr ,sa ekyh rfjrhc ts flyflysok# vfgoky
[ks&
(v) vk[kk.kh pbts Fkks
(c) ukfoyq pbcks vkgs
(l) bfrgklq pbcks vkgs
(n) cSrq pbts Fkks ¹ º
2- fgd tqfeys tk lqoky&
(1) flaf/;qfu th tue&Hkwfe dfgM+h vkgs\
(2) lu~ 1947 bZ- esa fla/q çkarq dfgM+s eqYd tks fglks cf.k;ks\
(3) fla/q esa Mksfdjh LVs'ku dfgM+s ikls gqbZ\
(4) vkD;kZykthdy [kkrs tks dfgM+ks 'k[+lq eqvfu ts nM+s rkb± igqrks\
(5) eslksiksVkfe;k ,sa felz ts lH;rkmfu [kka iqjk.kh dfgM+h lH;rk vkgs\
(6) fla/q esa eq[;q rkSj dfgfM+;qfu 'k;qfu th iks[k dbZ osanh vkgs\
3- gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&
(1) xqtjkr ts fcfu 'kgjfu ----------------------- ,sa --------------------- th [kksVkbZv
eka fif.k lkfx;wa 'k;wa fefy;waA
(2) fla/q ekfFkjhv th lH;rk th i[ksM+ d'ehj [kka M[k.k esa --------------
rkb± gqbZA
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ÿ-û
lgu'khyrk = /hjtq] lcq#vo+Qhnks = ;o+Qhuq] fo'oklq
Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr =
?kfV i+Qkbns lka o/hd ok/kjks
vfojpkbZ = iq#"kkFkZq] le>nkjh
59
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
(3) vjcfu ts fyf[k;y fdrkc tks ukyks ---------------------------- gksA
(4) fla/q rs lfHkuh [kka ifgjha ----------------------- ts ckn'kkg --------------------
tks dCt+ks bZLoh lu~ [kka 510 lky ifgjha fFk;ks gksA
(5) ekS;Z ?kjk.ks ts ckn'kkg -------------------------- c˜¼ /eZ [ks t+ks# oBk;ksA
(6) lu~ 712 bZ- esa ---------------------------- fla/q tks jktk gksA
fli+Qr Adjective (fo'ks"k.k)fli+Qfr ,sa mutk fo+QLe&
fli+Qfr mgks yÝ+t+ vkgs] tsdks bLe ;k t+ehj lka yxh mutks xq.kq] voxq.kq] fo+QLe]
vnn] feo+Qnk# ;k vankt+] o+Qnq] gkyfr Ms[kkjs FkksA thva r&
(1) jkeq gksf'k;k# Nksfdjks vkgs A (xq.kq)
(2) lwi+Q˜ [kVks vkgsA (voxq.kq)
fli+Qfr [ks lrfu fglfu esa fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs&
(1) fli+Qfr oLi+Qh (2) fli+Qfr vnnh (3) fli+Qfr fednkj
(4) fli+Qfr b'kkjks (5) fli+Qfr t+ehjh (6) fli+Qfr bLeh
(7) fli+Qfr i+QbyhA
1- fli+Qfr oLi+Qh (Adjective of Quality) (xq.k okpd fo'ks"k.k) &
mgks yÝ+t+ tks bLe ;k t+ehj tks xq.kq] voxq.kq ;k fo+QLeq Ms[kkjs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr oLi+Qh
pbcks vkgs A thva r&
eksgu ofV dkjh dkj vkgsA
2- fli+Qfr vnnh (Adjective of Number) (la[;k okpd fo'ks"k.k) & gh mgs
yÝ+t+ vkfgfu ts bLe ;k t+ehj lka yxh mUgfu tks vUnkt+ ;k vnnq ;k Øe Ms[kkjhfu
Fkk] mUgfu [ks fli+Qfr vnnh pbcks vkgsA thva r&
eksgu ofV pkj dsyk vkfgfuA
3- fli+Qfr feo+Qnk# (Adjective of Degree) (ifjek.k okpd la[;k) & mgks
yÝ+t+˜ tks bLe tks feo+Qnk# ;k vUnkt+˜ Ms[kkjs rafga[ks fli+Qfr feo+Qnk# pbts Fkks A
thva r&
?k.kh [kaMq lsgr ykb [+kjkcq vkgs A
ÿ-ü Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
60
4- fli+Qfr b'kkjks (Demonstrative Adjective) (ladsr okpd fo'ks"k.k) &
mgks yÝ+t+ tks dafga bLe ts vfx;ka vph mu bLe Mkagqa b'kkjks djs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr
b'kkjks pbts Fkks A ^fli+Qfr b'kkjks* tk c fo+QLe Fkhank vkfgfu&
(1) fli+Qfr b'kkjks os>ks (2) fli+Qfr b'kkjks M™fjA
thva r& gh] gw] bgs] mgs] gwv] ghv ox+SjgA
(1) gh fdrkcq flU/h fo"k; tks vkgs A
(2) gw o.kq fM?kks vkgs A
5- fli+Qfr t+ehjh (Pronominal Adjective) (lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k)& mgks yÝ+t+˜
vlqy esa t+eh# gqts ;k t+ehj eka Bfg;yq gqts] ij dafga bLe ts vfx;ka deq vpsA
fli+Qfr tks deq djs] rafga[ks fli+Qfr t+ehjh* pbcks vkgs A vfgM+k yÝ+t+ lkfx, ofD+r
cbZ deq dank vkfgfu fli+Qfr tks ,sa t+ehj tks A thva r&
^eqafgatks* Ldwy lqBks vkgs A
6- fli+Qfr bLeh (Noun used as Adjective) (laKk fo'ks"k.k ds :i esa) &
mgks yÝ+t+ tks bLe eka Bfg;yq gqts ,sa dafga fc, bLe lka yxh fli+Qfr tks deq djs]
rafga[ks ^fli+Qfr bLeh* pbcks vkgs A thva r&
^flU/h* ek.gw csbt+rh lgh u l?kank vkfgfuA
7- fli+Qfr i+Qbyh (Verbal Adjective) (fØ;kFkZd fo'ks"k.k) & mgs yÝ+t+ ts
iQ+by (fØ;k) eka Bfg;y gqtfu ,sa bLefu ts vfx;ka vpfu FkkA fli+Qfr tks deq
dfu Fkk] frfu [ks fli+Qfr i+Qbyh* pbts Fkks A thva r&
oganM+ xaxk lnkb± ifo=kq jganh vkgs A
1- fli+Qfr (fo'ks"k.k) th ekuk c˜/k,] fli+Qfr (fo'ks"k.k) tk fo+QLe fy[kks&
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- gsfB fMuy fli+Qrqfu tk fo+QLe c˜/k;ks&
(1) dkjks ------------------------------------
(2) y[k ------------------------------------
(3) bykgh ------------------------------------
(4) tfgM+ks ------------------------------------
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
lco+Q ckcfr lqoky&ÿ-ü
61
fVi.kh
fla/q tks bfrgklq
lco+Q ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc5-1 1- (l)
2- (1) fla/q (2) ikfdLrku
(3) ykM+dk.kks 'kg# (4) Jh jk[kkynkl cuthZ
(5) fla/q ?kkVh lH;rk (6) df.kd ,sa difg
3- (1) <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky (2) lwwjr (3) ppukeks
(4) bZjku] nkjl (5) v'kksd (6) Mkfgjlsu
fgu lcd+ eka rOgha[ks tk.k feyh r flaf/;qfu th tue Hkwfe fla/q vkgsA
eqvfu ts nM+s th [kksVkbZ] mu gsBka nfc;y 'kgj dfgM+k gqvkA
fla/q dfgM+fu nkSjfu eka xqft+jhA
'kgjh cankscLrq] /a/ks okik#] <ksykohjk ,sa yksFky th [kksVkbZA
fla/q tks /kfj;fu ts gFk gsfB jg.kqA vjc] lfcjk] vjx+™u] dYgksM+k] ehj ,sa
vaxzst+A
1947 cSfn ikfdLrku tks fglksA xqft+fj;y 1300 lkyfu esa flaf/;qfu tks
[kf=k;qfu eka cfnfyth oS'; cf.kt.kqA Fkksjs [kfV, ?k.kh cjdr rs veyq ,sa
flaf/;qfu ts [+kwfc;qfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA
1- fla/q esa dfgM+fu dfgM+fu jktkmfu jkt d;ks\
2- jkb ?kjk.ks ts jktk tks Fkksjs esa ft+Øq dfj;ksA
3- ^eqvfu ts nM+s* ckcfr eq[+rlj esa tk.k fM;ksA
4- fla/q ts ek.gqfu tks eq[;q /a/ks okik# dfgM+ks gks\
5- ^fla/q tks bfrgklq* fo"k; rs uksVq fy[kksA
6- fla/q rs dfgM+fu dfgM+fu 'kkldfu jkt˜ d;ks\
7- ikB ts vk/kj rs fla/h ek.gqfu ts [+kwfc;qfu tks ft+Øq dfj;ksA
8- lekt tk ek.gw dafgath enn lka rjdh dj.k pkghfu Fkk\
lco+Q ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
rOgha Nk fl[;k
tokc
62
fVi.kh
6
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
o+Q˜fnjr twa lHkq uberwa lfHkuh [ks cjkcfj ulhcq fFk;wa fFk;fuA fltq iafgath jksf'kuh
lfHkuh [ks cjkcfj Mhanks vkgsA gok fc lfHkuh [ks lkxh feyanh vkgsA ik.kh fc dafga
lka dks HksnHkkm u danks vkgsA xqy fc iafgath lqxaf/ lfHkuh [ks Mhank vkfgfuA iQynkj
o.kfu tk esok fc lfHkuh [ks lkfx;ks loknq Mhank vkfgfuA r iksb balku [ks iqV ,sa
/hv esa i+QdqZ Nks dj.kq ?kqfjts\ iqVq ,sa /hv] fcUgha [ks cjkcjhv tks nfjtks Nks u
fey.kq ?kqfjts\
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
te.k [kka ifgjha bZ /hv [ks u ekj.k ts ckjs esa iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_
iqV ,sa /hv esa dks fc i+QdqZ u dj.k [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_
dsfrjfu dqVacfu ikjka /hv [ks u i<+kb.k tk lcfc c;kuq djs l?kank_
/hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k th vgfe;r o.kZuq djs l?kank_
pkSlwyq ukVd twa [+kkfl;rwa c;kuq djs l?kank_
pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa jaxeap ukVd tks i+QdqZ o.kZuq djs l?kank_
pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd th fgd&tfgM+kbZ c;kuq djs l?kankA
o+Q˜fnjr = ekfyd th Ñfr]
çÑfr
jksf'kuh = çdk'kq
lqxaf/ = [+k˜f'kcw
i+QdqZ = HksnHkkm] varj
nfjtks = LFkkuq
pkSlwyq ukVdq = uqDdM+ ukVdq
[+kkfl;rwa = xq.k
fgd&tfgM+kbZ = lekurk
eo+Qln
63
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
fu%'kqYd = fcuk i+QhvpkSlwyq = uqDdM+ ukVdq
vnkdk# = ,DV#
uqaga = cgw
Hkkjr ljdkj bu Ml esa uoka dkuwu Bkfg;k vkfgfuA LdkWyjf'ki] fu%'kqYd rbyhe]
ysiVkWi] LdwVh ,sa fc;wa lgwfy;rwa fM;.k ckcfr ik.k esa xqÝ+rxw dfj;ksA
pkSlwyq ukVdq
c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks ---- c˜/ks c˜/ks (b,a poank ,sa rkfM+;wa otkb±nk lHkq
vnkdkj jaxeap rs nkf[+kyq Fkhank ,sa v/q xksyq ;k ltks xksyq Bkgs chgankA dktfy
vfx;ka vph fop rs chgh poanh ,sa fc;k mu [ks nqfgjkb±nk)
dktfy % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA
lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA
dktfy % c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA
lHksbZ % c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA
dktfy % nqfu;k tks vfgokyq c˜/ksA
lHksbZ % nqfu;k tks vfgokyq c˜/ksA
dktfy % rqafgath eqafgath xkfYg c˜/ksA
lHksbZ % rqafgath eqafgath xkfYg c˜/ksA
lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ks] c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA
dktfy % vtcq vlkath vkfg dgk.khA
lHksbZ % vtcq vlkath vkfg dgk.khA
dktfy % u dksbZ jktk] u dkbZ jk.khA
lHksbZ % u dksbZ jktk] u dkbZ jk.khA
dktfy % u dks >ewjks] u dks enkjhA
lHksbZ % u dks >ewjks] u dks enkjhA
dktfy % vkSjr rqafgath vkgs dgk.khA
lHksbZ % vkSjr rqafgath vkgs dgk.khA
ö-û cqfu;knh lco+Q
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ö-û
64
lHksbZ % c˜/ks c˜/ks HkkbZ c˜/ks c˜/ksA c˜/ks vlkath xkfYg c˜/ksA
(fopksyhv mfefj okjh vk'kk ,sa lanfl uqaga mrka ya?kfu fFk;wa)
dktfy % gjs jke pvksA
vk'kk % gjs jke] gjs jkeA
dktfy % dsMkagqa fFk;wa o×kks\
vk'kk % dqaokfj [ks MkDVj ofV oBh Fkh o×kkaA
dktfy % Nks] Nk fFk;ks vFkfl\
vk'kk % rfc;r r Bhdq vFkflA yxs Fkks ojh Mhagafu lka vkgsA
dktfy % iksb r ok/k;wa gqtfuo\
vk'kk % dfgfM+;wa ok/k;wa Fkh Mha\
dktfy % fgu [ks r Vs ckj vx˜ esa bZ vkfgfu u\ r iksb pksFkksa ck#\
vk'kk % gk! ij VsbZ /hv:a tf.k;wa vFkkb±A
dktfy % bu esa rOgkath uqaga tks dfgM+ks Mksgq\
vk'kk % fgu Hksjs rkoht+ fc Bfgjk, fMuks Fkhekafl r eu iqVq tesflA
Nksfdjh % (vfxrs vph)& rkoht+ lka Nk Fkhanks\ iqVq teanks\ dfgM+s t+ekus twa
xkfYg;wa Fkk d;ks\
dktfy % MkDV# Nk danks\
vk'kk % id dj.k ykb ----
dktfy % rafgath ekuk rOgha lksuksxzki+Qh djkb.k Fkk o×kksA tsdMfga /hv fufdrh
r Nk dank\
vk'kk % 'kqHkq 'kqHkq cksfyA
dktfy % /hv#fu esa dfgM+h cqjkbZ vkgs\
vk'kk % /hv:a ijkvks /uq vkfgfuA fc;fu tks ?k# olkb±fn;wa] ij dqy tks
ukyks r iqVfu lka bZ vfxrs gyanks u!
dktfy % ij lksuksxzki+Qhv th fjiksVZ fc dMfga dMfga x+yfr Fkh fufdjsA
vk'kk % r iksb Nk dts\ fc;ks dks jLrks fc r dksUgsA
dktfy % lksuksxzki+Qh gk.ks cso+Qkbns vFko!
vk'kk % gjs jke! gyq dqaokfj gyqA
Nksfdjh % (dktfy [ks)& flaf/;qfu esa te.k [kka vx˜ bZ /hv#fu [ks ekj.k tk
okD+vk Fkhank vkfgfu\
uqagaq = cgw
dqaokfj = cgw] uqagaq
Mhagafu lka = xHkZorh
ok/k;wa = eqckjdwa
tf.k;wa = iSnk d;wa
Mksgq = xqukgq
rkoht+ = j[;k ;a=kq
lksuksxzki+Qh = isV esa iqV ;k
/hm ts gqv.k tks irks
yxkb.k okjh pdkl
dqyq = [+kkunkuq
cso+Qkbns = x+Sj dkuwuh
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
65
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
dktfy % gwava r flaf/;qfu esa te.k [kka vx˜ bZ /hv#fu [ks ekj.k tk okD;k
fofjys Fkhank vkfgfu\ ij vlkats vklikfl vfgM+k fo+Qlk vkeq tkeq
fFk;fu FkkA budjs [+kcjnk# jg.k th t+:jr vkgs] tks b,a u fFk,
r bgk chekjh vlka flaf/;qfu esa fc iQfgfyth o×ksA py tkus ns !
(cbZ o×kfu fFk;waA fiQjh vph dksjl lka 'kkfey fFk;fu fFk;waA dktfy
fMlanM+fu [ks eq[+kkfrcq Fkh ukVdq vfxrs Fkh o/k,)
dktfy % iqNÅa rOgha [kka lqokyq Fkk fgfdM+kss ---- 2
Mhank rafgatks tokcq rfdM+ks (rfjlh) py tkus ns !
dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ NfM;ks [k.kh] lkab± NfM;ks [k.khA
dktfy % Mf[k;k vlkatk lqoky r yxank ---- 2
ysfdu iqfN.kk bZ ioank (rfjlh) py tkus ns !
(cbZ o×kfu fFk;waA fiQjh vph dksjl lka 'kkfey fFk;fu fFk;wa)
dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkab±] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA
dktfy % iqV ts tk, nqfgy nekek ---- 2] /hv ts tk, Åanfg Åanfg] xks<+k
xks<+k_ ek;wlh ,sa ykpkjh Nks\ py tkus ns !
dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA
dktfy % iqVfu [ks 'knen lka Fkk ikfy;ks ---- 2] ij te.k [kka ifgjha /hm [ks
ekfj;ks\ py tkus ns !
dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA
dktfy % bu th dfgM+h xkjaVh vk ---- 2] iqV lnkb± lq[k bZ MhankA
py tkus ns !
dksjlq % NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.kh lkabZ] NfM;ks [k.khA
dktfy % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfu ---- 2] M˜[k esa ls bZ iqNafn;wa vkfgfuA
dksjlq % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfuA
dktfy % oMk oMk mfgnk fFk;wa laHkkyhfu ---- 2] eqYd tks dkjksck# laHkkyhfuA
dksjlq % /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfuA
dktfy % bafnjk xka/h] enj VSjslk] ,suh fclsafV] dYiuk pkoykA
dksjlq % dfgM+k dfgM+k ukyk c˜/k;waA dhva rOgha [ks leq>k;wa\ dhva rOgha [ks
leq>k;wa\
dktfy % /hv#fu [ks ts b,a ekjhank ---- 2] iqV ykb dqaokfj fdFkka vk.khank\
nqfgy nekek = [+k˜'kh dj.kq
'knen = lqBs uewus
eq[+kkfrcq = :c: xkfYgkb.kq
rfdM+ks = tYnq
66
dksjlq % pvks] pvks] pvks\
dktfy % gh HksnqHkkm gk.ks u gyanksA fu;kf.k;wa ekj.kq cafn dfj;ksA lksuksxzki+Qh
cafn dfj;ksA
dksjlq % 'kjeq dfj;ks] dq>q 'kjeq dfj;ks] dq>q 'kjeq dfj;ksA
(lHksbZ dykdkj eqfB cafn djs] ckaga eFks djs poank ,sa Fkksjks chgh
jgank& tYnq bZ gwa ---- gwa ---- 'kq: dank)
(m"kk ,sa lanfl /hm vuhrk mrka yka?kkÅ fFk;wa fFk;fuA vuhrk jksbZ
jgh vkgsA dktfy vfx;ka o/h Fkh vps)
dktfy % (m"kk [ks)& Nks Fkh jks,\
(m"kk dks tokcq uFkh fM,)
dktfy % (Nksfdjhv [ks)& Nks Fkh jksb±\
vuhrk % eeh eqafgatks ukyks Ldwy eka d<k, vkbZ vkgsA eka i<+.kq Fkh pkfg;kaA
dktfy % (m"kk [ks)& rOgha [ks r [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq ?kqfjts r rOgha th /hv [ks
i<+.k tks 'kkSadq vkgsA
vuhrk % eka lnkb± Dykl esa fc;ksa uEc# b±nh vkfg;ka] rMfga fc ewa[ks ----
dktfy % gfgM+h rst+&i+Qgeq Nksfdjhv [ks r vfxrs i<+.k tks ekSo+Qks fM;.kq
?kqfjtsA
m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r o/hd i<+h Nk danh\ rafga [kka r ?kj tks deq&
dkfj fl[ks r iksb fgu th 'kknh djk, NfM;waA ifl isf'k Nksfdfj;qfu
[ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgsA i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\
dktfy % i<+kbZ djs ,sa ukSdjh djs iafgatfu isjfu rs chgh l?ks FkhA
m"kk % vlka [ks ukSfdjh djkb.kh bZ dkUgsA
dktfy % (vuhrk [ks)&rqafgath mfefj ?k.kh vkgs\
vuhrk % lksjgaA
dktfy % v×kk fgu th 'kknhv th mfefj Fkh fdFks vkgs\ vjM+agfu lkyfu
[kka ifgjha 'kknh djkb.kq x+Sj&dkuwuh vkgsA
m"kk % Nksfdjks ,sa ?k# xksYg.k esa fc r oD+rq Fkks yxh o×ksA
HksnqHkkm = fc;kbZ
yka?kkÅ = ya?kanM+
rst+&i+Qgeq = gksf'k;k#
ifl isf'k = vkf[+kfj esa
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
67
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
dktfy % rslha i<+anh jgs r dfgM+ks gfjtq vkgs\ if<+;y gwanh r fta+nxhv esa
dMfga fc eqlhcr ofD+r i<+kbZ dfe b±nflA
m"kk % vlka tks osBk vkfg;wa enn dj.k ykbA
dktfy % rOgha lnkb± r u gwankA
m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r Ldwy okjfu i<+kbZv th i+Qh] cfl th i+Qh ,sa
fcfYMax iQaM tk iSlk ,frjk r o/k, NfM;k vkfgfu] tks vlka
uFkk iqth l?kwaA
dktfy % ljdkjh Ldwy esa Nks uFkk i<+k;ks\ mrs r ,Mh i+Qh dkUgsaA
m"kk % ?k.kks i<+anh r Nksfdjks fc ,frjks bZ if<+;yq xksfYg.kks ioanksA if<+;y
Nksfdjfu tk uf[+kjk fc ?k.kk vkfgfuA mUgfu tk r okr iQkVk fi;k
vkfgfuA ,frjh Msrh ysrh fdFkka vk.khanklha\
dktfy % if<+;y ,sa ukSdjh danM+ Nksfdjhv ykb Nksfdjks xksYg.kq r loyks Fkh
ioanqvA
m"kk % enZfu [ks ds# leq>k,\
dktfy % rOgha leq>k;ksA
m"kk % rks[ks /hv vkgs\
dktfy % eka r v×kka dqaokjh vkfg;kaA
m"kk % rMfga mins'kq osBh MhaA iafgath /hm Fkhanb u] rMfga irks ioanqbA gyq !
(m"kk /hm [ks oBh o×ks Fkh)
dktfy % v×kk fc dsfrjk ekbV bgks Fkk lksphfu r /hm ijkvks /u vkgsA fc,
tks ?k# olkb±nh] budjs muth i<+kbZv fcys [+kpqZ dj.kq vtk;ks vkgsA
(ch Nksfdjh vfx;ka o/h Fkh vps)
Nksfdjh % bgks dksu Fkk lksphfu r iqVq i<+anks vkgs r fgdq 'k[+lq i<+anks vkgs]
ij /hm i<+anh vkgs r fgdq dqVaqcq i<+anks vkgsA
dktfy % Nkdkf.k r if<+;y ekm ckjfu [ks i<+kb±nh vkgs ,sa gqufu [ks lqBk
laLdkj Mhanh vkgsA
Nksfdjh % rOgha fc bUgfu iqjk.kfu nfo+Q;kuwlh ohpkjfu [ks rdqZ dfj;ks ,sa
/hv#fu [ks iqVfu ts cjkcfj nfjtks fM;ksA
dksjlq % /hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks_ iafgats eqYd tks ukma o/k;ks]
eqYd tks ekuq eFksjks Fkhanks_ tx esa Åpks xkVq Fkh ioanksA
iqth l?kwa = Hkjs l?kwa
okr iQkV.kq = reke ?k.kh ?kqj
fcys = rs] iqfB;ka] ykb
nfo+Q;kuwlh = iqjk.kh lksp
rdqZ = ijs dfj;ks
ukma = ukyks
ekuq = bt+r
xkVq = xnZu] fxph
gfjtq = ,rjkt+
68
1& lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- vuhrk budjs isbZ #,] Nkdkf.k r&
(v) gwv fMft.kh vkgsA
(c) gwv o/hd i<+.kq Fkh pkgsA
(l) gwv dfet+ks# vkgsA
(n) gwv FkqYgh vkgsA ¹ º
2- m"kk dfgM+s fo+QLe th vkSjr vkgs&
(v) enZ tks fojks/q danM+
(c) enZ th ijokg u danM+
(l) reke i+QS'kuscqfy vkSjr
(n) enZ ts p, ewftcq gyanM+ ¹ º
3- ukVd esa dktfy vkSjrqfu ts ckjs esa pos Fkh&
(v) vkSjrqfu th gkyfr lqBh vkgs
(c) vkSjrwa reke et+s esa vkfgfu
(l) vkSjrwa nfc;y vkfgfu
(n) vkSjrwa csgfn [+k˜f'k vkfgfu ¹ º
rOgha tMfga dgk.kh] ukfoyq] eft+ewuq ;k ukVdq i<+ank gwank r rOgha [ks ukVd ,sa
fc;qfu flai+Qqfu esa fgfdM+ks i+QdqZ ut+fj vk;ks gwanks] mgks vkgs ut+kjfu tksA ukVd esa
ut+kjk budjs gwank vkfgfu] Nkdkf.k r mgs jaxeap rs fMlanM+fu vfx;ka isf'k d;k
osank vkfgfuA
pkSlwyq ukVd [ks fganhv esa uqDdM+ ukVd ,sa vaxzst+hv esa Street Play p;ks osanks vkgsA
bu eka bZ muth ofli+Q t+kfg# Fkh fFk,A mgks ukVdq] tsdks dafga fc pkSokVs] fVokVs] ckx+hps]
[kqfy;y eSnku ;k Ldwy dkyst ts gkrs ([kqfy, eSnku) esa d;ks osanks vkgsA
p, = po.k
flai+Qqfu = fo/kmfuut+kjk = n`';
ofli+Q = O;k[;kpkSokVks = ftrs pkj jLrk feyfu
fVokVks = ftrs Vs jLrk feyfu
gkrks = eSnkuq
ö-ü vpks r leq>wa
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
69
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
yksd ukVd ft;ka pkSlwyq ukVdq fc vke rkSj Mhaga nkSjkfu d;ks osanks vkgsA pkSlwyq
ukVd ykb ukVd ?kj th t+:jr u ioanh vkgs] budjs ukVddkj [ks ukVd&?kj th
elokM+ u fM;.kh ioanh vkgsA
jaxeap rs ukVd okaxq# [+kkfl jksf'kfu;qfu] iks'kkdqfu] esd&vi ,sa lsV (Set) th t+:jr
u ioanh vkgsA budjs pkSlwy ukVd rs [+kpqZ ?kfV b±nks vkgsA
pkSlwyq ukVd esa fglks oBanM+ Nksfdjk Nksfdfj;wa thUl ,sa li+Qsn ;k jaxhu dqrksZ ikb±nk
vkfgfu ,sa jaxhu lafnjks ;k r psfYg esa c/ank vkfgfu ;k xys esa ei+Qyj ft;ka
yfVdkb±nk vkfgfuA
pkSlwyq ukVd esa xhrfu ,sa laxhr tks bLrsekyq ?k.kks Fkhanks vkgsA ukVd eaMyhv tk
bZ dykdkj ik.k lkt+ otkb±nk vkfgfu ,sa xkb±nk fc vkfgfuA
pkSlwyq ukVd [ks enkjhv ts rek'ks lka HksVs lf?kts FkksA thva enkjh dafga fc pkSokVs
rs chgh Me: otkb±nks vkgs ,sa caljh otkb±ns] ckanj [ks dykckft+;wa [kkjk,] ek.gqfu
[ks dBks danks vkgs ,saa iksb ckanj ,sa Nksfdjs lka xfMth tek fFk;y ek.gqfu [ks rek'kks
Ms[kkjhanks vkgsA ij yksd ukVd ;k enkjhv ts rek'ks ft;ka pkSlwyq ukVd tks eo+Qlnq
foanqjkb.kq u vkgsA pkSlwyq ukVd fgfdM+s fygkt+ [kka fojks/ tks ukVd vkgsA mgks dafga
u dafga lekftd cqjkbZv] gScfrukdq xqukg] fyÄ dkaMkjhanM+ ?kVuk Mkagqa è;kuq
fNdkb.kq ;k dafga x+yfr ikyhlhv f[+kyki+Q˜ vkokt+ mFkkj.k ykb d;ks osanks vkgsA
pkSlwyq ukVdq fcuk dafga vx˜okV fyf[k;y fLØIV (Script) ;k fyf[k;y fLØIV
(Script) ts vk/kj rs isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA
elokM+ = HkkM+ks] fdjk;ks
lafnjks = dej esa c/.k
ykb dfiM+ks
psfYg = dej
eaMyh = xzwi (Group)
dykckft+;wa = Vik fM;kj.kq
tek = xM˜
ft;ka = okaxq#
gScfrukdq = [+krjukdq
fyÄ dkaMkjhanM+ = dackb±nM+
70
gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+ drfc vk.ks [+kky Hkfj;ks&
1- vyfgnk 2- ?kfV 3- uqDdM+ ukVd 4- lsV 5- fgdtfgM+kbZ
(1) pkSlwy ukVd [ks ---------------------------- fc lfM;ks osanks vkgsA
(2) pkSlwy ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd esa ------------------------ vkgsA
(3) pkSlwy ukVd rs ---------------------- [+kpqZ b±nks vkgsA
(4) pkSlwy ukVd ,sa jaxeap ukVd -------------------- vkfgfuA
(5) pkSlwy ukVd esa ------------------------ th t+:jr u vkgsA
vpks] ukVd ts vukljfu ts vk/kj rs fgu lcd+ [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k
dfj;wa&
ö-ü-û fo"k; ,sa edZt+h [+;kyqedZt+h [+;kyq ukVd tks vgeq vaxq vkgsA edZt+h [+;ky tks okLrks ukVd esa c;ku
d;y fo"k; lka vkgsA edZt+h [+;kyq t+kfg# dj.k ykb ?kfVukmfu] gkyrqfu ,sa
fdjnkjfu [ks [+kfyfd;ks osanks vkgsA fgu pkSlwy ukVd tks edZt+h [+;kyq vkgs& tue
[kka ifgjha /hv#fu [ks u ekj.kq ?kqfjts ,sa /hv#fu [ks fc iqVfu lab± rbyhe fM;.kq
?kqfjtsA thva mgs iafgats isjfu rs chgh l?kfu ,sa fta+nxhv esa eqlhcrqfu tks eqo+Qkfcyks
djs l?kfuA
dktfy] vk'kk] m"kk ,sa vuhrk rksM+s xhrfu t+jh, pkSlwyq ukVd [ks vfxrs o/k,
edZt+h [+;kyq fpVks d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa c fo"k; [ka;ka fo;k
vkfgfuA /hv# cpk;ks ,sa /hv# i<+k;ksA
pkSlwyq ukVd esa /hv#fu [ks te.k [kka vx˜ esa ekj.k ts uqo+Qlkufu ,sa /hv#fu [ks
Åph rbyhe fM;.k ts i+Qkbnfu tks ft+Øq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA tsdMfga /hv#fu [ks
ekjhank jganklha ,sa mUgfu [ks tueq oB.kq u Mhanklha r iksb /hv#fu tks rbnknq enZfu
edZt+h = dsaæh;
lavksa = ts cjkcj
rbyhe = f'k{kk] i<+kbZ
t+jh, = eki+QZfr] olhysfpVks = lki+Qq
te.kq = tueq oB.kq
rbnknq = fxurh] x.ki
dqaokfj = cgw] uqaga
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-û
71
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
[kka ?kfVth osanks ,sa iksb iqVfu ykb dqaokfj fey.kq M˜f[k;ks Fkh ioanksA rafga [kka lokb
bu lka lekt esa vkSjrqfu lka FkhanM+ dsfrjk xqukg tueq oBank ,sa o/ankA bgks fc
ft+fd# d;ks fo;ks vkgs r /hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k lka mgs iafgatfu isjfu rs chgh l?kafn;wa
,sa fta+nxhv esa eqlhcrqfu tks eqo+Qkfcyks djs l?kafn;waA mUgfu [ks dafgatks eqfgrktq
fFk;.kks u ioanksA
ö-ü-ü lhjrfuxkjh (pfj=k&fp=k.k)
fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa dktfy] vk'kk] lanfl uqaga] m"kk ,sa
vuhrk] bgs iat fdjknkj vkfgfuA rafga [kka lokb lHksbZ
fdjnkj xfMth dksjlq (Chorus) tks deq dfu FkkA dktfy
c;kuq danM+ ;kus lw=k/kj tks jksyq vnk Fkh djs ,sa xMksxM
fc;fu fdjnkjfu lka xqÝ+rxw djs ukVd [ks vfxrs Fkh o/k,A
vk'kk fopksys rfcds th ?k: vkSjr vkgs] tafga tks iafgatks dks vkokt+ dksUgsA gwv
eqfM+l ;k iqV ts po.k rs iafgats uqagqa th lksuksxzki+Qh djkb.k ykb gqu [ks MkDVj ofV
oBh Fkh o×ks r thva irks ios r lanfl uqaga ts isV esa iqVq vkgs ;k /hv] Nkdkf.k r
lanfl uqaga [ks ifgjha Vs /hv:a vkfgfu ,sa ?kj tk Hkkrh pkghfu Fkk r gk.ks iqVq tes]
tsdks dqy tks ukyks vfxrs o/k,A lanfl uqaga fc vfgM+h vkSjr vkgs] tafga th efjt+h
tk.k.k th dksbZ dk fc dksf'k'k uFkks djsA lanfl uqagqa ,sa m"kk ts fdjknkjfu eka bgks
t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r enZfu th vf[+kR;kjhv okjs lekt esa vkSjr [ks dks fc vkokt+ u
vkgsA gqu [kka dk jkb uFkh ofjrh o×ksA
vuhrk fgd gksf'k;k# Nksfdjh vkgs] tsdk vfxrs i<+.kq Fkh pkgs ij lanfl firk th
[+okfg'k eqrkfcfo+Q lanfl ekm Ldwy eka lanfl ukyks d<k, Fkh vpsA lanfl ihm pkgs
Fkks r gwv ?kj tks deq dk# fl[ks r iksb gqu th 'kknh djkbtsA vk'kk mu rfco+Qs
th uqekbafnxh Fkh djs] ftfu th ef×krk vkgs r /hv#fu [ks ?k.kks i<+kb.kq fi+Qt+™y
vkgsA Nkdkf.k r ifl isf'k /hv#fu [ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgsA
vuhrk mUgfu Nksfdfj;qfu th uqekbafnxh Fkh djs] ftfu [ks iqVfu ts cjkcfj lgwfy;rwa
ufFk;wa feyfu ,sa vfxrs o/.k tks ekSo+Qks uFkks fMuks o×ksA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa dksjlq
fc fgd fdjnkj tks jksyq Fkks fuHkk, ,sa mu t+jh, ukVduohlq n'kZdfu rkb± iafgatks
iSx+keq fnypLiq ,sa vljnk# uewus igqpk, FkksA
vf[+kR;kjh = vf/dk#
dqfguh = xanh
[+okfg'k = bNkuqekbafnxh = çfrfuf/Ro]
vx˜okuh
ef×krk = e×k.kfi+Qt+™y = vtk;ks
ifl isf'k = vk[+kfjdkfj
eqfgrktq = fc, dafga rs HkkM+.kq
uqagqa = cgw] iqV th t+ky
dqyq = [+kkunkuq
72
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- dktfy dsj vkgs\
(v) ufp.kh (c) jkanhfx;kZ.kh
(l) lw=k/k# (n) et+kdh vkSjr ¹ º
2- m"kk dsj vkgs\
(v) 'kkgwdk# vkSjr (c) fopksys rfco+Qs th vkSjr
(l) jksykdq vkSjr (n) [+kphZyh vkSjr ¹ º
3- vk'kk dfgM+s fo+QLe th vkSjr vkgs\
(v) ft+nh (c) ?kksew
(l) vkKkdkjh (n) cfdcdh ¹ º
4- vuhrk dfgM+s fo+QLe th Nksfdjh vkgs\
(v) i<+kbZv esa gksf'k;kj (c) det+ks#
(l) fo<+ganM+ (n) csMih ¹ º
ö-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw (okrkZyki)
ukVd esa xqÝ+rxw th reke ?k.kh vgfe;r vkgsA xqÝ+rxw t+jh, bZ fdjnkjfu th
'kf[+l;r] [+kkfl;rqfu] xq.k&voxq.k rksM+s ofgaokj ,sa ohpkj tks irks ios FkksA ukVd
esa dMfga dMfga n'kZdfu lka fl/h xqÝ+rxw dbZ osanh vkgsA dsfrjk lqoky fc mFkkfj;k
osank vkfgfuA fgu pkSlwyq ukVd esa Mk;ykx ua<k vkfgfu ,sa Mk;ykx ua<k gwank
vkfgfu r ,DVjfu [ks ;kfn dj.k ,sa po.k esa loykbZ Fkhanh vkgsA budjs ukVd esa
jokuh b±nh vkgsA bgk [+kwch fc fgu ukVd esa ut+fj Fkh vpsA
felky rksfj&
m"kk % rks[ks /hv vkgs\
dktfy % eka r v×kk dqaokjh vkfg;kaA
m"kk % iafgath /hv Fkhanb] rMfga irks ioanqbA
bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r vlkats lekt esa /hv [ks cks>q ,sa iqVfu [kka ?kfV leqf>;ks
Fkks o×ks ,sa x+Sj&dkuwuh rjhds lka bZ lgh] /hv [kka futkr ikb.k [ks lgh leqf>;ks Fkks
o×ksA bu eka rat+ tks vglklq Fkks mfHkjsA
futkr = NksVdkjks
rat+ = O;ax
vgfe;r = egRo'kf[+l;r = foHkwfr
[+kkfl;rqfu = xq.kfu
[+kwch = fo'ks"krk
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ü
73
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
fc;ks felky&
m"kk % fi.kfl pos Fkks r ?k.kks i<+h Nk danh\---- ifl isf'k Nksfdfj;qfu [ks ?k# bZ r
laHkkfy.kks vkgs] i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\
bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk, r /hv#fu th rbyhe rksM+s dqVqac ts fc;fu ekeyfu esa
vk[+kjhfu i+QSflyks enqZ danks vkgsA iksb mgks ihm gqts ;k iqVqA bu eka t+kfg# Fkks fFk,
r Nksfdfj;qfu th rbyhe [ks dsfrjk dqVqac ?k.kh vgfe;r uFkk fM;fuA ukVd esa
dohrk ,sa laxhr tks rekeq vljkbrks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
ö-ü-þ ekgksyq (okrkoj.k)
gj ukVd tks iafgatks vyfx ekgksy gwanks vkgs] tsdks ukVd ts fo"k;] fdjnkjfu th
xqÝ+rxw ,sa lhjrfuxkjhv eka iSnk Fkhanks vkgsA gkykafd pkSlwyq ukVdq jaxeap ukVd [kka
vyfgnks vkgs] tafga esa [+kklq iks'kkdqfu] çkWiVhZt+ ;k lsV tks bLrsekyq u d;ks osanks
vkgsA rMfga fc rOgha [ks ,frjks t+:# irks fi;ks gwanks r fgu ukVd esa lekt ts vt˜
th gkyrqfu tks ft+Øq vkgs ,sa vkSjr th n;k tfgM+h gkyfr tks fpVq fpfV;ks fo;ks
vkgs] tafga [ks iafgatks dks vkokt+ dksUgsA lfHkuh i+QSflyfu ykb gwv enZ th eqfgrktq
Fkh jgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- rOgha fc dfgM+fu lalfu esa fi;k vkfg;ks\** bgks tqfeyks ukVd esa dafga p;ks
vkgs\
(v) dktfy (c) vuhrk
(l) vk'kk (n) m"kk ¹ º
2- ^^iksb r rOgha [ks ok/k;wa gqtfuA** bgks tqfeyks dafga [ks p;ks fo;ks vkgs\
(v) vk'kk (c) vuhrk
(l) m"kk (n) dksjl ¹ º
3- ^^v×kk fgu th 'kknhv th mfefj Fkh fdFks vkgs\** bgks tqfeyks dafga ykb
p;ks fo;ks vkgs\
(v) vk'kk (c) m"kk
(l) dktfy (n) vuhrk ¹ º
rbyhe = f'k{kkdqVqacq = ifjokj
vgfe;r = egRo
vyfgnks = fHkÂ]
vyfx rjg tks
lhjrfuxkjh = fdjnkjfuxkjh]
pfj=k fp=k.k
ft+Øq = o.kZuq
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ý
74
ö-ü-ÿ Hkk"kk&'kSyh
ukVd th Hkk"kk vkeq xqÝ+rxw okjh gwanh vkgsA ukVd ts fdjnkjfu ts lkekftd
il&eat+j] rbyhe] is'ks ,sa ofgaokj iVkanfM+ gjfgd fdjnkj ykb vyfx Hkk"kk
bLrsekyq Fkhanh vkgsA fgu ukVd th Hkk"kk loyh vkgsA fgu esa xhrfu tks fc pÄks
bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgs ,sa mgk ekf=kd Nan esa fyf[k;y vkgs] tafga [ks lqj esa po.kq
;k xkb.kq loyks vkgsA bu lka ukVdq o/hd vfljkbrks Fkh fi;ks vkgs ,sa dohrk t+jh,
rat+ fc dbZ osbZ vkgsA n'kZdfu [kka lqoky iqN.k ts cgkus lekt ts x+yfr joktfu
th fc vkykspuk dbZ osbZ vkgsA
lgh c;ku ts lkEgwa () ,sa x+yfr c;ku ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh yxk;ks&
1- ua<k Mk;ykx ukVd th jokuhv esa #dkoV iSnk dank vkfgfuA ¹ º
2- fgu ukVd esa vkSjrqfu th gkyfr tks o.kZuq vkgsA ¹ º
3- vlka ts lekt eas vkSjrqfu th ?k.kh gyanh vkgsA ¹ º
4- pkSlwyq ukVd rs ?kfV [+kpqZ b±nks vkgsA ¹ º
5- pkSlwyq ukVdq ,sa jaxeap ukVdq fgdtfgM+k vkfgfuA ¹ º
6- pkSlwyq ukVd ,sa yksd ukVd esa lekurk vkgsA ¹ º
gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu ykb fla/hv esa lkxh ekuk okjk yÝ+t+ fy[kks&
(1) fi+Qt+™y (2) ,fot+hi.kks
(3) ekgksyq (4) laÅa
(5) uberwa (6) fpVks
(7) eqfgrktq (8) dqyq
(9) dqfguh (10) iflisf'k
bLrsekyq = drfc] mi;ksxq
ekf=kd = feljkmfu rs chBy
vljkbrks = çHkko'kkyhrat+ = O;aX;
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ö-ü
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-þ
75
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
yÝ+t+ gsfB fy[kks&
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8)
(9) (10)
rOgha ik.k esa xfMth ghm ukVd iafgats ikM+s esa dfj;ksA
te.k [kka ifgjha bZ /hv [ks ekj.k ckcfr ikM+s esa vkSjrqfu [kka jk;k iqNh] mu
vk/kj rs fjiksVZ r;k# dfj;ksA
fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k (t+i+QqZ) Adverb
thva fo'ks"k.k laKk ;k bLe th [+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nk vkfgfu] rhva fØ;k fo'ks"k.k ;k
t+i+QZ fØ;k (i+Qby) th fo'ks"krk c˜/kb±nk vkfgfuA
fØ;k fo'ks"k.k (t+i+QqZ) fØ;k (i+Qby) ts vFkZ esa [+kkfl;r iSnk dfu FkkA
thva& ^fo'kkyq /hjs&/hjs fy[kh jfg;ks gksA*
bu tqfeys esa ^/hjs&/hjs* fØ;k fo'ks"k.kq ;k t+i+QqZ vkgs] tsdks ^fy[k.kq* fØ;k th
fo'ks"krk c˜/k, FkksA
fØ;k fo'ks"k.kfu ;k t+i+QZfu tk dq>q fc;k felky&
ea=kh ?kfV xkYgkb±nks vkgsA
fgdq Hksjks fla/h fdrkcq i<+h r fMlqA
gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka t+i+QZ fy[kks&
(1) gw /hjs&/hjs xkYgkb±nks vkgsA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ö-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ö-ÿ
76
(2) dkj /hjs /hjs gyh jgh gqbZA
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(3) tsBkyky o/hd xkYgkb±nks vkgsA
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/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks pkSlwyq ukVdq vkgs] tafga [ks uqDdM+ ukVdq fc
lfM;ks osanks vkgsA fgu ukVd esa lekt esa vkSjrqfu th D+;kl tksxh gkyfr tks
o.kZuq vkgsA ukVd esa Ms[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgs r vt fc vfgM+k vusdq dqVqac
vkfgfu] tsds /hv#fu [ks cks>q Fkk leq>fuA te.k [kka vx˜ bZ mUgfu th
cso+Qkbns gR;k dj.k [ks x+yfr uFkk leq>fuA Nksfdfj;qfu th i<+kbZv [ks vgfe;r
uFkk fM;fu ,sa /hv#fu th i<+kbZv ts i+Qkbnfu [kka oko+Qqi+Qq u vkfgfuA lksphfu
Fkk r /hv#fu [ks r usfB 'kknh djs fc, tks ?k# olkb.kks vkgsA
1- dsfrjk ekbV /hv#fu [ks te.k [kka vx˜ bZ Nks ekj.kq pkghank vkfgfu\
2- /hv#fu [ks tue [kka vx bZ ekjhank jganklha r mutks dfgM+ks urhtks fufdjanks\
3- lksuksxzki+Qh Nk vkgs\
4- vk'kk iafgath uqaga th lksuksxzki+Qh Nks isbZ djkb.kq pkgs\
5- dsfrjk ekbV /hv#fu [ks ?k.kh rbyhe Nks uFkk fM;kj.kq pkghfu\
6- /hv#fu [ks i<+kb.k eka dfgM+k i+Qkbnk vkfgfu\
7- /hv#fu th i<+kbZv ckcfr vkf[+kjh i+QSflyks ds# danks vkgs ,sa Nks\
8- /hv:a Nk esa ?kfV vkfgfu\ [kksys leq>k;ksA
9- ifl isf'k /hv#fu [ks ?k# bZ r laHkkfy.kks vkgs] i<+kbZ dfgM+s dfe b±nh\
miVkj dfj;ksA
D+;kl tksxh = n;k tfgM+h
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
rOgha Nk fl[;k
77
fVi.kh
/hv# cpk;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (c) 2- (n) 3- (l)s
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
6-1 1- uqDdM+ ukVd 2- fgdtfgM+kbZ
3- ?kfV 4- vyfgnk 5- lsV
6-2 1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (l) 4- (v)
6-3 1- (v) 2- (v) 3- (n)
6-4 1- 2- 3-
4- 5- 6-
tokc
ef'kx+™fy;qfu ts lqokyfu tk tokc
6-2 (1) vtk;wa (2) çfrfuf/Ro] vx˜okuh
(3) okrkoj.k (4) cjkcfj] leku
(5) c[+'kh'kwa (6) Li"V] lki+Q˜
(7) vk/kj j[kanM+ (8) [+kkunkuq
(9) xanh (10) vkf[+kjdkfj
78
7
vklksikyo o.kq
rOgha dMfga dafga o.k th Nkao esa t+:# osBk gwankA rOgha dafga o.k th Vkjhv rs iha?k
c/h yqfM;k fc gwankA rOgha dafga o.k tk iQy r t+:# [kk/k gwankA gk.ks bgks
c˜/k;ks r rOgha dMfga dafga o.k [ks ik.kh fMuks vkgs\ mu tks [+;kyq jf[k;ks vkgs\
Hkyk bgks c˜/k;ks r rOgkats ?kj esa] ?kj ts lkEgaw ;k vklikl dksbZ o.kq vkgs\ dks u
dks o.kq r vofl gwanks bZA Nk rOgha dMfga lksfp;ks vkgs r mgks o.kq Nk efglwlq danks
gwanks\ gw dMfga [+k˜f'k Fkhanks gwanks ,sa dMfga nq[kh Fkhanks gwanks\ Nk rOgha dMfga mu lka
xkYgkb.k th dksf'k'k dbZ vkgs\ thva vlka[ks o.kfu th t+:jr vkgs] rhva o.kfu
[ks fc vlkath t+:jr vkgsA o+Q˜fnjr vlkatks [+;kyq j[ks Fkh r vlka[ks fc o+Q˜fnjr tks
[+;kyq j[k.kq ?kqfjtsA o.k&fV.k ,sa lth o+Q˜fnjr vlkats thou tks vgeq vaxq vkgsA
bUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [kka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ fFk;.k ykb vpks r c[+kZ fla/h doh Jh oklnso
^eksgh* ts dohrk tks vkuanq ekf.k;waA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
balku ,sa o+Q˜fnjr ts laca/ [ks tk.kh l?kank_
balku ykb o.kfu th vgfe;r tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
o+Q˜fnjr ts ekuohdj.k tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
dohrk ts dkO;&lkSan;Z tks o.kZuq djs l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
79
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
[kaf?kdkj = [ka?k.kq
lwiM+ks = fdfpjks esM+.k tks
lk/uq
cfni+Qt+hyr = cs<axks] vf'k"V]
vlH;
dh&cksMZ = dEI;wVj tks
dh&cksMZ
vklksikyo o.kq = v'kksd tks
o.kq
'kkgh = fo'kkyq] olhgq
yxksyfx = ikls esa] os>ks
gn n[+kyh = xS+j&t+:jh]
n[+kyvankt+h danM+
okjs NM.kq = eksM+s NM.kq
fda>.kq = djkg.kq] nkaga dj.kq
iafgatfu nksLrfu lka xM ckx+hps esa jkafn dj.k o×kks ,sa jkafn&:afn dj.k lka xM˜
mrka ts o.kfu&fV.kfu [ks fc è;ku lka fMlksA mgs dfgM+k&dfgM+k o.k vkfgfu] bgks
fc irks dfj;ksA o.kfu ts thou ts ckjs esa fgd fc, lka xkYgk;ksA bgks fc c˜/k;ks
r rOgkath ilafn tk Vs o.k dfgM+k vkfgfu ,sa Nks\ Fkh l?ks r muts ckjs esa o/hd
tk.k gkflyq dfj;ksA
vpks] ghv dohrk fgdq ni+Qks è;ku lka i<+™a FkkA rOgkath enn ykb dohrk esa vk;y
Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh osbZ vkgsA
vklksikyo o.kq
eqafgath 'kkgh njhv th 'kh[+k˜fu eka
dMfga gquth dk Vkjh ?kqlh b±nh gqbZ
njhv ts yxksyfx jf[k;y dEI;wVj Vscqy rs
ghv r gn n[+kyh vkgs
x+ls esa Vkjh okjs NMhanks gksfl
iu fda>ank gqvkA
dMfga gw [kaf?kdkj djs
iafgatk ds iu i+Q'kZ rs Fkqdh NMhanks gks
ghv r xanxh vkgs !
lwiM+s esa iu [k.kh
gquts eqagqa rs ekjhanks gksflA
dMfga gqutk nksLr dkao vph
t+ksj lka dka dka dank gqvk
gqu okaxq# bZ cfni+Qt+hyr !
ij u] gquth lkfFkf.k dksby lqBh gqbZ
feBks xkb±nh gqbZ] o.kanks gks
eqafgaft;wa vkÄqfj;wa
dh&cksMZ rs #fdth osafn;wa gq;waA
÷-û cqfu;knh lcd+
ef'kx+™fy;wa&÷-û
80
cqrq = ljh#] cnuq
foFkh = fop th [+kkyh txfg
ya?kanM+ = ya?k.k okjks]
xqft+j.k okjks
eksghanM+ = eu [ks o.kanM+
ewjr = f'kfdfy] psgjks] lwjr
lky fFk;k] gw cqr esa Mk<ks Hkfjth fo;ks gksA
eqafgath 'kkgh njhv rs
ifjns ft;ka iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA
xyhv eka ya?kanM+ dksbZ fc
ewa[ks fMlh u l?kanks gksA
eka fMlh l?kanks gksfl
iufu ts fofFk;qfu eka]
dafga eksghanM+ ewjr [ks dq>q o/hd bZA
Vkfj;qfu th gn n[+kyh] iufu th xanxh
dkaofu tks 'kks#] dks;y tks jkx˜
cnLrw# tkjh gks] gh lHkq
eqafgats jkst+ejg tks vaxq Fkh fo;k gqvkA
ckfgfj;ka ek.gw eqafgatks iqNank gqvk
r ckj b'kkjks dank gqvk&
gw tks oMks vklksikyo o.kq vkgs u
mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA
dMfga ds Mhaga ckfgfj osanks gksfl
r gqu th Vkjh
dh&cksMZ rs lqfEg;y feyanh gqbZ
t.kq dq>q po.k ykb dht+ nckbZUns] Fkfdth
mrs bZ ysVh isbZ gqtsA
eka /hjs lka Vkjh [k.kanks gksfl
iu gYdks f[kyh poank gqvk
vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !
vt E;qfuflifyVhv okjfu
fgu [ks dVs dsjk, NfM;ks !
gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk gqvk
?kj vfx;ka fcYdqyq fu'py ysVh isbZ gqbZ
eqafgath lq×kk.ki !
μ oklnso ^eksgh*
ds Mhaga = dq>q Mhaga
dht+ = dEI;wVj ts
dh&cksMZ tk cV.k
jkx˜ = xhrq
cnLrw# = nLrwj ;k
fu;e ewftfc
jkst+ejg = jkst+ tks
fu'py = fcuk dafga
gypy ts] futhZo
lq×kk.ki = igpku
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
81
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
÷-ü-û fglks&û
vpks] gk.ks fgu dohrk tks ifgfj;ksa fglks leq>.k ykb bUghv [ks fgdq ni+Qks ojh
i<+a™&
eqafgath 'kkgh njhv eka ----------------------------------------------------------- #fdth osafn;wa gq;waA
thva r rOgha if<+;ks] dohv ghv dohrk vklksikyo ts o.k ckcfr fy[kh vkgsA
dohv ts ?kj ckfgjka vklksikyo tks o.kq gksA dMfga dMfga mu th dk Vkjh njhv
ts 'kh[+k˜fu eka vanfj gyh b±nh gqbZ ,sa njhv ts ikls esa jf[k;y dEI;wVj Vscy rs t.kq
vkjkeq danh gqbZA Hkyk ds# gwanks] tafga [ks o.kfu lka I;k# u gwanks\ dohv [ks fc
vkgsA rOgha lksphank r Hkyk dhava\ gw r xqLls esa Vkjhv [ks ijs djs NMhanks gks !
cjkcj] gw dMfga dMfga o.k th Vkjhv [ks xqLls esa ijs djs NMhanks gks] tMfga lksphanks
gks r fcuk iqNs lanfl dEI;wVj Vscy rs vkjke danM+ Vkjh gqu ts thou esa
n[+ky&vankt+h djs jgh vkgsA dohv ts b,a dj.k lka o.k th Vkjh ^fda>anh* gqbZ !
c˜/k;ks Hkyk o.k th Vkjh fc dMfga nkaga danh vkgs Nk\ r bu tks tokcq vkgs r
^gk*A Nks tks o.k ykb Vkjh b,a bZ vkgs] thva vlka ykb vlka th ckagaA ds# tsdMfga
vlka th ckaga ejksM+s NMs ;k ckaga [kka >ys f/dks fM,] r vlka [ks fc lw# Fkhanks ,sa
vlha fc fda>anklha ;kus djkghanklhaA
bgks i<+h rOgha bgks u leqf>tks r dks dohv [ks o.k lka I;k# ukgsA dohv ykb r
ghm o.kq t.kq gqu ts ?kj tks fglks bZ vkgs] rMfga bZ r gw mu lka xkfYg;wa cksfYg;wa
djs Fkks ,sa dMfga ukjkt+ fc fFk, FkksA
dohrk ts bu fgLls eka bgk fc tk.k ios Fkh r doh vklksikyo ts o.k [ks thvjks
tkxanks] lkg okjks Hkkb±nks gks] rMfga bZ r gw bu uewus xkYgk, Fkks] t.kq dafga o.k ts
ckjs esa u] ij dafga balku ts ckjs esa xkYgk, jfg;ks gqtsA
dMfga dMfga rOgha lka fc b,a Fkhanks gwanks u\ tMfga dksbZ vlka ts thou esa
n[+ky&vankt+h djs] dafga de esa vfVdk, ;k ijs'kkuq djs r vlha fc x+ls Fkhank
vkfg;wa u\ dkofM+ dank vkfg;wa u\ ij Nk rOgha dMfga dafga o.k lka ;k c™Vs lka
ukjkT+k˜ fFk;k vkfg;ks\ b,a r mgks bZ ek.gw djs l?ks Fkks] tsdks o.kfu [ks I;k# danks
gqts ,sa doh fgjns okjks gqtsA
÷-ü vpks r leq>wa
82
vfxrs gyh doh c˜/k, Fkks r vklksikyo tks o.kq dMfga dMfga t+ksj lka [kaf?kdkj*
djs iafgatk ds iu t+ehu rs ^Fkqdh NMhanks gks*A bgks i<+h ojh b,a yxanks] thva
vklksikyo dksbZ o.kq u ij ek.gw vkgs] tsdks [ka?kh djs Fkqd fiQVh Fkks djsA fgrs
bUgfu flVqfu lka efrycq bgks vkgs r tMfga t+ksj lka gok gyanh gqbZ r o.k tk iu
dohv ts ?kj ts i+Q'kZ rs vph fdjank gqvkA dohv [ks fc xanxh ilafn dku gqbZ]
budjs gw lwiM+s esa bgs iu [k.kh] o.k ts ikls esa bZ fiQVk djs NMhanks gksA fMlks] gqu
dhva ^fiQVk dj.k* ykb ^eqaga rs ekj.kq* p;ks vkgs !
o.kq vkgs r i[kh r b±nk bZA vklksikyo ts o.k rs fc dsfrjk bZ i[kh b±nk gqvkA dohv
dkao [ks o.k tks nksLrq lfM;ks vkgs ,sa dksby [ks lanfl lkfFkf.kA dohv [ks dkao
th dka dka ilafn dku b±nh gqbZ] bu djs gw ijs'kku Fkh ioanks gksA gqu [ks dksby tks
e/qj xhrq o.kanks gksA dksby tks xhrq c˜/ans bZ dEI;wVj ts dh&cksMZ rs gyanM+ lanfl
vkÄqfj;wa chfgth osafn;wa gq;wa ;kus dksby ts feBs vkokt+ rs lanfl è;kuq de rka gVh
osanks gksA
dohrk ts fgufu flVqfu eka bgk fc tk.k feys Fkh r dohv ts ?kj ts vfx;ka tsdks
vklksikyo tks o.kq vkgs] mu lka lanfl fj'rks nksLrfu okaxq# I;kj ,sa >sM+s okjks vkgsA
o.k th lkod gqu [ks o.ks Fkh ij o.k tks fdfpjks fMlh gw [+ki+Qs fc fFk, FkksA o.k
rs tsds i[kh vph fogfu Fkk] mUgfu eka dkam gqu [ks fcYdqy ilafn ukgs ij dksby
ts fefBM+s xhr [ks gw è;ku lka ,sa I;kj lka c˜/s FkksA
dohrk twa ghm flVwa i<+h rOgha [ks fc efglwlq fFk;ks gwanks u r vklksikyo ts o.k lka
dohv tks dfgM+ks u [kVks feBks laca/q vkgsA
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
83
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
dohrk esa rOgha vklksikyo o.k ts ckjs esa if<+;ksA vfgM+ks bZ fp=k.kq fc,a dafga o.k
tkss rOgha iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa dfj;ksA
Hkk"kk tks bft+gk#
rOgha dohrk esa ^dMfga*] ^vt*] ^lky*] ^jkst+ejg* yÝ+t+ if<+;kA bgs yÝ+t+
dafga [+kkfl oDr th ekuk fM;fu FkkA vpks] bu ckjs esa o/hd tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa
,sa fl[kwaA
1- mgs yÝ+t+] tsds tqfeys esa i+Qby (fØ;k) lka xM vpfu ,sa i+Qby th [+kkfl;r
;kus fo'ks"krk c˜/kbZfu] mUgfu [ks t+i+QZ (fØ;k fo'ks"k.k) pbcks vkgsA bgk [+kkfl;r
oD+r] tkb] feo+Qnkj (çek.k)] o+Qnqj ;k jhfr oxS+jg lka okLrsnkj gwanh vkgsA
felky rksj&
Fkksjks [kkmA (feo+Qnk# ;k çek.k)
lqHkk.ks t+:# vfptkabA (oD+rq)
t+ksj lka u xkYgkbA (jhfr)
gwv fnYyhv esa jganh vkgsA (txg)
2- mgs yÝ+t+] tsds oD+r th [+kkfl ekuk c˜/kbZfu Fkk] frfu [ks t+i+QZ t+ekuq (dky
okpd fØ;k fo'ks"k.k) pbcks vkgsA thva r vt] lqHkk.ks] dMfga] tMfga] Mhagqa] jkfr]
eghuks] lkyq] jkst+] ges'kk ox+SjgA gk.ks rOgha ^vklksikyo o.kq* dohrk eka vfgM+k
yÝ+t+ xksfYg;ksA
'kCn HkaMk#
rOgha dohrk esa ^cfni+Qt+hyr* ,sa ^cnLrwj* yÝ+t+ if<+;kA ifgfj,a yÝ+t+ esa ^cfn*
,sa fc, yÝ+t+ esa ^c* milxZ vkfgfuA milxZ ,sa çR;; t+jh, uoka yÝ+t+ Bgank
vkfgfuA
milxZ mgs vkfgfu] tsds yÝ+t+ ts vfx;ka yxkbtfu Fkk ,sa b,a dj.k lka yÝ+t+ th
ekuk cfnfyth o×ks FkhA felky rksj] ^fgalk* ts vfx;ka ^v* yxk, ^vfgalk*]
^'kkafr* ts vfx;ka ^v* yxk, ^v'kkafr*] ^fo+QLer* ts vfx;ka ^cfn* yxk,
^cfnfo+QLer* ox+SjgA bu rjg fgd yÝ+t+ eka fc;ks uvksa yÝ+t+ fc Bgs Fkks ,sa tqnk
ekuk fc fM, FkksA
ef'kx+™fy;wa&÷-ü
84
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- dohv th njhv eka dafga th Vkjh vanfj vph osanh gqbZ\
(v) vklksikyo o.k th (c) vac ts o.k th
(l) fiij ts o.k th (n) xqyeksgj ts o.k th ¹ º
2- ^n[+kyq fM;.kq* th ekuk gsfB;fu eka dfgM+s bLrykg eka feyanh\
(v) Vaxwa Bksd.kq (c) eFkks vfVdkb.kq
(l) Vax vM+kb.kq (n) gFk NaM.kq ¹ º
3- ^iafgatk ds iu i+Q'kZ rs Fkqdh NMhanks gks* esa Fkqdh NM.k* tks efrycq Nk vkgs\
(v) mMkb.kq (c) dsjkb.kq
(l) Fkqd fiQVh dj.kq (n) fdjh io.kq ¹ º
4- vklksikyo tks nksLrq ds# gks\
(v) gok (c) ik.kh
(l) ckt+ (n) dkao ¹ º
5- dohv twa vkÄqfj;wa dafga rs #dth osafn;wa gq;wa\
(v) dh&cksMZ (c) fdrkcq
(l) njokt+ks (n) fxVkj ¹ º
6- tksM+k feyk;ks&
o.kq fda>.kq
iu cfn&i+Qt+hyr
dkao lkfFkf.k
dksby dh&cksMZ
vkÄqfj;wa Vkjh
÷-ü-ü fglks&ü
vpks] gk.ks fgu dohrk tks fc;ksa fglks leq>.k ykb fgu [ks ojh i<+h oBwa&
lky fFk;k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-û
85
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
dohrk tks ifgfj;ksa fglks i<+h rOgkats eu esa bgks lqokyq r mfFk;ks bZ gwanks r vfxrs
Nk fFk;ksA dohrk ts fc,a fgls esa dohv eka vlka[ks [+kcj ios Fkh r dsfrjk bZ lky
xqft+jh fo;k vkfgfu ,sa vklksikyo tks o.kq cqr esa Hkfjth fo;ks vkgs* ekuk gw reke
oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgsA fMlks] bgks i<+h ojh b,a yxs Fkks r doh o.k th u ij 'k[+l
th xkfYg djs jfg;ks vkgsA vklksikyo o.kq ,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgs tks dohv ts
?kj th njh bZ <fdth osbZ vkgsA bu xkfYg tks c;kuq dans doh pos Fkks r vklksikyo
o.kq gquth 'kkgh ekuk oMh njhv rs ifjns okaxqj iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA
doh cq/k, Fkks r o.kq ,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks] tks njh <fdth osbZ ,sa f?kVhv esa vp.k
o×k.k okjk ek.gw njhv rs chBy dohv [ks fMlh bZ dksu l?kank gqvkA doh dsfrjk
Hksjk o.k th Vkfj;qfu fop eka fydh&fydh lfHkuh [ks fMlanks gksA
o.kq r oMks Fkh fo;ks ij gqu twa vknrwa dku cfnfy;waA o.k twa Vkfj;wa ifgjha okaxq#
dfov ts ?kj th njhv eka vanfj gyh b±fn;wa gq;wa] iufu th xanxh fc Fkhanh gqbZ] dkao
fc 'kks# dank gqvk ,sa dksby feBks jkx˜ xkb±nh gqbZA gsfrjfu lkyfu esa vklksikyo o.kq
,sa muts djs o.k twa Vkfj;wa] iu] dkao] dksby oxS+jg lHkq dohv ts thou tks fglks
cf.kth fo;k gqvkA doh tk.kk, Fkks r tMfga dksbZ ckfgfj;ksa ek.gw f?kVhv esa vph
gquts ?kj ts ckjs esa iqNk danks gks r ckj b'kkjks djs c˜/kb±nk gqvk r gw tks oMks
vklksikyo tks o.kq vkgs u] mgks bZ ?k# vkgsA
b,a Fkhanks vkgs u] vlka dafga [kka dksbZ irks iqNwa ;k dksbZ vlka[ks dafga tks irks vph
iqNs r vlka ?kj lka okLrsnk# dk fu'kkuh c˜/kb±nk vkfg;waA fgufu flVqfu eka irks ios
Fkks r vklksikyo tks o.kq] dohv ts ?kj th fu'kkuh cf.kth fo;ks gksA
86
bf[+rlk# (leq>k.kh)dohrk ts fgu fgLls [ks i<+h vlka[ks tk.k feys Fkh r /hjs /hjs oD+rq xqft+jans
vklksikyo tks o.kq dohv ts thou tks vgeq fglks cf.kth fo;ks vkgsA ,frjs o+Qnqj
tks lanfl ?kj th fu'kkuh fc vklksikyo tks o.kq bZ vkgsA
Hkk"kk&lkSan;Zdohrk esa doh pos Fkks r&
^^lky fFk;k] gw cqr esa Mk<ks Hkfjth fo;ks gks
eqafgath 'kkgh njhv rs
ijns T;ka iQfgfyth fo;ks gksA**
è;kuq fMtks r fgrs dohv dsfrjs u jkspdq uewus cq/k;ks vkgs r vklksikyo tks o.kq
,frjks oMks Fkh fo;ks vkgs ,sa lth njhv ts vfx;ka vfgM+s uewus vph fo;ks vkgs] t.kq
dks ifjnks gqts! dohv of/;y ,sa iQfgfy;y o.k th HksV ifjns lka dbZ vkgsA rOgha[ks
fc bgk xkfYg rqrZq leq> esa vph osbZ gwanhA Hkk"kk ts vfgM+s uewus bLrseky lka dohrk
th lwaga fc o/s Fkh ,sa leq>.k esa loykbZ fc fFk, FkhA
Hkk"kk th lwaga o/kb.k tk dsfrjk bZ rjhdk vkfgfuA mUgfu eka fgdq vkgs ^vyadkj*
;k ^jaxhu ft+ckuh*A fgu dohrk esa fc vfgM+k dsfrjkbZ bt+gkj vkfgfuA vt vlha
^r'kchg* (miek) ,sa bLrvkjks (:id) vyadkj fl[kanklhaA
û- ^r'kchg* (miek vyadkj)r'kchg ;kus fgd 'kb th [+kkfl;r th chv 'kb th [+kkfl;r lka HksV dj.kqA bu lka
mu th [+kkfl;r o/hd lqBs uewus leq>k, lf?kch vkgsA HksV dj.k ykb ^okaxq#*]
^thva*] ^fefly* oxS+jg tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA felky rksj&
^rktegyq [khj okaxq# vNks vkgsA*
bu tqfeys eka [+kcj ios Fkh r rktegy tks jaxq dfgM+ks vkgsA fgrs fcUgha th lkxh
[+kkfl;r vkgs ^vNks gqv.kq*A
ü- bLrvkjks (:id vyadkj)
fgu vyadkj esa fc fcfu 'k;qfu th HksV dbZ osanh vkgs ij HksV dj.k ykb ^okaxq#*]
^thva*] fefly* ox+Sjg tks bLrsekyq dksu d;ks osanks vkgs] Nks tks mgk fgfdM+h 'kb]
ch 'kb tks :iq oBh oBanh vkgsA felky rksfj&
^egkjk.kk çrkiq xtanM+ 'khagqa gksA*
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
87
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
fgu tqfeys th ekuk vkgs r egkjk.kk çrki esa xtanM+ cgknqj 'khaga tk xq.k gqvkA
b,a pbts r ^egkjk.kk çrkiq cgknq# jktk gks*] bu ts cfnjka gqu[ks ^xtanM+ 'khagqa*
po.k lka lanfl cgknqjhv tks vankt+ks o/hd lqBs uewus yxk, lf?kts Fkks ,sa bgks
bt+gk# o/hd vfljkbrks fc yxs FkksA
rOgha fc iafgats xkYgkb.k esa vyadkjfu tks bLrsekyq vofl dank gwankA fMlks] rOgha[ks
ds vfgM+k felky ;kfn vpfu Fkk\
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- vklksikyo o.k ts o/.k ,sa iQfgyt.k th HksV 'kkbj dafga lka dbZ vkgs\
(v) leqaMq (c) ftjki+Q
(l) ifjnks (n) vklekuq ¹ º
2- ^cnLrwj* esa ^c* milxZ vkgsA gsfB;fu eka fcuk milxZ okjks yÝ+t+ xksfYg;ks&
(v) ceqf'dy (c) cnd
(l) cfni+Qt+hyr (n) ckdk;nk ¹ º
3- dohv ts ?kj th fu'kkuh ds# cf.kth fo;ks gks\
(v) vklksikyo tks o.kq (c) dksby tks jkx˜
(l) ckjfu tks 'kks# (n) iufu th xanxh ¹ º
4- ^foFkh* yÝ+t+ th ekuk xksfYg;ks&
(v) fo>.kq (c) [+kkyq
(l) [+kkyh (n) os>ks ¹ º
÷-ü-ý fglks&ý
dohrk tk c fglk i<+h ,sa leq>h] rOgha ts eu esa ftKklk iSnk Fkh gwanh r vkf[+kfj
vfxrs Nk fFk;ks\ doh ,sa vklksikyo ts laca/ tks Nk fFk;ks\ fgufu lqokyfu ts
tokc ykb vpks r dohrk tks fV;ksa ,sa vkf[+kjh fglks è;ku lka i<+™a ,sa leq>waA
dMfga ds Mhaga ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- eqafgath lq×kk.ki !
rOgha bgks r leq>h bZ fo;k gwank r gk.ks dohv [ks o.k lka dk f'kdk;r ukgsA /hjs&
/hjs gw lanfl thou tks vaxq cf.kth fo;ks vkgsA gw tMfga dafga de lka 'kgj [kka
ckfgfj osanks gks ,sa okil eksVh b±nks gks r dsfrjk Hksjk vklksikyo o.k th dk u dk
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-ü
88
Vkjh ojh lanfl ?kj th njhv eka vanfj vk;y gwanh gqbZA dMfga dMfga r dEI;wVj
ts dh&cksMZ rs fc isbZ gwanh gqbZA doh reke lqfg.ks rjhds lka pos Fkks r vklksikyo
th Vkjh dEI;wVj ts dh&cksMZ rs t.kq vkjkeq danh gqbZ ,sa doh gqu[ks r Mk<ks /hjs lka
[k.kh iklhjks j[kanks gksA gqu[ks efglwlq Fkhanks gks r t.kq Vkjhv tk iu gqu lka xkYgk,
jfg;k gqtfu] gquts okil vp.k rs Lokxrq djs jfg;k gqtfuA Nk rOgha[ks dMfga b,a
efglwlqq fFk;ks vkgs r o.k] c™Vk] xqy rOgha lka dq>q xkYgk, jfg;k gqtfu\
dohrk twa iNkM+hv twa flVwa i<+ans eu [ks nq[k fFk, Fkks] Nks tks fgd Mhagqa vklksikyo
o.k [ks E;qfuflifyVhv okjk dVs Fkk NMhfu] Nks tks gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk
gqvkA tMfga doh vklksikyo ts fdfj;y o.k [ks fMls Fkks r gqu[ks ,frjks lfneks
igqps Fkks] tks [ksfl yxs Fkks r t.kq gquth lq×kk.ki bZ [+kreq Fkh osbZ gqts! vklksikyo
ts o.k lka dohv tks laca/q uksad&>ksad ,sa nksLrhv [kka fc o/hd vgeq Fkh fo;ks gksA
vklksikyo gquth ,sa gquts ?kj th lq×kk.i cf.kth fo;ks gksA mu [ks iV rs fdfj;yq
fMl.kq dohv ykb rekeq ?k.kh ihM+k th xkfYg gqbZA
ghv dohrk i<+ans doh ,sa vklksikyo cbZ vlkats lkEgaw vph o×kfu FkkA lpqipq]
dohv çÑfr ,sa ek.gwv ts laca/ [ks csgn ljy ,sa lgt <ax lka mHkkfj;ks
vkgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- dohv [ks vklksikyo o.k th Vkjh fdFks lqfEg;y feyanh gqbZ\
(v) dqlhZ (c) Vscy
(l) iyaxq (n) dh&cksMZ ¹ º
2- dohv [ks ds# poanks gks r ^vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !* \
(v) nksLr (c) ekm
(l) o.k th Vkjh (n) ds# fc u ¹ º
3- vklksikyo o.k [ks dafga dVk, NfM;ks\
(v) E;qfuflifyVh (c) doh
(l) ikM+sfljh (n) dohv th iRuh ¹ º
4- o.k ts dfVth o×k.k lka dohv [ks b,a Nks yxks r gquth lq×kk.ki fc ejh osbZ
vkgs\
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&÷-ý
89
(v) dohv ts ?kj tks dksbZ uac# dksu gks
(c) lHkq ikM+s okjk gqu[ks o.k ts djs bZ lq×kk.kank gqvk
(l) o.k ts dfVt.k lka xM gquts ?kj th uacj&IysV fdjh isbZ gqbZ
(n) o.kq dohv ts thou tks fglks cf.kth fo;ks gks ¹ º
çÑfr dafga u dafga :i esa balku th fta+nxhv tks fglks vkgsA
balku th o.k lka os>kbi fFk;.k rs gw o.k [ks fc dafga lkg okjs okaxqj efglwlq
djs FkksA
balkuq iafgats efryc ykb çÑfrv [ks uqo+Qlku igqpk, jfg;ks vkgsA
çÑfrv ts [+kkRes lka xM˜ balku tks [+kkReks fc r; vkgsA
dohrk th cksyh ljy] lgt ,sa o.kanM+ vkgsA
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
rOgha Nk fl[;k
oklnso fl/uk.kh eksgh* c[kqZ fla/h doh;qfu eka vkfgfuA gqufu tks tueq 2 ekpZ
1944 rs ehjiqj [+kkfl (fla/) esa fFk;ksA fla/h x+t+y ,sa ub± dohrk ts [ks=k esa
lanfu ;ksxnkuq rekeq vgeq vkgsA lanfu ifgfj;ksa fdrkcq ^rtknq* 1976 esa
çdkf'kr fFk;ksA gqufu tk ds reke e'kgwj etewvk vkfgfu& ci+QZ tks Bfg;yq*
(x+t+y)] e.kdw (ub± dohrk)] Ms< xaf< (dgkf.k;wa)A gqufu dsfrjfu bZ fdrkcfu
tks rtqZeks ,sa laiknuq fif.k d;ks vkgsA ci+QZ tks Bfg;yq* rs [ksfu lky 1999 tks
lkfgR; vdkneh vokMqZ gklqyq fFk;ksA [ksfu xqtjkr vdkneh tks xkSjo iqjLdkj]
fç;n'kZuh vdkneh tks vnch vokMqZ] Hkkjrh; fla/h Hkk"kk fodkl ifj"kn tks
lkfgrdk# luekuq] dohrk ts [ks=k esa xaxk/j us'kuy vokMZ ox+Sjg lueku fc
vrk fFk;k vkfgfuA
Jh ^eksgh* th dohrk esa o+Q˜fnjr rfi+QZ rekeq ukT+k˜dq ,sa laosnu'khy Hkkouk gwanh
vkgsA ukjk;.k ';ke*] gfj fnyxhj*] xkso/Zu Hkkjrh*] foEeh lnkjaxk.kh ox+Sjg
doh;qfu fc o+Q˜fnjr lka okLrsnk# fo"k;fu rs laosnu'khy uewus lqfgf.k;wa jpukÅa
isf'k d;wa vkfgfuA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
90
fVi.kh
vklksikyo o.kq
1- dohv vklksikyo o.kq* esa iafgats ?kj ts lkEgaw okjs o.k tks lqan# c;kuq d;ksvkgsA rOgkats ?kj ts vklikfl ts o.kfu c™Vfu tks bu vankt+ esa c;kuq dfj;ksA
2- doh ,sa vklksikyo ts o.k tks laca/q dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gks\ dohrk ts vk/kjrs ohpkjs fy[kksA
3- ^vph fo,a ! Mhaga yxk;b !* ds#] dafga[ks pos Fkks\ bu flV eka dfgM+h ekukfufdjs Fkh\
4- gsfB;wa flVwa leq>k;ks&vt E;qfuflifyVhv okjfufgu[ks dVs dsjk, NfM;ks !gqufu [ks ds ikbZi fof>.kk gqvk?kj vfx;ka fcYdqy fu'py ysVh isbZ gqbZeqafgath lq×kk.ki !
5- rOgkats ?kj th lq×kk.ki Nk vkgs\ bu ckcfr lksfp;ks ,sa fy[kksA
6- çÑrhv esa rOgha[ks Nk o.kanks vkgs\ o.k&fV.k] leqaMq] i[kh] tcy ;k fc;ks
dq>q\ Nks\
7- ts ghv dohrk rOgha fy[kh gqts gk r rOgha fgu dohrk tks dfgM+ks mUokuq
fM;ks gk\
8- iafgats vkls&ikls eka vfgM+s dafga ek.gwv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;ks] tsdks
o+Q˜fnjr th lqBh laHkky danks gqtsA mu ckcfr iat&lr flVwa fy[kksA
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc7-1 1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (c) 4- (n) 5- (v)
6- o.kq Vkjh
iu fda>.kq
dkao cfn&i+Qt+hyr
dksby lkfFkf.k
vkÄqfj;wa dh&cksMZ
7-2 1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (v) 4- (c)
7-3 1- (n) 2- (l) 3- (v) 4- (n)
tokc
91
8
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
dafga fc o+QkSe ts cqyanhv tks nkjksenk# bu rs vkgs r muts ukjhv [ks dsfrjh
vgfe;r fMuh Fkh o×ksA vt˜ vlka fMlh jfg;k vkfg;wa r ukjh gj [ks=k esa vfxrs
vkgsA Hkkjr ts jk"Vªifr rksM+s ç/kuea=kh in th lwaga fc ukjhv o/kbZ vkgsA fgu lcd+
esa rOgha i<+ank r tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa fla/h ukjhv dsfrjks ik.kq eks[ks ;ksxnkuq fMuks
vkgsA iafgath l?k] meax ,sa yxu lka jktuhfr] vnc] u`R;dyk] laxhr ,sa 'kkL=kh;
laxhr ts [ks=k esa fla/h ukjhv ts ;ksxnku ckcfr eq[+rlj tk.k gkflyq dankA
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
vtksds lekt esa ukjhv ts thou ,sa dk;Z [ks=k okLrs muth lqtkxhv]
vfofjpkbZv [ks leq>h] mutks c;kuq djs l?kank_
lekt esa iafgath lq×kk.ki ykb ukjhv ts tnkstgn th tk.k gkflyq djs] c;kuq
djs l?kank_
ukjhv th ftLekuh] tT+ckrh] euksoSKkfud l?k th NaMNk.k djs l?kank_
vkn'kZ ukfj;qfu ts gkflykr tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
vtksdh dkE;kcq ukjhv ts vkRefo'okl ,sa ik.k rs HkkM+.k th tk.k gkflyq
djs l?kank_
lekt ykb ukjhv ts l?k th vgfe;r ,sa mu[ks çfrikfnr dj.k ckcfr
leq>k.kh MsbZ l?kankA
vgeq = eq[;q
cqyanh = ÅapkbZik.kq eks[ks = dkE;kcq Fkh]
;ksxnkuq fM;.kq
l?k = rkdr] 'kDrh
tnkstgn = la?k"kZq
vojpkbZ = gkSlyks
ed+ln
fVi.kh
92
gsfB fMuy rLoh:a è;ku lka fMlks ,sa c˜/k;ks r mgs dafgatwa vkfgfu\
vfgfM+;wa fc;wa rLoh:a gfFk djs iQkbZy r;k# dfj;ksA
^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;ars
jears r=k nsork* (euq Le`fr)
;kuh& ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,
vkgs lpq lqxZ felfy ?k# lks
mrs nsorkmfu tks oklks
lnk 'kqHk eaxy mrs fFk,
ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,A
euq Le`rhv ts bu lyksd eka ukjhv tks lEekuq ,sa vgfe;r lkfcr fFk, FkhA xkxhZ]
eS=ks;h] xkSreh] vikyk ox+Sjg o+Qnheq t+ekus twa e'kg# ,sa ekukbfr;wa ukfj;wa vkfgfuA
fla/h lekt esa fc ukjhv [ks ekuq erZcks gkflyq vkgsA lekt ,sa dqVEc ts defu esa
[ksfl enZ ts cjkcj ntksZ Mhans lanfl lykgqfu [ks vgfe;r fMuh osbZ vkgsA
vlkats ^lkS czkã.k] fgd fu;k.kh* okjks ohpk# fu;k.khv ts vgfe;r tks 'kkfgnq
vkgsA ohjrk ts [+;ky [kka jktk Mkgj th jk.kh ykMhv tks Mkgj ts 'kghnq fFk;.k
[kka iksb nq'eu lka ohjrk lka yM+ans fc 'kkgh i+QkSt lkEgwa fcgh o+Q˜ckZuh MsbZ bfrgkl esa
felkyq o+Qkbeq d;ksA lanfl /hv#fu lkS;Z (lwjt) nsoh ,sa ijeky th gks';kjh ,sa
cgknqjhv [kka fc vlka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ vkfg;waA fla/q ts lwjfe;qfu [kka fc vlka oko+Q˜i+Q˜
vkfg;waA (fdrkc tks lco+Q˜ 13)
o+Qnheq = çkphuq] vkxkVks]
iqjk.ks oD+r tks
ø-û cqfu;knh lcd+
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ø-û
93
tnhnq oD+r esa fla/h ukjhv iafgats lewjh l?k ,sa fgeFk] efgur ,sa leq>] fl;k.ki ,sa
gks';kjhv lka vkt+knh vkanksyu] fl;klr] vnc] u`R;] laxhr] :gkuh] fi+QYeqfu ,sa
ukVdfu eas vnkdkjh] rbyhe] MkDVjh] bathfu;fjax] ik;yV] varfj{k ;k=kh] jkt&dkjksckj]
ç'kklu] odkyr] gj [ks=k esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks vkgs ,sa lkfcrq d;ks vkgs r fdu [ks=kfu
esa gwv iq#"k [kka fc vxHkjh lkfcrq Fkh vkgsA #xks Hkkjr bZ u] fons'kfu esa fc ukyks
dek;ks vkgsA
nknh çdk'ke.kh (vkè;kRe)] bafnjk fganwtk (MkDVj&
VsLV V~;wc csch)] lk/uk (fiQYeh vnkdkjk)]
Hkxoarh ukok.kh (xkb.kh& fla/hv th yrk
eaxs'kdj)] iÁJh jk.kh djuk (u`R; dyk)] 'kkarh
ghjkuan ('kkL=kh; laxhr)] iksiVh ghjkuank.kh] lqanjh
mÙkepank.kh] dyk ,sa rkjk (fla/h vnc)] iQS'ku
'kks fMt+kbZuj paækA
vpks r vlka fVfu eq[;q fla/h ukfj;qfu ts ckjs esa foLrkj lka tk.k gkflyq
dfj;wa&
tsBh flikgheyk.kh
lnk g;kr dqekjh tsBh flikgheyk.kh deZ;ksfx.kh]
lsokHkkoh] cgknqj ,sa csMih ukjh gqbZA gqu tks
tueq 10 iQscjojh 1906 bZ- esa gSnjkckn
(fla/q) esa firk rqylhnkl flikgheyk.kh ts
?kj esa fFk;ks] tsdks ,e-bZ-,l- esa lqifjUVsaMsaV gksA
lanfl ltks dqVEcq ns'k Hkfxrhv ts jax esa
jfÄ;yq gksA tsBhv esa fc ua<iqf.k [kka ns'k
Hkfxrhv tks tT+cks Hkfj;yq gksA djkphv
tnhnq = gk.kksdks
fl;klr = jktuhfr
vncq = lkfgR;:gkuh = vkè;kfRed
tT+cks = Hkkouk
nknh çdk'ke.kh lk/ukbafnjk fganwtk Hkxoarh ukok.kh jk.kh djuk
'kkarh ghjkuan lqanjh mÙkepank.kh
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
94
(fla/q) eka eSfVªd tks bfErgkuq ikl dj.k [kka iksb Mh- ts- fla/q dkyst esa nkf[+kyk
ofjrkb±A vkt+knhv th gypy t+ksj idfM+;ks ,sa gwv mu esa Vih isbZA [ksfl fla/q ts
ukE;kjfu dkSeh vx˜okufu vkpk;Z ts- ch- Ñikyk.kh] vklwnksey fxnok.kh] t;jkenkl
nkSyrjke] te'ksnth uojkst+h th jgcjh gkflyq FkhA 1942 okjh vkt+knh gypy esa
fxjÝ+rk# Fkh tsy ;k=kk d;kb±A l[+rq chek# Fkh ij vkf.k u ef×k;kb±A ns'k Hkfxrh]
lekt lsok tk de dans [+kwcq ukewl d<hA jktuhrhv esa ljxeqZ cfgjks oBh vfxjkbZ
gkflyq dbZ] tafgadjs [ksfl fla/q ysftLVysfVo vlsEcyhv esa ukbc Lihdj tks mfgnks
gkflyq fFk;ksA vfxrs gyh gwv Lihdj ts mfgns rs uket+n Fkh] tsdk mu ofD+r
fla/h txr ykb vuks[kh ,sa i+Q[+k˜j ykbo+Q˜ xkfYg ys[kh osbZA fgu egku~ ukjhv vkf[+kfj
rkb± 'kknh u dbZ] dqaokjh jghA gqu tks po.kq gks r ewa vkt+knhv th gypy lka ykÅa
yf/;wa vkfgfuA ewa[ks ofgaokjh 'kknh u dfj.kh vkgsA*
vkt+knq Hkkjr esa fgu Hks.k tks dk;Z [ks=k cEcbZ jfg;ks] tafga [ks 1960 esa egkjk"Vª
lwcs esa rCnhy d;ks fo;ksA mrs fc fguth fl;klh o+QkfcY;r ,sa lekt lsok
fMlh [ksfl egkjk"Vª ysftLysfVo dkÅafly th ukbc ln# eqo+Qj# d;ks fo;ksA mu
mfgns rs jgans ?k: vMkor [ks=k esa ljxehZv lka deq d;kb±A dsfrjfu ?kqfjtkÅ ek.gqfu
[ks fjgkb'kh tk;wa Bfgjk, fMukb± ,sa x+jhcfu [ks FkkabZdks djs :g th jkgr gkflyq
d;kb±A gqu uothou dks&vkWijsfVo lkslkbVh cikZ dbZ] muts t+sj lk;s pkj dkyksfu;wa
otwn esa vk;wa] lks fc cEcbZ tfgM+s egkuxj esaA bgks lanfl yklkuh ;knxk# ;ksxnkuq
vkgsA fla/h lekt [ks vfgM+h fgeFk okjh enkZuh fganw ukjhv rs ukt+ vkgsA fganq th
cqycqy ljkstuh uk;Mw ,sa ,suh fclsaV [ksfl ed+ln gkflyq dj.k esa iwjks lgdk#
fMuksA
lwi+Qh vl# gqv.k djs fi+QjdsijLrhv [kka ijs gwans fc gqutks fganw /eZ esa vVyq
fo'oklq gksA cs balki+Qh ,sa dwM+ f[+kyki+Q oMfu oMfu eqvrcjfu [ks lki+Q˜ poans
fNaHkhanh gqbZA
vkSjrqfu ts go+Qfu okLrs yM+.k [ks vfxjkbZ Mhanh gqbZA 1937 esa fla/q vlsEcyhv esa
vkSjrqfu ts olsZ ckcfr fcy [ks csckdhv lka isf'k d;ksA fofjgkÄs cSfn yM&iyk.k
ts ofD+r fla/h fganw vkSjrqfu [ks lgh lyker Hkkjr Mkagqa jokuks dj.k esa fgu lkjkg
tksxh ljtks'kh ,sa nwjkans'kh Ms[kkjhA
rbyheh [ks=k esa lkjkg tksxks deq d;ksA iwjh iquh ekyh gkyr gwans fc dq>q cpk,
?kqfjtkÅ 'kkfxnZfu ,sa Vsªfuax oBanM+fu [ks x˜>s uewus ekyh enn danh gqbZ] thva ds#
fc rbyhe [kka okaf>;y u jgsA
Vih isbZ = fgLlks ofjrks
ukE;kjfu = e'kgwjukewl = lkjkg
ljxeZq = tks'k lka deq dj.kq
vkf.k = gkj] f'kdLr
uket+n = euksuhr
?k: vMkor = x`g fuekZ.k
yklkuh = csfelkyukt+ = i+Q[+k˜#
fi+QjdsijLrh = lkEçnkf;drk
eqvrc# = oMs mfgns okjksvfxjkbZ = vgfe;r
csckdh = cgknqjh
nwjkans'kh = nwjnf'kZrkx˜>ks = fydyq
okaf>;yq = oafpr] eg:e
cikZ dj.kq = 'kq: dj.kq
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
95
vfgM+h egku ukjh 21 ebZ 1978 bZ- lqcwg tks lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikBq dans vlka [kka
lnk lnk ykb tqnk Fkh futq /ke gyh osbZA osans osans iafgathv olhvr esa fy[kh osbZ
r lanfl fefYd;r ?kqfjtkmfu ,sa x+jhcfu [ks fMuh o×ksA iafgatwa vf[k;wa fc nku dj.k
ykb fy[kh osbZA vfgM+h usd fny ukjhv ts ;kfn esa eghe eqEcbZ esa ehjk jksM rs tsBh
Hks.k lkslk;Vh* cikZ d;y vkgs] tsdk lanfl ve# ;knxk# vkgsA vfgM+hv rjg
fgu fla/h ukjhv iafgats xq.kfu ts cy rs u i+QfD+r ukjh tkrhv tks xkVq Åpks d;ks]
ij ns'k lsok ,sa lekt lsok esa fc yklkuh ;ksxnkuq fMuksA
1- gsfB;fu lkyfu lkEgwa fFk;y ?kVukÅa flyflysok# fy[kks&
(1) 1978 tsBh flikgheyk.kh tks nsgkar
(2) 1906 tsBh flikgheyk.kh tks tueq
(3) 1942 vkt+knh vkanksyu esa ;ksxnkuq
(4) 1960 egkjk"Vª lwcks Bg.kq
(5) 1937 fla/q vlsEcyhv esa vkSjrqfu ckcfr fcyq
2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk eq[+rl# tokc fy[kks&
(1) dq- tsBhv dkyst th rbyhe v/ esa Nks NMh\
(2) dfgM+fu dkSeh vx˜okufu tsBhv th jgcjh dbZ\
(3) lwi+Qh vlj ts ckotwn dq- tsBhv tks dafga esa vVwVq fo'oklq gks\
(4) dq- tsBhv iafgath olhvr esa Nk fyf[k;ks vkgs\
(5) dq- tsBhv th ;kfn esa Nk cikZ d;ks fo;ks vkgs\
3- gsfB fMuy uqD+rfu eka lghv ts lkEgwa ¹º ,sa x+yr ts lkEgwa ¹º tks
fu'kkuq yxk;ks&
(1) ftrs ukjhv th iwtk fFk,] mrs nsofu tks oklks vkgsA ¹ º
(2) xkxhZ eS=ks;h vikyk ox+Sjg vt˜ twa ukfj;wa vkfgfuA ¹ º
(3) dq- tsBhv eqEcbZv eka eSfVªd tks bfErgkuq ikl d;ksA ¹ º
(4) dq- tsBhv x+jhcfu [ks FkkabZdks dj.k ykb uothou dks&vkWijsfVo
lkslkbVh cikZ dbZA ¹ º
(5) tsBh flikgheyk.khv [ks fganq th cqycqy p;ks fo;ks vkgsA ¹ º
lwcks = çkarq
vx˜okufu = usrkmfu
ckotwfn = gwans fc
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-û
96
dq- iksiVh ghjkuank.kh (rbyhenkuq ,sa ysf[kdk)
^^eqafgath fta+nxh dMfga [kka iufu esa osf<+th osbZ
vkgs] ;kfn u vFkfe] i+QkbZy vanfj iuk] i+QkbZy
ts eFkka iuk] dcV ts vanfj iuk] dcV eFkka
iuk] est+ rs iuk] ilZ esa iuk] lkf<+;qfu ts fop
esa iuk ,sa CykÅt+fu ts Hkfjlka iukA b,a bZ iuk
ewa [ks ?ksjs fo;k vkfgfuA eka ges'kg iufu ts
lqfgcr esa jgh vkfg;kaA** bgs yÝ+t+ vkfgfu
fla/hv ts c[kZq ysf[kdk dqekjh iksiVh ghjkuank.khv
tkA tafgatks tueq rkjh[+k 17 lsIVsEcj 1924 rs
gSnjkckn fla/q esa fFk;ksA lanfl firk Jh jkepan
i+QkjsLV fMikVZesaV esa oMks veynk# gksA fgu 1939 bZ- eas eSfVªd ikl djs lk/w
oklok.khv ts ehjk dkyst gSnjkckn esa ekLrjh dans bUVj ikl dbZA lu~ 1943 bZ- esa
cukjl fganw ;wuhoflZVhv esa lHkq Hkk"kkÅa [k.kh ch-,- ikl dbZ ,sa lth ;wuhoflZVhv
esa iatksa uEc# vkbZA fofjgkÄs [kka iksb fganqLrku esa vph cEcbZv ts ds- lh- dkyst
esa çksi+Qsl# ,sa fla/h foHkkx th çeq[kqq c.khA lanfl fy;ko+Qr tks o+Qnq# dans cEcbZ
fo'ofo|ky; ikjka [ksfl ih-,p-Mh- ykb xkbM eqdj# d;ks fo;ksA
iksiVhv ts ysf[kdk gqv.k tks i+Qkbnks rbyhe [ks fc fefy;ks] tks laLÑr ,sa fganhv
rs nLrjl gqv.k djs fgu Hkk"kk foKku tfgM+s uhjl fo"k; rs fdrkcq fyf[k;ksA
eT+ewufu tk fdrkc fc 'kkfxnZu ykb ennxk# cf.k;kA vaxzst+hv esa fyf[k;yq lanfl
'kkunkj fdrkc 'History of Sindhi Literature' fgd ikls nqfu;k Hkj ts flaf/;qfu ykb
dkfjx# fFk;ks] fc, ikls x+Sj flaf/;qfu [ks 'kkgwdk# vkfyek.ks fla/h vnc th tk.k
fMuhA fla/h 'kkfxnZu tks vksuks j[kh gqu bu fo+QLe tk Mgkdks fdrkc fyf[k;kA
laxhr ,sa u`R; esa lanfl pkgq gksA Mkal cSys th fLØIV fyf[k;kb±] tafga rs vuhyk lqanj
LVst rs ?k.kk bZ 'kks djs e'kgwjh gkflyq dbZA lanfl ukfoy ^dkark* [ks nwjn'kZu rka
fi+QYek;ks fo;ksA
fla/h vnc esa tMfga ysf[kdkÅa u ts cjkcfj gq;wa] rMfga iksiVhv meax ,sa tks'k lka
vnch txr esa is# ikrksA gqu 'kq:vkfr eT+ewu fy[k.k lka dbZ ij iksb vnc th gj
flai+Q [ks ekykekyq d;ksA eT+ewu 16] [kkstukRed ys[k 4] dgkf.k;wa 11] ukfoy 4 ,sa
dohrkÅa 3] rtqZek 10 ox+Sjg tk 55 fdrkc lanfl dkE;kcq ysf[kdk gqt.k tk
lqfgcr = laxfr
c[kqZ = oMh e×kqrk gkflyqd;y
veynk# = vki+Qhl#
fy;ko+Qr = ykbo+QhnLrjl = egkjr] fo'ks"kKrk
flai+Q = fo/kdkfjx# = dkjkbrks] i+Qkbns okjks
uhjl = #[kks
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
97
'kkfgn cf.k;kA fla/hv esa o/hd e'kgwjh
lanfl vkRe dFkk ^eqafgats g;krhv tk lksuk
jksik oo+QZ* rs gkflyq d;kb±] tsdj 'kk;n
Hkkjr th ifgjha fla/h ysf[kdk ikjka fy[kh
osbZA vkRe dFkk fnypLi lPpkbZv rs c/y
gqv.k ,sa vljkbrh o.kanM+ is'kdf'k ts djs
fla/q esa fc butks fc;ks Nkiks Nfith fganh
ejkBhv lesr fc;qfu cksfy;qfu esa mutk rtqZek
fFk;kA 1982 esa [ksfl fgu fdrkc rs lkfgR;
vdkneh tks vkc:nk# bukeq vrk fFk;ksA
nqcbZ tks ^yrhi+Q lEeku*] ^egkjk"Vª xkSjo* (fgdq y[kq #i;k)] lEeku [kka lokb
vusdq ljdkjh ,sa [+kkuxh laLFkkmfu ikjka [ksfl bukefu ,sa lUekufu lka uokft+;ks
fo;ksA
lanfl 'kf[+l;r rs ^vf[ky Hkkjr fla/h cksyh ,sa lkfgR; çpkj lHkk* ikjka jk"Vªh;
lsehukj d;ks fo;ksA ^dwat*] ^fliwa*] ^jpuk* tfgM+fu fla/h vnch jlkyfu lanfl
'kf[+l;r rs [+kkfl ipkZ 'knen lka Nfi;kA fdrkcfu [kka lokb gj v[+kckj ,sa
jlkyfu esa lanfl jpukÅa use lka Nfitafn;wa jfg;waA
fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa vnc ykb deq danM+ lHk [kka iqjk.kh ,sa vgeq laLFkk ^vf[ky Hkkjr
fla/h cksyh ,sa lkfgr lHkk* th ifgjha ukjh tujy lsØsVªh c.khA enZfu lka dqYgks dqYgs
lka feyk,] rwi+Qkuh nkSjk danh jghA lth mfefj dqaokjh jghA lanfl 'kknh xks;k
fla/h lkfgR; lka Fkh gqbZA
fta+ngfnyhv ts 'kkunkj felky iksiVhv [ks ys[kdfu ^Vfgdfu th jk.kh*] ^rwi+Qkuh
ysf[kdk*] ^enkZuh ysf[kdk*] ckx+h] cqnZck#] csckdq] tks'khyh tfgM+k f[+krkc vrk
d;kA lanfl ih-,N-Mh- 'kkfxnZ Mk- deyk xksdyk.khv ts jgcjhv esa Mk- o"kkZ
m/ksnklk.khv egf"kZ n;kuUn fo'ofo|ky; eka ^iksiVhv tk ukjh fdjnkj* fo"k; rs
ih-,N-Mh- th fMxzh gkflyq dbZA
fla/h thofr tks vDlq] lkekftd Å.kk;wa] vkfyek.kh bckjr ,sa ut+kdr okjh loyh
fla/hv esa jpukÅa fy[kh] fla/h lkfgR; [ks ekykeky danM+ iksiVh dq>q oD+rq
chekjhv lka tnkstgn dans vkf[+kfj 16-12-2005 rs vlka [kka ges'kg ykb tqnk Fkh
osbZ ij iafgaft;qfu jpukmfu djs vej vkgs] lnk g;krq vkgsA
jksik = pkanhv tk
vkc:nk# = ekukbrks
[+kkuxh = futh] x+Sj ljdkjh
'knen = eku 'kku
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
cqnZck# = ft+esnk#
bckjr = fyf[k.kh
98
1- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1& iksiVhv [ks tafga fdrkc rs lfgR; vdkfneh bukeq fefy;ks] lks vkgs&
(v) dkark
(c) fgdq iq"iq iaæga ia[kqfM+;wa
(l) eqafgats g;krhv tk lksuk jksik oo+QZ
(n) :g lanh #×k ¹ º
2& iksiVhv rs d;y ih-,p-Mh- tks fo"k; vkgs&
(v) iksiVh ghjkuank.khv th 'kf[+l;r ,sa i+Qu
(c) enkZuh ysf[kdk iksiVh
(l) iksiVh fla/h vnc th ,ot+h
(n) iksiVhv tk ukjh fdjnkj ¹ º
2- gsfB fyf[k;y lkyfu ts lkEgwa mu esa ?kfV;y ?kVuk tks yhd ik, feykuq
dfj;ks&
(1) 1924 lkfgR; vdkfneh bukeq
(2) 1943 iksiVhv tks tueq
(3) 1982 iksiVhv tks pkyk.kks
(4) 2005 cukjl fganw ;wuhoflZVhv eka ch-,-
1- iksiVhv tk fdrkc gfFk djs i<+ksA
2- fc;wa dfgfM+;wa fla/h ysf[kdkÅa vkfgfu\ tk.k gkflyq dfj;ksA
3- euilafn ysf[kdk rs i+Qhpj fy[kksA
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-ü
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ø-ü
99
vuhyk lqanj (c[kqZ u`R; dykdkj)
tafgatks ruq euq ,sa vkRek laqnj vkgs] vfgM+h
vuks[kh dykdkj vuhyk lqanj tks tueq
11 uoEcj 1951 rs Mk- ukudhv ts dqf[k
eka Mk- xksfcan ek[khtk.khv ts ?kj esa
fFk;ksA vuhyk lrfu lkyfu ts mfefj [kka
uR; lk/uk 'kq: dbZ] ekm ihm fc fgfeFkk;ks
,sa vuhyk u`R; ts eSnku esa Vih isbZA vt
rkb± [+kwcq tksg# Ms[kkjs pqdh vkgsA ns'k
fons'k esa i+Qu tks eqt+kfgjks djs pqdh vkgsA
lHk [kka vofy 1971 esa [ksfl ;wFk ,Dlpsat
çksxzke esa tkiku ?kqjk;ks fo;ksA 1975 esa
osLV vç+Qhdk ,sa yaMu esa LVst çksxzke ,sa
Vsyhfot+u çksxzke isf'k d;kb±A ykxksl] nqcbZ]
tdkrkZ lesr dsfrjfu eqYdfu esa ukewl
d<h vkbZA
b,a fla/h u`R; ts [ks=k esa fc;k fc vgeq ukyk vkfgfu& iÁJh jk.kh djuk] lksuw
pkS/jh ox+SjgA vuhyk th [+kkfl vgfe;r budjs vkgs] tks gqu fla/h u`R; ykb ik.kq
viZ.kq d;ks vkgsA u`R; ukfVdkÅa fla/h txr [ks lanfl yklkuh nsu vkgsA gjfgd eka
flaf/;r th [+k˜'kcw egdanh vkgsA flaf/;r [ks cqyanq j[k.k ykb 'kkg twa lwfeZ;wa u,a
rjhds lka isf'k djs flaf/;r tks 'kkuq o/k;ksA ub± Vghv rkb± dkfjx# ,sa fnypLiq uewus
fla/h cksyh ,sa lH;rk [ks igqpk;ksA fgu tk ;knxk# u`R; cSys vkfgfu& fld lt.k
th*] ^flaf/;r th lqjgkf.k*] ^fla/q twa ;knxhfj;wa*] ^Fkhm u tkuh tqnk ewa[kka*]
^fla/w* (eksgu ts nM+s rs vk/k# j[kanM+)] ^xhr xksfoan*] ^fla/q eqafgath vEek*]
^fla/q /kjk* (bfrgklq)] ^t+ky dMfga t+sfj dMfga t+cj* ox+SjgA
^I;k# djs fMlq* ,sa ^t; >wysyky* fi+QYeqfu esa fc bLe isf'k d;kA
LVst rs vuhyk tks gjfgdq mT+okss u`R; danks vkgsA dkbukr tk iat bZ vukflj lkfHk;k
djs l?kanh vkgsA gok [ks gyanks] ik.khv [ks olanks] /jrhv [ks lganks] vkdk'k th
fo'kkyrk [ks fugkjhanks ,sa ckfg th tj tks lsdq eglwlq danks vkgs ukt+jhuA vuhyk
tks u`R; fMlh vke n'kZd bZ u] ij vx™.kks ç/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktikb] ukbcq
tksg# = tyoks
i+Quq = dyk
eqt+kfgjks = Ms[kkj.kq] çn'kZuq
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
tj = xekZb'kukt+jhu = fMlanM+] n'kZd
100
ç/ku ea=kh ,y- ds- vkMok.kh] gk.kksdks ç/kuea=kh ,sa xqtjkr tks vx™.kks eq[;q ea=kh
lanfl u`R; dyk [ks ek.ks ,ssa lkjkgs pqdk vkfgfuA
vkyeh fla/h lEesyu vksjykaMks ,sa fpdkxks esa 1999 esa Hkkx˜ oBh flaf/;r [ks cqyanq
d;ks vFkflA ysg yík[+k esa gj lky FkhanM+ ^fla/q n'kZu ;k=kk* esa fla/q unhv tks
lk[;krq l:iq cf.kth] vkyh'kkuq u`R; djs] fnyxhj ts xhr vkdk'k esa oganh vps*
[ks lkfHk;ka c.kk,] fMlanM+fu th okg&okgh yqVs pqdh vkgsA fla/h ?k.kkbZv okjfu
?k.kfu 'kgjfu esa fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk Mkal cSys isf'k djs pqdh vkgsA
dsfrfj;qfu ljdkjh ,sa [+kkuxh laLFkkmfu [ksfl i+Q[+k˜j lka lekfur d;ks vkgsA t;fgan
dkyst eka çksi+Qslj tks ekukbrks mfgnks NMs] fgu u`R; th nhokuhv lth mfefj
fla/h u`R; [ks viZ.kq dbZ] tafga esa lanfl ?kksV lqanj fupk.khv iw.kZ lgdk# fMuksA ub±
Vghv [ks fgeFkkb.k ykb gqu ^fla/q u`R; ,sa laxhr vdkneh* cikZ djs] mUgfu esa
lqtkxh vkanh vkgsA iafgath /hv jpuk [ks [+k˜fn okaxq# u`R; dyk th Mkfr esa ekfg#
c.kk;ks vFkflA vfgM+h yklkuh u`R; dykdkj rs vlka lfHkuh [ks ukt+ vkgsA
1- gsfB;fu tk [+kky Hkjs] tqfeyks iwjks dfj;ks&
(1) vuhyk laqnj tks tueq -------------------------- esa fFk;ksA
(2) vuhyk --------------------- lkyfu th mfefj esa u`R; lk/uk 'kq: dbZA
(3) u`R; ts [ks=k esa fc;k vgeq ukyk ------------------------------------------ vkfgfuA
(4) ub± Vghv [ks fgeFkkb.k ykb vuhyk --------------------------------- vdkneh
cikZ dbZ vkgsA
2- gsfB;fu eka lgh tokcq pwaMs fy[kks&
(1) vuhyk [ks 1971 bZ- esa ;wFk ,Dlpsat çksxzke esa ?kqjk;ks fo;ks&
tkiku @ vesfjdk
(2) 1975 bZ- esa LVst çksxzkeq isf'k dj.k ykb osbZ&
osLV vç+Qhdk @ uhjnySaM
(3) vuhyk tks u`R; fMlh vx™.ks ç/kuea=khv fc [ksfl lkjkfg;ks&
vVy fcgkjh oktikb @ yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh
(4) fla/q n'kZu ;k=kk esa lk[;krq l:iq cf.kth u`R; isf'k d;ks vFkfl&
fla/q unh @ xaxk unh
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ø-ý
ukbcq = milkfHk;k = gwcgw
101
ø-ü vpks leq>wa r i+Qhpj Nk vkgs
rOgha [ks [+kcj vkgs r v[+kck#fu esa lekpkj Nfick vkfgfuA lekpkjfu eka i+QfD+r
bgk tk.k Fkh feys r Nk fFk;ks\ thva tsBh flikgheyk.kh ysftLysfVo desVhv esa
Lihd# c.kh r v[+kck#fu esa [+kcj Nih r fla/h ukjh Lihd# c.khA ij bgk tsBh
Hks.k dsj vkgs\ mgk bu mfgns rkb± dhva igqrh] bu lka lekt [ks dfgM+h çsj.kk feyh]
lekt rss dfgM+ks vl# fi;ks\ bUgfu xkfYg;qfu [ks fnypLiq uewus c˜/k;ks o×ks r mgks
i+Qhpj Fkhanks\ ;kus Nk fFk;ks\ bgks c˜/kb.k [+kcj vkgsA tsdh fFk;ks] mgks Nks ,sa dhva
fFk;ks\ ,sa butks urhtks Nk Fkhanks\ bgks c˜/kb.kq i+Qhpj tks deq vkgsA i+Qhpj esa
?kVukmfu [ks vlkats vf[k;qfu vkMks lkfHk;k djs fpVks d;ks Fkks o×ksA dufu esa
?kVukmfu tks vkokt+ xwat.k yxs FkksA v[+kckj tk Vs de c˜/k;k o×kfu Fkk& lwpuk
fM;.kq] rbyhe fM;.kq ,sa foanqjkb.kqA i+Qhpj esa bu xkfYg tks è;kuq jf[k;ks osanks vkgs
r mgks o.kanM+ fc gqtsA i+Qhpj d,a fo+QLefu tk Fkhank vkfgfu ;k Fkh l?kank vkfgfuA
voke ts pkg okjk] lathng NaMNk.k okjk gYdk iQqYdk ,sa foanqj okjk ;k 'kf[+l;r
lka okLrsnk#A ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa 'kf[+l;r lka okLrsnk# ;k ilZusfyVh
i+Qhpj* vkgsA
i+Qhpj v[+kckjuohlh txr th vgeq flai+Q vkgsA tafga esa iafgats oDr th uCt+
VVksy.k [ks vgfe;r fMuh o×ks FkhA bgks bZ dkj.kq vkgs tks fgu[ks ^lekpkjRed
et+ewu* fc pbts FkksA fo"k; [ks isf'k dj.kq bZ i+Qhpj [ks l?k c[+'ks FkksA bgks dafga
i<+anM+ ykb] mLrkn jgcj tks deq djs FkksA fguth cksyh loyh] lgt ,sa lfHkuh [ks
leq> esa vp.k okjh gwanh vkgsA fgu esa fo"k; ts t+:jr eqrkfcfo+Q yÝ+t+fu th pwaM dbZ
osanh vkgsA bgs yÝ+t+ dafga fc Hkk"kk tk Fkh l?kfu Fkk] thva rOgha fgrs è;kuq fMuks gwanksA
i+Qhpj esa is'kdf'k tks [+kkfl è;ku jf[k;ks osanks vkgsA fgrs fnypLiq uewuks bLrsekyq
d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgu lka xM˜ rLoh:a fc gqtfu r mu[ks ^ckrLohj i+Qhpj* pbcks
vkgsA #xks i+QksVw bZ i+QksVw gqtfu r ^i+QksVks i+Qhpj*A jsfM;ks i+Qhpj fc Fkhank vkfgfu] ij
vkokt+h t+jhvks gqv.k djs muth is'kdf'k fcYdqy vyfx Fkhanh vkgsA
fojke fpg~u^fojke* th ekuk vkgs chgd] chg.kq ;k #fdt.kqA Hkko ;k ohpkj t+kfg# dj.k
efgy 'kCnfu (yÝ+t+fu)] okD;fu (tqfeyfu) ts fop esa Fkksjh nsfj chg.kks ioanks
vkgsA
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
lathng = xEHkh#NaMNk.k = fo'ys"k.k
flai+Q = fo/k
uCt+ VVksy.k = uCt+ leq>.kqis'kdf'k = çLrqfrdj.k
ckrLohj = rLohj lesfr
ø-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
102
vjksd = tafga [ks jksds u lf?kts
eqokfi+Qo+Q˜ = mfpr] BfgdanM+
rOgha Nk fl[;k
bu chg.k [ks ^fojke* ;k ^chgd* pbts FkksA
bu ed+ln lka fy[kanM+ ys[kdq ftfu fu'kkfu;qfu tks ç;ksxq danks vkgs] mUgfu [ks
^fojke fpUg* poank vkfgfuA
Hkk"kk esa bUgfu fu'kkfu;qfu th ?k.kh vgfe;r vkgsA
fy[k.k esa fojke ;k chgd Ms[kkj.k ykb gsfB;qfu fu'kkfu;qfu tks ç;ksxq Fkhanks
vkgsA
1- iwjks neq&iw.kZ fojke (Full Stop) .
2- Fkksjks neq&vYi fojke (Comma) ,
3- v/q neq&v¼Z fojke (Semi Colon) ;
4- neq (Colon) :
5- lqoky th fu'kkuh (Question Mark) \
6- okd twa fu'kkfu;wa (Inverted Commas) “ ”
7- fMaxh yhd (Oblique) /
^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* fgdq i+Qhpj vkgs tks tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa e'kgwjh
,sa dkE;kchv th cqyanh gkflyq d;y ukfj;qfu rs fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgsA
ukjh enZ [kka ?kfV u vkgsA fla/h ukfj;qfu iafgats vkRe cy] efgur] lpkbZv
lka mgs cqyafn;wa gkflyq d;wa vkfgfu] ftfu lka Hkkjr esa fla/h o+QkSe tks ekuq
eFkkgksa fFk;ks vkgsA ukjhv esa vjksd l?k fydy vkgs] [ksfu eqokfi+Qo+Q˜ ekSdks
fey.kq ?kqfjtsA tsBh flikgheyk.kh] iksiVh] vuhyk lqanj tfgM+k felky vlka[ks
çsj.kk fM;fu Fkk] jgcjh dfu FkkA
nqfu;k th v/q vkcknh vkSjrqfu th vkgsA mUgfu ts rjo+Qhv rs bZ ns'k ,sa nqfu;k
th rjo+Qh eqfEduq vkgsA
ukjh 'kDrhv ts fygkt+ [kka Hkkjrq dafga fc eqYd [kka iksbrs dksUgsA fla/h o+QkSe
fc vfgM+fu felkyfu lka Hkjiw# vkgsA lcd+ esa 'kkfeyq rLoh#fu eka bgks lki+Qq
t+kfg# vkgsA vt th ukjh 'keZc™Vh u ij vFkkgq l?k th ekfyfd;k.kh vkgsA
'kfDr l:ik vkgsA
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
103
fVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
/hv ,sa iqV esa ri+Qkorq dj.kq csbalki+Qh vkgs] x+Sj dqfnjrh vkgs ,aas x+Sj dkuwuh fc
vkgsA te.k [kka vofy xHkZ th tkap ts f[+kyki+Q 1994 esa dkuwuq ikl d;ks fo;ks
vkgsA xHkZ ts tho th gpk vijk/q e×khans lt+k tks fu;eq fc ikfl d;ks fo;ks
vkgsA
ukjhv th egi+Qwft+xh ,sa [ksfl l?kkjks c.kkb.k ykb ?k.ksbZ ;kstukÅa vey esa
vkafn;wa o×kfu fFk;waA iq#"k ikjka ukjhv lka fgalk ;k ekufld fgalk dj.kq fc Mksgq
ef×k;ks fo;ks vkgsA tsrks.khfd ?k: fgalk tks f'kdk# t+kywa ghfl;y jgfu fFk;wa]
lHkq dq>q lgfu fFk;wa ij /hjs /hjs lqtkxh vph jgh vkgsA ?k.kkbZ ukjh laxBu cikZ
fFk;k vkfgfuA t+Ye lganM+ ukjhv [ks lgdk# MsbZ] eukscy o/k,] xfM;y :i
lka t+Ye th f[+kyki+Qr djs Mksghv [ks lt+k fM;kjh Fkh o×ksA
vt˜ th ukjhv iafgath l?k ('kfDr) [ks lq×kkrks vkgsA gqu csMikbZ] vkRe
fo'okl] i+QSlyks dj.k th bNk 'kfDr] i+Qt+Z ikyuk] bZekunkjh ,sa bafrt+keq j[kh
lekt esa iafgath lq×kk.ki o+Qkbeq dbZ vkgsA fdrkc esa 'kkfeyq lcd+ ts ukjhv tk
felky bu lp tk 'kkfgn vkfgfuA vt˜ th ukjh iafgats go+Qfu ykb lqtkx˜ jgh
csbalki+Qhv f[+kyki+Q˜ lafnjks c/h r;k# chBh vkgsA t+:jr vkgs [ksfl leq>.k]
lanfl l?k lq×kk.k.k] gkSlykvi+Qt+kbZ dj.k ,sa lkjkg dj.k thA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
1- tsBh flikgheyk.kh l[+rq chekj Fkh ij vkf.k u ef×k;kb±A rOgha ykb vfgfM+;wa
gkyrwa vpfu r Nk dank\
2- iksiVhv ts ysf[kdk gqt.k tks i+Qkbnks rbyhe [ks fc dfgM+hv jhfr fefy;ks\
3- iksiVhv [ks ys[kdfu dfgM+k dfgM+k f[+krkc fMuk\
4- vuhyk laqnj th [+kkfl vgfe;r dfgM+h xkfYg ts djs vkgs\
5- ^i+Qhpj* Nk[ks Fkks pbts\ ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* i+Qhpj vkgs] lkfcrq
dfj;ksA
6- fgu lcd+ tks mUokuq rOgha[ks dhva yxks ,sa Nks\
7- tqnk tqnk [ks=kfu esa fla/h ukjhv ts ;ksxnku th tk.k gkflyq djs] dafga ch
vgeq ukjhv rs i+Qhpj fy[kksA
mUokuq = fljks] 'kh"kZd
egi+Qwft+xh = lqj{kkl?kkjks = rko+Qro#
gkSlykvi+Qt+kbZ = fgeFk
o/kb.kq
104
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc8-1 1- (1) 2 (2) 5 (3) 3
(4) 4 (5) 1
2- (1) vkt+knh vkanksyu esa Vih io.k djs
(2) tSjkenkl] vkpk;Z Ñikyk.kh] ukSjsth
(3) fgaanw /eZ esa
(4) eqafgath fefYd;r x+jhcfu ,sa ?kqfjtkmfu [ks fMuh o×ks
(5) eghe esa tsBh Hks.k lkslk;Vh
3- (1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
8-2 1- (1) l
(2) n
2- (1) 1924 & tueq
(2) 1943 & ch-,- dj.kq
(3) 1982 & lkfgR; vdkneh bukeq
(4) 2005 & ykMk.kks
8-3 1- (1) 1951
(2) 7
(3) jk.kh djuk] lksuw pkS/jh
(4) fla/q u`R; ,sa laxhr vdkneh
2- (1) tkiku
(2) osLV vç+Qhdk
(3) vVy fcgkjh oktikb
(4) fla/q unh
tokcfVi.kh
Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa
105
fVi.kh
9
fefYd;r
rOgha Hkkjr th vkt+knhv th ?kVuk ts ckjs esa tk.kank gwankA mu ofD+r 1947 esa
vkt+knhv lka xM˜ fofjgkÄks fc fFk;ks gks] tafga esa fganqLrku fcfu HkkÄfu esa fofjgkbth
fo;ks& Hkkjr ,sa ikfdLrkuA tafga djs fofjgkÄs [kka vx˜ okjs Hkkjr ts fgls fla/q esa
jganM+ fla/h fganw ifjokj fla/q NMs Hkkjr esa vph ofl;k ,sa Hkkjr tk eqfLye ukxfjd
Hkkjr eka ikfdLrku esa o×kh jfg;k ,sa ljgnqfu tk jLrk cafn Fkh fo;kA /hjs /hjs fcUgha
ns'kfu esa nksLrhv tks l.kkvks okm yx.k [kka iksb vp.kq o×k.kq 'kq: fFk;ksA Hkkjr esa
vp.k ofD+r vlka iafgath t+j t+ehu] tk;wa txfg;wa mrs NMs vk;klhaA fgrka tk
ukxfjd fc lHkq NMs fo;kA Nk bgks lHkq vlka th bPNk lka fFk;ks\ vpks r fgu
dgk.khv ts eki+QZfr tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
fefYd;r dgk.kh euksoSKkfud fFk;.k ts dkj.kfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
yM&iyk.k ts gkyrqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
dgk.khv ts ewy lans'k tks iSx+keq c;kuq djs l?kank_
dgk.khv th Hkk"kk 'kSyhv rs fVi.kh djs l?kank_
dgk.khv ts rRofu ts vk/kj rs NaMNk.k djs l?kankA
ed+ln
HkkÄfu = fglfu
l.kkvks = eqokfi+Qo+Q˜okm = gok] ghj
eki+QZfr = ikjka] }kjka
106
vpks r fgu dgk.khv [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgha th enn ykb dgk.khv esa vk;y
M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMts FkhA
njokt+ks [kksy.k lka vofy r eka Mkagqafl fugkjhanks bZ jfg;qflA ij iksb eka v×kka lqoky
iqN.k ykb iafgatk pi [kksfy;ka bZ [kksfy;ka] mu [kka vx˜ bZ fgu 'k[+l fugk;r vnc
fopka iqfN;ks] ^^vlha vanfj vph l?kwa Fkk\**
^^gk---- gk---- Nks u---- Nks u---- vpks----A** ,frjks poans bZ eqafgath fuxkg mu vkSjr
Mkagqa [kth osbZ] tk mu 'k[+l lka xM vkbZ gqbZ ,sa njokt+s [kka dqN ijHkjks pqipki
chBh gqbZA
ewa mu vkSjr Mkagqa fugkfj;ks r lanfl fgdq gFkq fugk;r ut+kdr fopka Fkksjks eFks
[kth vk;ks ,sa iksb lnafl pifu gYds vkokt+ esa ^vknkc* po.k ts vankt+ esa dq>q
Hkqf.kfd;ksA ewa[ks yxks r id bZ id gwv dafga lqBs ,sa lH; dqVqac lka rkyqo+Q˜ j[kanM+
vkgsA
ewa fc vf[k;wa >qdk, lanfl ^vknkc* [ks bT+t+r fMuhA vanfj vph [ksfl lksi+Qk rs
fog.k tks b'kkjks d;qfe ,sa iksb lqokyh fuxkgqfu lka eka Mkagqafl fugkj.k yx˜flA
eqafgaft;qfu fuxkgqfu eas fydy lqoky [ks mu 'k[+l 'kk;fn Hkkais ofjrks] budjs Fkksjks
eqdhZ p;kb±] ^^rOgha lka 'kk;fn ghv ifgjha eqykd+kr vkgs----A**
ewa fli+QZ gkdkj fopka da/q yksfM;ksA t.kq poanks gqtka] ^^gk 'kk;fn!**
bu rs mu 'k[+l ojh fc pifu rs lkxh eqdZ vk.ks p;ks] ^^vlha 'kk;fn v×kka fgd
fc, ykb vtuch bZ vkfg;wa ---- u\ ,sa eka leq>ka Fkks r eqyko+Qkr ;k lq×kk.ki ox+Sjg
[kka vx˜ lHkq balku fgd fc, ykb vtuch
bZ gwank vkfgfu----A** ewa fc Fkksjks eqdhZ ojh
iafgatk lkfx;k yÝ+t+ nqfgjk;k] ^^gk ----
'kk;fnA** bu rs fgu ;fdneq iafgatks rvk#i+Q
fMuks] ^^[+kkdlkj [ks eqgEen vehu poank
vkfgfu ---- ,sa ---- tsdk ewa lka xM vkgs]
eqafgath ?kj okjh vkgs i+QkfrekA** f[ku rjlh
fgu ojh ewa [kka lqokyq d;ks] ^^rOgha tks
bLe&'kjhi+Q----\**
Mkagqafl = gqu Mkagqa
vnc = i+Qt+hyrijHkjks = Fkksjks ijs (nwfj)
ut+kdr = vnk] vankt+
vknkcq = ueLdk#
rkyqo+Q˜ = okLrks
Hkkais ofjrks = leq>h ofjrks
eqyko+Qkr = HksVrvk#i+Q = okfDi+Q;r
[+kkdlk# = [+klhlq ek.gw]
ckUgksa
bLeq 'kjhi+Q = ukyks] lq×kk.ki]
igpku] okfD+i+Q;r
ljgn = ns'k th vkf[+kjhu
lhek] Nksj] ckWMZj
fofjgkÄks = caVokjkss] c fgLlk
fFk;.kq
fny ify;ks osBk gqvklha =
vkljks ykgs fog.kq
l.kkvks okm = lqBh gkyfreq[+kkesyks = eqyko+Qkr] xfMtk.kh
gqxko = lqxa/
yMiyk.k = yMks iV.kq]fgd txg rka ch txg rs
ù-û cqfu;knh lcd+fVi.kh
fefYd;r
107
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
ewa [ksfl iafgatks ukyks c˜/k;ks] r fgu ojh iafgath xkfYg [ks vfxrs o/k;ks] ^^vlha
ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka vk;k vkfg;wa ---- fojgkÄs [kka vx˜ vlha fgrs bZ jgank gqvklhaA
fli+QZ jgank bZ Nk] tkok&fuifu;k fgrs bZ vkfg;wa ---- budjs fnfy r ?k.kfu lkyfu [kka
gqbZ r fgdq ni+Qks mu ?kj] mUgfu f?kfV;qfu eka ?kqeh vpwa] ftrs th feVhv esa ;kjfu
lka jkafn;wa ---- fjgkf.k;wa d;wa gq;walha ---- ij vnk! ljgnwa cafn gq;wa ---- budjs fnfy
ify;ks osBk gqvklha ---- gk.ks tMfga fcUgha eqYdfu fop esa l.kkvks okm yxks vkgs]
rMfga o×kh fcUgha iklfu tk ek.gwa] fgd fc, lka eq[+kkesyks dj.k ykbo+Q˜ cf.k;k
vkfg;waA**
ewa[ks csgn [+k˜'kh Fkh r eka mu 'k[+l lka xfMth jfg;ks gksfl] tks eqafgats eqYd eka
vk;ks gks ,sa tafga eqYd th feVhv tks gqxkm vt˜ fc t.kq eqafgats ulqfu esa ?kqeh jfg;ks
vkgsA ewa mu 'k[+l [ks c˜/k;ks& eka fc ljgn ts ikfj tkvks gksfl ---- ,sa yM iyk.k
esa vlha iafgatks eqYdq NMs vk;k gqvklhaA**
rafga rs fgu p;ks] ^^ewa[ks [+kcj vkgsA rOgkatks n# [kfM+dkb.k [kka vx˜] rOgkats ikM+s
th Nksfdjhv [kka ewa rOgha ckcfr Fkksjh tk.k gkflyq djs ofjrh gqbZ ---- rMfga r b±ns
bZ ewa rOgha lka fgrs th edkuh cksyhv esa dksu xkYgk;ksA vlha fc gk.ks mrs rOgkath
cksyh xkYgkb.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;waA**
bu fop esa eqafgatks è;kuq mu 'k[+l th t+ky Mkagqa gfy;ks fo;ks] tsdk pqipki vlka
fcUgha twa xkfYg;wa c˜/h jgh gqbZA gwv ospkjh cks# u fFk,] budjs fc, dfejs eka ewa
iafgath t+ky [ks lM˜ d;ksA gwv vkbZ] [ksfl c˜/k;qfe r gh cbZ ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka
vk;k vkfgfuA
eqafgath t+ky fc Mk<h [+k˜f'k Fkh ,sa eqgEen ts t+ky
ts Hkfj esa osgh [ksfl [khdkfj;kb±A iksb gw cbZ fc
ik.k esa xkfYg;wa cksfy;wa dj.k osgh jfg;waA lanfu
xkfYg;qfu eka [+kcj isbZ r eu th eqjkn iwjh fFk;.k
ykb gqufu lq[kk dbZ gqbZ r vYykg rkyk lanfu
eqjkn iwjh dbZ r gw cbZ fgd Mhagqa [+oktk lkfgc
th njxkg rs pknj pk<+.k t+:# b±nkA 'kk;fn mu
bZ eqo+Qíl de lka gw cbZ fgrs vk;k gqvkA vlha
v×kka xkfYg;wa bZ djs jfg;k gqvklha] tks mu fop
esa eqafgath /hv efgekufu ykb dq>q uk'rks ,sa pkafga
[k.kh vkbZA
o×kh jg.kq
fuifu;k = ify;k
fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;wagqxkm = [+k˜'kcw
edkuh cksyh = LFkkuh; [ks=k
th Hkk"kk
[khdkj.kq = vknj Hkko dj.kq
f[+kner = lsok
eqjkn = bNk] eu th bNkeqo+Qílq = ifo=k] ikd
vfjlks = oDrq
vkaf/ ekaf/ = mf.k rqf.k] cspSuhxgjh Vqchv esa io.kq =
fpark esa io.kq
uhaM = fuea=k.k] dksB
vf[+r;k# = enk#] gdq fM;.kq
mijkb.kq = NM.kq] o×k.kq
ut+jkuks = lkSx+r] o+Q˜cZq] çseqlq[kk dbZ = ckl cklh
ukpht+ = canks] ik.k] [+k˜fn
108
gw cbZ pkafga ihvank jfg;k ,sa fop fop esa vlkats dejs ,sa vÄ.k ox+Sjg [ks è;ku
lka fMlank jfg;kA gw 'k[+lq j[kh j[kh dMfga iafgatfu vNfu okjfu rs gFk iQsjs jfg;ks
gks r dMfga ojh vf[k;wa cafn djs t.kq dq>q lksp.k fi;ks yxsA
tMfga fcUgha t.kfu pkafga ih ofjrh r ewa mu 'k[+l [kka iqfN;ks] ^ukpht+ ykbo+Q˜ dk
f[+kner gqts r gqdqe dfj;ks----A**
ewa[ks yxks r Fkksjh nsfj ykb gw 'k[+lq t.kq dafga ch nqfu;ka esa o×kh igqrks gksA eqafgats
lqoky rs fgu t.kq Fkksjks fNdqZ Hkjs p;ks] ^^u u] f[+kner ox+Sjg dk fc dkUgs] vlha
r cfl] b,a bZ rOgha[ks Fkksjh rdyhi+Q fM;.k gyh vk;klhaA**
eka leq>h u lf?k;qfl r gw vk[+kfj po.kq Nk Fkks pkgs\---- ;k ojh] ts vk;ks vkgs
r dfgM+ss de lka\ fgu 'kk;fn eqafgats eu th gkyfr tk.kh ofjrhA p;kb±] ^^vlha
rOgkatks edkuq fMl.k vk;k vkfg;waA**
eka okbM+ks Fkh fo;qfl r eqafgats edku esa vfgM+h dfgM+h [+kkfl xkfYg vkgs] tks gw
mu[ks fMl.kq Fkk pkghfuA
fgu 'k[+l ojh xkYgkb.kq 'kq: d;ks] ^^go+Qho+Qr esa yM iyk.k [kka vx˜ vlha fgu
edku esa jgank gqvklha---- vlkath mfefj tks fgdq yacks vfjlks fgufu nhok#fu esa bZ
xqft+fj;ks vkgsA vyk, Nks] lkyfu [kka ewa[ks bgk vkaf/&ekaf/ Fkh jgh gqbZ r o×kh mu
vÄ.k th feVhv [ks fgdq ni+Qks iafgatfu gFkfu lka Nqgka] tafga rs 'kke tks dykdfu
tk dykd osgh] vlha ?kj okjk [+okfg nksLr&nM+k fjgkf.k;wa dank gqvklhaA** ,frjks pbZ
gw 'k[+lq lksi+Qk rka mFkh] ckfgfj vÄ.k eas Vfgy.k yxksA iqfB;ka iqfB;ka lanfl ?kj okjh
fc mFkh vkbZA j[kh j[kh gw 'k[+lq vlkats ?kj ts fHkfr;qfu [ks b,a Nqgh jfg;ks gks]
thva dks MkMks lkyfu [kka iksb ijMsg eka eksVh vk;y iafgats iksVs [ks Nqganks gqtsA
lanfl t+ky fc gljr Hkfj;y fuxkgqfu lka edku ts pkSrfi+QZ fugkjhanh jghA dq>q nsfj
cSfn mu 'k[+l ojh xkYgkb.kq 'kq: d;ks] ^^lpq iqNks---- vlka r mrs b,a leq>h osBk
gqvklha] r vlkatks edku dafga Mfgjk, ifV d;ks gwanks---- ,sa iksb mrs iafgath et+hZv
eqrkfcfo+Q dks caxqyks ox+Sjg Bfgjk;ks gwankb±A go+Qho+Qr esa vlkatks edkuq Mk<ks iqjk.kks
gks----A**
ewa fc lanfl xkfYg th iqBHkjkbZ dans p;ks] ^vlka tMfga ghm edkuq ofjrks gks] rMfga
lpq ipq dki+Qh iqjk.kks fi, yxks] ij iksb gM+ka c iSlk yxk, vlka fguth ejEer
djkbZA vny! eqYd dfgM+s esa fc jfgts] ij v>ks r lHk [ks [kis----A**
vkaf/&ekaf/ = cspSuh
vÄ.kq = fojkaMks] vkaxu
fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;wa cksfYg;waVfgy.k = pgydfneh
ijMsgq = fons'kq
iqBHkjkbZ = leFkZuqgM+ka = tsc eka
v>ks = iafgatks ?k#] edkuq
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
109
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
fguts vf[k;qfu esa gYdk yqfM+d mfHkjh vk;kA Hkfj;y vkokt+ esa p;kb±] ^ewa[ks b,a
fi;ks yxs] t.kq eqafgats m?kkM+s edku [ks rOgha diM+k ifgjk, NfM;k vkfgfuA** gqu
eerk fopka ojh ?kj ts fHkfr;qfu rs gFk iQsj.kq 'kq: d;k] iksb ewa[kka iqfN;kb±] ^rOgha
mrs fdFks jgank gqvk\**
ewa [ksfl iafgats xksB tks ukyks c˜/k;ks r fgu ojh fc;ks lqokyq d;ks] ^mrs rOgha ofV
iafgatks edku ox+Sjg fc gwanks\**
iafgatks ik.k fgdq Fk/ks 'kwdkjks eqafgats okr eka fufdjh fo;ksA p;qfe] ^^gkA** ,sa iksb
ewa [ksfl c˜/k;ks r dhva vlha iafgats ?kj [ks lhaxkjs j[kh vk;k gqvklha r okifl r
vfp.kks bZ vkgsA lksfp;ks gqvkslha r ghv yM iyk.k r lHkq vkt+hZ vkgsA
bu xkfYg tks gw dfgM+ks tokcq fM,] bgks lksps eqa>h chgh jfg;ksA [ksfl 'kk;fn
lkfx;ks bZ vglklq fFk;ks r rMfga Hkyk dafga Fks tkrks r ljgnqfu tk yhdk v×kka fc
xfgjk d;k osank ,sa ljgnqfu ts daMfu okfj;wa rk:a b,a balkufu [ks iafgathv feVhv
[kka foNksM+s NMhafn;waA
fgu th ut+j iksb vÄ.k esa yxy fueq ts o.k Mkagqa [kth osbZA Fkksjks eqdhZ p;kb±]
^^fueq ts o.k eka jkst+ rkft+;wa Vkfj;wa iVs vlha Man.kq dank gqvklhaA** ,frjks pbZ]
fgd uaf<M+h Vkjh iVs] mutk iu vyfx djs] fgu Vkjhv [ks pckM+.kq 'kq: d;ks]
iksb ojh Fkksjks tT+ckrh Fkhans p;kb±] ^^lokn esa dks i+QdqZ dksUgs---- mrs th fueq tks fc
lkfx;ks loknq vkgs] tfgM+ks fgu fueq tks
vkgs----A** f[ku rfjlh] fgu ojh gYdks
f[kyh po.kq 'kq: p;ks d;ks] ^^rOgha[ks
fgd et+snk# xkfYg c˜/k;ka---- vlkath
xkMh tMfga ljgn rs igqrh] rMfga eqafgath
fuxkg vyk, Nks vkleku Mkagqa [kth
osbZA mu ofD+r eka lkssp.k yx˜fl] ^^r
ljgnqfu tk gh yhdk vkleku esa Nksu vkfgfu\ i[kh&i[k.k fgd eqYd [kka fc,
eqYd Mkagqa mMkeh jfg;k gqvk] mUgfu ykb fc ljgnqfu tk yhdk dksu vkfgfuA iksb
Hkyk vlka balkufu ts fop esa bgs yhdk dafga iSnk d;k vkfgfu\**
dks fc tokcq u MsbZ] ewa fli+QZ Fkksjks eqdhZ fMuksA
rMfga ojh xkfYg tks #[+k˜ cfnykb.k ts [+;ky [kka ewa [ksfu p;ks] ^^c˜/ks] fgdq vt+Z
vkgs] mEesn r rOgha badk# u dankA**
Fk/ks = lhryq] Bfj;yq
'kwdkjks = lkgq
vkt+hZ = Fkksjs oD+r ykbVkjh = o.k th 'kk[+k] Vfguh
Man.kq = nkrqu
f[kuq = iyossfurh = vt+Z] fcurh
yfgtks = vankt+
osyks = igj] oDrqekuh = [kk/ks
110
fgu ;fdneq iQqrhZv fopka tokcq fMuks] ^^u---- u---- rOgha gqdqe dfj;ksA**
rMfga ewa ojh osurhv Hkfj, yfgts esa [ksfu p;ks] ^^eqafgats eqYd eka vk;k
vkfg;ks---- efgeku r vkfg;ks] ij xMksxM˜ t.kq vlkatk iafgatk fc vkfg;ks] vk;k
vkfg;ks r fgdq osyks vlka ofV ekuh [kkbZ o×kks----A**
fgu Fkksjs ytkjs yfgts esa p;ks] ^u! rOgha g:&Hk: bgk rdyhi+Q Nks Fkk dfj;ks\**
ewa p;ks] ^bu esa rdyhi+Q th dk xkfYg dksUgsA vykbts Nks ewa[ks [+k˜'kh Fkh jgh vkgsA
fMlks u] jksVh r;k# fFk, isbZ----A**
eqafgath t+ky fc i+Qkfrek rs jksVh [kkb.k ykb t+ks# ck# vk.k.k yxh] rMfga fgufu ojh
badk# u d;ksA
vanfj dfejs esa b±ns b±ns gqu fgdq ni+Qks jaf/.ks Mkagqa fy;ks ikrks ,sa iksb jaf/.ks th njhv
Mkagqa ;dfVd fugkjhanks jfg;ksA dq>q rfjlh gqu ewa[kka iqfN;ks] ^jaf/.ks [ks rOgha Hk×kk,
Bfgjk;ks vkgs ;k cfl fli+QZ eFkka ejer djkbZ vFko\**
ewa p;ks r ^^fli+QZ eFkka bZ ejer djkbZ vFkÅaA** bu xkfYg rs gww cfl Fkksjks eqfdZ;ks
,sa iksb vlha vanfj dejs esa gfy;k vk;klhaA
tslha jlksbZ r;k# fFk,] vlha ik.k esa xkfYg;wa dank jfg;klhaA fgufu ts xkfYg;qfu eka
yxks r fc, Mhagqa gw fgrka jokuk Fkh osank ,sa iksb dq>q 'kgj ?kqeank ?kqeank iafgats ekfx
eksVh osankA
jksVh [kkb.k ofD+r] cbZ t.kka [+kkeks'kq jfg;kA ewa[ks yxks] eqgEenq t.kq dafga xfgjhv
Vqchv esa ibth fo;ks vkgsA
jksVh ik.kh [kkbZ fgufu vlka [kka eksfdykb.kq pkfg;ksA mu uaf<M+h eqykdkr esa
vlka fcUgha dqVqacfu ts fop esa ,frjh r iafgatkbi iSnk Fkh osbZ gqbZ] tks osans osans gw
vlka[ks fc uhaM Mhank fo;k r ^^dMfga vlkats eqYd esa vpks] rOgkath r iafgath
feVh vkgsA** tokc esa ewa cfl [ksfu ,frjks bZ p;ks] ^^tsdks vÂ&ty ts vf[+r;k#
vnkA**
Fkksjks rfjlh ,sa dq>q fgfpdans fgu ojh p;ks] ^vnk ! rOgkats fueq twa dq>q Vkfj;wa ewa[ks
VksM+.kq Mhank\---- eka crkSj ;knxkj ts mgs ik.k lka [k.kh o×k.kq Fkks pkfg;kaA**
ewa p;ks] ^^gk] gk] Nks u ! Hkyh [k.kh o×kksA** fgu mFkh fueq twa dq>q Vkfj;wa VksfM+;wa
,sa b,a laHkkys gFkfu esa [ka;kbZ] t.kq dks dfpM+ks ckj gFkfu esa [ka;ks gqtsA mu cSfn gw
o×k.k yxkA vlka cbZ t+ky eqfM+l iksb [ksfu ckfgfj,a njokt+s th pkamfB rkb± miM+kb.k
fo;klhaA eqafgath /hv fc ckfgfj fufdjh vkbZA
jaf/.kks = jlksbZ ?kj
fy;ks ikrks = fMBks] >kafd;ks
ekfx = fBdk.ks Mkagqa
Vqchv = ohpkj] fpark
iafgatkbi = viukiu
uhaM = dksB] fuea=k.k
vf[+r;k# = ol esa
miM+kb.k = fonk dj.kq
lqtkx = tkfx;yq
ekuq = bt+r
efgeku uokt+h = vkft;ka
osNk = foNksVh] i+QdqZ] ri+Qkor
okftcq = equkflcq
eq[+kkfrcq = :c:] lkEgwa
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
111
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
fgufu fcUgha fgdq ni+Qks lts edku [ks ojh x+kSj lka fMBksA dq>q nsfj cSfn b,a bZ edku
[ks fMlank jfg;kA
iksb ojh t.kq dq>q fuaM eka lqtkx˜ Fkhans eqgEen p;ks] ^^fMlks rOgha vlka[ks dsMks u
ekuq fMuks---- vlkath dsMh u efgeku uokt+h dbZA lpq iqNks] eka ltks oDrq bgks bZ
lksphanks jfg;qfl r ik.k esa r dks ri+Qkorq vkgs bZ dksu] iksb gh lHkq ohNk dafga
fo/k vkfgfu vlka eas\---- dafga fo/k vkfgfu\**
gw csgfn tT+ckr esa vph fo;ksA budjs ewa pqfi jg.kq bZ okftcq leqf>;ksA
rMfga ojh fgu eqafgath /hv [ks ik.k Mkagqa lM˜ djs] lanfl dqYgs rs gFkq j[kh] ewa
Mkagqa eq[+kkfrcq Fkh p;ks] ^^vny] ghv rOgkath bZ u] vlkath fc fu;k.kh vkgs--- osans
osans fgdq uft+jkuks Fkks fM;kao----A eksVkbtks uA** dq>q rfjlh gqu ojh p;ks] ^^rOgkats
jaf/.ks th njhv gsBka tsdks rkdq vkgs] mu[ks Hk×kkbtks---- yM iyk.k ofD+r osans osans
vlka mrs iafgath dq>q fefYd;r fydk,] fHkfr [ks fyack, fo;k gqvklhaA rOgha th
csbafrgk fld ,sa rOgkatks dqcqZ fMlh lksfp;qfe----** gw v×kka o/hd dq>q pos] mu [kka
vx˜ ewa pbZ fMuks] ^u vnk! rOgkath fefYd;r vkgs] rOgha [k.kh o×kks] vlka[ks fc,
tks u [kisA** ij fgu ;fdneq eqafgath /hv [ks Hkkdqj esa Hkjs p;ks] ^^rOgha[ks [+k˜nk
tks o+Qleq vkgs---- eqafgatks vt+Z dcwyq d;ks vny! /hv th 'kknhv rs bgks lHkq
dq>q vlkats rji+Qka rOgkath fu;k.khv [ks fMtksA** ,frjks poans] yqfM+d VfiVfi djs]
fgu ts vf[k;qfu eka og.k yxkA i+Qkfrek ts vf[k;qfu eka fc c yqfM+d yM+h
vk;k ----A**
,sa iksb---- fcUgha ;fdneq eqagqa iQsjs rfdM+k o+Qne Hkj.kq 'kq: d;kA vlha fMlank bZ
jfgth fo;klhaA
tMfga gw vf[k;qfu [kka vks>y fFk;k r fMBqfe] t+ehu rs gqufu ts yqfM+dfu th
vkykf.k v×kka fc ekStwn gqbZA ewa[ks yxks] t.kq yqfM+dfu th fefYd;r gw eqafgath
pkamfB ckfgjka gkjs fo;k gqvkA
uft+jkuks = lwf[kM+h
rkdq = tkjks
fyack, = pq.kk,] iyLr# djk,
csbafrgk = rekeq ?k.kks
o+Q˜cqZ = I;k#
fu;k.kh = /hv] dU;k
yqfM+d = xksM+gk] vkalwa
vks>y = xqeq] x+kbcq
pkamfB = ngyht+
112
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ^^vlha vanfj vph l?kwa Fkk\** bgks dafga p;ks\
(v) i+Qkfrek (c) ys[kd
(l) eqgEen vehu (n) ys[kd th t+ky ¹ º
2- ^^vlha ljgn ts gqu ikj [kka vk;k vkfg;waA** efgeku ljgn ts ikj dfgM+s
eqYd eka vk;k gqvk\
(v) Jhyadk (c) usiky
(l) ikfdLrku (n) phu ¹ º
3- ^^eka lksphanks jfg;qfl r ik.k esa r dks ri+Qkorq vkgs bZ dksu] iksb gh lHkq ohNk
dafga fo/k\** eqgEen vehu dfgM+s foNksM+s th xkfYg djs jfg;ks gks\
(v) ns'k ts (c) t+ky eqfM+l ts
(l) vYykg ts (n) fganw eqfLye ts ¹ º
vpks r leq>wa dgk.khv esa eq[;q :i lka 6 vuklj (rRo) vkfgfu&
1- fo"k; (dFkkoLrq) 2- fdjknkj (ik=k) 3- xqÝ+rxw (laokn)
4- ekgksyq (okrkoj.k) 5- Hkk"kk (cksyh) 6- eo+Qlnq (mís';)
vlka bUgfu rRofu [ks è;ku esa j[kh] fgu dgk.khv th lekykspuk] NaMNk.k
danklhaA
dFkkoLrwv esa dgk.khv tks ft+Øq dts FkksA fgu esa vk;y fdjnkjfu th lhjr
fuxkjhv tks c;kuq vps FkksA fdjnk# iafgath 'kf[+l;r [k.kh vps FkksA
xqÝ+rxw (laokn) dgk.khv tks eq[;q vax vkgsA fgu lka dgk.kh vfxrs o/s FkhA
fdjnkj ik.k esa tsdk xqÝ+rxw dfu Fkk] mu eka gqufu tks pfj=k] 'kf[+l;r] ohpkj]
ofgaokj] xq.k&voxq.k ekywe fFk;fu FkkA
dgk.khv th Hkk"kk eka [+kcj ios Fkh r dgk.khv [ks dfgM+hv rjg isf'k d;ks fo;ks
vkgs] yÝ+t+ dafga fo+QLe tk vkfgfu] dgk.kh po.k tks rjhdks dfgM+ks vkgsA
ekgksy eka [+kcj ios Fkh r dgk.khv esa dfgfM+;qfu gkyrqfu] oD+r] ekgksy th xkfYg
dbZ osbZ vkgsA
lhjr fuxkjh = fdjnkj fuxkjh
fjgkf.k;wa = xkfYg;aw cksfYg;wa
ù-ü vpks r leq>wa
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfVi.kh
fefYd;r
113
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
ù-ü-û fo"k;&oLrw (dFkkoLrw)
fgu dgk.khv esa c˜/k;ks fo;ks vkgs r tMfga fganqLrku tks fojgkÄks fFk;ks] rMfga
ns'k fcfu HkkÄfu esa fojgkbth fo;ksA ns'k ts ljgnqfu [ks cafn djs NfM;ks fo;ks ij
tMfga /hjs /hjs fcUgha ns'kfu ts fop esa l.kkvks okm yxks r ljgn ts ikj ts ek.gqfu
esa iafgats oru [ks fMl.k th pkguk jghA bUghv bNk ts djs eqgEen vehu fc
iafgats ihj rs pknj pk<+.k ykb vp.k ofD+r iafgats iqjk.ks ?kj [ks fMl.k th pkguk
lka bgks fMl.kq Fkks pkgs r lanfl iqjk.kks edkuq vkgs ;k uA mu [ks dafga Bfgjk;ks]
fc;ks uvksa edkuq r u Bfgjk, NfM;ks vkgs] budjs gw iafgats iqjk.ks edku [ks fMl.k
ykb ys[kd ts ?kfj o×ks Fkks ,sa tMfga gw mrs iafgatks bZ iqjk.kks edkuq fMls Fkks] tafga
[ks ys[kd ejer djk, uvksa d;ks vkgs ij nhok:a lkfx;wa bZ vkfgfu] rMfga gw mu
edku [ks gljr lka fMls Fkks ,sa iafgatwa ;knxhfj;wa rkft+;wa djs Fkks ,sa ys[kd lka
fjgkf.k;wa djs FkksA ys[kd fc eqgEen vehu ts Hkkoukmfu tks ft+Øq dgk.khv eki+QZfr
d;ks vkgsA
1- iafgats oMfu [kka fofjgkÄs ckcfr dq> vfgfM+;wa bZ ?kVukÅa iqNh fy[kksA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fofjgkÄs ts djs vk;y ijs'kkfu;qfu th tk.k gkflyq djs fy[kksA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ù-ü-ü fdjnkj ,sa fdjnkj fuxkjh
fgu dgk.khv tk eq[;q fdjnkj eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek vkfgfu] tsds ljgn ts gqu
ikj [kka Hkkjr esa ihj rs pknj pk<+.k vk;k vkfgfu] tsds fugk;r lH; dqVqac tk]
fugk;r 'kjhi+Q˜ Fkk yxfuA gqufu ts xkYgkb.k eka [+kcj ios Fkh r gw eqfLye ifjokj
tk vkfgfu ,sa iafgats oru th ;kfn [ks rkt+ks dans fugk;r bZ lqBs uewus ys[kd lka
fjgkf.k;wa dfu FkkA
ys[kd [ks iafgats ?kj twa xkfYg;wa cksfYg;wa dans iafgatkbi tks vglklq djkbfu fFk;waA
ys[kd th fu;k.khv [ks iafgath fu;k.kh leq>h lanfl NMs fo;y fefYd;r tks
uft+jkuks (lkSx+kr) isf'k dfu FkkA bu eka t+kfgj Fkks fFk, r lanfu fnfy dsMh u lki+Q˜
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-û
114
vkgs] tks lth fefYd;r fu;k.khv [ks rksgi+Qs (lkSx+kr) esa MsbZ o×kfu Fkk ,sa fli+QZ
[k.kh o×kfu Fkk fgrka tk vglkl] ;knwa] fueq twa Vkfj;wa] ftfu esa lanfu cpiuq
xqft+fj;y gksA lanfu xkfYg;qfu eka LokfHkeku fc ut+j Fkks vps] tMfga ys[kd lanfu
fefYd;r [k.kh o×k.k ykb pos Fkks] rMfga bZ LokfHkeku fopka uFkk o+Qcwyhfu ,sa
iafgatkbi tks c;ku dans fu;k.khv [ks lkSx+kr Fkk fM;fuA
ys[kdq fc fugk;r o+Q˜cZ fopka efgeku uokt+h djs Fkks] çse Hkfj;ks ofgaokj djs
HkkbZpkjks fuHkk, FkksA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ys[kd [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tk efgeku yxk\
(v) iafgatk (c) ijkok
(l) dfd danM+ (n) tklwl ¹ º
2- eqgEen vehu ys[kd tks edku fMl.kq pkfg;ks Fks] Nkdkf.k r&
(v) gw fgufu ts ?kj [ks ilafn dj.k yxk gqvk
(c) gw fgu ?kj esa ifgjha jgh fo;k gqvk
(l) lanfu bPNk ts djs
(n) gw tklwlh dj.k vk;k gqvk ¹ º
3- ^^ljgnqfu tk yhdk vkleku esa Nksu vkfgfu\** bgs yÝ+t+ eqgEen vehu Nks
p;k\
(v) tT+ckr fopka (c) I;kj fopka
(l) ui+Qjr fopka (n) et+s oB.k ykb ¹ º
ù-ü-ý xqÝ+rxw
fdjnkjfu (ik=kfu) th xqÝ+rxwv [ks laokn pbts FkksA bgk xqÝ+rxw bZ vkgs] tsdk
dgk.khv [ks vfxrs o/k, Fkh ,sa fgd fgd ?kVuk c˜/kb±ns pfj=kfu twa [+kwfc;wa c˜/k,
Fkh ,sa dgk.khv esa ukVdh xq.k iSnk djs FkhA fefYd;r dgk.khv esa xqÝ+rxw o/hd
dkUgs] Nkdkf.k r ys[kd ikBd lka fl/ks bZ xkYgk, jfg;ks vkgs ,sa ?kVukmfu th
tk.k MsbZ jfg;ks vkgs_ tafga eka mUgfu ts fdjnkjfu tks pfj=k fp=k.k] ofgaokj ,sa
[+kwfc;qfu tks irks yxh jfg;ks vkgsA thva efgeku pbZ jfg;ks vkgs r ^^vlka vanfj
o+Q˜cZq = çseq] I;k#
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-û
pfj=kfu = fdjnkjfu
[+kwfc;wa = [+kkfl;rwa] fo'ks"krkÅa
115
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
vph l?kwa Fkk\**] ^^vlha rOgha tks edku fMl.k Fkk pkfg;waA**] ^^go+Qho+Qr esa yM
iyk.k [kka ifgjha vlka fgu bZ edku esa jgank gqvklhaA**
fgufu tqfeyfu eka fdjnkj ts iafgatkbi ,sa i+Qt+hyr th tk.k feys FkhA ^rOgha vlka
ts m?kkM+s edku [ks diM+k ifgjk, NfM;k vkfgfuA** fgu tqfeys esa #v.kgkfjdks Fkh
lanfu Hkkoukmfu tks ft+Ø vps FkksA fnfy Hkfjth Fkh vpsA ys[kd fc çse fopka
efgeku uokt+h dans efgeku [ks Mk<ks ekuq Mhans] ekuh [kkbZ o×k.k ykb feUFkwa Fkks djsA
tafga eka lanfl ifgatikbZv] efgeku uokt+hv ts [+kwfc;qfu tks irks Fkks iosA
gsfB bLrykgfu th ekuk fMuy vkgs] mUgfu [ks tqfeyfu esa de vkf.k;ks&
1- tsdh vu ty ts vf[+r;kj & vkthfodk ;k fjft+d rs enkjA
tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- xgjh Vqchv esa io.kq & lksp esa ibth o×k.kqA
tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- osNks fo>.kq & nwfj;wa io.kq (fui+Qko+Q˜ o/kb.kq)A
tqfeyks % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ù-ü-ý ekgksy
ns'kdkyq ,sa okrkoj.kq& fgu dgk.khv tks vk/kj euksfoKkfud vkgs] tafga esa fcfu
ifjokjfu [ks Ms[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgs& fgdq fganw ,sa fc;ks eqfLyeA yMiyk.k [kka iksb
fcUgha ifjokjfu tks ns'k cfnyth o×ks FkksA ljgnqfu tk yhdk fo/k o×kfu Fkk] tafga
lka iafgats eqYd esa vph o×kh uFkks lf?ktsA tMfga ns'k esa le>kSrs ts djs l.kkvks okm
yxs Fkks] rMfga cbZ eqYd fgd fc, ykb vp.k o×k.k tk jLrk [kksyhfu Fkk r iafgats
oru o×k.k th pkg iSnk fFk, FkhA dgk.khv esa tt+ckr Ms[kkfj;k fo;k vkfgfu r
lHkq dqN lkfx;ks vkgsA fcUgha dkSeqfu ts ek.gqfu ts Hkkoukmfu esa HksnHkko dksUgs iksb
eqYd tks fojgkÄks Nks d;ks fo;ks\ ljgnqfu tk yhdk Nks ikrk fo;k\ eqgEen vehu
fdjnkj ts eki+QZfr ys[kd oru th gqc] ifgatkbi] HkkbZpkjs tks iSx+keq fMuks vkgsA
fojgkÄs [kka vx˜ eqgEen vehu ys[kd ts ?kj esa bZ jganks gks ij fofjgkÄs djs [ksfl
nslq NfM.kks fi;ks ,sa ys[kd fc iafgatks ?kj fla/ esa NMs] fgrs fgan (Hkkjr) esa vk;ks
fjft+d = jkst+h jlkb±nM+gqc = I;k#] fld
ykylk = pkg] bNk
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-ü
feUFkwa = vkt+h&uht+kjh
116
vkgs ,sa mUghv edku eas jgh jfg;ks vkgs] tsdks eqgEen vehu [+oktk lkfgc th
njxkg rs vph eÂr th pknj p<+k, Fkks ,sa iafgats iqjk.ks ?kj ts fMl.k th ykylk
lka ys[kd ts ?k# vps Fkks] ftrs lanfl fefYd;r iwfj;y vkgs ij ifgatkbi th
Hkkouk djs mgk fefYd;r ys[kd th fu;k.khv [ks lkSx+kr esa MsbZ o×ks FkksA
eqgEen vehu th txg rs tsdMfga rOgha gqtks gk r iafgath fefYd;r ts ckjs esa
dfgM+ks i+QSflyks dfj;ks gk\
ù-ü-þ Hkk"kk
fgu dgk.khv th Hkk"kk ljy lyhlq vkgs] tsdk jÝ+rkj lka i<+.k esa vph o×ks FkhA
fdjnkjfu th xqÝ+rxw fc ljy cksyhv esa vkgsA fgu esa fla/h ,sa mnwZ yÝ+t+ de
vkank fo;k vkfgfuA mnwZ Hkk"kk fc loyh bLrsekyq dbZ osbZ vkgs] tsdk leq> esa vps
FkhA thva& ^^[+kkfdlkj [ks eqgEen vehu poank vkfgfuA**] ^^rOgha tks bLeq
'kjhi+Q**---- ox+SjgA
ys[kd th Hkk"kk fc leq> esa vp.k okjh loyh Hkk"kk vkgsA fdFks fdFks bLrykgfu
tks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA thva ekfx eksV.kq] eq[kkesyks dj.kq] vkaf/&ekaf/ fFk;.kq
ox+sjgA
dgk.kh po.k ts rjhds [kss muth 'kSyh pbts FkksA fgu dgk.khv esa ys[kd ts ?kfj
vph efgeku iafgafta;wa ;knxhfj;wa rkt+k djs o×kfu Fkk] tafgaa esa gw iafgats ckyi.k twa
dq>q ;knxhfj;wa vlka lka oaMhfu Fkk] tt+ckrfu tks ft+Ø dfu FkkA
ù-ü-ÿ ed+lnq
fgu dgk.khv tks ed+lnq vkgs r vlka tsdk fefYd;r fgrs esM+h vkgs] mgk fgrs bZ
jfgth osanh] vlka lka xM˜ u gyanhA gyanks fli+QZ çseq] Hkkbih] ofgaok# ,sa iafgatkbiA
budjs tkfr] /eZ] et+gc tk osNk folkjs balkfu;r ,sa balkuh eqYg dkbeq j[kwaA ?kj
th pkj&nhokjh bZ u] mu esa ekStwn o.k&fV.k fc vlkatk iafgatk Fkh o×kfu FkkA thva
fgu dgk.khv esa fueq tks o.kqA
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-ý
117
gsfB fMuy lgh ,sa x+yfr tqfeyfu vfx;ka fMafx;qfu esa ;k tk fu'kku yxk;ks&
1- xqÝ+rxw fdjnkjfu th ?kVuk tks o.kZuq djs Fkh ij fdjnkjfu (ik=kfu) th [+kwch
([+kkfl;r) uFkh c˜/k,A ¹ º
2- fefYd;r dgk.kh euksoSKkfud dgk.kh vkgsA ¹ º
3- fdjnkjfu th xqÝ+rxw u ts cjkcfj vkgsA ¹ º
4- eqgEen vehu tks vp.kq ys[kd [ks fcYdqy u of.k;ksA ¹ º
dgk.khv esa rOgha eqgEen vehu tks fgan esa vph iafgatks ?k# fMl.k th bNk [ks
if<+;ksA vfgM+ks bZ dafga fc, tkry lq×kkry 'k[+l tks fp=k.kq iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa
dfj;ksA
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-ü
ijlxZ (Preposition)ijlxZ mgs yÝ+t+ ;k 'kCn vkfgfu] tsds laKk (bLe) ;k loZuke (t+ehj) ts iqfB;ka
vph ykxkiks Ms[kkjhfu FkkA bUgfu [ks lca/ cks/dq fc poank vkfgfuA
thva& Ms] Mkagqa] ykb] [ks] esa] ofV] ox+SjgA
dq>q felky&
[ks & panwv [ks ?kqjk,
lka & t+ksj lka xkYgk,
ykb & ckjfu ykb
esa & eanj esa
rs & oD+r rs
ù-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ù-þ
118
dks fc i+QSflyks Hkkoukmfu ts vk/kj rs u ij lksps leq>h dj.kq ?kqfjtsA
efgekufu th vkoHkxr (efgeku uokt+h) dj.kq ?kqfjtsA vk, [ks ekuq fMtsA
vlyh fefYd;r /u nkSyr u ij iafgatkbi] çseq ,sa lqBks ofgaok# vkgsA
balku fdFks fc gqts ij iafgats ns'k ykb gqc ,sa oD+r th ;kfn lanfl fnfy esa jgsA
rOgha Nk fl[;k
gsfB fMuy tqfeyfu eka ijlxZ (Post Position) fy[kks&
(1) fdrkcq [kksys r j[kqA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) oMfu lka i+Qt+hyr lka xkYgkbtsA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) ehuk [ks dohrk c˜/kbA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) gw mÙkj Ms fo;ksA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fp=k.kq = fpVq fpV.kqeqo+Qkeq = LFkkuq
fgu dgk.khv tks ys[kd Jh bZ'ojpaæ vkgs] tsdks ub± ih<+hv ts ys[kdfu esa
[+kkfl txg okykjs FkksA fgu fla/h lkfgR; th [+kwcq 'ksok dbZ vkgsA lanfl
jpukmfu esa go+Qho+Qr] lki+Q˜ ut+j] lknxh] balkfu;r ut+fj vps FkhA fla/hv lka
xMksxM˜ fganhv esa fc [+kwcq jpukÅa fyf[k;wa vFkkb±] tafga ykb [ksfl ljdkjh] x+SSj
ljdkjh laLFkkmfu ikjka buke fif.k fefy;y vkfgfuA lr dgkf.k;wa] eqvyq
ekdksM+ks] iafgats bZ ?kj esa] l[+rq psgjs okjks ek.gw] fgd chekj x+t+y lanfl
dgkf.k;qfu tk etewvk 'kk;b Fkh pqdk vkfgfuA fla/h dgkf.k;qfu esa lanfl
[+kkfl eqo+Qkeq vkgsA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ù-ý
119
fVi.kh
fefYd;r
tokc
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
1- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&
(1) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek th okfDi+Q;r fM;ksA
(2) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ts eu esa ys[kd tks edkuq fMl.k lka
dfgM+k ohpkj iSnk fFk;k\
(3) eqgEen vehu edku [ks dfgM+hv gkyfr esa NfM;ks gks\
(4) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek o×k.k ofD+r ys[kd th /hv [ks dfgM+h
lkSx+kr fMuh\
(5) eqgEen vehu edku ts fHkfr;qfu rs gFk Nks fi;ks iQsjk,\
2- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk fy[kh] tqfeyfu esa dfe vkf.k;ks&
vkjt+h] gljr] ut+jkuks] vks>y] vtuch] vkaf/&ekaf/] [+kkeks'kq] mijkb.kq]
Hkkais oB.kq] l.kkvks okm yx.kq] eq[kkesyks dj.kq] yqfM+d mfHkj.kq] ekfx eksV.kqA
3- gsfB;ka gokyk leq>k;ks&
(1) ^^vlha fc gk.ks mrs rOgkath cksyh xkYgkb.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;waA**
(2) ^^vlha rOgkatks edkuq fMl.k vk;k vkfg;waA**
(3) ^^vny! eqYd dfgM+s esa fc jfgts] v>ks r lHk [ks [kisA**
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (l) 2- (l) 3- (v)
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
9-1 1- (v) 2- (c) 3- (v)
9-2 1- 2- 3- 4-
120
10'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
fla/h lkfgR; ts lksugjh nkSj th fVewrhZ 'kkgq] lpyq ,sa lkehv eka lfHkuh tks fljeks#
'kkgq vCnqy yrhi+Q (1689&1752) vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa vlha lanfl cSr i<+anklhaA
cSrq] fla/h 'kkbjhv tks vgeq Nan vkgsA fcfu flVqfu [kka Ngfu lrfu flVqfu rkb±
cSrfu th jpuk Fkhanh vkgsA 'kkg yrhi+Q [kka vx˜ 'kkgq vCnqy djhe] dkt+h dknu
fc cSrfu th jpuk dbZ ,sa iksb ts doh;qfu fc cSr fyf[k;k vkfgfu] ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q
iafgatks eVq ik.k vkgsA 'kkg [ks fla/h rgt+hc tks :gq ef×k;ks fo;ks vkgsA lwi+Qh 'kkb#
'kkgq yrhi+Q fgdq njos'kq gksA thva fganhv esa dchj] jghe ox+Sjg tk nksgk e'kgw# ,sa
ed+cwy vkfgfu] rhva 'kkg tk cSr pof.k;qfu ,sa igkdfu ts :i esa bLrsekyq fFk;fu
FkkA lanfl d+yke esa ckc cfnjka lqj yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgs] ts ;k jkx
jkxf.k;qfu ;k lwjfe;qfu lwjefu ts ukyfu rs c/y vkfgfuA fgufu cSrfu esa 'kkg
yrhi+Q ijekRek [ks Mkrk#] l?kkjks] gchcq] rchcq] nq[k ykghanM+ ef×k;ks vkgsA cSrfu
esa 'kkbjk.kh lwaga ekStwn vkgsA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgha&
ijekRek esa oslkgq j[k.k tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
dkvks dekb.k] eksfr;qfu ts okikj dj.k tks i+QdqZ leq>h c;kuq djs l?kank_
ykbo+Q [ks jsVs v.k&ykbo+Q˜ [ks i+Qkbnk fey.k tks lpq c;kuq djs l?kank_
cSr ts Nan [ks lq×kk.kh] muts bLrseky ckcfr leq>k, l?kank_
cSr ts 'kkbjk.kh [+kwfc;qfu rs fVi.kh djs l?kank_
lkfx, Hkko okjk cSr i<+h] mUgfu th HksV djs l?kank ,sa oD+r rs mUgfu tks
bLrsekyq djs l?kank_
paM tks ekuohdj.k dans fijhav [ks mu [kka cfgrj leq>.k th lpkbZ c;kuq
djs l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
121
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
eo+Qcwyq = e'kgw#] çfl¼
rsfM;kbZ = vksfrjh
eÄk = ?kqjka
js = [kka lokb
dqtkjks = Nk
dgkab = poka
gchc = lkFkh gennZ
rchc = gdhe] oS|
nk:a = nok
iQfd;wa = nokÅa
veq# = n;k
of.ktvk = okik# d;ks
lhgs = vHkzd
o[k# = okik#
lanksfe = eqafgatks
mcgka = ikj ioka
yqM+ = esjks
dkyksfj;ks = dkjks d;ks
dkaxfu = dkaofu
lj = ryko
gatM+k = gal i[kh
ikfM+;ka = HksfV;ka
lksf>jks = mtkyks] jksf'kuh
vpks] fgdq ni+Qks bUgfu cSrfu [ks i<+a™A
1- tsMks rqafgatks ukam ck> fc rsfM;kbZ eÄk
js FkaHkss js Fkw.ks rwa Ni# rwa Nkb
vkm dqtkjks dgkab rks[ks ekywe lHkdh
2- Mkrk# r rwa fc;k feM+sbZ eÄ.kk
ehaga eqankbrk ol.kk lnk olha rwa
ts ?kj vpha ewa r esfj;kbZ ekuq ygka
3- rwa gchcq rwa rchcq rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu
rwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrkj ! [ks M[kanfu
rMfga iQfd;wa i+Qjo+Q˜ dfu] tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ks
4- dkvks dek;ksfe eksrh ewa u of.ktvk
lhgs tks l;nq p, o[k# ogk;ksfe
gfgM+ks gkyq lanksfe] rksg rqafgats mcgka
5- vPNks ik.kh yqM+ fFk;ks dkyksfj;ks dkaxfu
b±ns yt ejfu
rafga lj eFks gatM+k
6- paM rqafgath t+kfr ikfM+;ka u fijhav lha
rwa vNks esa jkfr lt.k fur lksf>jks
cSrq&û-
vpks] 'kkg yrhi+Q tks ifgfj;ksa cSrq fgdq ni+Qks ojh i<+a™A
'kkg yrhi+Q fgu cSr esa ijekRek [ks lHk [kka 'kfDr'kkyh e×kh p;ks vkgs r tsfrjks
Åpks rqafgatks ukyks ,sa ukewl vkgs] eka rks[kka vksfrjh bZ ck> ?kqjka FkksA fcuk FkEHks ,sa
ûú-û cqfu;knh lcd+
ûú-ü vpks r leq>wa
122
fNfr ts rwa Ni# ,sa Nkao c.kh eqafgaath j[;k Fkks djhaA eka
rks[ks Nk pbZ c˜/k;ka] tks rks[ks lHkq dq>q ebywe vkgsA rwa
tk.kh tk.k.kgk# vkghaA
fgu cSr esa doh c˜/k, Fkks r jokth ?kj [ks fc FkEHkfu tks
lgkjks gwanks vkgs] fNfr gwanh vkgs] ij çHkw fcuk vk/kj
vlkatks Nij cf.kth n;k th Nkao c[+'ks FkksA
fVi.kh1- çHkwv ckcfr iafgath xkfYg fpVh dj.k ykb 'kkg yrhi+Q ^js FkEHks js Fkw.ks* tks
loyks felkyq MsbZ vljkbrs uewus xkfYg fpVh dbZ vkgsA
2- FkEHks Fkw.ks] Ni# Nkab] dqtkjks dgkb esa fgd v[kj tks nqfgjkm Fk] N] drtuhl gi+QhZ (vuqçkl vyadkj) tks lqfg.kks felkyq vkgsA
3- ukm Nkb dgkb lkfx, dkfi+Q, okjk yÝ+t+ gqt.k djs laxhr th y; iSnk fFk,FkhA
cSrq&ü-
vpks] fc;ksa cSrq ojh i<+a™A
fgu cSr esa 'kkg yrhi+Q çHkwv [ks nkrk ,sa MhanM+ ,sa fc;fu lfHkuh [ks ?kqjanM+ ef×k;ks
vkgsA vlka ofgaokj esa fMlwa Fkk cjlkfr #xks pkSekls esa olanh vkgs ij ijekRek th
efgj lnkb± isbZ olsA vfgM+s n;kyw /.khv [ks doh pos Fkks r tsdMfga rwa eqafgats ?kfj
vpha r eqafgatks ekuq eFkHkjks FkhanksA feVq ekbVq fc fgdq c ni+Qks enn djs usfB ukdkj
danksA ijekRek tfgM+ks Mkrk# nqfu;k esa fc;ks ds# fc dksUgsA
fVi.kh1- fgu cSr esa fc doh çHkwv ts nkrkj gqt.k th ok[kkf.k djs FkksA ltks lalk#
mu [kka ?kqjanM+ vkgsA
2- ^ehaga & eqankbrk] ol.kk & olha] esfj;kbZ & ekuq* esa e] o] Hk ts nqfgjko djsvuqçkl vyadkj tks lqfg.kks bLrsekyq fFk;yq vkgsA
3- eÄ.kk] ol.kk ge dkfi+Q;k yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA
4- ehaga ts felky lka iafgath xkfYg [ks fpVks dj.kq dohv ts bt+gkj th l?k tks
'kkfgnq vkgsA
iafgats vkt+ewns eka ijekRek ts ck>kjks ,sa Mkrk# gqt.k tk felky fy[kksA
tsMks rqafgatks ukam ck> fc rsfM;kbZ eÄkjs FkaHkss js Fkw.ks rwa Ni# rwa Nkabvkm dqtkjks dgkab rks[ks ekywe lHkdh
Mkrk# r rwa fc;k feM+sbZ eÄ.kkehaga eqankbrk ol.kk lnk olha rwats ?kj vph ewa r esfj;kbZ ekuq ygka
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûú-û
123
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
cSrq&ý-
vlka[ks iafgath fta+nxhv esa gchc ;kus nksLr lkFkhv th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA chek#
fFk;.k rs rchc ;kus MkDVj gdhe ofV fc osank vkfg;wa] mu twa c˜/k;y iQfd;wa nokÅa
oBank vkfg;waA fgu cSr esa doh ijekRek [ks bZ gchc ,sa rchc e×ks Fkks& nq[kq chekjh
MhanM+ fc mgks [+k˜fn vkgs ,sa nwj danM+] nq[k ykghanM+ fc mgks ik.k vkgsA MkDVj th
nok] oS| th i+Qdhv lka i+QdqZ rMfga ioanks] tMfga muth n;k fFk,A vlka fMlank
vkfg;wa y[ksa #i;k nokmfu vkWijs'ku rs [+kpqZ dj.k [kka iksb fc pk<+ks u gwanks vkgs
ij dMfga ebewyh ?kj ts Ml ia/] dk<+s eka ejht+ ukScuks Fkh ioanks vkgsA piqVh HkHkwr
eka Bhdq Fkh osanks vkgs ;k xksBfu esa >kM+ ikb.k ox+Sjg tk fo'okl çHkwv ts mu veqj
Mkagqa bZ b'kkjks dfu FkkA efrycq 'kkgq iwjhv jhfr vkfLrdq vkgs] ijekRek th 'kDrhv
esa vVwVq fo'oklq vFkflA gw lHkq dq>q mu [ks bZ e×ks FkksA ij ,frjks os>ks] tks mu ykb
^rOgha* ,oft+ ^rwa* yÝ+t+ bLrsekyq Fkks djsA
fVi.kh1- 'kkg lkfgc ijekRek th 'kDrhv rs vVwVq fo'oklq Fkks j[ksA chekjhv ykb
nokmfu tks vl# rMfga ioanks] tMfga muth efgj FkhanhA
2- nnZfu] M˜[kanfu] i+Qo+QZ dfu esa ge dkÝ+;k yÝ+t+ du jlq vrk djs laxhr tks
vkuan c[+'khu FkkA
3- nk:a nnZfu] i+Qfd;wa i+Qo+QZ dfu esa n ,sa i+Q v[kjfu tks nqfgjkm vuqçkl vyadkj
th lwaga Ms[kkjs FkksA
4- vkfLrdrk tks tT+cks ,sa o+Qkfcfy;r iSnk dj.k esa ghm cSrq dke;kcq vkgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ^ehaga eqankbrk ofl.kk lnk olha rwa* esa doh lnkb± olanM+ dafga [ks Fkks pos&
(v) lkao.k (c) ehagqa
(l) ekfyd th n;k (n) fcuk eqan tks ehagqa ¹ º
2- 'kkg yrhi+Q iafgats cSr esa dafgatks okik# u djs l?k.k th xkfYg pbZ vkgs&
(v) dkvks (c) 'khgks
(l) lp (n) eksrh ¹ º
rwa gchcq rwa rchcq rwa nk:a [ks nnZfurwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrkj ! [ks M[kanfurMfga iQfd;wa i+Qjo+Q˜ dfu]tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ks
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûú-û
124
dkvks dek;ksfe eksrh ewa u of.ktvklhgs tks l;nq p, o[k# ogk;ksfegfgM+ks gkyq lanksfe] rksg rqafgats mcgka
cSrq&þ-bgk e×kqrk vkgs r euq"; tks tueq Hkkxfu lka feyanks vkgsA vlkatk lkal ('okl)
eksfr;qfu felfy veqYgq vkfgfu] tsds Hkfxrhv :ih okikj esa liQyk dtfu ij balku
ykijokgq cf.kth [+klhlq jokth nqfu;oh lq[kfu :ih vHkzd (lhgs) tks okik# dfu Fkk
ij dohv [ks fo'okl vkgs r çHkq efgj djs lalkj lkxj eka ikfj danksA
'kkgq l;n ?kjk.ks eka gks] budjs cSrfu esa fdFks [+k˜fn ykb 'kkgq] fdFks yrhi+Q r fdFks
ojh l;n r[+kyql (miuke) dfe vk.ks FkksA fgu cSr t+jh, çsj.kk Fkks fM,& f[k.k
Hkaxqj dkap dekb.k th ykyp NMs eksfr;qfu tks okik# dfjA balkuq uklokuq lq[kfu
iqfB;ka nkbeh lq[kq fo×kk, Fkks NMsA tMfga gks'kq vpsfl Fkks] rMfga l?k uFkh jgsfl
ij dohv [ks çHkwv rs fo'oklq vkgs r mgks bZ lanfl fgu gky rs D;klq djs ikfj
mrkjhanksA
fVi.kh1- fgu cSr t+jh, doh dkvks dekb.k ykb eksfr;qfu tks okik# NM.k th balkuh
vknr rs jksf'kuh fo>s FkksA
2- dkvks&dek;ksfe] lhgs&l;nq] o[k#&ogk;ksfe] gfgM+ks&gkyq] rksg&rqafgats esa d]l] o] g] r v[kjfu tks nqfgjkm vuqçkl vyadkj tk lqfg.kk felky vkfgfuA
3- lqtkxh j[kh euq"; tue tks o+Qnq# dj.k th o+Qkfcfy;r ls[kkjs FkksA
4- uezrk ,sa Mksgq o+Qcwy.k th [+kwch ls[kkjs FkksA
cSrq&ÿ-vt˜ dYg vlha fMlwa Fkk iSls] rko+Qr ;k gi+QZr ckt+hv ts t+ksj rs v.k ykbo+Q˜ ek.gw
dke;kc Fkk fFk;fu ,sa Hkyk] lqBk] xq.kokuq 'k[+l iklhjk fFk;ks o×kfuA bu lpkbZv
[ks fpVks dj.k ykb doh gal ,sa dkao tks felkyq fM, FkksA gal tks jaxq vNks dkao
tks dkjksA tMfga dkam 'kq¼˜ 'ki+Qki+Q˜ ik.khv esa o×ks Fkks] mu [ks dkyksjs feV~Vhv tfgM+ks
c.kk, Fkks NMsA gal th vknr vNs ik.khv esa o×k.k th vkgsA gw vfgM+ks esjks ik.kh
fMlh] ryko rs vp.k esa bZ yt eglwlq Fkks djsA fgu cSr [ks t+eku edku [kka
eFkHkjks gqt.k tks #rcks gkflyq vkgs tks vt˜ fc fl;klh] lekth ,sa ekyh gkyfr
bgk bZ vkgsA
fVi.kh1- doh jokth vf[k;qfu fMBs felky [ks cSr th ekyk esa iks, x+Sj jokth oMh
fl[;k fM, FkksA vlha ryko rs vf[k;qfu lka fMlank vkfg;wa r dkao ts luku
dj.k djs ik.kh esjks fFk;.k rs mrs gal [ks vp.k esa bZ yt Fkh fFk,A
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
vPNks ik.kh yqM+ fFk;ksdkyksfj;ks dkaxfub±ns yt ejfurafga lj eFks gatM+k
125
2- dkyksfj;ks dkaxfu ^d* tks nqfgjkm mRçs{kk vyadkj th lwaga lkfcrq djs FkksA
3- n`"Vkar vyadkj tks fc ghm cSrq lqfg.kks felkyq vkgsA
4- 'kCn th y{k.kk 'kDrhv tks bLrseky d;y dkax ,sa gal tk çrhd vkfgfuA
cSrq&ö-
rOgha paM [ks jkst+kuks fMlank vkfg;ks] muth Fk/h pkaMksdh ek.khank vkfg;ksA paM lka
çsfedk ts lwaga th HksV fc t+:# i<+h gwanoA ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ fgu cSr esa paM [ks pos
Fkks r eqafgats egcwc vfx;ka rwa dq>q dksu vkgha] Nkdkf.k r Mhaga tks flt th
jksf'kuhv esa rwa ut+fj bZ uFkks vpha] #xks jkfr tks raqfgath lwaga if/jh fFk, FkhA ij
eqafgatks fijha ges'kk mtkyks lksf>jks i[ksM+hanM+ vkgsA
fVi.kh1- fgu cSr esa doh paM tks ekuohdj.k danss mu lka xkfYg;wa Fkks djsA
2- fgu esa eqckfyx+kss (vfrf'k;ksDrh) vyadkj dfe vkanyq vkgsA fijhav th lwaga
[ks o/k, c˜/k, FkksA
3- ikfM+;ka&fijha] lt.k&lksf>jks esa i ,sa l tks nqfgjkm mRçs{kk vyadkj tks lqfg.kks
felky vkgsA
4- fgu cSr th van:uh ekuk ewftfc fijha ijekRek ykb] tks mu tks uw# lnkb±
fi;ks fpeds] o+Qkbeq nkbeq vkgsA paM okaxq# #xks jkfr tks jksf'kuh uFkks c[+'ksA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ^b±ns yt ejfu rafga lj eFks gatM+k* esa lj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) rykm (c) lM+.k
(l) yk'k (n) lkj.kq ¹ º
2- rOgkats dkslZ esa 'kkg ts jpukmfu th tsdk 'kk[+k 'kkfey vkgs] lk vkgs&
(v) okbZ (c) cSr
(l) x+t+y (n) nksgk ¹ º
3- ^paM rqafgath t+kfr* cSr esa tssdks vyadkj dfe vk;ks vkgs] lks vkgs&
(v) mRçs{kk (c) eqckyx+ks
(l) ;ed (n) miek ¹ º
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
paM rqafgath t+kfr ikfM+;ka u fijhav lharwa vNks esa jkfr lt.k fur lksf>jks
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûú-ü
126
^cSr* Nan th okfDi+Q;rrOgka[ks dq>q cSr ;kfn vkfgfu\ Nk rOgha[ks bgk tk.k vkgs r ifgjha dohrk fy[k.k
ykb doh Nan tks bLrsekyq dank gqvk] vt fc dfu FkkA Nan ek=kkmfu ;k v[kjfu
rs vk/k# j[kfu FkkA eqo+Qj# ek=kkmfu ;k v[kjfu [kka iksb mu esa chgd fojkeq ;k
;fr b±nh vkgs ,sa rqd tks iky.kq d;ks osanks vkgsA
cSr i<+ans rOgha[ks muts ?kM+fr ;k ?kkM+sVs ckcfr dq>q tk.k Fkh pqdh gwanhA
tsdMfga cSrq fVfu flVqfu tks vkgs r ifgjha flV tks v/q] cha flV th iNkM+h ,sa Vha
flV ts v/ esa lkfx, mpkj.k okjk v[kj Fkhank ,sa tsdMfga fcfu flVqfu tks vkgs
r ifgjha flV th iNkM+h ,sa cha flV ts v/ okjk v[kj lkfx, mPpkj.k tk FkhankA
thva vkf[+kjh cSr esa daxfu ,sa ejfuA
rOgha cSr [ks [+k˜fn lq×kk.k.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;ksA c˜/k;ks r gsfB;fu eka dfgM+ks cSrq
Nan vkgs\
(v) dhva fNuk ghm iQwy
fVfM+;yq b,a bZ 'kk[+k rs
lkabZ ios o+Qcwy
(c) dpq dek;qfe dwM+ Hkxfe vgn vykg tk
fi×kjks tks ikifu tks pksVhv rkb± pw#
ekywe vFkbZ ew# x™M+gk bufge xkfYg tks
(l) rwa vkgha gsewa lnk g;kr
/kfj;k y[k :i rqafgats cfynku
fl[kfu Fkk lcdq lHksbZ toku
fuM# Fkh liQyq d;b Fk×kq ekr
ijekRek lfHkuh [kka 'kfDr'kkyh vkgsA gw fcuk fNfr fHkfr ts Nij ,sa Nkaoc[+'ks FkksA
cjlkr iafgats eqan rs ols Fkh ij /.khv th efgj vlka rs lnk olh jgh vkgsA
çHkw bZ nksLr] MkDVj ,sa nnZfu th nok vkgsA iQfd;wa rMfga i+Qo+QZ dafn;wa] tMfgamuth efgj FkhanhA
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
rOgha Nk fl[;k
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûú-ü
127
balkuq [+klhlq jokth lq[k ikb.k ykb o+Qherh ghjk eksrh fo×kk, Fkks NMsA
dkam ik.kh esjks Fkks djs] gal mrs vp.k esa yt Fkk eglwlq dfuA ?kfV ykbo+Q˜
ek.gwv th dke;kch fMlh] ykbo+Q˜ ek.gw iklhjks Fkks Fkh o×ksA
'kkgq fijhav th lwaga paM [kka o/hd e×ks FkksA
'kkg lkfgc loyk felky Mhans xgfj;wa Kku twa xkfYg;wa leq>k;wa vkfgfuA
vyadkjfu ts bLrseky lka Hkk"kk ,sa bt+gkj th lwaga o/h o×ks FkhA
cSr th ?kM+fr vfgM+h o.kanM+ vkgs] tks xkb.kk mu[ks MksghM+s felfy lqj lka
vkykiq MsbZ] xk, l?kfu FkkA
cSrq fla/h dohrk th futh e[+lwlq 'kk[+k vkgsA o+Qnheq gwans fc ub± Hkkls FkhA
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
fganhv lesfr fc;qfu Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkmfu felfy fla/h fc vnc ts [+;ky
[kka 'kkgwdk# cksyh vkgsA fgu [ks gt+kj lkyfu [kka o/hd iafgath lkjkg
tksxh vnch jok;r vkgsA fla/h vnc [ks eq[;q :i lka fVfu nkSjfu esa
fofjgk;ks fo;ks vkgs&
(1) vokbyh nkSj& 712 bZ- [kka 1520 bZ- rkb±
(2) fopksa nkSj& 1520 bZ- [kka 1843 bZ- rkb±
(3) uvksa nkSj& 1843 bZ- [kka gyanM+
fopsa nkSj esa fla/h dohrk m:t rs igqph] cqyafn;wa gkflyq d;waA tafga [ks
fla/h vnc tks lksufgjh nkSj ef×k;ks o×ks FkksA
'kkgq yrhi+Q lksugjh nkSj ts dfo;qfu th fVewrhZv tks fljekSj doh vkgsA
tafga Nan fo|k ewftfc cSr ,sa ok;wa fyf[k;waA lanfl lr lwjfe;wa [+kkfl
e'kgw# yksd dFkkÅa vkfgfuA
fla/hv esa egkdkO; fy[k.k th jok;r dksUgsaA [kaM dkO; ,dM+ csdM+A
?k.kks r.kks iQqVdj dkO; feys FkksA
fla/h xzke# laLÑr ,sa fganhv lka feyanM+ tqyanM+ vkgsA
fy[k.k ykb gk.ks nsoukfxjh fyihv tks okfgiks of/;yq vkgsA ifgjha
vjch fla/h fyih fy[kh osanh gqbZA okikjh gV okf.kdh fyih dfe vk.khank
gqvkA t+kywa xq#eq[kh fyfi ,sa vt˜ tk ckj jkseu fyfi fc dfe vk.khfu
FkkA
128
fVi.kh
'kkg yrhi+Q tk cSr
1- gsfB,a cSr th ekuk fy[kh iafgath fVi.kh fy[kks&
dkvks dek;ksfe ------------------------------------------------------------------ rksg raqfgats mcgkaA
2- ^rwa gchc rwa rchc rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu* fgu flV esa doh dafga[ks gchc rchc
e×ks Fkks ,sa Nks\
3- dkam ,sa gal tks felky doh dafgats ykb Fkks fM;.kq pkgs\ fpVhv rjg
leq>k;ksA
4- doh çHkwv [kka dsfrjh ck> Fkks ?kqjs ,sa Nks\
5- cSrfu esa vk;y ge&dkfi+Q;k (lkfx, mpkj.k okjk) yÝ+t+ pwaMs Vs&Vs felky
fM;ksA
6- lkfx;ks v[k# fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk dfe vps r vuqçkl vyadkj ;k rtuhl
gi+QhZ Fkhanks\
7- lanksfe yÝ+t+ th ekuk fy[kh c˜/k;ks r mgks xzkej ewftfc bLe ;k t+ehj ts
dfgM+s fo+QLe esa b±nks\
8- dafga fc, dfov tks fgdq cSr fy[kksA
9- 'kkgq dfgM+ks nyhy MsbZ paM [kka fijhav [ks cfgrj Fkks pos\
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
10-1 1- (l) 2- (n)
10-2 1- (v) 2- (c) 3- (c)
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tokc
129
11
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
vkt+knh gj lkg okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th uber vkgsA vkt+knh gj balku tks
cqfu;knh] tksfM+tdh] tuefl¼ go+Q˜ vkgsA vkt+knhv tks efrycq NqM+okxh u vkgs ;k
iafgath bPNk] pkfguk] et+hZv eqrkfcfo+Q jsy&Nsy ?kqe.kq u vkgsA vkt+knhv tk tqnk
tqnk :i vkfgfuA balkuh vkt+knh] ok.khv th vkt+knh] eqYdh vkt+knh] /kfeZd
vkt+knh ox+Sjg ox+SjgA eqYdh vkt+knhv ykb vlkats Hkkjr vkt+knh vkanksyu gyk;ksA
vusd d"V] lwj] lf[+r;wa lgu d;waA vaxzst+fu lka cx+kor dbZA Økarhv th ygj lts
ns'k esa if[kfM+th osbZA vkt+knhv ts vusdq ijokufu [ks iQklhv rs yfVdk;ks fo;ksA
vaxszt+fu] vkt+knh vkanksyu [ks nckb.k ykb iafgats olka dhu ?kVk;ksA ns'k okfl;qfu lka
xM˜ fla/q esa flaf/;qfu fc vkt+knhv ykb dqckZfu;wa fMfu;waA fla/q] flaf/;qfu ts vkt+knh
gypy ,sa eqYdh vkt+knhv ykb ofjry dksf'k'kqfu [ks tk.k.k ykb vpks r fla/hv
ts ys[kd MkDVj tsBks ykyok.khv ts ukVd ^^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl**] tsdks vej
'kghn gsewa dkyk.khv ts thou ts ?kfVukmfu rs vk/kfjr vkgs] i<+a™ ,sa vkt+knh
gypy th tk.k gkflyq djs Kkuq o/k;waA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
ukVd ts vk/kj rs vkt+knhv ts vkanksyu ts nkSj ts gkyrqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_ vkt+knhv ts ckjs esa ,sa ns'k çse ykb iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_ thou esa lkgl] fger lka Hkjiwj eukscy ,sa vkRefo'okl th vgfe;r c;kuq
djs l?kank_ fgd flai+Q ts :i esa ukVd ts vgfe;r Hkfj;y [+kkfl [+kwfc;qfu] [+kkfl;rqfu]
lccfu [ks leq>h] mu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_ vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ts nkSjkfu Hkkjfr;qfu rs fFk;y vR;kpkjfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
uber = c[+'kh'k
tksfM+tdh = laoS/kfud
tuefl¼ = tk, te [kka]
tue [kka
ok.kh = xkYgkb.k
lf[+r;wa = d"V
olka dksu ?kVk;ks =
gfjdk dksf'k'k dbZ
dqckZfu;wa = cfynku
ed+ln
fVi.kh
130
gkgkdk# = ekreq] fgjklqeqo+Qneks = dslq
VksM+iQksM+ = Hk×kqMkg
lkft+'k = eulwcks]fydy nxk+ckt+h
vpks r fgu ukVd t+jh, bUgfu xkfYg;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
vpks r fgu ukVd [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A
lw=k/kj&
vkt+knh balku tks cqfu;knh] tksM+tdh] tuefl¼ vf/dk# vkgsA vkt+knh gj lkg
okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th uber vkgsA balkuq] tafga [ks lfHkuh thofu esa Js"B lfM;ks
fo;ks vkgs] mgks dafga ts fc rkcs x+yke cf.kt.kq u pkghanks vkgsA ij lÙkk] iSls ts
cy rs gqu [ks x+yke c.kk;ks osanks vkgs r gw X+k˜ykehv tk can VksM+.k ykb gj dher
pqdkb.k ykb r;k# Fkh osanks vkgsA balkuh vkt+knh] eqYdh vkt+knh] ok.kh vkt+knhv
ykb ofD+r fc ofD+r vusd dqckZfu;wa fMfu;wa os;wa vkfgfuA vkt+knhv th yM+kbZ Hkkjr
fc yM+h vkgsA tMfga vlkatks Hkkjr vaxzst+fu ts ukikdq gjdrqfu] eukso`fr;qfu esa
?ksfj;y gks] rMfga vkt+knhv ykb ftrs fdFks cx+kor rgjdq] gypy 'kq: FkhA
Økarhv th ygj 1852 esa mfHkfjdks [kk/ksA
vkt+knhv ts ijokus ukStqoku gsewa dkyk.kh]
tafgatks tueq 23 ekpZ 1923 esa l[kj fla/ esa
ekrk tsBh ckbZ dkyk.khv ts ?kfj fFk;ks gksA mgks
erokyks vkt+knhv ts rgjd esa f?kM+h fi;ksA
vkt+knhv tks >aMks [k.kh eSnku esa fVih fi;ks ,sa
ej.k ykb r;k# Fkh fo;ksA gsewav [ks tk.k feyh r
fgd vaxzst+ i+QkSt th xkMh lD[kj eka Fkhanh]
dksbfV;k of×k.kh vkgsA mu esa i+QkSft;qfu lka xM
dki+Qh vankt+ esa ck:n] ce] e'khu& xuwa vkfgfuA
bgs gfFk;kj Økarhdkfj;qfu [ks ekj.k ykb eksfdfy;k
Fks fo;kA i+QkSth xkMhv [ks dsjkb.k] ekj.k ykb
gsewa idM+] ikuks] gFkksM+ks [k.kh] nksLrfu lka xM˜ jsy xkMh dsjkb.k ykb jsy ifVfM+;qfu
twa fi+Q'k IysVwa d<.k ykb fgd jkr igqph fo;ks ,sa lj t+ehu rs vaxzst+ iqfyl }kjka
fxjÝ+rk# Fkh fo;ksA gsewav ts ?kj] lthv fla/q esa gkgkdk# eph fo;ksA gsewav eFkka
ek'kZy&ykW dksVZ esa eqo+Qneks gyk;ks fo;ksA ljdkjh odhy gsewav eFkka vaxzst+ gqdwer
f[+kyki+Q VksM+iQksM+] ce /ekdk] i+QkSth xkMh dsjkb.k th lkft+'k flV.k tks Mksgq
yxk;ks ,sa tk.kk;ks r fgu tk fc;k fc lkFkh vkfgfu] tsds Hkth fo;k vkfgfuA dki+Qh
tksM+tdh = cankscLrqq] bafrT+kkeq
uber = nqvk] c[+'kh'k
Js"B = lHk [kka oMks
rkcs = dCt+s] v/hu
eukso`fr = eu tks ykM+kscx+kor = cyoks
rgjdq = gypy] vkanksyuq
Økafr = bafo+QykcqmfHkfjdks = ojh 'kq: fFk;.kq
ûû-û cqfu;knh lcd+
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
131
d"V vt+kc fM;.k [kka iksb fc gw dq>q uFkks c˜/k,A vkf[+kjdkfj dksVZ esa fgu rs
eqo+Qneks gyk;ks Fkks o×ksA
dksVZ tks ut+kjks
ttq % (gFkksM+s lka Bd Bd dans)& tqoku] raqfgatks ukyks Nk vkgs\
gsewa % eqafgatks ukyks bafo+Qykcq vkgsA eka Økardkjh vkfg;kaA Hkkjr ekrk tks liwrq
vkfg;kaA
ttq % raqfgatfu lkfFk;qfu tk ukyk Nk vkfgfu\
gsewa % eka vdsyks vkfg;ka] eqafgatks lkFkh vkgs bafo+QykcqA
ttq % rqafgats firkthv tks ukyks Nk vkgs\
gsewa % fganqLrku] Hkkjr egku~A
ttq % ,sa /a/ks\
gsewa % ns'k çse tks iQfgyko] eqdfeyq vkt+knh gkflyq dj.kqA
ttq % (xqLls esa)& gsewa] rks fgdq laxhuq tqeZq d;ks vkgsA rks vaxzst+ i+QkSt ts
flikfg;qfu [ks ekjs] mUgfu ts lqgkfxf.k;qfu [ks Mgkfxf.k;wa c.kkb.k th
ukikdq dksf'k'k dbZ vkgsA rwa ns'kHkDr u] fgdq eqtfjeq] fgd [+kkSi+Qukdq
okD+, th lkft+'k ykb tokcnkj vkghaA dksVZ i+QSflyks djs] mu [kka vx˜
rks[ks iafgath li+QkbZv esa tsdks pfo.kks vkgs] pmA
(gsewa dkyk.khv tks firk Jh islweyfl#fu ts HkVs rs)
(iqjk.kks l[kj 'kgj&gsewa dkyk.khv tks tue LFkku)
vt+kc = d"V] rdyhi+Qwa
bafo+Qykcq = iQsjks] rCnhy
liwrq = iqVq] vkSykn
eqdfeyq = iw.kZ
laxhuq = Hkkjh] xkSjks
tqeZq = Mksgq] xqukgqlqgkfxf.k = tafgatks ifr
g;kr gqts
M˜gkfxf.k = tafgatks ifrejh fo;ks gqts
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
132
(gsewa dkyk.khv thekrk tsBhckbZ dkyk.kh)
gsewa % ewa[ks i+Q[+k˜# vkgs] eka iafgats ekrk firk th vkSyknq vkfg;ka] ftfu ns'k çse
tk laLdkj fMukA Hkkjr ekrk th larku vkfg;ka] tsdk vt˜ x+ykeq vkgsA
mu[ks vR;kpkfj;qfu [kka NksfVdkjks fM;kj.kq tqeZq u vkgsA
ttq % gsewa ! gqdwer lka Vd# [kkb.k tks vatkeq rwa tk.kha Fkks\
gsewa % gkA lt+k&,&ekSr] mfefj Hkfj dSn] dkjks ik.kh ;k iQklhv tks iQanksA
ttq % gsewa] rwa ft+nh] vfHkekuh vkghaA rks rekeq ?k.kk Mksg d;k vkfgfuA rks[ks
mfefj Hkfj dSn th lt+k fMuh o×ks FkhA
gsewa % ([+k˜f'k Fkh)& bafo+Qykcq ft+angckn] oans ekr`e] Hkkjr ekrk th t;A
lw=k/kj % gsewav [ks mfefj Hkfj dSn th lt+k fey.k rs gqu tk dqVach] 'kgjoklh]
fla/oklh Mk<k nq[kh fFk;kA gsewav th lt+k eki+Q djkb.k ykb oMfu
eqfncjfu dksf'k'kwa ofjfr;wa] ij lHkq ukdkfe;kcqA mYVks duZy fjpMZ~lu
gsewav [ks [+kkSi+Qukdqq] [+krjukdq ,sa veu veku ykb oMks [+krjks tk.kk,]
mfefj Hkfj o+QSn th lt+k [ks iQklhv th lt+k esa rcnhy djs] 29 fMlEcj
1942 rs mu dkjh iQrok rs eqgj yxkbZA lth fla/ esa ekreq Nkabth fo;ksA
21 tuojh 1942 gsewav [ks iQklh
fM;.k tks dkjks Mhagqa eqo+Qj# d;ks
fo;ksA gsewav [ks iQklh fM;.k twa
r;kfj;wa fFk;.k yfx;waA fli+QZ gqu ts
ekrk&firk [ks tsy esa xfMt.k th
btkt+r feyh gqbZA fgd Mhagqa gquth
ekrk tsBh ckbZ] firk Jh islwey
gsewav lka xfMt.k lsaVªy tsy igqrkA
tsy tks ut+kjks
vkokt+ % gsewa] rqafgatk ekrk&firk rkslka xfMt.k vk;k vkfgfuA
gsewa % ckck] veka] isjs Fkks iokaA
islwey % (nq[kh yfgts esa)& gsewa] lHkq dksf'k'kwa ukdkfe;kcq os;waA vlha gkjk, pqdkvkfg;waA
gsewa % ckck] tsdks fFk;.kks gwanks] vofl FkhanksA eqafgats Hkkx esa ekr`Hkwehv eFkkadqckZu fFk;.k fyf[k;ks vkgsA ns'k lsok th okV ewa [+k˜fn ilafn dbZ vkgsArOgka nq[kh u fFk;ksA xq:v th fc bgk bZ bNk vkgsA
vR;kpk# = t+Yeq
NksfVdkjks = eqfDrxqukgq] tqeZ = Mksgq
tuefl¼ = tue [kka oBh
vf/dk# = go+Q˜gqdwer = ljdkj
vatkeq = urhtks
Vdj = lkeuks] pdjh] >fxM+ks
ft+nh = gksMh] gBhyks
eqfncjfu = vx˜okufu
[+krjukdq = [+kfrjs lka Hkjiwj[+kfrjks = Miq] tks[keq
veu veku = 'kkarh
eqfgj yxkbZ = eat+™jh fMuh
vcgeq = csle>q] eklweq
ykokfjlq = vukFkq
eqtfjeq = Mksgkjh] xqugxk#
[+kkSi+Qukdq = Hk;kudq
okD;ks = ?kVuki+Q[+k˜# = xoZ
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
133
ekrk % eka iqNka Fkh r Hkxoku th bgk bNk Nk ykb vkgs\ ekmj ckyd [ks
tueq Nk ykb fM;fu fFk;wa\ (#, Fkh)
islwey % ('kkafr djkb±ns)& gsewav ekm] Mkgh FkhA nq[k dj.k] #v.k lka dq> dksu
ojanksA 'kkafr FkhA iqV gsewa ! fla/ lwcs tks Lihdj Hkkst fla?k ifgyktk.kh]
lk/w oklok.kh v×kk rkb± dksf'k'kqfu esa yxy vkfgfuA
gsewa % ckck] i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu nq"Vq] ft+nh] gksMh] vR;kpkjh] nqjkpkjh
vkgsA eka uFkks pkfg;ka r eqafgatk iwtuh; xq:tu] lar] vx˜oku] fgu ikih
dBksj vfx;ka eqafgats ykb n;k th ch[k fiufuA efgjckuh djs eqafgats
NksfVdkjs twa lHkq dksf'k'kwa u d;wa o×kfuA
ekrk % dekaM# t+Yeh vkgs] 'kSrkuq vkgsA gsewa] rks[ks fxjÝ+rk# djs dky dksBjhv
esa iwfj;ks fo;ksA eqafgath eerk Mhaga jkr #uks vkgsA bgks fdFkka tks balki+Q˜
o+Qkuwuq vkgs\ fgd bZ Mksg ykb ifgjha mfefj dSn iksb iQklh\ ghm ?kksj
vU;km vkgsA
islwey % gk] ghm vaxzst+fu ts va/s] cksM+s] xwaxs o+Qkuwu] ek'kZy&ykW th iQ+rok vkgsA
lHkq ljdkj tk deZpkjh vkfgfuA tsdh pkghfu] thva o.ksfu] rhva
i+QSlyks dfuA bgk bZ r rkuk'kkgh vkgsA
ekrk % (vkis [kka ckfgfj fufdjh)& eki+Qhv cfnjka iQklh ! u] u] eka r ejh
osanflA gpkjk gsewav [ks iQklh fM;fu] mu [kka ifgjha eka t+Yeh vaxzst+fu
[ks ekjs NMhanfl] iksb eka ejanflA
islwey % lHkkxh] ik.kq laHkkfyA le>nkjhv [kka deq oBqA
ekrk % eka fgrka gsewav [ks ?kfj oBh osanflA gsewa] rwa ekm [+kkfr# eki+Qh oBqA eki+Qh
oB.k lka balku ua<ks u ij egkuq cf.ktanks vkgsA ljdkj tsds ukyk ?kqjs
Fkh] MsbZ NfM ij rwa ?kfj gyqA (jks, Fkh)
gsewa % veka] rOgka ts vf[k;qfu esa vkalw\! u] uA veka] rOgka r eqafgath cgknq#
ekm vkfg;ks] eqafgath çsj.kk vkfg;ksA rOgka bZ r ns'k çse th çsj.kk fMuhA
rOgka [ks ik.k [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA rOgka tk fMuy laLdkj dkfe;kcq
cf.k;k vkfgfuA eka rOgkath Fk×kq th yt j[kanqflA iQklhv rs p<+h ns'k
tks dt+Z ,sa iafgatks i+QT+kZ vnk danqflA
islwey % iqV] vlka tks po.kq e×kq] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq cf.kth o×kqA lHkq dq>q Bhdq Fkh
osanksA
vofl = vo';
Hkkx˜ = fo+QLerokV = jLrks
xHkZ = isV
ihM+kÅa = lwjfd'kksj = ua<ks ukStqokuq
voLFkk = mfefj
tyknq = iQklh MhanM+dklkbZ = dqganM+
Mkgh = le>nk#
lwcs = jkT;nq"Vq = ikih
gksMh = ft+nh] fuBj
nqjkpkjh = cnpyuiwtuh; = bt+r ykbo+Q˜
NksfVdkjks = fjgkbZ
dkydksBjh = tsy[+kkukstue Vhi = mfefj Hkfj tsy
i+Qrok = gqdqe
?kksj = reke oMksyt = bt+r] ifr
i+Qt+Z = dÙkZO;
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
134
flU/q ekrk tsBh ckbZ ,sa iatkc ekrk fo|korh ('kghn Hkxr flag th ekrk)
gsewa % u ckck u] eka x+íkjh gjfxt+ u danqflA eka tk.kk Fkks] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq
fFk;.k lka eki+Qh feyanh] oMk mfgnk feyank] f[+krkcq fc feyanks] ij ns'k
çseq bu ykyfp [kka ?k.kks ?k.kks eFks vkgsA
ekrk % ij iqV] eka Nk dfj;ka\ eqafgath eerk] eqafgatks eksgq] eqafgath vkSykn ----
gsewa % lfHkuh ca/ufu [kka vkt+knq Fkh ewa[ks vk'khokZn fM;ks] thva eka eqd±ns
eqd±ns iQklhv rs p<+kaA
ekrk % iqV] eka nsoh dku vkfg;ka] ekm vkfg;ka ekmA Hkyk ekm iafgath larku
[ks ekSr ts eqaga esa dhva Fkh fMlh l?ks\
gsewa % vOgka bZ r ls[kkfj;ks vkgs r tuuh tueHkwfe lqxZ [kka o/hd egkuq Fkhanh
vkgsA veka] fla/q] Hkkjr ekrk] tue&Hkwehv th lsok dj.kq fc eqafgatks
i+Qt+Z vkgsA Hkkjr ekrk cyhnku ?kqjs FkhA ns'k lfno+Qs vusd ekrkmfu iafgatk
dwa/j dqgk;k vkfgfuA veka] rOgka [ks fc o+Q˜ckZuh fM;.kh ioanhA
ekrk % (#vans] fxjkfVM+h Hkjhans)& gsewa eqafgatk yky] I;kjk iqV] eaqfgaft;qfu
vf[k;qfu tk uwj ----
gsewa % gk veka] eka lpq Fkks poka& eka okil eksVh b±nqflA tslharkb± ns'kq vkt+knq
u fFk;ks vkgs] rslharkb± ckj&ckj ejanqfl] ojh&ojh teanqfl ns'k lfno+QsA
mfgnk = in
f[+krkc = yo+Qc] bukeg;kr = thvjks
iflcks = fMflcks] ut+j b±nks
fNt.kq = VqV.kqMksgq = xqukg
t+Yeh = t+kfye
gR;kjk = ikih] ekjhanM+lHkkxh = Hkkxokuq
çsj.kk = eu mNy] mRlkgq
x+íkjh = eqYd lka nq'euh]
csoi+QkbZ
Fk×kq = ekm tks [kh#
inoh = bt+r tks yo+Qcqdwa/j = larku
dqfg;k = cfynku d;k
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
bafd+ykcq ft+ngckn
135
ekrk % gs xq: ckck] eka Nk dfj;ka\ dkMs o×kka] rwa bZ dk ck> dfjA
gsewa % veka] opu fM;ksA eqafgath iQklhv rs rOgka nq[kh u FkhankA vf[k;qfu esa
xks<+k u vk.khankA eka ojh fc o+QkSyq Fkks dfj;ka] eka eksVh b±nqflA gk.ks
eksdy fM;ks---- vk'khokZnq fc fM;ksA
ekrk % ij iqV] eka vfgM+ks i+QkSyknh ftfx# fdFkka vkf.k;ka\ dfgM+h fnfy lka
eerk tks xyks ?kqVs] rks[ks iQklhv rs yfVd.k th vklhl fM;kaA
gsewa % veka] eu th tt+ckr [ks csyx+keq fFk;.kq u fM;ksA 'kkafr fpr lka lksps
fMlksA ghm ekSrq u] ij eqafgats ykb] dqVaqc lekt ykb i+Q[+k˜# vkgs] 'kkuq
vkgsA
ekrk % eu] fprq] 'kkafr---- ykfMyks dky tks c[kq cf.kth jfg;ks vkgsA vf[k,a
ekSr tks uaxks ukpq osBh fMlkaA (#, Fkh)
gsewa % veka&ckck] rOgka vdsyk u vkfg;ks] vej 'kghn Hkxr flag th ekrk
fif.k gqu [ks eqf'danM+ psgjs lka iQklhv rs yfVd.k tks gqdqe fMuks gksA
gqufu ts vf[k;qfu esa iqV fo×kkb.k tks nq[kq] vi+Qlkslq u ij [+k˜'khv tk
vkalw gqvkA rOgka fif.k f[kyans vkKk dfj;ksA (lqfMdfu tks vkokt+)
gsewa % veka] ewa rfi+QZ fugkfj;ks ---- iQklhv th [+kksjkd eqafgatks ot+uq fc o/k;ks
vkgsA tsy# fc leq>h fo;ks vkgs r ewa[ks ekSr th lt+k ghlk;ks Mdk;ks
dksUgs] ik.k o/hd l?kkjks c.kk;ks vkgsA
ekrk % eqafgatk yky] I;kjk iqV] lfno+Qs o×kka rksrkaA
gsewa % ckck] ckck] rOgka r eqafgath dqckZuhv lka [+k˜f'k vkfg;ks u\
islwey % gk iqV [+k˜f'k vkfg;kaA bZ'oj nfj osfurh vkgs r fla/q ts gj ?kj esa rks
tfgM+ks oh# liwrq tueq oBsA (lqfMdk)
gsewa % veka] eu [ks fLFkj dfj;ksA fgdq gsewa iQklhv rs yfVdanks r Nk Fkhanks\
Hkkjr tks] fla/q tks gj liwr rOgka [ks ^^veka veka** pbZ iqdkjhanksA gj
fgd ckj esa rOgka[ks gsewa ut+j b±nksA
ekrk % (i+Q[+k˜j fopka)& iqV] eka folkjs osBh gqvfl r rwa ns'k th fefyfd;r
vkghaA eka gk.ks ik.k eka eksgq d<ka Fkh I;kjk iqV gseaw ! çHkq] >wysyky]
iYys okjk] okfgxq: ckck gsewav [ks fgeFk fMtksA bafo+Qykcq ft+ngckn th
ifr jf[ktksA Hkkjr ekrk [ks vkt+knq djkbtksA rOgka nfj bgk bZ osfurh
vkgsA
R;kx˜ = gFkq [k.k.kq] lU;klq
dky = ekSr tks nsorkvklhl = vk'khokZnq
dqfjc = ikfljhv ts daMs okjks
gsfB;ksa fglks
lq×kk.ki = okfDi+Q;r
uw# = jksf'kuh
ck> = n;kteanqfl = tueq oBanqfl
tkxkb±nk = tkx`r dank
o+QkSyq = ç.kq] opuqi+QkSykn ftfx# = et+cwr fnfy
vklhl = vk'khokZn
cfgcwnh = HkykbZ] i+QkbnkstT+ckr = meax
csyx+ke = NqM+okx
ykfMyks = I;kjksc[kq = fxjgq] fuokyks
uaxks = m?kkM+ks
ukpq = u`R;
eqf'danM+ = eqLdjkb±nM+
[+kksjkd = [kk/ks
ghfl;y = Mjiksd
l?kkjks = rnqa#Lrohj liwr = cgknqj iqVq
fLFkj = et+cwr
f>jfej = frtyks] jkSuddk;j = Mjiksd] fMft.kks
[+okfg'k = bPNk] pkfguk
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
136
gsewa % veka ckck] isjs Fkks iokaA
ekrk firk % NqV iqV] vlkath rks[ks vkKk vkgsA
lw=k/kj % gsewav tsy vanfj bafo+Qykcq ft+ngckn] oans ekrje~] Hkkjr ekrk th t;*
tk ukjk yxkb±ns] iafgath vkf[+kjhfu [+okfg'k esa tsyj] eSftLVªsV] MkDVj]
iQklh&?kj eas gkft+j flikfg;qfu ,sa tYykn lesfr
lfHkuh [kka ^Hkkjr ekrk th t;* tk ukjk yxk;k ,sa
tYykn [kka dkjks diM+ks oBh] iafgatfu gFkfu lka
eFkka fo>h] iQanks fxphv esa fo>h] iQklhv rs p<+h
ns'k eFkka dqckZu Fkh fo;ksA oans ekrje~] Hkkjr ekrk th
t; t;dkj vt˜ fc fi+Qt+k esa xwatth jgh vkgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- vaxzst+fu dafga rs t+Ye d;k gqvk\
(v) tkuojfu rs (c) fonsf'k;qfu rs
(l) Hkkjrokfl;qfu rs (n) flikfg;qfu rs ¹ º
2- gsewav tks tueq fdFks ,sa dMfga fFk;ks\
(v) 1947 Hkkjr esa (c) 23 ekpZ 1923 lD[kj esa
(l) 1942 fla/ esa (n) 15 vkxLV 1950 fgan esa ¹ º
3- gsewav [ks iQklh dMfga fMuh osbZ\
(v) 20 tuojh 1945 (c) 21 tuojh 1942
(l) 20 tuojh 1942 (n) 2 vDVwcj 1950 ¹ º
4- gsewav [ks cpkb.k ykb dfgM+s lar dksf'k'k dbZ\
(v) Lokeh 'kkafr çdk'k (c) lkab± /eZnkl
(l) lk/w oklok.kh (n) Lokeh yhyk'kkg ¹ º
5- i+QkSth dekaMj ds# gks\
(v) lj fofy;e (c) lj tksau
(l) i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu (n) i+QkSth dekaMj ljkYV ¹ º
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
137
vpks] ukVd ,sa mu tss vukljfu ts vk/kj rss lcd+ [ks pÄhv rjg leq>.k th
dksf'k'k dfj;waA
ûû-ü-û fo"k; ,sa edZt+h [+;kyq
ukVd th dgk.khv [ks dFkkoLrw fif.k lfM;ks osanks vkgsA IykWV ukVd tks vgfe;r
Hkfj;ks rRo vkgsA dFkkoLrw ukVd th vkRek vkgsA dFkkoLrwv tks laca/q ukVd esa
c;kuq d;y fo"k; lka gwanks vkgsA dFkkoLrwv [ks fpVks dj.k ykb okD;fu] gkyrqfu
,sa fdjnkjfu th jpuk dbZ osanh vkgsA fgd vfgM+h ?kVuk tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs]
ftrs ekrk firk th iafgats vkSykn ykb eerk] thv.k th ykylk lka xM˜ fgd
ukStqoku th ns'k eFkka o+Q˜ckZu fFk;.k th ns'k çse Hkkouk mfHkjanh ut+fj vps FkhA
islwey] tsBh ckbZ] tt ,sa gsewa dkyk.khv ts fdjnkjfu t+jh, fgd vkt+knhv ts
ijokus [ks ns'kæksgh lMs] iQklhv rs yfVdk;ks o×ks FkksA iQklhv th lt+k c˜/kb.k ,sa
dksVZ th ?kVuk t+jh, ,sa ekrk&firk tks iafgats iqV [ks leq>kb.k ,sa eerk eksg ts
vglkufu lka dgk.khv th vkslfj fFk, FkhA
rOgka ukVd i<+.k cSfn mu esa ft+Øq d;y dgk.khv [ks leqf>;ks gwanksA vkt+knhv
tks yM+kdw gsewa i+QkSth xkMhv [ks dsjkb.k ykb jsy ifVjhv twa fi+Q'k&IysVwa d<ans
ifdfM+th ios FkksA ek'kZy dksVZ esa fgu rs dslq gys FkksA gsewa lkfFk;qfu tk ukyk
c˜/kb.k [kka badkj djs FkksA eki+Qh oB.k ykb fc r;k# dksUgsA iQklhv th lt+k
c˜/ans gqu tk ekrk firk nq[kh fFk;fu FkkA gqu [ks eki+Qh oB.k ,sa ljdkjh 'kkfgnq
cf.kt.k ykb leq>kbZfu Fkk] ij gsewa frjhv rsyq uFkks ykb.kq fM, ,sa eksVh vp.k tks
okbnks djs ekrk&firk [ks leq>k,] [+k˜'khv [+k˜'khv iQklhv ts iQans rs p<+h o×ks FkksA
gsfB fMuy tqfeyk dafga p;k vkfgfu] mgs tk.kk, fMaxhv esa fy[kks&
1- veka] eka rOgka [ks fo'oklq Fkks fM;kfj;ka r eqafgath 'kknhv tks tqywl 'kku] eku]
vku] ncncs lka fufdjanksA ¹ º
2- ns'k i+Qt+Z fuHkkb.kq] oi+Qknkjh eqafgath J¼k vkgsA ¹ º
3- gsewa rwa eki+Qh oBqA ¹ º
4- iqV] vlkatks po.kq e×kq] ljdkjh 'kkfgnq cf.kth o×kqA ¹ º
ûû-ü vpks r leq>wa
edZt+h = dsUæh;] lsUVªy
vkslfj = fodklq
frjhv rsyq uFkks ykb.kq =
u e×k.kq
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûû-û
138
5- rks fgdq laxhuq tqeZ d;ks vkgsA ¹ º
6- lt+k, ekSr] mez Hkfj dSn] dkjks ik.kh ;k iQklhv tks iQanksA ¹ º
7- gsewav [ks iQklh fM;.k twa r;kfj;wa fFk;.k yfx;waA ¹ º
ûû-ü-ü fdjnkjfuxkjh^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* esa ekrk tsBh ckbZ] firk islwey] gsewa dkyk.kh ,sa fjpMZ~lu eq[;qfdjnkj vkfgfuA tsBh ckbZ eerk e;h ekm] lgu 'kDrhv okjh] vkSykn [ks ns'k çsetk laLdkj MhanM+ vkSjr] ukjh l'kDrhdj.k th fu'kkuh vkgsA
gsewa dkyk.kh lkglh] fgeFkokuq] vVyq bjkns okjks] vkRe fo'oklh] lpks ns'kHkDrq]fla/q tks lPpks ohj] fla/q liwrq vkgsA tuuh tue Hkwehv] ns'k ykb ej.k feV.k okjks]d"Vfu d'kkyfu [kka u Md.k okjks vfxrs vfxrs dne o/kb.k okjks 'k[+lq vkgsA ns'kth vkt+knhv ykb] cyhnku fM;.k ykb r;k# vkgsA
ûû-ü-ý ekgksyekgksy ukVd tks vgfe;r Hkfj;ks rRo vkgsA fgu [kst+eku] edku ,sa ekgksy fc lfM;ks osanks vkgsA ^vekaeka eksVh b±nqfl** ukVd i<+.k lka n`';fu ,sa fdjnkjfuth xqÝ+rxwv eka bgk tk.k feys Fkh r ukVd tksekgksy vaxzst+fu ts jkt lrk lka xM fla/q ,sa Hkkjr easvkt+knhv ts gypy okjks gks ,sa ns'kçse] Hkkjr tsgjfgd ukxfjd esa dwV dwV Hkfj;y gksA vaxzst+fu tst+Ye [kka Hkkjroklh rax gqvkA
ûû-ü-þ Hkk"kk&'kSyh
fgu ukVd [ks i<+.k ofD+r rOgka tks è;ku Hkk"kk ts [+kkfl;rqfu rfi+QZ fif.k fo;ks
gwanksA fgu ukVd th cksyh fgd [+kkfl fo+QLe ts ekgksy [ks vlkats lkEgwa lkdk# djsFkhA dksVZ ,sa tsy ts n`';fu rfi+QZ è;kuq fM;.k lka b,a yxanks r vlha [+k˜fn mu ekgksytks fglks cf.kth lkf[k;kr fMlh jfg;k vkfg;waA fgu ukVd esa bgks deq cksyhv t+jh,d;ks fo;ks vkgsA lw=k/kj t+jh, vkt+knhv tk eat+j [kM+k d;k fo;k vkfgfuA tMfgagsewa pos Fkks& ckck] isjs Fkks ioka ,sa eksV eas ^NqVq iqV* ,sa fxjkfVM+h Hkj.k tfgfM+;waxkfYg;wa laLdkjfu tks ekgksy [kM+ks dfu fFk;waA ^oans ekrje~*] ^bafo+Qykcq fta+ngckn*]^Hkkjr ekrk th t;* ukjk vkt+knhv ts yM+kdqfu ts tks'k] mRlkg ,sa vkt+knhv ts
ekgksy [ks vf[k;qfu lkEgwa vk.ks chgkjhfu FkkA
(vaxzst+fu tk t+Ye)
q
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
139
ûû-ü-ÿ vnkdkjhvnkdkjhv tks erycq vkgs eap rs jksyqq dj.kqA dafga
fc ukVd [ks dkfe;kcq c.kkb.k ykb ghm rRo eq[;q
vkgsA tsdMfga dafga ukVd esa vnkdkjhv tks xq.kq u
vkgs r mgks ukVd LVst rs isf'k uFkks djs lf?ktsA ghm
ukVdq vxfj rOgka eap rs isf'k dj.k pkfg;ks Fkk r
rOgka [ks ukVd ojh è;ku lka if<+.kks ioanks] vH;klq
dfj.kks ioanksA bgks fc ohpk# dfj.kks ioanks r ukVdq
eap rs [ksM.k ofD+r rOgka [ks dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa
rdyhi+Qwa isf'k vph l?kfu fFk;waA ukVd esa vfgM+ks dks
fc n`'; ;k gkyfr u vkgs] tafga [ks eap rs isf'k u
djs lf?ktsA ukVdq csgn loykbZv lka] ?kfV 'k;qfu lka
liQyrk lka isf'k djs lf?kts FkksA
ûû-ü-ö ed+lnqbgks r rOgha tk.kh fo;k gwank r fgu ukVd [ks fy[k.k tks ed+ln vaxzst+h gqdwer
ts djs Hkkjr th tsdk [+kjkcq gkyfr c.kh gqbZ ,sa mu th eq[+kkfyi+Qr esa tsdk
vkt+knhv th ckfg HkfM+dh gqbZ ,sa ukStqoku ns'k eFkka o+Q˜ckZuq fFk;.k ykb r;k# Fkh
fo;k gqvk] mu tks fpVq fpV.kq vkgsA
fgu ukVd tks okD+;ks go+Qho+Qh ,sa rokjh[+kh vkgsA vej 'kghn ukStqoku gsewa dkyk.khv
ts vkt+knh vkanksyu ykb fMuy yM+r tks gwcgw fpVq vkgsA ghm ukVdq vlka[ks ns'k
çse] ns'k vkt+knh] eqYdh eqgcr tks ut+fj;ks c[+'ks FkksA
ûû-ü-÷ xqÝ+rxw
ukVd ts dgk.khv th vkslfj dykdkjfu ts fdjnkj fuxkjh xqÝ+rxwv lka dbZ osanh
vkgsA ukVd ^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* th xqÝ+rxw t+ksjnk#] ot+unk#] rqt+ vkgsA
ukVd esa xqÝ+rxw th [+kkfl vgfe;r gwanh vkgsA vpks] dq>q felkyfu lka ukVd th
xqÝ+rxwv ts [+kwfc;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
^^Hkyk ekm iafgats larku [ks ekSr ts eqaga esa dhva Fkh fMlh l?ks\ rks[ks dky [k.kh
o×ks] vfgM+h vklhl rks[ks dhva fM;ka\**
gsewav th fnfy [ks NqganM+] ukStqokufu esa ns'k çse tkxkb.k ykb fgu th isf'k d;y
xqÝ+rxw fMlks&
(gsewa dkyk.khv th ;kn esatkjh d;y Viky fVfdyh)
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
140
^^veka rOgka bZ r ls[kkfj;ks vkgs r tuuh tue Hkwfe lqxZ [kka o/hd egkuq Fkhanh
vkgs] ekm ts isjfu esa lqxZ Fkhanks vkgsA** laLdkjfu th ,sa thou eqYgfu th is'kd'k
vkgsA
ûû-ý Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
rOgka ukVd if<+;ksA rOgka tk.kh pqdk vkfg;ks r ukVd esa vaxzst+fu ts vU;k;q t+Ye
lka Hkji# gqdwer tks ofgaok# ,sa ns'k çsfe;qfu] vkt+knh vkanksyudkfj;qfu rs vR;kpk#
dj.kq] ekj.k th dksf'k'k dj.kq gksA vkt+knhv ts yM+kdqfu esa tks'kq] meaxq Hkjiw# gksA
bUgfu xkfYg;qfu ts ens&ut+j ukVd esa cksyhv tks okfgiks fc vfgM+ks bZ d;ks fo;ks
vkgs tafga esa yÝ+t+ tfgM+ksfd eq[+kkfrcq fFk;.kq] igkdfu] pof.k;qfu ox+Sjg tks
bLrsekyq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA vpks r dq>q mUgfu tks vH;klq dfj;waA
1- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu tk ft+n fM;ks&
(1) vkt+knh (2) ikdq
(3) fta+ng (4) dka;#
2- gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc bLe t+kr okjk yÝ+t+ fy[kks] ftfu th iNkM+hv esa
^r* gqtsA
felky& fo+QLer
------------------------------ ------------------------------
------------------------------ ------------------------------
3- gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka fli+Qrwa Bkfg;ks&
c˜<kiks] gksf'k;kjh] pkykdh] oi+Qknkjh] bZekunkjh
4- gsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu eka bLe t+kr Bkfg;ks&
x+ykeq] x+jhcq] csdk#] ykpk#] etc#
5- dafga fc lkgokjs ;k cstku ts ua<s :i [ks bLe rlx+hj pbcks vkgsA
felky& cpks = cfpM+ksgsfB;fu yÝ+t+fu tk bLe rlx+hj Bkfg;ks&
gVq] yksVks] fnyks] efVdks] FkkYgq
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûû-ü
141
6- gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc yÝ+t+fu th cukoV fy[kks&
laxzkgy; = laxzg + vky;
okpuky;] iqLrdky;] dk;kZy;] fgeky;
7- gsfB fMuy yÝ+t+fu eka fgdq yÝ+t+] tsdks xzwi ts ckdh yÝ+t+fu lka BfgdanM+
u gqts] mgks xksYgs fy[kks&
(1) tksfr] Mhvks] jksf'kuh] uw#
(2) jkgh] eqlkfi+Q#] okVgM+™] okgh
(3) lhaxk#] BkgBwg] lwaga] ltkoV
(4) et+ks] Nksyh] rjax] ygj
8- gsfB;fu tqfeyfu eka bLrykg xksYgs fy[kks&
(1) eqYd esa jr twa ufn;wa og.k yfx;waA
(2) eqafgath xkfYg rs fgu HkfM+dks [kk/ksA
(3) rwa fdFks fyd fNi esa Fkks jghaA
(4) pkS/kjh gkgkdk# eph fo;ksA
(5) vaxzst+fu Hkkjrokfl;qfu [ks Mk<k vt+kc fMukA
9- gsfB;fu esa [+kky Hkfj;ks&
(1) vkt+knh gj lkg okjs [ks fMuy o+Q˜fnjr th -------------------------- vkgsA
(2) vaxzst+ i+QkSt th xkMh lD[kj eka Fkhanh ---------------------- of×k.kh vkgsA
(3) ns'kçse tks iQfgyko eqdfey ----------------------- gkflyq dj.kA
(4) eqafgats Hkkx esa -------------------------- eFkka o+Q˜ckZu fFk;.kq fyf[k;yq vkgsA
(5) thva o.ksfu] rhva i+QSflyks dfu] bgk r --------------------- vkgsA
rOgka iafgats ?kj ts oMfu] ekLrjfu] ikM+s ts cqt+xZfu lka fla/ ,sa Hkkjr ts vkt+knhv
ckcfr xkfYg&cksfYg dfj;ksA mUgfu oVka tsdk tk.k feys ,sa vkt+knhv lfnds
ftfu&ftfu dqckZfu;wa fMfu;wa] mu tks fgdq pkVqZ Bkgs 'kkfxnZfu] ukStqokufu [ks dBks djs
tk.k gkflyq dfj;ks r Hkkjr th vkt+knhv tks dsfrjks Kkuq gqufu ofV vkgs ,sa dfgM+h
mfefj tk ukStqoku dsfrjh tk.k j[kfu Fkk\ pkVZq Bkfg;ksA
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûû-û
142
^veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* ukVd rokjh[+kh ukVdq vkgs] tafga esa vaxzst+fu ts gqdwer
ts csesy gkyrqfu tks ft+Øq d;yq vkgsA
fgu ukVd esa ek'kZy&ykW tsdks rkuk'kkghv tks vaxq vkgs] rkuk'kkg lÙkk vkgs]
tafga t+jh, turk tks jrq pwl.k tks deq d;ks Fkks o×ks] mu tks ft+Øq vkgsA
fgu ukVd t+jh, fgd vkt+knhv ts flikghv ts thou okD+;s t+jh, vaxzst+h
gqdwer ts ek'kZy&ykW rs djkjh tqyg d;y vkgsA
ukVd esa bgks lans'k fMuyq vkgs r ns'k gj gkyfr esa egkuq vkgsA ns'kçseq
egkurk tks xq.kq vkgsA ekr`Hkwfe lqxZ [kka fc egkuq vkgsA
ukVd th xqÝ+rxw ekuk[+kst+ ,sa Hkkofu [ks laHkkyhanM+ vkgsA
ukVd th cksyh] vkt+knh gypy ts ekgksy rs jksf'kuh fo>s FkhA
ukVd veka eka eksVh b±nqfl* esa jaxeap rs is'k fFk;.k ts o+Q˜orqfu lka Hkjiw# vkgsA
yksd'kkgh ,sa rkuk'kkghv esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ vkgs\
thou eqYgfu ,sa laLdkjfu esa bt+ki+Qks FkhanksA
f[+krkcfu] mfgnfu] yo+Qcfu] lÙkk ykyp [kka ns'kçseq ?k.kks ?k.kks egkuq vkgsA
ukyks dfgM+h ,sa dsfrjh tk.kfVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
rOgha Nk fl[;k
143
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (l) 2- (c) 3- (l)
4- (v) 5- (l)
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
11-1 1- gsewa 2- gsewa 3- ekrk 4- islwey
5- tt 6- gsewa 7- lw=k/k#
11-2 1- yÝ+t+fu tk ft+n&
(1) x+ykeh (2) ukikdq (3) eqnZg (4) fnys#
2- bLe t+kr&
o+Q˜fnjr] fgfder] gSokfu;r] okfDi+Q;r] jok;r
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tokc
1- rOgka ghm ukVd pÄhv rjg if<+;ks vkgsA fgu ukVd esa rOgka [ks dfgM+ks
fdjnk# o/hd lqBks yxks ,sa Nks\
2- gsewav tks tueq fdFks ,sa dMfga fFk;ks\ fgu ts ekrk&firk tks ukyks Nk gks\
3- gsewav [ks Nks fxjÝ+rk# d;ks fo;ks ,sa efFkfl dfgM+ks Mksgq yxk;ks fo;ks\
4- gqdwer lka Vdj [kkb.k tks vatkeq gsewav th ut+j esa dfgM+ks gks\
5- i+QkSth dekaMj fjpMZ~lu ckcfr gsewav Nk p;ks\
6- vkf[+kfj esa gsewav [ks eksdy Mhans ek.kfl Nk p;ks\
7- islwey bZ'oj nfj dfgM+h osfurh dbZ\
8- gsewa dfgM+k dfgM+k ukjk g.kanks gks\
9- ukVd th cksyh ,sa 'kSyhv rs ua<ks uksVq Bkfg;ksA
10- Hkkjr th vkt+knhv th gypy ts ckjs esa rOgka[ks dfgM+h tk.k vkgs\ 40&50
yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
144
3- fli+Qrwa&
c˜<ks] gksf'k;k#] pkykdq] oiQ+knk#] bZekunk#
4- bLe t+kr&
x+ykeh] x+jhch] csdkjh] ykpkjh] etcwjh
5- bLe rlx+hj&
gfVM+h] yksVh] fnyh] efVdh] FkkYgh
6- okpu + vky;] iqLrd + vky;]
dk;Z + vky;] fge + vky;
7- (1) uw# (2) okgh (3) lwaga (4) et+ks
8- eqgkojk&
(1) jrq twa ufn;wa og.kq
(2) HkfM+dks [kkb.kq
(3) fyd fNi esa jg.kq
(4) gkgkdk# ep.kq
(5) vt+kc fM;.kq
9- [+kky&
(1) uber
(2) dksfV;k
(3) vkt+knh
(4) ns'k
(5) rkuk'kkgh
fVi.kh
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
145
12fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
rOgka [ks bgk tk.k gwanh r thou esa jhfr;qfu jLeqfu th oMh vgfe;r vkgsA ckj tstue [kka oBh iNkM+hv rkb± ;kuh ej.k rkb± ds u ds jhfr;wa jLewa tqfM+;y gwafn;wavkfgfuA jhfr;qfu jLeqfu tks laca/q laLdkjfu lka fc vkgsA
bUgfu jhfr;qfu jLeqfu ts t+jh, balku lekt lka tqfM+;yq jgs FkksA bgs dafga u dafgaofD+r rs balku [ks vkxkgqq dfu fFk;wa r gw iafgats ifjokj ,sa lekt esa jgh e;kZnkewftfc iafgatks thou xqt+kjsA
fM.k okj balku [ks [+k˜f'k;wa cf[+'khfu FkkA fM.kfu okjfu ts ekSo+Qs rs vlha çse Hkko ,saHkkbZpkjs th Hkkouk [ks fi.kq dkbeq j[kank vkfg;waA
jhfr;wa jLeaw] lkB lks.k] fM.k okj] fo'okl ef×krkÅa gjoaQfga lekt esa iafgatwa iafgatwafFk;fu fFk;waA flaf/;qfu esa iafgath lH;rk ,sa laLÑfr] ftfu twa [+kkfl [+k™fc;wa vkfgfu]ftfu th vygnh lq×kk.ki o+Qkbeq vkgs] te.k [kka ej.k rkb± lHkq jhfr;wa jLewa fjoktgyank vpfu FkkA
thva& NBh] equ.kq] tf.k;k] efÄ.ks ,sa 'kknhv th jLeA
vpks r fgufu jhfr;qfu jLeqfu rs fgd ut+j fo>wa] tafga lka tk.k feyanh r fla/hlaLÑrhv ts tM+fu [ks fgufu lka dhva lgkjks feyanks vkgs ,sa bgs jhfr;wa jLewalaLÑrhv [ks dhva o+Qkbeq fFk;wa j[kfuA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
iafgatfu oMfu cqt+xZfu [kka jhfr;qfu jLeqfu th tk.k oBh] mUgfu th NaMNk.kdjs l?kank_
jhfr;qfu jLeqfu eki+QZfr laLdkjfu [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_
jhfr;qfu jLeqfu ts lqBk;qfu ,sa Å.kk;qfu [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k djs l?kank ,samUgfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
jhfr;qfu jLeqfu t+jh, lekt esa ,drk o+Qkbeq dj.k tks lans'kq MsbZ l?kankA
[+kwfc;wa = [+kkfl;rwa
vygnh = vyfx
ed+ln
fVi.kh
146
v&NBhghv jLe fganw /eZ esa tue [kka iksb ckj tks ukyksj[k.k th vkgsA ds Ngsa Mhagqa r ds rsjgsa Mhagqa bgkjLe dank vkfgfuA fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu esa bu [ks ukedj.klaLdk# fc poank vkfgfu ,sa bu jLe rs ckj tkukuk.kk ,sa fc;k feV ekbV fc ?kqjk;k osank vkfgfu,sa [+kkfl djs iqV th NBhv rs ,frjh [+k˜'kheYgkb±nk vkfgfu] tks feVfu ekbVfu [ks ch.kks djsMhank vkfgfuA ckj tks ukyks ckaHk.kq d<anks vkgsA
equ.kq
ghv jLe fc fganw laLÑrhv ewftfc u
fli+QZ fla/h o+QkSe] ij fc;wa o+QkSewa fc dafn;wa
vkfgfu] tafga [ks equ.k laLdk# fc pbcks
vkgsA fgu jLe esa fla/h o+QkSe iafgats tkoy
ckjfu tk okj fV;sa] lrsa] ;kjgsa] rsjgsa efgus
;k nlfgM+s rs ykjkghank vkfgfuA
tf.k;k
fganw laLÑrhv esa ghv jLe lfHkuh o+QkSeqfu esa Fkhanh vkgsA yxHkx ckj [ks iatsa [kka
ckjgsa lky th mfefj ts fop esa tf.k;k ikrk osank vkfgfuA gh laLdk# fc 'kknhv
okaxq# reke [+k˜'khv ,sa /ke/we lka eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA fdfu
ek.gqfu [ks eub gwanh vkgs] mgs iafgats ckjfu [ks fyd pksjhv
;kuh fcuk dafga jLe ts dafga eafnj] fVdk.ks ;k rhFkZ LFkku rs
tf.k;k ikjk, b±nk vkfgfu ,sa dk fc Ms oBq u dank vkfgfuA
tf.k;s esa Vs /kxk gwank vkfgfu] tsds 'k[+l [ks ;kfn Fkk
fM;kjhfu r efFkfl Vs dt+Z vkfgfu& nso ½.k] ½f"k ½.k]
fir` ½.kA gj 'k[+l [ks nsorkmfu] xq: ,sa ekm ihm ts
,glkufu tks dt+Z pqdkb.k ykb i+Qt+Z iky.kq [kisA
NBh fFk;.kq = Ngsa Mhagqa ukyks
j[k.k th jLe
equ.kq = tue tk okj yfgjkb.kq
ûü-û cqfu;knh lcoQ+
vpks r vlha fla/h jLeqfu th tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
147
efÄ.ks ,sa 'kknhv twa jLewa
efÄ.kks ,sa fefljhdpk idk v[kk (ewM+k) Nksfdjhv okjk Nksfdjs okjfu [ks MsbZ id dank vkfgfuA
Nksfdjks eqaMh ik, r pÄk nx fMck vkfgfuA iksb eqgwrqZ d<k, 'kknhv th id dank
vkfgfu ,sa iksb lkB lks.k] Mso] gSM tks lkBq] taM c˜dh] ?kM+h [k.k.kq] rsy tk lkB]
fM[k tk lkB] cksfN.kh] vksjaxh] eqVqd c/.kq] ykMk ox+Sjg xkb.kqA lrfu lqgkfxf.k;qfu
tks ?k.kks deq gwanks vkgsA Nksfdjs lka xM˜ vfgu# jganks vkgsA Nksfdjh esganh yxkb±nh
vkgsA ?kksVsrfu th vkft;ka dqaokjsrk 'kku
lka dank vkfgfuA pkamfB rs ?kksV [ks
chgkjs Nksfdjh eqVqd tks n'kZu danh vkgsA
llq nj Mkao.k tks lkBq danh vkgsA tafga
esa FkkYg esa ?kksV ,sa dqaokfj tks lktks isj
j[kk,] mu[ks dqaokfj ekm [khj ik.khv
lka /ksvanh vkgsA iksb ?kksV ,sa dqaokfj tks
gfFk;kyks c/ks osanks vkgsA iym iyh
c/h eaMi esa osMhv ykb fogkjs] ?kksV
tks eqVqd ykgs] ix ikbch vkgs ,sa egjktq
osMh i<+h lkFkq fuHkkb.k th fl[;k Mhanks
vkgsA 'kknhv ofD+r vXuh nsork ts
pkS/kjh lr iQsjk fc lkFkq fuHkkb.k tks
vatkeq dj.kq bZ vkgsA iksb ls.kfu th
xfMtk.kh Fkhanh vkgsA dqaokjsrk ?kksVsrfu
[ks Mktks Mso.kq MsbZ fonk dank vkfgfuA
dqaokfj [ks tMfga ?kksVq ?kfj oBh b±nks
vkgs] ?kksV ekm [kh# NVhanh vkgsA iksb
eFks rs Mhvks ,sa <d.kq j[kh] dqaokfj [ks
vanfj Msofu ofV fogkjs] fMfrj eb.k th
jLe Fkhanh vkgsA ifgjha dqaokfj ?kksV lka]
iksb llq lgqjs ,sa fc;fu ekbVfu lka yw.k
;k df.kd tk c˜d Vs ni+Qk fgd fc, [ks
Mhank oBank vkfgfuA ds dqaokfj [kka fnys
tksx = lqBs ?kj th ryk'kefÄ.kks = Nksfdjs Nksfdjhv ts
fj'rs th id dj.kq
fefljhv th jLe = efÄ.ks esafj'rks id dj.k rs ukjsy
,sa fefljh fM;.k th jLe
nx = eky] ykx ys[kMktks = ngst] Msrh&ysrh
lkB lks.k = jLewa
Mso = nsoh nsorkmfu th iwtktaM c˜dh = 'kknhv th jLe
?kM+h [k.k.kq = iqV th 'kknhv
rs ?kksV ekm eFks rs efVdh
[k.kanh vkgs] mgk jLe
fM[k tk lkB = ?kksM+hv rs
p<+.k [kka vx˜ ?kksV [ks
ltk;ks osanks vkgs
cksfN.kh = xqykch jax th
pquh (jvks)
vksjaxh = fcfu dqaMqfu th FksYgh
Bkgs] ukjsy fefljh fo>.kq
eqVqd c/.kq = ?kksV [ksfM[k efgy JhÑ".k tks
vork# leq>.kq
ykMk = [+k˜'khv ts ekSds rs
xk;y xhr
vfgu# = ?kksV tks Hks.kfo;ks
iym iyh c/.kq =?kksVq fMf[kthlkgqjs ?kfj vps r dqaokfj lka
xM˜ iym c/.k th jLe
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
148
Hkfj;y ik.khv eka #i;k d<kb±nk vkfgfuA lkfy;wa xfMth ?kksV th tqqrh pksjkb±fn;wa
vkfgfu ,sa Hks.koh;s th [+kphZ fey.k rs tqrh okil Mhafn;wa vkfgfuA
fc, Mhagqa dqaokjsrk Nksfdjs Nksfdjhv [ks ik.k ofV ?kqjkb±nk vkfgfu] mu[ks ^lrkfoM+ks*
pbcks vkgsA
(v) fgd tqfeys tk lqoky&
1- NBhv th jLe Nk Fkhanh vkgs\
2- ckj tks equ.kq dMfga ykjkfgcks vkgs\
3- equ.k [ks fc;qfu o+QkSeqfu esa dfgM+ks laLdk# poank vkfgfu\
4- efÄ.ks th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\
5- ?kM+h [k.k.k th jLe ds# vnk danks vkgs\
6- eqVqd dafga[ks cf/cks vkgs\
7- v[kk oB.k th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\
8- osMhv th jLe Nk [ks pbcks vkgs\
(c) gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&
1- NBh fFk;.kq ekuk --------------------------
2- ?kksV lka xM ---------------------- jganks vkgsA
3- efgjkt osMh i<+h ---------------------- th fl[;k Mhanks vkgsA
4- lkfy;wa xfMth ?kksV tks -------------------- pksjkb±fn;aw vkfgfuA
5- dqaokfj [ks Msofu ofV fogkjs --------------------- th jLe Fkhanh vkgsA
nj Mkao.kq = ?kksV lkgqjs ?kj
gfFk;kyks c/.k ykb
f?kM+anks vkgs r llq
bgks lkBq danh vkgs
gfFk;kyks c/.kq = ?kksV dqaokfj
tks gFk esa gFkq feyk, c/.kq
osMh = 'kknhv tk ea=k
fMfrj e;.k th jLe = ub±dqaokfj ?kj esa b±nh vkgs r lkgqjs
?kj tk Hkkrh yw.k tk c˜d Hkjs
dqaokfj ts gFkfu esa Mhank vkfgfu
lrkfoM+ks dj.kq = 'kknhv ts
fc, Mhagqa Nksfdjhv tk isdk
/hm ukBh ,sa ls.kfu [ks ?kqjkb±nk
vkfgfu
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
149
ekSr lka okLrsnkj laLdkj
dafga çk.khv ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rs ekSr okjs
?kj esa ekre Nka;y gwanks vkgsA çk.khv ts
Hkfjlka dkuks ,sa Mhvks ckjs jf[kcks vkgsA
rafga cSfn çk.khv [ks Lukuq djk,] pkj
dka/h dkbZv rs [k.kh elk.k esa tyk,
b±nk vkfgfuA rafga [ks ^l#* pbcks vkgsA
lqgkfxf.k vkSjr ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rs lanfl
lha/ fpVh osanh vkgsA fV,a Mhagqa elk.k eka
gkfB;wa pwaMs] 'kke tks ifxfM+;wa Fkhafn;wa
vkfgfuA Mgsa Mhagqa Mgkds twa yksfV;wa iafMr
Hkjkb±nks vkgsA ;kjgsa Mhagqa iq"dj] gfj}kj ;k oaQfga fc rhFkZ rs o×kh fØ;kdeZ djkb±nk
vkfgfu ,sa ckjgsa Mhagaq fiaM nkuqq djs] ckjgs th jLe vnk dbZ osanh vkgsA rafga cSfn
ifgjha ekfld* ;kus efgus efgus egjkt (iafMr) [ks [kkjkbcks gks] iksb ckjgaeklh*
dch gqbZ ij gk.ks lHkq dqN ckjgs rs bZ jLewa djs mt+j ykgs NfMcks vkgsA mt+j ekuk
x+eq [+kreq d;ks osanks vkgsA x+eq ;kus x+ehv tks ekgksy lekIr Fkh osanks vkgsA
1- dafga 'k[+l ts xqt+kjs o×k.k rss mu [ks Nk
pbcks vkgs\
2- çk.khv [ks dqYgks MhanM+fu [ks Nk pbcks vkgs\
3- lha/ dafgath fpfVch vkgs\
4- ckjgsa Mhagqa dfgM+h jLe vnk dch vkgs\
5- ckjgaeklhv th jLe Nk Fkhanh vkgs\
dkuks = lqdy xkg tks
fgdq fo+QLeq
dka/h = dqYgks fM;.k okjk
dkbZZ = vFkhZ
elk.kq = 'ke'kkuq
lha/ fpV.kq = ekax Hkj.kq
gkfB;wa pwaM.kq = xqy pwaM.kqifxM+h jLe = çk.khv ts
xqft+j.k [kka iksb fV;ksa Mhagqa
ckjgaeklh = olhZ (iq.;frfFk)mt+# = x+e esa jg.kq
ekreq Nka;y = 'kksdq (nq[kq)
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-û
150
c&fla/h iks'kkdwa
fla/ esa vlkatk vck MkMk iafgath [+kkfl iks'kkd /ksrh] ik;tkeks] vNh ix ,sa dqYgs
rs cksN.kq j[kank gqvkA iSls okjk 'kkgwdkj dksVq ;k lfnjh fc ikbZ ank gqvkA dksVq fc
'ksjokuhv okaxq# fM?kks ikbZ ank gqvkA t+kbi+QkÅa pksykss is'kxhj (iM+ks) pknj] tsdk ?kj
[kka ckfgfj o×k.k rs ikb±fn;wa gq;wa ,sa vf[kM+h d<h ik.k [ks <ds gyafn;wa gq;waA ?kj esa
t+kbi+QkÅa jvks] pksyks] lqFk.k (ik;tkeks) ikb±fn;wa gq;waA ofM;wa ud esa ^uFk*] tafga esa
fgdq xkM+gks ;ko+Q™rqq ,sa c vNk eksrh gwank gqvk] ikb±fn;wa gq;waA ckaga esa pwwfM+;wa ,sa BwaB
Bdkm ikb±fn;wa gq;waA fxphv esa yqfdM+h ikb±fn;wa gq;waA dufu esa nqj] vkÄqfj;qfu esa
NfyM+k eqafM;wa ,sa isjfu esa Nsj (dM+h) ikb±fn;wa gq;waA okjfu esa lksuk cdy ikb±fn;wa gq;waA
enZ fif.k lksuk chM+k fo>h [+kehl ikbZ ank gqvkA fxphv esa fc lksuks Mksjks ,sa gFkfu esa
eqaMh ikbZ ank gqvkA
fla/h f'kfdfy 'ksi] chgd] j/s ids] ikb.k [kkb.k] jfg.khv dfg.khv esa lHk [kka
fujkyk] Hkyh dfgM+h fc Hkk"kk xkYgkbZfu] r fc mUgfu eka flaf/;r th lqjgkf.k isbZ
c[ksA flaf/;qfu tks ofjlks folkj.kq M˜f[k;ks vkgsA otwn [+kre dj.k ykb vt rkb±
dafga[ks u tqjZr Fkh vkgs] u FkhanhA
1- fla/h enZfu ts iks'kkdqfu tk ukyk fy[kksA
2- fla/ esa t+kywa dfgM+k t+soj ikb±fn;wa gq;wa\
3- fla/h t+kywa vf[kM+h Nks d<afn;wa gq;wa\
4- fla/h t+kyqfu th [+kkfl iks'kkd dfgM+h vkgs\
t+kbi+QkÅa = t+kywa
chM+k = cV.k
Mksjks = psu] t+athj
tqjZr = fgeFk] rko+Qr
gk.ks vlka fla/h iks'kkdqfu th tk.k gkflyq danklha&fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-ü
151
l&fla/h fM.k okj
fM.k okj vlkath fta+nxhv tks vfge fglks vkfgfuA bUgfu lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ jhfr;wajLewa tqfM+;y vkfgfuA vlkats lq×kk.ki th uqekbanxh danM+ bgs t'ku vlkats ykb[+k˜f'k;qfu tk [+kt+kuk vkfgfuA fla/h lekt esa oMk oMk fM.k eYgkb.k tks joktvkgsA lky esa ckjga bZ efguk fM.k okj yxk fi;k vkfgfu& psV esa psVhpaM rsmMsjsyky tks tueq Mhagqa oMs /we/ke lka eYgkb±nk vkfgfuA dsfrjk okikjh mu Mhagqauvksa lky gqv.k djs ofg;wa [kkrk j[kank vkfgfuA oslk[k esa v[k.k Vht /kfeZdqR;kSgkj rs fu;kf.k;qfu [ks fnyk efVdk] fof×kf.k;wa ,sa iQyq çQwVq fMuks osanks vkgsA tsBesa tsBh paMqq ;k mekl eYgkbZ osanh vkgsA t+kywa l;wa iqykm p.kk ox+Sjg rke Bkgs]nfj;kg rs o×kh iwts] iqVfu] Hkkmjfu] irhv] isdfu] lkgqjfu ykb nqvkÅa ?kqjafn;wavkfgfuA vk[kkM+ esa vDlfj 'kkfn;aw eqjkfn;wa fFk;fu fFk;waA lkao.k esa xksfxM+ks] uaf<M+hFkf/M+h (lrba)] jk[kh] VhftM+h] oMh Fkf/M+h (lrba)] tUek"Veh] v efV;ks ox+SjgfM.k eYgk;k osank vkfgfuA cMs efgus esa Jk¼ fFk;fu Fkk ,sa lgkbZv v"Vehv rsegky{ehv tks lfxM+ks c/ank ,sa NksM+hank vkfg;waA vlwv esa n'kgjks ,sa fM;kjh /we&/ke lka eYgkbZ osanh vkgsA drhv esa dkjdr] xq:ukud 'kkg tks tue mRloeYgk;ks osanks vkgsA ukfgjhv esa ios lhmA pfo.kh vkgs& ukfgjh Ms c˜gkjh] >fV MhagaqiwjksA* iksg esa frjewjh* mrjk.k b±nks vkgsA rafga esa frjfu tk cksM+haMk] lqdks esoks ox+Sjg[kkbcks vkgs] nku dcks vkgsA eka?k esa vps ^f'kojkf=k*A rafga [kka iksb iQx˜.k esa gksyhb±nh vkgsA
vpks r fla/h fM.k&okjfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
152
psVhpaMq (flaf/;r Mhagqa)& fla/h lekt esa psVhpaM th oMh efgek vkgsA vlka
flaf/;qfu rs tMfga eqlhcr vkbZ r lEcr~ 1007 psV ts efgus esa fla/w unhv ts fdukjs
uljiqj xksB esa Bdqj jrujk; ts ?kfj >wysyky tueq ofjrksA gqu vR;kpkjh jktk
fe[kZ'kkg [kka vlkath j{kk djs] fganw /eZ
ts vfLrRo [ks o+Qkbeq jf[k;ksA fgu psV ts
efgus [kka vlkatks uvksa lky 'kq: Fkhanks
vkgs ,sa fgu Mhaga rs lq[kks lslk* fojgkbcks
vkgsA fla/h t+kywa nfj;kg 'kkg rs Mhvks
ckjs ty th iwtk dafn;wa vkfgfuA fla/h
fganw lekt esa >wysyky [ks o#.k nsork tks
vorkj ef×k;ks o×ks FkksA fofjgkÄs [kka iksb
psVhpaM [ks flaf/;r Mhagqa djs eYgk;ks o×ks
FkksA
v[k.k Vht (vk[kk rht)& ghm fM.kq oslk[k ts lgkbZ Vht frFkhv rs fFk, FkksA
vtksds Mhaga rs Hkxoku ij'kqjke tueq ofjrks gks] tafga e;kZnk tks ikyuq u danM+
ex+:# jktkmfu tks 21 ni+Qk lagkj d;ksA vt˜ ts Mhagaq tsfrjks fc nkuq dts Fkks] mgks
ges'kk o+Qkbeq jgs FkksA
tsBq iwt.kq& tsB th mekl ;k paM rs fla/h t+kywa nfj;kg rs iym ik, ghm fM.kq
eYgkb±fn;wa vkfgfu ,sa iafgats oj ,sa iqVfu th oMh mfefj ykb çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfuA
fgu Mhaga rs l;wa] ekyiqjk] iqyko] p.kk] feBk;wa ox+Sjg dsfrjk bZ rke ,sa fxfnjk] iQkjoka]
tewa] vac ox+Sjg iQyfu lka tsBq iwftcks vkgsA
Jh >wysyky pkyhgks& gj lky 16 tqykbZ [kka
24 vkxLV rkb± bUgfu 40 Mhagafu esa fo/h fo/ku
lka ozr j[kh] yky lkb±v th Lrqfr dch vkgsA
fgufu 40 Mhagafu esa jkst+kuks 'kke tks nfj;kg ts
fdukjs rs osgh] yky lkb±v tk iaftM+k xk,] vkjrh
djs] iym ikbcks vkgsA
xksfxM+ks (ukx iapeh)& lkao.k ts efgus esa
lgkbZ iatba rss ukax vfx;ka [kh#] iQy j[kh iwtk dch vkgsA fgu fM.k eka tho n;k
th Hkkouk fc t+kfg# vkgs ,sa c˜/k;y vkgs r nq'eu lka fc HkykbZ dtsA
b"V nso = tafga nsork esa
iafgatks fo'okl gqts
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx vyfx
lqq[kks lslk = çlkn
t'kuq = [+k˜'khnkaxh = fBdj tks rvks
iha?kks = >wyks
lacr~ = fganqfu tks uvksa lky
rke = loknh [kk/k
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
153
VhftM+h (dtyh rht)& lkao.k th Åankgh Vht ;kus Vha rkjh[+k rs dqekfj;wa ,sa
lqgkfxf.k;wa VhftM+hv tks ozrq j[kh lqgkx th yach mfefj ykb çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfuA
lkao.k ts lgkbZ X;kjl rs czkã.k eqaÄ iks[khank vkfgfu] tsds VhftM+hv rkb± o/h gFk
tsMk Fkhank vkfgfuA VhftM+hv Mhagqa ek.gwa mgs lyk czkã.k ts ?kjka oBh b±nk vkfgfu]
ozr okfj;wa ea>afn tks mgs lyk iha?ks esa j[kh yksMhafn;wa vkfgfuA la>k tks czkã.k [kka
vk[kk.kh c˜/h] paM [ks vxZ MsbZ ozrq NksM+hafn;wa vkfgfuA paM [ks vxZ fM;.k ofD+r
poafn;wa vkfgfu&
^^vxZ fM;ka dksBs p<+h]
paæeka fufdrks [kqfgack djs]
lkbZ yhd djs] xk<+h yhd djs]
xksfj;wa fM;ful [khj dVksjk HkjsA**
Fkf/M+h (cM+h lkre)& ua<h Fkf/M+h ,sa oMh Fkf/M+h cbZ lkao.k ts efgus esa b±fn;wa
vkfgfuA bu 'kqHkq ekSo+Qs rs lhryk ekrk [ks [+k˜f'k dj.k ykb ua<fu ckjfu [ks NaMk
gf.kck vkfgfuA vVs twa lr vf[kfM+;wa rjs] ckjfu ts vf[kfM+;qfu rs Nqgkb±nk vkfg;waA
Fkf/M+hv [kka fgdq Mhagqa vx˜ fefB;wa ekfu;wa (yksyk) ipk,] nkaxh Bkfjch vkgs ,sa Fkf/
M+hv Mhagqa xjeq jksVh u [kkbch vkgs ,sa iafMr czkã.kfu [ks eu eqrkfcfo+Q nku fMcks
vkgsA bUghv Mhagqa iwtk ofD+r t+kywa ghv çkFkZuk dafn;wa vkfgfu&
^^lkao.k th lrba vkbZ] vkbZ Ñ".k i{kh
eka lhryk iwft;ka] iqVfu iksVfu fop djs
rks nj fuok.kh esjh osurh lq.khtA**
egky{ehv tk lfxM+k (jk/k v"Veh)& cMs ts lgkbZ vBba rs gSM ts jfÄ;y
lqV ts lksjgfu ranqfu okjs /kxs esa lksjgka xaf<;wa MsbZ] egky{ehv th vk[kk.kh c˜/h]
lfxM+ks cf/cks vkgsA ojh Åankgh vBba rs NksfM+cks vkgsA
yky yksbZ (yksfgjh)& ghm fM.kq mrjk.k [kka fgdq Mhagqa vx˜ fFk, FkksA vt˜ [kka Ng
gt+kj lky vx˜ uvksa lky ukfgjh efgus [kka 'kq: Fkhanks gks] tsdks fgu ofD+r psV [kka
'kq: fFk, FkksA oSfnd t+ekus eas mu Mhaga rs ½"kh equh ;K gou dank gqvkA ghm yky
yksbZ fM.kq mUghv çkphu fM.k th fu'kkuh vkgsA
mrjk.kq @ frjewjh (edj laØkfr)& tksfr"k esa es"k ox+Sjg ckjga jkf'k;wa vkfgfu]
ftfu [ks laØkfr pbcks vkgsA fltq gjfgd laØkfr esa fgdq efguks jgs FkksA fgufu [ks
edj jk'khv [kka oBh feFkqu jk'khv rkb± Ng jkf'k;wa vkfgfuA tMfga edj jk'khv esa
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
154
fltq ços'k djs Fkks] mUghv Mhaga [ks mrjk.k pbts FkksA mu Mhagqa frjfu lka xM ewfj;qfu
tk nkuq [+kkfl p;yq vkgsA /eZ 'kkL=k ewftfc tsdks balku mrjk.k okfj;qfu jkf'k;qfu
esa 'kjhj NMs Fkks] mgks nso yksd (lqxZ) Mkagqa o×ks FkksA bgks bZ dkj.k vkgs tks Hkh"e
firkeg dq#{ks=k th yM+kbZv esa ?kk;y Fkh] rhjfu th lstk rs rslharkb± jfg;ks] tslha
mrjk.kq 'kq: fFk,A fgu Mhaga rs fla/h ifjokjfu esa rkfgjh ,sa nky okjh lkbZ Hkkth Bkgh
osanh vkgsA iQqYdk ,sa rfj;y iVkVk [kkb.k tks fc iqjk.kks joktq vkgsA mrjk.kq vp.k
rs fl;kjs th eqan esa iQsjks b±nks vkgsA rMfga bZ p;ks osanks vkgs& ^mrjk.kq mrfj;ks]
v/q fl;kjks dqrfj;ksA*
vfgM+hv rjg ckjga bZ efguk mRlkg] meax] gkSalys] fger ,sa vkRefo'okl lka
thv.k okjfu fla/h lekt esa fc;ks lHkq dq>q lkfx;ks vkgs] ij vlha iafgatfu fM.kfu
okjfu twa iqjkf.k;wa jhfr;wa o×kwa Fkk HkqfytankA
vpks r ladYiq dfj;wa r vlha iafgats ofjls [ks o+Qkbeq j[kanklhaA
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk fgd yÝ+t+ esa tokc fM;ks&
1- oslk[k ts efgus esa lgkbZ Vht rs dfgM+ks fM.kq eYgk;ks osanks vkgs\
2- xksxM+s esa dafgath iwtk dbZ osanh vkgs\
3- >wysyky tks tueq dfgM+s lEcr~ esa fFk;ks gks\
4- tMfga fltq edj jk'khv esa b±nks vkgs] mu fM.k [ks Nk pbcks vkgs\
rOgka fgu lcd+ eka jhfr;wa&jokt] fla/h iks'kkdwa ,sa fM.kfu&okjfu ts ckjs esa tk.k
gkflyq dbZA
NBh] equ.k] tf.k;k ,sa 'kknhv th jLe ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgsA
enZfu t+kyqfu th vyfx vyfx fla/h iks'kkdqfu th tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgssA
v[k.k Vht] tsB iwt.kq] VhftM+h ,sa Fkf/M+h ox+Sjg fla/h fM.k okjfu th tk.k
gkflyq dbZ vkgsA
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûü-ý
rOgha Nk fl[;k
155
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc
(v) 1- ckj ts te.k [kka Ngsa Mhaga rs ukyks d<.k th jLeA
2- iatsa] lrsa] ;kjgsa eghus ;k ckj ts te.k [kka iksb ifgfj,a nlfgM+s rsA
3- ewM+k MsbZ Nksfdjhv okjk Nksfdjs okjfu [ks id Mhank vkfgfuA
4- Nksfdjs @ Nksfdjhv th 'kknhv rs lanfu ekm# ?kM+hv [k.k.k th jLe
vnk dafn;wa vkfgfuA
5- fM[k tk lkB dj.k efgy ?kksV [ks eqVqdq ikbcks vkgs ;kus Ñ" k
Hkxoku tks :i leqf>;ks osanks vkgsA
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
1- psVhpaM Nks eYgk;ks Fkks o×ks ,sa fofjgkÄs cSfn mu[ks dfgM+ks ukyks fMuks fo;ks
vkgs ,sa Nks\
2- v[k.k Vht (vk[kk Vht) tks fM.kq dfgM+s efgus esa b±nks vkgs\ muth dfgM+h
vgfe;r vkgs\
3- mrjk.kq Nk [ks Fkks pbts\ mu Mhaga rs dfgM+ks nku iq×kq dcks vkgs\
4- yky tks pkyhgks dMfga iwjks dcks vkgs\
5- ukax iapehv tks fM.kq vlka[ks Nk Fkks ls[kkjs\
6- yky yksbZ dMfga eYgkbZ osanh vkgs\
7- oMh Fkf/M+hv th dfgM+h vgfe;r vkgs\
8- VhtM+h fM.k rs iwtk dhva dbZ osanh vkgs\
9- fla/h lekt ts jLeqfu ckcfr rOgka[ks dfgM+h tk.k vkgs\
10- ckjgfu efgufu ts fM.kfu tk ukyk fy[kksA
11- fla/h fM.kfu&okjfu rs et+ewuq fy[kksA
12- 'kknhv ts jLeqfu ckcfr [kksys fy[kksA
13- fla/h jLewa dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu\
tokc
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
156
(c) 1- ukyks j[k.kq
2- vfgu#
3- lkFkq fuHkkb.kq
4- cwV
5- fMfrj eb.k
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
12-1 1- l#
2- dka/h
3- lqgkfxf.k
4- mt+˜#
5- efgus efgus efgjkt [ks [kkjkb.kq
12-2 1- /ksrh] ik;tkeks] ix] pksxks] lfnjh] dksVq
2- uFk] pwfM+;wa] BwaB Bdkm] yqfdM+h] nqj] NfyM+k] eqafM;wa] Nsj
3- ik.k [ks <d.k ykb
4- pksyks] is'kxhj (iM+ks)
12-3 1- v[k.k Vht
2- ukax th
3- lEcr~ 1007
4- mrjk.kq
fVi.kh
fla/h laLÑrhv th >yd
157
13
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
'kkg lkgc bZ fgdq ;xkuks 'kkb# vkgs tafga tk yksd xhr ,sa yksd dgkf.k;wa fla/h
lkfgR; esa vofy ntksZ Fkk okykjhfuA 'kk;n ghm fgdq bZ 'kkb# vkgs tafga xksBk.kfu
,sa xksBkf.k;qfu [ks mUghv in~ohv rs jlk;ks vkgs ftrs fc;fu Hkk"kkmfu ts lkfgR; esa
nsfo;wa ,sa nsork] lwfáZ ,sa igyoku] Kkuh ,sa riLoh fcjktekuq vkfgfuA
'kkg lkgc lwjfe;qfu tks 'kkb# vkgsA lanfl fgd lwjehv th lhjr chv [kka fujkyh
vkgsA [ksfl vkSjr ts meaxfu] tT+cfu ,sa gSjrvaxst+ lgu 'kDrhv th tk.k gqbZA [ksfl
vklikl ts vH;kl eka ekywe fFk;ks r ukjh çse th iqryh vkgsA çse esa oB.k [kka
o/hd fM;.kq tk.ksA lanfl 'kbj tk fo"k; fc vkfgfu& b'o+Q˜] foNksM+ks] o+Q˜ckZuh ,sa
[+k˜nh [+kReq dj.k [kka iksb ek'kwo+Q ,sa vkf'ko+Q tks folkyA fgufu lfHkuh ekSt+™vfu lka
fuHkkb±ns lanfl dykefu esa lwjfe;wa Nkabth os;wa vkfgfu ,sa lwjek >dk Fkh fo;k
vkfgfuA ftfu lqjfu rs lwjefu tk ukyk vkfgfu r mgs lwjfe;qfu ts ukyfu [kka iksbA
thva lhrkjke] jk/s';ke] rhva yhyk puslj] uwjh tkeq rekph] lksjB jkbfM;kp ox+Sjg
fdjnkjfu eki+QZfr vke ,sa [+kkfl [+kYd th ft+anxhv tks bt+gk# d;ks vkgsA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
yksd lkfgR; ts >wfu;qfu yksd dFkkmfu ts ckjs esa o.kZuq djs l?kank_
'kkg ts lqjfu esa vk;y fdjnkjfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
'kkg ts lwjfe;qfu esa fMuy ukjks fdjnkjfu th vgfe;r* tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
lwjfe;qfu th lhjr eki+QZfr fl[;kmfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
;xkuks = ;qx tks ,ot+h
okykjhfu = ek.khfu] jksdhfu
dykefu = xhrfu] cSrfu
>dk = ?kfV] gYdk
[+kYo+Q = HkhM+] ifCyd
ed+ln
fVi.kh
158
lwjfe;wa rokjh[+k tk mgs vljnk# fdjnkj vkfgfu] ftfu th cjkcjh danM+ fdjnkj
fc, dafga fc lkfgR; esa dksu vkfgfuA lanfl bt+gkjfu eki+QZfr fli+QZ fla/h o+QkSe ,sa
lH;rk vej jgank ij lanfl ghv gklykfr gj nkSj esa ljp'eks cf.ktanhA fgu
iafgath [kqfy;y vf[k ,sa lks>hv lka fi+Qrjr tks ÅUgks vH;kl djs] fupksM+ [ks
lwjfe;qfu th ft+cku] t+ekus ts #[+k ewftfc c;kuq d;ks vkgs ,sa lanfu lhjr eki+QZfr
dsfrjk b'kkjk fMuk vkfgfuA
'kkg yrhi+Q twa fyf[k;y lr yksd dFkkÅa vkfgfu& yhyk pusl#] ewey jk.kks] me#
ek#bZ] uwjh ,sa tke rekph] lqfg.kh esgkj] llqbZ iqUgwa] lksjfB jkbfM;kpqA bUgfu yksd
dFkkmfu esa 'kkg yrhi+Q lwjfe;qfu [ks vgfe;r fMuh vkgsA budjs mUoku esa ifgjha
lwjehv tks ukyks vps FkksA bUgfu lwjfe;qfu eki+QZfr 'kkg :gkuh jkt+ fc c˜/k;k
vkfgfuA fgfr vlka fcfu lwjfe;qfu ek#bZ ,sa lksjfB tks ft+Øq danklhaA
vpks r fgu lcd+ [ks è;ku lka i<+a™A rOgkath enn ykb fgu lcd+ esa vk;y
M˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ekuk gk'khv esa fMuh o×ks FkhA
me# ek#bZ
Fkj ts xksB eyhj esa fgdq 'k[+lq jganks gks] tafga tks ukyks gks ikfy.kksA ikfy.ks [ks fgd
MksfgVh gqbZ_ tsdk vfgM+h r lqfg.kh gqbZ] tks lanfl ukyks bZ gks ek#bZ ;kus dkfeuhA
lanfl ekm tks ukyks gks ekMksbZA gw Fkj esa /.kq pkjhank gqvkA fgufu [ks cuhv Vqdq#
fc gks] tafgath laHkky lanfu ukSd# iQksxlsu danks gksA iQksxlsu ek#bZv th lwaga rs
fnfy gkjs osBks gksA gqu fgd Mhagqa fgeFk c/h [kkamfu o×kh ek#bZv tks laxq ?kqfj;ksA
ek#bZv tks efÄ.kks vxs bZ [ksrlsu lka Fkh pqdks gks] budjs ikfy.ks ukcqjh okjhA lanfl
ukdkj c˜/h iQksxlsu lkM+ fopka osj oB.k tk ig ipkb.k yxksA gw Fkj ts gkfde mej
ofV mejdksV dgh fo;ks ,sa gqu lka ek#bZv th lwaga th lkjkg d;kb±A fcuk fMBs bZ
me# ek#bZv rs eksfgr Fkh fi;ksA gw iafgatks 'kkgk.kks 'kkuq folkjs] iQksxlsu lka xM˜
eyhj xksB Mkagqa jokuks fFk;ksA tMfga gw xksB ckfgfj [kwg ofV igqrk] rMfga iQksxlsu
b'kkjs lka mej [ks ek#bZ Ms[kkjh] tk mu oD+r [kwg rka ik.kh Hkjs jgh gqbZA lanfl lwaga
ilh me# gSjkuq Fkh fo;ks ,sa ik.k rka t+kCrks fo×kk, [ksfl [kwg rka mB rs pk<+s vph
iafgats ekfx jfl;ksA
ig ipkb.kq = ghyk gykb.kq
MksfgVh = /hv th /hv
/.kq = tkuojcuh = [ksr
ûý-û cqfu;knh lcd+
ljp'eks = çsj.kk tks vk/k#
lks>h = leq>
fi+Qrjr = o+Q˜fnjr] dkbukr
lhjr = pfj=k tk xq.k
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
159
mej ek#bZv [ks egy esa jgk;ks ,sa [ksfl ?k.kfu bZ jktkbZ lq[kfu th ykyfp fM;.k
yxks ,sa po.k yx˜fl r tsdMfga rwa ewa lka 'kknh danhva r eka rks[ks iVjk.kh c.kk,
NMhanqflA gh lHkq ghjk eksrh] rsy iQqysy] 'kkgh rke] lHkq rks ykb gkft+# vkfgfuA
ek#bZv ojk.kh fMufl r eqafgatks efÄ.kks [ksrlsu lka fFk;yq vkgsA gk.ks eka fc, dafga
lka 'kknh ew# u danflA eka i[kfu th çhr egyfu lka dhu eVhafn;flA iksb mej
[ksfl d+Sn esa cafn djs NfM;ksA d+Sn esa [ksfl ?k.kk bZ M˜[k fMukb±] thva gwv ijs'kkuq
Fkh 'kknhv ykb gk djsA ek#bZ m×kwa cq[kwa d<h det+ks# Fkh osbZ] ij iafgats lr rs d+kbeq
jghA lnkb± vck.kfu [ks ;kn danh jgh
,sa mej [ks vt+Z d;kb± r tsdMfga eka
iafgats oru [ks ;kfn djs ejh o×kka r
eqafgatks e<+ eyhj Mkagqa futkab ,sa eFkkamfl
Fkj th Fk/h feVh olkbtkabA
vkf[+kfj mej lanfl lr vfx;ka fl#
fuok;ks ,sa ek#fu Mkagqa fu;kiks eksfdfy;kb±
r vph iafgath vekur oBh o×kksA fu;kiks
feyans bZ ek: mej dksV igqrk ,sa ek#bZv
[ks ik.k lka xM˜ oBh vk;kA ek#bZ ek#fu
lka r feyh] ij [ksrlsu ts vanj esa
[kqfVdks jfgth fo;ks r ek#bZ iafgats lr
rs d+kbeq gqbZ ;k u] eyhj esa lanfl
cnukeh fFk;.k yxhA tMfga bu xkfYg th [+kcj mej [ks isbZ r gqu dkfofM+th vph
eyhj rs dkg dbZA ospkjk ek:vM+k fMth fo;k ij ek#bZv mej vfx;ka vph p;ks
r ^^ts ek#fu eqafgath fxyk dbZ r bgks bUgfu tks go+Q˜ gksA rks[ks dfgM+ks go+Q˜ vkgs
ek:vM+fu rs dkg dj.k tks\** mej iafgats d, rss i'ksekuq fFk;ks ,sa dks fc bfErgkuq
fM;.k ykb r;k# fFk;ksA ek#bZv p;ks] ^^fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs bfErgkuq eka
MhanflA**
usfB i+QSflys ewftcq ckfg ts ep esa fgd 'kh[+k rik, yky d;kÅaA ek#bZv mgk
rfi;y 'kh[+k iafgats gFkfu esa [kabZ ij [ksfl dk ygl fc u vkbZ ,sa ek#bZ lrh lkfcrq
FkhA [ksrlsu 'keZlkj fFk;kss ,sa ek#bZv lkjh g;krh [ksrlsu th lqfgcr esa lq[k ,sa vkuan
lka xqt+kjhA
vt+Z = osfurh
e<+ = eqvy cqr] e`r 'kjhj
futkab = eksfdys NfMtkab
dkg dj.kq = lsuk lka xM˜
geyks dj.kq
fVdks = dyad] nkx+
iVjk.kh = lfHkuh [kka
vge jk.kh
rke = loknh [kk/k
i[kfu = d[kkb± dph >wfiM+h
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
160
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ek#bZ dafga lka efÄ;y gqbZ\
(v) [ksrlsu lka (c) iQksxlsu lka
(l) mej lka (n) jk.ks lka ¹ º
2- ek#bZv [ks dafga lka çhr gqbZ\
(v) jk.ks lka (c) [ksrlsu lka
(l) ek#fu lka (n) oru eyhj lka ¹ º
3- ek#bZv ts oru tks ukyks gks&
(v) dsp edjku (c) mej dksV
(l) eyhj (n) HkaHkksj ¹ º
[+kky Hkfj;ks&
4- mej ek#bZv ts ------------------------- vfx;ka fl# fuok;ksA
5- fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs ------------------------- eka MhanflA
lksjfB ,sa jkbfM;kpq
dafga t+ekus esa >wukx<+ esa fgdq jktk jkt danks gksA ukyks gksfl jkbfM;kpqA [ksfl fgd
Hks.k gqbZ] tafga [ks vkSykn dksu gksA ?k.kk ihj i+Qdhj iqfN;kb±] usfB fgd tksfr"khv p;qfl
r rks[ks iqVq teanks ij rqafgats Hkkm tks fl# dVhanksA jktk th Hks.k ç.kq d;ks r iqVq tkvks
r mu [ks ekjs NMhanflA ck# tkvksA tksfr"khv th vxdFkh ;kfn djs mu [ks [+kreq dj.k
ykb iafgath nklhv [ks p;kb±A nklhv po.kq r ef×k;ks ij ckj tks eklweq psgjks fMlh]
mu [ks lanwo+Q esa fo>h nfj;kg esa fiQVks d;kb±A lanwo+Q yq<+anh&yq<+anh vph xqtjkr ts
jktk vuhjk; ts eqYd esa fufdrhA fgd pkj.k [ks mgk lanwo+Q gfFk vkbZA ckj [ks
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
lps lkfyd [ks fgu nqfu;k ts canh[+kkus esa vlqyq vkjkeq dksu Fkks vpsA ek#bZv
tks o+Qkfycq dksV esa gks ij o+Qycq eyhj fi;ks lkjsA uÝ+l fc mej okaxq# [katwa [ka;ks
chBks vkgs r [ksfl /qrkjs /.khv [kka /kj dfj;kaA ek#bZv mej [ks bgk bZ bfYrtk
dbZ r ,s gkfde! ewa[ks NfM r ek#fu lka xM˜ o×kh ekyq pkfj;kaA
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
161
[k.kh vph t+ky th >ksyhv esa fo/kb± ,sa ukyks jf[k;kÅafl chtyA ckyd vt˜ ua<kss]
lqHkka oMks fFk;ks r xksB twa xk;wa esfg;wa pkj.k osanks gksA fgd Mhagqa gqu ts du rs dafga
lkt+ tks vkokt+ fi;ksA gsMkagqa&gksMkagqa fugkj.k lka ds# fc ut+fj u vk;qflA usfB gqu
th ut+j o.k rs fi;y gj.k ts lqdy vkaMfu rs isbZ] tks gok yx.k djs mu eka lqjhyks
vkokt+ fi, fufdrksA lks vkaMk [k.kh vph lqjanks tksfM+;kb±A iksb jkst+ lqjanks otk,]
gj.kfu tks f'kdk# djs] iafgats ?kj ifjokj tks xqt+jkuq danks gksA
fgd Mhagqa jkbfM;kp [ks [+kcj isbZ r jruq dqEHk# iafgath lqfg.kh /hv lnk [ks xqtjkr
ts jktk vuhjk; lka ifj.kkb.k Fkks o×ks] bgk [+kcj c˜/h jkbfM;kp jRuh dqEHkj [ks
lMs] mu [ks p;ks r rks[ks [+kcj vkgs] vuhjk; th mfefj dsfrjh vkgs\ r gqu tokcq
fMuks& jktk r vkgsA jkbfM;kp p;ks r Nk eka jktk u vkfg;ka\ rqafgath /hm eqafgats
egy esa jganhA lks jRuh dqEHkkj th /hm lksjfB jkbfM;kp th jk.kh c.khA
jktk vuhjk; bgk xkfYg c˜/h [+kkeh fo;ks ,sa oMks
y'd# dkgs vk;ks ij jkbfM;kp lka iqth u lf?k;ksA
vanj esa [+kkj jfgth fo;fl ,sa cfnyks oB.k tks uewuks
lksp.k yxksA ghjfu tokgjfu tks FkkYgq Hkjs lkjs eqYd
esa gksdks fM;kfj;kb± r tsdks vuhjk; th ea'kk iwjh danks]
rafga [ks ghm FkkYgq feyanksA chty th t+ky ghm FkkYgq
ofjrksA xkfYg c˜/h chty jktk vuhjk; ofV vk;ksA
tMfga [+kcj fi;fl r jktk [ks jkbfM;kp tks fl# [kis
r ljkfith fo;ks ij iksbrs gV.k lanfl ol [kka ckfgfj gksA lks chtyq lqjanks [k.kh
vph >wukx<+ fufdrksA lanfl lqjhyks vkokt+ c˜/h jkbfM;kp [ksfl opu fMuks r
^^?kq#] tsdh [kisbZ] lks ?kq#A** chty p;ks& ^^jktk] eka rqafgats flj tks lqokyh vkfg;kaA**
jktk opuq ikM+s] iafgatks fl# o<s lanfl vfx;ka jf[k;ksA iksb eFkks [k.kh jktk vuhjk;
ofV vk;ksA jktk vuhjk; eFkks fMlh dkofM+ d;kb±flA tafga ykyfp l[kh ljnkj tks
fl# dfi;ks] rafga eka ik.k [ks fc Miq yx˜fl lks ns'k usdkyh MsbZ NfM;kb±flA chty
[ks foosd tk o< io.k yxkA jkbfM;kp th jk.kh lksjfB fc ifrozrk ukjh gqbZ] tafga
jkbfM;kp ts fo;ksx esa o+Q˜ckZuh fMuh ,sa fgdq felkyq dkbeq d;ksA
bu yksd dFkk esa 'kkg lksjB th o+Q˜ckZuhv tks ft+Øq d;ks vkgsA bu fglkc lka lksjfB
tks fdjnkj jkbfM;kp [kka fc eFks vkgs tks eqfgc [ks ges'kk ges'kk ykb ikb.k ykb
lHkq Hksn Hk×kh Hkksjs NMs Fkh ,sa i+Qkuh 'kjhj ts ,oft+ irhv lka vnch folkyq ek.ks
FkhA
[+kkeh = dkofM+] xqLlks
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
ljkfith = fMth o×k.kqvkM+kg = ckfg] vkx
[+kkd = j[k
eqfgc = çhreq
162
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- >wukx<+ ts jktk tks ukyks gks&
(v) jktk vuhjk; (c) jktk jkbfM;kpq
(l) jktk mej (n) tke rekph ¹ º
2- xqtjkr ts jktk tks ukyks gks&
(v) jktk n'kjFk (c) jktk tud
(l) jktk vuhjk; (n) jktk Mkfgj ¹ º
fgufu lwjfe;qfu ts dFkkmfu ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc fgu lcd+ esa yksd dFkkmfu ts
t+jh, c˜/k;ks vkgs r nqfu;oh b'o+Q lka go+Qho+Qh b'o+Q rs igqph lf?kts FkksA gqu
cqfu;knh b'o+Q [ks bZ'oj rkb± igqp.k th Mkdf.k c˜/k;ks vkgsA fgu lrfu lwjfe;qfu
ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc bZ'oj [ks ikb.k tks jLrks c˜/k;ks vkgsA
'kkg lkfgcq ik.k [ks L=kh :iq leq>h] bZ'oj [ks ikb.k ykb ckMk, FkksA thva ek#bZ
,sa lksjfB iafgats b'o+Q [ks ikb.k ykb iafgath [+k˜nhv [ks [+kReq djs] iafgats ek'kwo+Q [ks
ik, folkyq ek.khfu fFk;waA lpks vkf'ko+Q˜ mgks bZ vkgs] tafga iafgatks lHkq dq>q o+Q˜ckZuq
djs NfM;ks vkgsA fgu yksd dFkkmfu ts t+jh, 'kkg lkfgc vlka [ks bgks bZ lans'kq
fMuks vkgs r ^^ik.k ekjs gw ygq] ik.k ea>ka bZ ikbA**
ek#bZv ts lr th HksV lhrk lka dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZ iafgats lr rs o+Qkbeq jghA jktkbZ
egy esa jgans fc gqu [kk/s&ihrs tk rke R;kfx;k ,sa Fkj eqYd ts MFk ,as MkSajfu [ks
lnkb± ;kfn danh gqbZA ek#bZv th gqc vyoruh ;kus iafgats oru ykb I;k# 'kkg
iafgats jlkys esa fgd lqfg.ks felky lka isf'k d;ks vkgsA
'kkg lkfgc fla/hv tks fljeks# 'kkb# vkgsA 'kkg iafgaft;qfu yksd dFkkmfu esa
lwjfe;qfu ckcfr :gkuh jkt+fu Mkagqa b'kkjk d;k vkfgfuA
fgu lcd+ esa mej ek#bZv tks fo+Qlks i<+ans rOgka bgks eglwlq d;ks gwanks r ek#bZv
th lhjr&fuxkjh rekeq lqfg.ks uewus t+kfg# dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZv th HksV lhrk lka
dbZ osbZ vkgsA ek#bZ [ksrlsu lka efÄ;y gqbZA mej ckn'kkg mu [ks yksHk ykyp MsbZ
gfFk dj.k th dksf'k'k dbZ] ij gqu mej ckn'kkg ts lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [ks Bqfdjk,]
ûý-ü vpks r leq>wa
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûý-û
163
iafgats [ksrlsu lka ,sa iafgats oru Fkj ts ek:vM+fu lka iwjh oi+Qknkjh Ms[kkjhA fgu
lcd+ esa bgks fc leq>k;ks fo;ks vkgs r balkuq iafgath eaft+y [ks gkflyq dj.k ykb
lp th jkg rs gysA nqfu;k esa dsfrfj;wa fc yg:a ,sa yksMk Nks u vpfu] mUgfu [kka
csMiks Fkh] eqo+Qkfcyks djs r mu th thr t+:# FkhanhA thva ek#bZv ts lcd+ esa vlka
flf[k;klhaA
fgu lcd+ ts t+jh, vlka ch ekuk fc leq>h l?kwa Fkk r balkuq dfgM+s uewus ijekRek
th eaft+y rs igqph l?ks FkksA
fgu lcd+ esa 'kkg th lwjeh lksjB tkss pfj=k fp=k.k 'kkg reke lqfg.ks uewus ,sa lkst+
Hkfj;ks d;ks vkgsA
chty xkb.ks ghjfu tokgjfu th ykyfp rs jktk jkbfM;kp tks fl# ?kqfj;ks] rMfga
jktk iafgats opu ewftfc fl# /M+ [kka vyfx djs ykgs fMuksA lksjfB dsfrjk bZ ghyk
gyk;k r jktk ts flj oB.k cfnjka ltks jkt dkjksck#] eky fefyfd;r [k.kh o×ks
ij chty fgd u c˜/h ,sa iafgats ft+n rs vfM+;ks jfg;ksA
'kkg twa bgs lwjfe;wa fla/h vnc tk cscgk xfg.kk cf.kth fgdq felkyq o+Qkbeq dfu
fFk;waA
1- fgu lcd+ esa gsfB;ka bLrykg dfe vk;k vkfgfuA mUgfu tk vFkZ fMuk o×kfu
FkkA mUgfu ts vFkZ tks okfgiks dans uoka tqfeyk Bkfg;ks&
(1) dkg dj.kq & p<+kbZ dj.kq] geyks dj.kq
tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) rih ckfg fFk;.kq & ?k.kks Øks/ dj.kq
tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) ?kksM+k ?kksM+k dj.kq & xksM+ dj.kq
tqfeyks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- me# ek#bZ ukVd ts fdjnkjfu ts vk/kj rs Dykl esa ukVdq dfj;ksA
3- 'kkg ts lrfu lwjfe;qfu tk ukyk fy[kh pkVqZ Bkfg;ksA
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûý-û
164
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd tqfeys esa fy[kks&
1- ek#bZ oru [ks ;kn dans mej [ks dfgM+h osfurh djs jgh gqbZ\
2- jktk jkbfM;kp ts flj tks lqokyh ds# gks\ ,sa jktk iafgatks fl# Nks ykgs
fMuks\
fgu ikB esa rOgka 'kkg lkfgc ts lwjfe;qfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ r xksBkf.k;qfu]
?kfV if<+;y fL=k;qfu esa fc dfgM+h u lhjr] lwaga] tt+ckr] go+Qho+Qh b'o+Q ikb.k
th yyd vkgsA lanfu tT+cs esa meaxq] mRlkgq Hkfj;yq vkgsA iafgats egcwc [ks
ikb.k ykb gj rdyhi+Q tks eqo+Qkfcyks dans eaft+y rs jl.k th bNk [ks iw.kZ
d;ks vkgsA
lkalkfjd ihM+k [ks Hkksxhans] balku ijekRek [ks ikb.k ykb dksf'k'kwa djs FkksA
tMfga bgk bPNk o/h o×ks Fkh] tafga esa balku iafgatks lHkq dq> Hkqyk, NMs Fkks]
rMfga ijekRek lka feyh fgdq fFk, Fkks ,sa ije lq[k [ks ek.ks FkksA
1- ek#bZv th lhjrfuxkjhv rs eqf[+rl# esa jksf'kuh fo>ksA
2- lksjB tks pfj=k fp=k.k dfj;ksA
3- ek#bZv ts gqc vyoruhv tks ft+Øq dfj;ksA
4- lksjB th lhjrfuxkjhv rs jksf'kuh fo>ksA
5- mej ek#bZv ,sa lksjB jkbfM;kp yksd dFkkmfu esa fMuy :gkuh jkt+ rs fgdq
ua<ks uksV fy[kksA
6- lksjB ,sa jkbfM;kp yksd dFkk tks lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kksA
7- ^^fVdks ewa rs yxks vkgs] budjs bfErgku eka MhanflA** fgu flV ts lek;y
ekgksy rs ohpkj is'k d;ksA
rOgha Nk fl[;k
fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûý-ü
165
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (l)
4- lr 5- bfErgkuq
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
13-1 1- (c) 2- (l)
13-2 1- mej [ks iafgats ek:vM+fu ofV eksfdy.k ykb osfurh Fkh djsA
2- chty& opu [+kkfrfjA
tokc fVi.kh
fla/q twa lwjfe;wa
166
14lk/w oklok.kh
fla/q larfu] njos'kfu ,sa lwfi+Q;qfu th /jrh vkgsA thva& lar daojjke] ork;ks i+Qdhj]
jksgy i+Qdhj] ckck usHkjkt] lar vklwnkje] Lokeh VsÅajke ,sa lar fgjnkjke ox+SjgA
vfgM+fu larfu eka fla/q th /jrhv rs lk/w oklok.kh fc fgdq egku larq Fkh xqft+fj;k
vkfgfuA gw et+gch rblqc [kka ijs jgh fgd bZ'oj esa bZ oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu
osnfu] mifu"knfu tks ÅUgks vH;klq d;ks gksA gqufu [ks Hkkjrh; laLÑrhv ,sa lH;rk
lka çse gksA gqufu ns'k esa iQfgfy;y iaxrh Å.kk;qfu [ks [+kreq dj.k ykb reke ?kf.k;wa
dksf'k'kwa d;waA gw ohpkjd] fpard] ,sa :gkuh 'kkb# fc gqvkA gqufu ts thou tks
ed+lnq gks nhu nqf[k;qfu th 'ksok Hkko ,sa balku t+kfr ykb çse ij ilwa if[k;qfu ykb
fc lanfu fgnsZ esa n;k Hkko gks] budjs lk/w oklok.khv tks tue Mhagqa 25 uoEcj
lthv nqfu;k esa ^os'uw Mhagqa* djs eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
fla/q ts lar lk/w oklok.khv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq djs] c;kuq djs l?kank_
lk/w oklok.khv ftfu ts xq.kfu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
ukfj;qfu th f'k{kk ts ckcfr iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kank_
lk/w oklok.khv ts pfj=k ts dq>q [+kkfl;rqfu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
fla/ ts larfu njos'kfu [ks rOgka if<+;ks gwanksA dafga fc fgd lar th thouhv ts ckjs
esa tk.k gkflyq dans eqf[+rl# esa fy[kksA
et+gch = /kfeZd] /ehZ
rblqc = dVjrk
oslkgq = fo'oklq
ÅUgks = xgjks
iaxrh = lkekftd
Å.kk;qfu = cqjk;qfu
ed+lnq = mís';
os'uw Mhagqa = 'kkdkgkjh fnolq
(Meetless Day)
ed+ln
fVi.kh
ef'kx+™fy;wa& ûþ-û
167
thou ifjp;
(v) ckyiqf.k
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ftfu tks tueq 25
uoEcj 1879 rs fFk;ks gksA tue ts ofD+r bZ
lanfu eq[k rs vykSfdd eqdZ gqbZ ,sa vf[k;qfu
esa uwjkuh rstq gksA lanfu ukyks Fkkaojnkl gks]
tafgath ekuk vkgs fLFkj ;kuh /hjt okjksA
lanfu firk tks ukyks yhykjke gksA gw fla/ esa
t+ehank# gqvk] ftfu tks thou Kku] J¼k ,sa
lcqj lka Hkfj;yq gksA lanfu ekrk tks ukyks ojka
nsoh gksA ckyiq.k esa bgks vuqeku dj.k Mf[k;ks
gks r /.kh lkab± lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks
vusdq ckjfu ,sa Hkxrfu tks I;k# c[+'khanks]
tsds ekrk lkfgc [ks fc J¼k fopka ;kfn
dankA ckyd oklok.kh jkst+ lqcwg tks losy
mFkh lwtqZ ueLdk# dank gqvkA gqufu [ks
oslkgq gks r lwtqZ bZ ek.gqfu [ks 'kDrh ,sa thouq Mhanks vkgsA gw ,dkar esa 'kkarhv lka
iafgatks oD+rq ?kkjhanks gksA
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks c Hkkmj ,sa fgd Hks.k gqbZA oMs Hkkm tks ukyks
ifgyktjk; gksA gqufu [ks bgks vglklq Fkh fo;ks gks r vlkatks bgks vueksyq thouq
/u nkSyr xM dj.k okLrs dksu vkgs] cfYd lekt th 'ksok dj.k okLrs vkgsA
ckyd oklok.kh iafgats oMs Hkkm th 'kf[+l;r lka reke ?k.kks eqrkfl# gksA lk/w Vh-
,y- oklok.khv th ua<h Hks.k th dkWyst ;k ;wfuoflZVhv esa i<+.k th reke ?k.kh
bPNk gqbZ] ij gwv dksu o×kh l?kh] budjs p;kÅa gquth lth fefYd;r eka
ckfyfd;qfu ,sa vkSjrqfu th rbyhe ykb dkWyst cikZ d;k o×kfuA
(c) rbyhe
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh ua<iqf.k [kka bZ i<+kbZv esa reke ?k.kks gksf'k;k# gqvkA gw
gSnjkckn fla/qq esa ,dsMeh* ukys Ldwy esa if<+;k gqvk] tsdks lk/w ghjkuUn cikZ d;ks
vykSfdd = vt+x+Sch
eqdZ = eq'd
lcqj = /S;Z
ÅUgks = xfgjks
[+okfg'k = bNk
vkl = mehn
?kkjhanks = xqt+kjhanks
g;krh = fta+nxh
eqrkfl# = çHkkfor
i+Q[+k˜# = ukt+
dksBhank = poank
eqgdeq = idks
fefYd;r = tk;nkn] lEifr
ûþ-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
168
gks ,sa fçafliy fif.k gksA lk/w ghjkuan rbyhe;kÝ+rk] lekt lq/kjdq ,sa lar vkRek
gqvkA gqufu ts mlwyfu ,sa vkn'kZfu tks ckyd oklok.khv rs rekeq xgjks vl# fi;ks
gksA ckyd oklok.khv esa Kku lka xMksxM˜ lfHkuh ykb J¼k ,sa vknj gksA gqufu ts
vkn'kZ thou tks felkyq lk/w ghjkuan fc;fu ckjfu [ks r Mhank bZ gqvk ij Ldwy tk
lHksbZ ekLrj fc gqufu ts ofgaokj [kka rekeq ?k.kks eqrkfl# gwank gqvkA ckydq
oklok.kh t+ghuq 'kkfxnqZ gksA gqufu 1900 esa ch- ,- ,sa 1902 esa ,e- ,- ikl dbZA
rafga [kka iksb gw fgd dkWyst tk fçalhiy cf.k;kA gw reke lqBk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA
gqufu ts ro+Qjhj esa c [+kkfl xkfYg;wa gq;waA ifgfj;ksa gquts yÝ+t+fu esa tks'k gwanks gksA
tsdk xkfYg poank gqvk] mu rs iq[+rks oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu th yxu bZ lanfu
yÝ+t+fu [ks vljkbrks c.kkb±nh gqbZA gqufu ts Hkk"k.k tks fc;ks xq.kq gks lanfu fefBM+ks
vkokT+k˜A laxhr okaxqj gqufu tks vkokT+k˜ fc ek.gqfu ts fnfy;qfu [ks Nqganks gksA
(l) pfj=k twa [+kkfl;rwa
d#.kk th Hkkouk&
ckyd oklok.khv ts eu esa lfHkuh ykb d#.kk th Hkkouk gqbZ] tsdk vlka[ks mUgfu
th g;krh ts fdfu xkfYg;qfu ,sa :ifu esa ut+j Fkh vpsA gw iafgath ekrk ,sa firk
lkgc [kka x+jhc ek.gqfu th gkyrqfu ykb iqNank jgank gqvkA fgdq ni+Qks vfgM+h bZ
xkfYg [ks oBh mUgfu [ks cSpsuhv esa tkxans fMlh ek.kfl lccq ifN;ks r gqufu tokcq
fMuks& ^vefM+] eka mUgfu cs?kj ,sa cslgkjk ek.gqfu ts ckjs esa lksps&lksps dach jfg;ks
vkfg;ka r gh x+jhc fgu l[+rq Fkf/ ts ekSle esa jkfr dhva xqtkjhank gwankA** vfgM+h
gqbZ ckyd oklok.khv ts eu esa lfHkuh ykb d:.kk th HkkoukA
i+Qt+Z 'kuklh (drZO; fu"Bk)&
uaf<iqf.k [kka bZ ckyd oklok.khv ftfu ts eu esa o+Q˜fnjr ykb I;k# gksA fgd Mhagqa
gqufu mrs dq>q fct iksf[k;k ,sa Mk<h cslczhv lka c™Vfu ts mflj.k tks bafrt+k# dj.k
yxkA fgd Mhagqa tMfga c™Vks fufdrks r gw cksfn esa Hkfjth fi;kA gqufu [ks fta+nxhv
th mu lpkbZv tks n'kZuq Fkh fi;ks
r ^tfgM+ks fctq iksf[kcks] rfgM+ks bZ
iQyq ikbcksA* Fkwe iksf[kch r Fkwe bZ
feyanhA gqufu [ks bgks eglwlq Fkh
fi;ks gks r thouq fc fgd deZHkwfe
vkgs] tafga esa deZfu tk fct iksf[k;k
r[+kyqlq = miuke
rbyhe;kÝ+rk =
if<+;yq fyf[k;yq
mlwyfu = o+Qkbnfu
t+ghuq = gksf'k;k#
'kkfxnqZ = fo|kFkhZ
ro+Qjhj = Hkk"k.kq
iq[+rks = idks
vljkbrks = vljnk#
iksf[k;k = yxk;k
<a< = >hy
mflj.kq = o/.kq
cksfn esa Hkfjt.kq = [+k˜f'k fFk;.kq
Fkwe = yglqu
dac.kq = Md.kq
c™Vks = ikS/ks
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
169
osank vkfgfuA budjs vlka [ks lqfg.kfu] 'kq¼ deZfu ts ifo=k ohpkjfu ,sa fefBM+fu
yÝ+t+fu tk fct iks[k.kq ?kqfjtfuA
mifu"knfu tks vH;klq&
ckyd oklok.khv ifgfj;ksa ni+Qks Kkuokuq] caxkyh ,sa egkRek mikè;k; czãcka/o ts
eq[k eka Hkkjrh; Kku HkaMkj& mifu"knfu tk opu c˜/k gqvkA tMfga czãcka/o gqufu
[ks bZ'kksifu"kn~ tks ifgfj;ksa 'yksdq i<+h c˜/k;ks] t.kq dafga gqufu th varjkRek ts rk#fu
[ks Nqfg;ks gqtsA ckyd oklok.khv ts Ldwy esa ch Hkk"kk laLÑr i<+kbZ osanh gqbZ]
rafgadjs gqufu [ks ifgjha [kka bZ laLÑr Hkk"kk tks Kkuq gksA budjs gqufu mifu"knfu [ks
laLÑr Hkk"kk esa bZ i<+.k tks fu'pks d;ksA
(n) lqBks lkekftd thou
ehjk vkanksyu th 'kq:vkfr&
dMfga&dMfga dafgath g;krhv ts ckyi.k esa dq>q vfgfM+;wa ?kVukÅa Fkh osafn;wa
vkfgfu] tafgatks ckyd ts dksey eu rs Åugks vlj ioanks vkgsA b,a bZ fgd okfd,
tks] tafga esa ekLr# Fkksjh xkfYg ykb ckj oklok.khv [ks ekjs Fkks] ckyd oklok.khv
ts eu rs xgjks vl# fi;ksA rafga ofD+r bZ gqu iafgats eu esa fgdq vfgM+ks Ldwy cikZ
dj.k tks iq[+rks ladYiq d;ks] ftrs ekLrjfu ,sa fo|kfFkZ;qfu ts fop esa çse] I;k# ,sa
iafgatkbi gwanhA fgd [+k˜'kgky dqVqac tks ukrks gwanksA fgufu xkfYg;qfu djs bZ gqufu eu
esa ehjk ewoesaV 'kq: dj.k tks i+QSlyks d;ksA
t+ukuh rbyhe (L=kh f'k{kk)&
lk/w oklok.kh fgu lkekftd Økarhv [ks ,sa L=kh 'kDrhv [ks tkx:d dj.k okjk
ifgfj;ka lar gqvkA gw ges'kg rbyhe ts ok/kjs ykb lksphank gqvkA gw tMfga fc
tqokufu lka eqykdkfr dank gqvk r vtksds rbyheh flfj'rs ts cnyko ts ckjs esa
t+:jr eglwlq djkb±nk gqvkA gqufu ç.kq d;ks r ub± Vghv ykb lqBfu Ldwyfu th
t+:jr [ks eka ik.k bZ iwjks danqflA
vksfprks = vpkud
eq'd.kq = eqLdqjkb.kq
rih ckfg = xqLls esa yky
pekV = FkiQM+
okfd+vks = ?kVuk
iafgatkbi = iafgatkbZ
?kkby&ekby =
fgfj;y&fefy;y
rbyhe = f'k{kk
flfj'rs = çfØ;k
o+Qnheq = iqjk.kks
rih ckfg = xqls esa ykyq
Vgh = ih<+h
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
170
okdqi+Q˜ = lq×kkryq
ok/kjks = rjdh
dqVqacq = ifjok#
fijgiQqVh = vlq#] çHkkr
[kqM = pksV
fMlk = fn'kk
lM = vkokT+k˜
if/jkbZ = ?kks"k.kk] t+kfgjkr
gw ges'kg oD+r [kka vfxrs th lksphank gqvkA gw fgu xkfYg [kka okdqi+Qq Fkh fo;k gqvk
r tsdMfga dafga lekt tks lgh ekuk esa ok/kjks dfj.kks vkgs r mgs vkSjrwa bZ vkfgfu]
ftfu [ks fgu cnyko tks t+fj;ks Bkfg.kks ioanksA gw poank gqvk ^fgd ckfydhv [ks
rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj vkgsA** vkSjrqfu th vkfRed
'kDrhv rs gqufu [ks iwjks ;dhuq
gksA gqufu [ks id gqbZ r vkSjrqfu
th rko+Qr bZ fgu lekt [ks vfxrs
,sa ÅapkbZv rs oBh o×kh l?kanhA
lk/w oklok.kh fgd Mhagqa iafgatfu
HkDrfu [ks xkfYg&cksfYg esa p;ks
r vt˜ Hkkjr ns'k [ks lfHkuh [kka
o/hd dU;k 'kkykmfu th t+:jr
vkgsA bUghv xkfYg lka lHksbZ rekeq ?k.kks [+k˜f'k fFk;kA gdhdr esa mu ofD+r lekt
lq/kj ,sa L=kh fl[;k th ygj gyh jgh gqbZA
16 tuojh 1966 rs lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv lalkjh pksyks NfM;ksA ij vlha b,a
Hkka;wa Fkk r gh egkiq#"k iafgatfu vkn'kZfu lka vlkats fop esa bZ vkfgfuA vlka[ks lqBk
de dj.k ykb fgeFkkbfu FkkA lanfl okfjlq nknk t'ku oklok.kh cf.k;kA gw u fli+QZ
Hkkjr esa bZ] cfYd fc;fu eqYdfu esa fc iafgats xq#nso lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks
iSx+keq igqpkb±nk jfg;kA vt˜ lk/w oklok.kh fe'ku tk de lthv nqfu;k esa Fkh jfg;k
vkfgfuA thva& rbyhe] vLirkywa] nhu nqf[k;qfu th 'ksok ox+SjgA
Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k tks vcks (firkeg) egkRek T;ksfrjko iQwys [ks p;ks fo;ks
vkgsA vkSjrqfu ts rbyhe ykb iQwys ts eu esa Økafrdkjh ohpkj gqvkA iaxrh
lq/kjs ykb vusd de d;kA thva& L=kh f'k{kk] fo/ok fookg tk leFkZd gqvk
,sa cky fookg [ks jksd.kA rafga ofD+r ns'k ts ok/kjs ykb fc;fu fc lekt
lq/kjdfu iafgatks iafgatks ;ksxnkuq fMuksA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] tafga czã lekt tks
ik;ks fo/ksA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh vk;Z lekt tks ik;ks fo/ksA Lokeh foosdkuan
,sa jkeÑ".k ijegal tk dsfrjk bZ 'ksok dk;Z gyh jfg;k vkfgfuA
vt˜ Hkkjr ljdkj ckyfd;qfu ykb reke ?kf.k;wa ;kstukÅa gyk, jgh vkgs] ftfu
eka ^/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks* ;kstuk rs reke ?k.kk de gyh jfg;k
vkfgfuA jkafn;qfu ts eSnku esa fc ckyfd;qfu [ks cfgjks oB.k ykb fgeFkk;ks o×ks FkksA
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
171
fglks& û
lk/w oklok.kh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fu'pks d;ks A
gquts ofgaokj esa ges'kg /hjtq gwanks gksA lkalkfjd xkfYg;qfu [kka ijs jgh] bZ'oj thHkfxrhv esa bZ exu jganks gksA gquth ekm 'kkafr lqHkko okjh gqbZ ,sa firk ts lqHkko esalcq# gksA fcUgha ts lqHkko tks vl# lk/w oklok.khv ts lqHkko esa ua<iqf.k [kka bZut+fj b±nks gksA tMfga ckfgfj is# ik, Fkks r ?k.kfu 'kf[+l;rqfu lka feys FkksA dafgau dafga 'kf[+l;r ts vkn'kZfu lka gw eqrkfl# fFk, FkksA ekm&ihm ts lqHkko [kka lokb?kj ts fc;fu Hkkfr;qfu tks vl# fc lk/w oklok.khv ts lqHkko esa ua<iqf.k [kka bZut+fj b±nks gksA
ckyd oklok.kh jkst+ lqcwg losy mFkh lwtqZ ueLdkj dank gqvkA gqufu [ks bgk xkfYgls[kkjh osbZ gqbZ r lwtZ eka ek.gqfu [ks 'kDrh ,sa thou feyanks vkgsA lwtqZ ueLdk#dj.kq flgr ykb rekeq ?k.kks i+Qkbnsean vkgsA vt˜dYg ek.gw iafgath fta+nxhv esareke ?k.kks ef'kxwyq Fkh fi;k vkfgfuA gqufu [ks ^;ksx* dj.k tks oD+rq bZ dksu vkgsAvlkats çkphu ½f"k;qfu eqfu;qfu lqBh flgr ykb ;ksxq dj.k th lykg fMuh vkgsAvt˜dYg Ldwyfu esa fc ;ksx th rbyhe t+:jh Fkh isbZ vkgsA lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khiafgatks thouq use lka xqt+kjhank gqvkA vlka lfHkuh [ks fc iafgatks thouq use lka xqt+kj.kq?kqfjtsA gqufu ts fnfy esa fc;fu ykb d#.kk ,sa n;k th Hkkouk Hkfj;y gqbZA
gw fc;fu th [+k˜'khv ykb iafgath [+k˜'khv tks R;kx˜ dank gqvkA vlka[ks fcuaf<;qfu&uaf<;qfu 'k;qfu tks nkuq dj.kq ?kqfjtsA fgufu xkfYg;qfu lka tsdk thou esa[+k˜'kh gkflyq Fkhanh vkgs] mgk chv dafga xkfYg esa dku feyanh vkgsA fgu ckcfrex+jch fo}ku ,elZu p;ks vkgs& ^^go+Qho+Qh nkuq iafgatks nkuq vkgsA**
lk/w oklok.khv [ks ilqfu if[k;qfu lka reke ?k.kks çse gksA gw csT+k˜ckuq ilqfu if[k;qfuth gR;k dj.k [kka euk dank gqvkA uwjh* xzaFk esa gqufu tks fyf[k;yq cSrq bgks iSx+keqfM, Fkks&
tho n;k th tksfr txk;ks] nqfu;k [ks iSx+keq lq.kk;ks !cfdjk ospkjk ckdkjhfu Fkk] i[kh ospkjk ckdkjhfu Fkk !u oslfj esa o/hd fogks] ilqfu if[k;qfu [ks I;k# fM;ks !ekl eNhv [kka jgks ijs] fgalk tx eka d<ks rM+s !nq%[k nnZ okjfu th ygks laHkky] xqfxnke vFko xksfcan tk cky !jksT+k˜ jge ykb fugkjhfu Fkk] vanj xks<+k xkjhfu Fkk !uwjh fuek.kh djs iqdkj] lq.kq lqfMdfu lanh ghv yydkj !
ûþ-ü vpks r leq>wa
csMikbZ = fuMjrk
fofjgkÄks = foHkktuq
jrq = [+kwu
dkofM+ = xqlks
vT+kZ = osfurh
/.kh = bZ'o#
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
172
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks tueq dMfga fFk;ks gks&
(v) 25 uoEcj 1878 (c) 25 uoEcj 1876
(l) 25 uoEcj 1877 (n) 25 uoEcj 1879 ¹ º
2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks firk fla/q esa gks&
(v) okikjh (c) t+ehank#
(l) vki+Qhl# (n) odhyq ¹ º
3- ifgyktjk; lk/w oklok.khv tks gks&
(v) pkpks (c) HkkbfV;ks
(l) oMks Hkkm (n) ua<ks Hkkm ¹ º
fglks& ü
lk/w oklok.kh --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iwjks dUnqflA
^fgd ckfydhv [ks rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj vkgsA*
lpqipq ! rafga ofD+r p;y lk/w oklok.khv th bgk xkfYg lkS lSdM+ks lgh vkgsA
ukjhv ts eFkka lts dqVqac th ft+Eesnkjh gwanh vkgsA gqutks iafgatks vDlq bZ ckjfu esa
ut+fj b±nks vkgsA tsdMfga mgk ukjh ik.k if<+;y fyf[k;y gwanh r ifgjha xkfYg iafgatfu
ckjfu ts jks'kuq vkb±ng ykb lqfg.ks uewus lksps l?kanhA ch xkfYg dafga fc fo+QLe th
ijs'kkuh vp.k rs ik.k eqagqa MsbZ l?kanhA budjs lk/w oklok.khv lekt ts ok/kjs ykb
ifgjha ukfj;qfu esa cnyko vk.k.k ts ckjs esa lksfp;ks ,sa ehjk Ldwy cikZ d;ksA fgu
lqfg.ks de th lkjkg MkWDVj v:aMys ,sa MkWDVj jk/kÑ".ku fif.k dbZ vkgsA
dydÙks esa tMfga lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks bgk [+kcj isbZ r fla/q ljdkj ½f"k
n;kuan ts lR;kFkZ çdk'k* rs jksd yxk, NMh vkgs r gqufu p;ks& ½f"k n;kuanq lp
tks flikgh vkgs] tsdks lekt ts lq/kjs ykb deq fi;ks djsA thva& ua<h oghv twa
'kkfn;wa jksd.k] lekt esa t+kyqfu tks ntksZ Åpks dj.kq ,sa 'kjkc ,sa u'ksnk# 'k;qfu
ofjrkb.k ts f[+kyki+Q˜ çpk# dj.kqA
egkRek xka/hv th gÝ+rsok# eSx+t+fu esa ^U;w bafM;k* ts ifgfj,a ed+kys ts ifgfj,a
lqÝ+gs rs lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv tks fyf[k;y ys[k fi+Qyklki+Qh vki+Q okj* Nfi;ksA
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûþ-û
173
gw fla/ çns'k esa egkRek xka/hv ts vlg;ksx vkanksyu tk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA gw fc
Hkkjr ns'k tks iqutkZxj.kq pkghank gqvkA fgd u,a Hkkjr th pkguk gqvfuA gw L=kh
'kDrhv [ks tkx:dq dj.k okjks ifgfj;ksa larq gksA gw nwjkans'khv okjk gqvkA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv dfgM+ks vkanksyu gyk;ks gks&
(v) fpidks vkanksyu (c) yw.k vkanksyu
(l) lR;kxzg vkanksyu (n) ehjk vkanksyu ¹ º
2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks ?k.kk Hkkmj ,sa Hksu:a gq;wa&
(v) c & c (c) c & fgd
(l) fgdq & c (n) Vs & c ¹ º
3- thou fgdq Nk vkgs&
(v) fp=kHkweh (c) deZHkweh
(l) j.kHkweh (n) jaxHkweh ¹ º
1- ^/hv:a cpk;ks] /hv:a i<+k;ks* fgu fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[kksA
2- 25 uoEcj th vgfe;r tk.kkb±ns lk/w oklok.khv ts mins'kfu [ks eq[+rlj
esa fy[kksA
thouhv esa lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts g;krhv ts [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu tks
o.kZuq d;y vkgsA
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th lekt lsok th tk.k fMuy vkgsA
lk/w oklok.khv ts ckyiqf.k ts xq.kfu [kka okdqi+Qq djk;ks fo;ks vkgsA
ckfyfd;qfu th rbyhe ykb lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ikjka d;y defu th
tk.k feys FkhA
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts thouhv eka Hkkjrh; laLÑrhv ,sa lH;rk lka
oko+Q˜i+Q˜ djk;ks fo;ks vkgsA
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûþ-ü
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûþ-ü
rOgha Nk fl[;k
174
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
mUgfu ts iafgatfu xq.kfu th ok[kkf.k pkSrfi+QZ iQfgfy;y gqbZA cky xaxk/jfryd] johUæukFk VSxksj ,sa iafMr enueksgu ekyoh; tfgM+fu fc;fu ns'k&Hkxrfufc lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv lka eqYd ts ok/kjs ykb xqÝ+rxw dbZA ex+jch vkfyefc mUgfu ts xq.kfu lka rekeq ?k.kks eqrkfl# gqvkA vk;jySaM ts doh MkWDVjdftat lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv [ks ^Hkkjr tks tnhn ;ksxh p;ks vkgsA* 1910esa teZuhv ts ^fo'o /eZ lEeysu* esa mUgfu th ro+Qjhj c˜/h ;wjksi okfl;qfurekeq ?k.kh lkjkg dbZA mUgfu cukjl th fFk;klksi+Qhdy laLFkk esa çopu fMukA9 fnlEcj 1944 esa dydÙks ts Hkkjrh; laLÑrh laLFkku ts uk,a lkfy;kus tylsts ekSds rs mUgfu ^Hkkjr tks lans'k* rs iafgatk vkn'kZ ohpkj jf[k;kA mUgfu tksmlwyq gks ^fc;fu [ks [+k˜f'k j[kank r ik.k [ks fc [+k˜'kh feyUnoA* mUgfu tksfyf[k;yq fdrkcq Indian Arisen tqokufu [ks iafgats oru ykb lHkq dq>q viZ.kdj.k tks iSx+keq fM, FkksA
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc14-1 1- (n) 25 uoEcj 1879
2- (c) t+ehank#
3- (l) oMks Hkkm
14-2 1- (n) ehjk vkanksyu
2- (c) c Hkkmj & fgd Hks.k
3- (c) deZHkweh
tokc
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
1- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th lekt ,sa ns'k lsok tks vgokyq fM;ksA
2- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts ckyiqf.k ,sa rbyhe ts ckjs esa fy[kksA
3- ^lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh xq.kfu th [kkf.k vkgsA* dhva\
4- ^fgd ckfydh [ks rbyhe fM;.kq lts dqVqac [ks rbyhe fM;.k ts cjkcfj
vkgsA* thouhv ts vk/kj rs fgu flV [ks leq>k;ksA
5- lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv th ;ksx rs tk.k ckcfr fgdq ua<ks uksVq fy[kksA
fVi.kh
lk/w oklok.kh
175
15
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;waHkkjr esa tkoy ukStqoku ih<+hv tk fla/h ckj vDlj iafgath Hkk"kkbZ] vnch ,sa
lkaLÑfrd fojklr [kka Mhagksa&Mhagqa dfVck fi;k o×kfuA yksd laLÑrh ;kuh vokeh
rgt+hc&renqu tk eq[;q HkkÄk dfgM+k vkfgfu] mUgfu esa yksd laLÑrhv th dfgM+h
tkb vkgs ,sa yksd lkfgR; esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu th txfg fdFks vkgs] fgufu th
ijaijk dsfrjh iqjk.kh vkgs] cksyh ,sa vnc esa fgufu ts bLrseky lka dfgM+ks vl# ios
Fkks] dfgM+h lwaga o/s FkhA lekt ts fl;k.ki th] jfg.kh dfj.khv th] ofgaokjh thou
th dfgM+h rLohj feys Fkh] yksd ;kus voke esa bUghv tks okfgiks Nks ?kfV Fkh fo;ks
vkgs] igkdfu esa bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] o+Qfnjr] ilwa&i[kh] tho&tarw] [ksrh&ckjh] lkekftd
flfj'rs] /eZ ,sa thou&n'kZu ckcfr dfgM+k ohpkj feyfu Fkk oxS+jg th tk.k
ukStqokufu [ks ?kfV vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa vlha eFks fMuy uqD+rfu rs ohpkj danklha]
leq>anklha] xqÝ+rxw danklha ,sa vè;;uq danklhaA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
thou esa vuqHko ts egRo [ks okt+g djs l?kank_
igkdfu esa fMuy f'k{kk tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
igkdfu esa lek;y 'kCn 'kDrhv tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
igkdfu esa lek;y fla/q ts bfrgkl tks Fkksjs esa o.kZuq djs l?kank_
igkdfu esa lek;y vyadkjfu tks Fkksjs esa c;kuq djs l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
lwaga = [+kwclwjrh] lqanjrk
okt+g dj.kq = [+k˜yklks dj.kq
176
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
vpks] fgu et+ewu [ks è;ku lka i<+h oBwaA rOgkath enn ykb et+ewu esa vk;yM˜f[k;fu yÝ+t+fu twa ekukÅa gk'kh, esa fMtfu fFk;waA
euq"; ;ksuhv esa iSnk fFk;.k okjks balkuq tMfga [kka lH; cf.k;ks] rMfga [kka bZ [ksflfta+nxhv ts ykfg;qfu pkf<+;qfu] M˜[kfu Mksykvfu] x+efu [+k˜f'k;qfu esa jgans ofgaokjhfta+nxhv tk lqBk ,sa [+kjkcq vkt+ewnk fFk;.k yxkA bUgfu vkt+ewnfu eka mUgfu tsdhfijk;ks] mgks latks,] uaf<M+fu uqD+rfu ts :i esa ub± Vghv [ks fMuksA ojh ukStqokuih<+hv [ks dq>q uoka vkt+ewnk fFk;kA gqufu fc mgs iafgath vp.k okjh ih<+hv [ksfMukA b,a ih<+h nj ih<+h bgs vkt+ewnk fgd ih<+hv [kka ch ih<+hv ofV igqpank fo;k,sa tMfga lkfx;k vkt+ewnk] tsds oMfu cqt+xZfu iafgatfu ua<fu [ks c˜/k;k gqvk] lsua<fu [ks iafgath fta+nxhv esa fFk;.k yxk r mUgfu ts okrka iqjk.kfu vkt+ewnfu thiqfBHkjkbZ fFk;.k yxh ,sa bgs vkt+ewnk vfxrs Hkk"kk] cksyhv ts ç;ksx] lw=k ;k i+QkewZysts :i esa lkEgwa vk;kA vkfgLrs vkfgLrs bgs lw=k (i+QkewZyk) iafgatks fgdq :iqvf[+r;kj djs chBk ,sa Hkk"kk] cksyh ,sa yksd&lkfgR; esa igkdfu ts :i esa drfcvp.k yxkA
igkds th ijaijk Mk<h iqjk.kh vkgsA lfHkuh iqjkf.k;qfu laLÑfr;qfu ts ek.gqfu tk'k[+lh vuqHko igkdfu tks :iq oBh djs mUgfu ts thou esa Nka;y vkfgfuA bgks bZlccq vkgs tks iqjk.kks lkfgR; igkdfu lka iqfj vkgsA oSfnd laLÑrh ,sa ykSfddlaLÑrhv tks lkfgR; fc igkdfu lka Hkfj;yq vkgsA thva r& vfr loZ=k otZ;sr~A*^fouk'kdkys foijhr cqf¼A* {kek ohjL; Hkw"k.ke~A* bUghv ijaijk esa vfxrs gyh djsikyh] çkÑr] viHkza'k nkSjfu eka xqft+jans vlkath fla/h cksyh fc igkdfu ts HkaMkj lkaiqfj Fkh vkgsA igkdfu tks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv esa [+kkfl LFkkuq vkgsA bUgfu ts bLrsekylka cksyhv th lwaga o/s FkhA igkdk] fl;k.ki tks vkbZuks vkfgfuA bUgfu esa lektth jfg.kh&dfj.khv th thvjh tkxanh rLohj feys FkhA ofgaokjh thou esa fMflts rtafgath cksyhv esa 'khjha vkgs] xkYgkb.k&cksYgkb.k esa prqjkbZ vkgs] lks c˜/anM+ thfnfy [ks fc fNds oBs FkksA ^^t+cku 'khjha] eqYd xhjhA** cksyhv esa esBktq iSnk djs[ksfl fnyd'k ,sa vljkbrks c.kkb.k esa igkdk iafgatks eVq ik.k vkfgfuA bgs cksyhvth lwaga vkfgfuA
lkfgR; lekt tks vkbZuks vkgs r igkdks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv tks vyadkj vkgsAvyadkjfu ts bLrseky lka igkdfu esa lqanjrk ,sa vl# iSnk fFk, FkksA bUgfu tks ç;ksxqlgt lqHkko igkdfu esa ut+fj vps FkksA lpq vkgs r bUgfu ts ç;ksx lka Hkk"kk esa
ûÿ-û cqfu;knh lcd+
fijk;ks = flf[k;kslatks, = xM˜ djs
iqfBHkjkbZ = leFkZuq] fgek;r
fl;k.ki = vdqyeanh
'khjha = esBktq
iafgatks eVq ik.k = vf}rh;]
tafgath cjkcjh u djs lf?kts
177
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
uokf.k ,sa vkd"kZ.kq iSnk fFk, FkksA igkds ts bLrseky lka cksyh lqidq ,sa lkfgR; Åpse;kj okjks cf.kts Fkks ,sa Åaps e;kjh lkfgR; lka lekt lH; cf.kts FkksA igkdk Hkk"kktks lhaxk# vkfgfu] bUgfu ts ç;ksx lka Hkk"kk esa uokf.k ,sa LiwQrhZv tks lapk# fFk, FkksA
igkdk Kku tks v[kqVq HkaMkj vkfgfuA budjs igkdfu th vgfe;r nqfu;k ts gj
eqYd esa gj 'k[+l lq×kkrh vkgs ,sa bUghv [kka o/hd Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; esa r igkdfu
th ok[kkf.k tk ftalh <qd Hkfj;k fi;k vkfgfuA igkdk] xqft+fj;y tqx [ks tk.k.k]
leq>.k ykb cfgrjhuq rksgi+Qk gwank vkfgfuA ukfoy] ukVd ,sa dgkf.k;qfu esa r
igkdfu tks ç;ksxq t+:jh ysf[kcks vkgsA fla/h fo}kufu] ys[kdfu ,sa ysf[kdkmfu >>s
rbnkn esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks bLrsekyq d;ks vkgsA
igkdfu esa mgk 'kDrh gwanh vkgs] tafga ts eki+QZfr vlha iafgats bfrgkl [ks lqfg.ks uewus
leq>h l?kwa FkkA gk] bgks lpq vkgs r fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu
ts v[kqVq HkaMkj lka Hkfj;ks fi;ks vkgsA fgfr dq>q felky vOgka th tk.k okLrs fMtfu
Fkk&
û- 'k[+lfu laca/h&fla/ çns'k esa ds vfgM+k vkWyk 'k[+l fFk;k vkfgfu] ftfu lekt [ks ub± fn'kk fMuh
vkgs ,sa iafgats cfgrjhuq ofgaokj lccka gw lfHkuh th t+cku rs p<+h igkds ts :i esa
jks'ku ehukj ft;ka ve# Fkh chBk vkfgfuA 'k[+lfu lka okLrks j[kanM+ igkdk fgu
jhfr vkfgfu&
μ >wysyky lkab±] csM+k cusa ykb±
lkab± >wysyky fla/h lekt tk b"Vnso vkfgfuA po.khv tks erycq vkgs r gs
>wysyky lkab±! vlka tk csM+k fdukjfu rs lyker igqpkbtkab ;kus vlkath eqf'dy
?kM+hv esa j{kk dtkabA vlka [ks liQy c.kkbtkabA
ü- okjnkrqfu laca/h&thou esa ?kfVukmfu ,sa okjnkrqfu tks iafgatks LFkku vkgsA fgfr fgd okjnkr lka okLrks
j[kanM+ igkds tks ft+Øq d;kss fo;ks vkgsA felky fMlks&
μ vfgM+h tqfB d;kb±fl] tfgM+h cfjM+s dbZ ckjfu lka
fgu po.khv th ekuk vkgs rekeq ?k.kh nqxZfr dj.kq] rdyhi+Q igqpkb.kqA
ý- yksd dFkkmfu laca/h&fla/h yksd vnc esa ?k.kfu bZ fo+QLefu ts fo+Qlfu tks ft+fd# feys FkksA thva& b'dtk fo+Qlk] ohjrk tk fdLlk] /ehZ fdLlk] fla/q unhv ckcfr fo+Qlk] ihjfu tkfo+Qlk ox+SjgA llqbZ iqUgwa] lqfg.kh esgk#] yhyk pusl#] mej ek#bZ] ewey jk.kks ,sa
olhyfu = L=kksrfu] rjhdfu]
lk/ufu
jks'ku ehukj = çdk'k LrEHk
okjnkrqfu = ?kVukmfu
lqidq = idh iq[+rh
e;kj = ntksZok[kkf.k = lkjkg
<qd Hkfj;k fi;k vkfgfu =
rekeq ?k.kks bLrseky
rksgi+Qks = lwf[kM+h
178
uwjh tke rekph ox+Sjg fo+Qlfu eka dsfrjfu bZ igkdfu tks tueq fFk;ks vkgs& nksnkspuslj fo+Qls rs c/y igkdks vkgs&
μ nksnks /wfM+ puslj NkbZ
fla/ esa nksnks ,sa puslj tks fdLlks rekeq e'kgwj vkgsA fcUgha Hkkmjfu ik.k esa >sM+ksd;ks ,sa rekeq ?k.kks uqo+Qlku ikrksA
þ- çkphu gkyrqfu laca/h&fla/hv esa ?k.ksbZ igkdk vfgM+k feyfu Fkk] ftfu tks cqfu;kn çkphuq fla/ twa gkyrwa
vkfgfuA felkyq fMlks&
μ gqtsbZ uk.kks r ?kqeq ykM+dk.kks
fc;fu 'kgjfu ts HksV esa ykM+dk.kks 'kgj rekeq ?k.kks [kq'kgkyq gks] budjs ghv po.kh
e'kgw# FkhA ekuk vkgs r /u lka thou esa [+k˜'kgkyh b±nh vkgsA
ÿ- ilwa i[kh ,sa tho tarq laca/h&v;kefu [kka balku t+kfr tks ykxkiks vyfx vyfx tkuokjfu] ilqfu if[k;qfu ,sa thotarqfu lka jfg;ks vkgsA felky fMlks&
μ esafga iafgath dkjfga fMls dku] xkab [ks pos r gyq M+h iqN dkjh
erycq r o/hd ,scfu okjks 'k[+lq ik.k [ks u fMlh ?kfV ,scfu okjs [ks Vksdhanks vkgsA
ö- [ksrh ckjhv ,sa vukt laca/h&Hkkjr fla/w ?kkVhv th lH;rk okjs oD+r [kka oBh fgdq [ksrh ç/ku eqYdq jfg;ks vkgsAHkkjr esa gj Mgfu lkyfu esa FkhanM+ vkne'kqekjhv th x.ki ewftcq v×kka rkb± fcHkkjr tk lrj lSdM+ks ek.gw [ksrh ckjh dank vkfgfuA [ksrhv ckcfr tsds vkt+ewnkek.gqfu [ks fFk;k] mgs igkdfu ts :i esa fc egi+Qwt+ vkfgfuA fla/q ,sa fla/h cksyhvesa [ksrhv lka ykxkiks j[kanM+ ?k.ksbZ igkdk feyfu FkkA fgdq felky fMlks&μ mÙke [ksrh o/ar okikj] uhp ukSdjh fiu.kq csdkj;kus iqjk.ks t+ekus esa [ksrh dj.k [ks mÙke jkst+xkj leqf>;ks osanks gks ,sa ukSdjhv [ks?kfV vgfe;r fMuh osanh gqbZA
÷- d+fnjrh ekgksy laca/h&d+fnjrh ekgkSy esa eqYd] çkar] 'kgj] xksB] tcy] t+ehuwa] ufn;wa] ukyk] o.k&fV.k]
ilwa&i[kh] Hkkft;wa] esok] ek.gw] lHkq vph o×kfu FkkA fla/h cksyhv esa o+Q˜fnjr lka
okLrks j[kanM+ vusd igkdk feyfu Fkk& fgdq felky fMlks&
μ fltq c ikNk
fgu igkds th ekuk vkgs r lq[k ,sa M˜[k thou tks fglks vkgsA
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
cqfu;knq = vk/k#] ewyq
v;kefu [kka = lfn;qfu [kka]
tqxfu [kka
çkphu = dnheq
,scfu = cqjk;qfu] voxq.kfu
179
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
iafxrh = lkekftd
ø- lkekftd flfj'rs laca/h&igkdks lekt tks vkbZuks vkgsA Nks r lekt esa tsdks dq>q lpq dwM+ o+Qcwyq ios Fkks]
lks bZ igkds ts :i esa çpfyr fFk, FkksA tsdMfga dks 'k[+lq dafga fc eqYd] lwcs] xksB
ts iafxrh thou ckcfr dq>q tk.k.kq pkgs Fkks r gqu ykb ?kqfjcy ,jkt+hv ts igkdfu
tks vH;klq dj.kq rekeq t+:jh vkgsA fla/ tks lkekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd fpVq igkdfu
th enn lka ils lf?kts FkksA felky fMlks&
μ czkã.k tks euq lhjs esa
fgu igkds th ekuk vkgs r czkã.k [ks feBh 'kb ilan vkgsA
mesn vkgs r vOgka fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa ukys lco+Q˜ è;ku lka if<+;kss gwanksA vpks
r gk.ks cqfu;knh lcd+ esa fMuy ohpkjfu [ks gjfgd iSjk ts vk/kj rs Bhdq rjg lka
leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa&
fglks&û
^^euq"; ;ksuhv esa -------------------------------------------------------------- drfc vp.k yxkA**
fgu Vqfdjs esa igkdfu ts tue th çfØ;k
tks ft+fd# d;ks fo;ks vkgsA fgd ih<+hv
oVka chv ih<+hv [ks gkflyq FkhanM+ vkt+ewnfu
ts egRo tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgsA vkt+ewnfu
th iqfBHkjkbZ fFk;.k cSfn lw=k ç;ksx ts :i
esa yksd ilanhv djs igkds tks tueq c˜/k;ks
fo;ks vkgsA bUghv eka fgd xkfYg fpVh Fkh
fFk, r dks fc dFku] xqÝ+rks] lw=k] okD; iafgats jphanM+ ts djs u] ij yksd ilanhv
ts djs bZ igkds tks :iq oBs FkksA
fMlks& ^mÙke [ksrh] o/ar okikj_ uhp ukSdjh] fiu.kq csdkjA* fgu igkds esa fta+nxhv
th lpkbZ lek;y vkgsA dafga ofDr dafga 'k[+l [ks ukSdjh efgur [kka iksb fc u
feyh gwanh ;k ojh ukSdjh feyh gwanfl r iafgats o+Qkfcfy;r th u ,sa ojh okik# ?kfV
;kuh gqu ?k.kssbZ eqf'dykrwa fMfB;wa gwafn;waA bUghv vkt+ewns eka mu 'k[+l bgk xkfYg pbZ
NMh gwanhA bUghv vkt+ewns okaxq# tMfga fc;fu [ks fc lkfx;k vuqHko fFk;.k yxk
r gh lw=k ç;ksx /hjs /hjs vke turk esa e'kgw# Fkh igkds tks :iq oBh chBkA
ûÿ-ü vpks r leq>wa
olhyfu = L=kksrfu] lk/ufu
lhus c lhus = yxkrkfjcqfu;knq = vk/k#] ewyq
rokjh[+kh = ,frgkfld
180
l
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- igkdfu ts fuekZ.k esa dafgatks jksyq vkgs\
(v) euq"; twf.k esa iSnk fFk;.k tks
(c) balku ts thou esa FkhanM+ vkt+ewnfu tks
(l) cqt+xZfu th fl[;k tks
(n) mÙke [ksrh ,sa okikj tks ¹ º
2- fgdq dFku ;k lw=k okD; dafgats djs igkds tks :iq oBs Fkks\
(v) igkds th jpuk danM+ jpukdkj ts djs
(c) yksd ilanhv ts djs
(l) vke ek.gwv th o+Qkfcfy;r ts djs
(n) uhp ukSdjhv ts djs ¹ º
iafgats ekrk @ firk [kka iqNh] fgfr fgdq igkdks fy[kks ,sa ekuk leq>kb±ns tqfeys esa
ç;ksx dfj;ks&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fglks&ü
^^igkds th ijaijk ---------------------------------------------------------------------- lwaga vkfgfuA**
fgu Vqfdjs [ks i<+.k [kka iksb [+kcj ios Fkh r igkdfu th ijaijk >wuh vkgs ,sa iqjk.ks
lkfgR; esa Hkjiwj feyfu FkkA igkdfu ts ç;ksx lka bZ cksyhv esa esBktq iSnk fFk, Fkks]
Hkk"kk th lqanjrk o/s FkhA igkdfu esa lekt th jfg.kh dfg.kh] ofgaokj th tk.k
feys FkhA laLÑr ts igkds vfr loZ=k otZ;sr~* eka lki+Q fpVhv jhfr [+kcj ios Fkh
r ofgaokjh thou esa dMfga fc vfr ;kuh o/hd u dts] o/hd u [kkbts] o/hd
u xkYgkbts] ?k.kks xqlks u dts] dafga [kka o/hd mesn u dtsA Nks r vfr ;k ?k.kks
dMfga lq[k 'kkarh u Mhanks vkgsA
dafga fc 'kb th vfr ?keaMq iSnk danh vkgs ,sa mgks ?keaMq fouk'k th fn'kk esa oBh
gyanks vkgs ,sa c˜f¼ foijhr fn'kk esa o/.k yxanh vkgsA ?keaM lka udkjkRed lksp
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqoky
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-û
vfr loZZ=k otZ;sr~ =
gj gaf/ o/hd bLrseky rs
jksd fo/h osbZ vkgs
181
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
fc iSnk Fkhanh vkgsA ij igkdfu esa r vkt+ewnfu th [kkf.k Hkjh isbZ vkgsA budjs
^t+cku 'khjha* ;kus cksyh feBh xkYgkbtsA feBks xkYgkb.k lka ?keaMq nwfj Fkhanks] lksp
ldkjkRed cf.ktanh ,sa thouq [kq'kgkyq FkhaanksA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- ^{kek ohjL; Hkw"k.ke* th ekuk Nk vkgs\(v) {kek dj.kq dkabjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(c) {kek dj.kq ekLrjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(l) {kek dj.kq ekLrfj;kf.k;qfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs(n) {kek dj.kq ohjfu tks vkHkw"k.kq vkgs ¹ º
2- ^t+cku 'khjha* tks vFkZ Nk vkgs\(v) feBks xkYgkb.kq (c) dkSM+ks xkYgkb.kq(l) Øks/ esa xkYgkb.kq (n) xanks xkYgkb.kq ¹ º
e
^t+cku 'khjha eqYd xhjh* igkds tks bLrsekyq dans fgd ua<h dgk.kh ;k fgdq iSjkxzki+Q
fy[kksA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fglks&ý^^lkfgR; lekt tks vkbZuks ------------------------------------------------------ lapk# fFk, FkksA**
fgu Vqfdjs th 'kq:vkfr esa vOgka if<+;ks r igkdks lkfgR; ,sa cksyhv tks vyadkj*
vkgsA ^vyadkj* tks efrycq vkgs& xfg.kks] t+so#] vkHkw"k.kqA dkO; 'kkL=k esa
^vyadkj* mUgfu [ks pbts Fkks] tsds
cksyhv th lwaga [ks o/kbZfu Fkk ;kuh
cksyhv t+jh, d;y bt+gkj [ks lqfg.kks
,sa fnyd'k c.kkbZfu FkkA vyadkjfu [ks
fla/hv esa jaxhu t+ckuh* fc poank vkfgfuA
vpks r cksyhv esa igkdk ,sa igkdfu esa
vyadkjfu [ks felkyfu lka leq>wa&
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-û
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-ü
foijhr = mcrh
udkjkRed = ui+Qh
182
vuqçkl vyadkj
tMfga tqfeys ts 'kCnfu esa fgdq ;k ?k.ksbZ O;atu] fgd [kka o/hd Hksjk fgd bZ rjrhc
(Øe) lka vpfu] rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj Fkhanks vkgsA fgu vyadkj tks bLrsekyq
?k.kks djs lfHkuh cksfy;qfu ts igkdfu esa >>s rbnkn esa feys FkksA bu tks lccq bgks
vkgs r vuqçkl ts djs igkdk tYnh ;kfn Fkh o×kfu FkkA fla/h igkdfu esa fc
vuqçkl vyadkj ?k.kks drfc vk;ks vkgsA thva r&
μ vdfu [kka Fkks vkek ?kqjs ,sa cc˜jfu [kka csj
ekuk] tafga oVka dq>q fey.k tks vkljks u vkgs] mu esa dks vkl j[ks] rMfga
pbcksA
(fgrs ^c* O;atu yÝ+t+ ts 'kq:v esa c Hksjk vk;ks vkgs] rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj
pbts Fkks)
;ed vyadkj
tMfga fgdq bZ yÝ+t+ ;k yÝ+t+fu tks esM+ tqnk tqnk vFkZfu esa fgd [kka o/hd ni+Qk
drfc vps] rMfga ;ed vyadkj pbcks vkgsA thva r&
μ dfytqxq vkgs dfjtqxq
fgrs ^dfy* 'kCnq tqnk tqnk ekukmfu esa ç;ksx fFk;ks vkgsA erycq ;qx tks ukyks]
dyg] >fxM+ksA fgu po.khv th ekuk vkgs r ghm vfgM+ks ;qx vkgs] tafga esa balkuq
tsds fc cqjk de djs Fkks] frfu th lt+k fc fgrs bZ Hkksxs o×ks FkksA
miek vyadkj
μ et+Z vps ?kksM+s okaxs] o×ks twava okaxs
chekjh ?kksM+s okaxq# rst+hv lka b±nh vkgs] ij twava okaxq# /hjs /hjs osanh vkgsA
μ dt+Z tfgM+ks fc;ks et+Z dksUgs
ekuk] dt+Z oMh chekjhv leku vkgsA
:id vyadkj
μ x+jhc th tksb] tx th HkktkbZ
ekuk] x+jhc [ks lekt esa ?kfV ekuq feyanks vkgsA
fojks/kHkkl vyadkj
μ Hkkm cjkcj nksLr ukgs] Hkkm cjkcj nq'eu ukgs
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
vuqçkl vyadkj&tMfga tqfeys ts 'kCnfu esa fgdq ;k?k.ksbZ O;atu] fgd [kka o/hd Hksjkfgd bZ rjrhc (Øe) lka vpfu]rMfga vuqçkl vyadkj Fkhanks vkgsAfgu vyadkj tks bLrsekyq ?k.kks djslfHkuh cksfy;qfu ts igkdfu esa>>s rbnkn esa feys FkksA bu tkslccq bgks vkgs r vuqçkl ts djsigkdk tYnh ;kfn Fkh o×kfu FkkAfla/h igkdfu esa fc vuqçkl vyadkj?k.kks drfc vk;ks vkgsA
;ed vyadkj&tMfga fgdq bZ yÝ+t+ ;k yÝ+t+fu tksesM+ tqnk tqnk vFkZfu esa fgd [kkao/hd ni+Qk drfc vps] rMfga;ed vyadkj pbcks vkgsA
:id vyadkj&mieku ,sa mies; ts fop esa vHksntks o.kZuq dj.kq (;kus x˜>h HksVdj.kq) :id vkgsA
fojks/kHkkl vyadkj&dafga xkfYg tks vfgM+ks c;kuq dts]tks mgks fojks/h yxs] ij go+Qho+Qresa mu esa fojks/ u gwanks vkgsA
miek vyadkj&mieku ,sa mies; ts fop esa i+QdqZgqv.k rs fc mUgfu ts leku /eZ tsdjs HksV dj.kq ^miek* vkgsA
183
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
ekuk] eqf'dyq ofD+r rs Hkkm bZ lkFkq Mhanks vkgsA ij mgks bZ >fxM+ks djs r tkuh nq'euq
cf.kth osanks vkgsA
μ mgk bZ t+cku ml esa fogkjs] mgk bZ t+cku Nkao esa fogkjs
erycq vkgs r ek.gw dkSM+ks xkYgkb±nks r nq[kh Fkhanks ij feBks xkYgkb±nks r ekuq ikb±nks
vkgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- igkds ts bLrseky lka cksyh Nk cf.kts Fkh\
(v) lqidq (c) f[kpM+h
(l) loknh (n) [+kkjh ¹ º
2- igkdks cksyhv tks Nk u vkgs\
(v) vyadk# (c) lhaxk#
(l) HkaMk# (n) lapk# ¹ º
3- vyadkjfu [ks fla/hv eas Nk poank vkfgfu\
(v) jaxhu t+ckuh (c) jaxhu tqokuh
(l) jaxhu dgk.kh (n) jaxhu jk.kh ¹ º
e'
lcd+ esa vuqçkl] ;ed] miek] :id] fojks/kHkkl vyadkjfu esa felky rkSj fMuy
igkdfu [ks è;ku lka i<+ks] leq>ks ,sa iafgats vkt+ewns ts vk/kj rs tqfeyfu esa ç;ksxq
dfj;ks&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fglks&þ^^igkdk Kku tks --------------------------------------------------------------------------- d;ks vkgsA**
fla/h lkfgR; esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks ç;ksxq >>s rbnkn esa feyanks vkgsA lkfgR;
twa flUi+Qwa ?k.kks djs dgk.kh] ukVd] ukfoy] et+ewu ox+Sjg esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-ü
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-ý
>>s = ?k.ks
rbnkn = ek=kk
184
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
ts bLrseky lka df'k'k iSnk fFk, Fkh ,sa ikBd [ks i<+.k esa et+ks vps FkksA thva eFks
fMuy cqfu;knh lcd+ esa vlka c˜/k;ks vkgs r fla/h fo}kufu] ys[kdfu ,sa ysf[kdkmfu
>>s rknkn esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks bLrseky d;ks vkgsA bUghv jhfr esa çksi+Qslj
jke iatok.khv ts ukfoy ^vkgs u vkgs* esa igkdfu pof.k;qfu tk lqfg.kk felky
fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA bZ'o# vkgs ,dks] vlha vkfg;wa c˜fM+;wa* ekuk bZ'oj loZ'kfDrekuq
vkgs ,sa vlka gquts vfx;ka c˜M+h ;kuh t+hjks ;kuss det+ks# vkfg;wa ij bZ'oj ts lkFk
fM;.k lkaa balku th rkdr o/h o×ks FkhA
bu esa 'kdq ukgs r ijekRek ts vfLrRo tks eq[; dkj.k balku ts eu th Hkkouk vkgsA
bu ts djs bZ balkuq iRFkjfu esa] ewfrZ;qfu esa ,sa lfHkuh ga/fu rs bZ'oj ts gLrhv tks
vuqHko djs FkksA
fgrs rOgka[ks ;kn dj.k ykb dq>q igkdk fMtfu Fkk&
μ d.k d.k esa Hkxoku vkgsA
μ jk[ks jke r ekjs dkSuA
μ Hkxoku ts ?kj nsj vkgs ij va/sj dksUgsA
μ Hkxoku tMfga fM, r NIij iQkM+s fM,A
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- çksi+Qslj jke iatok.khv ts miU;kl vkgs u vkgs* esa dfgM+ks igkdks feys Fkks\(v) bZ'oj vkgs ,dks] vlha vkfg;wa c˜fM+;wa(c) vFksbZ uk.kks r ?kqeq ykM+dk.kks(l) easfga pos xkab [ks& gyq M+h iqN dkjh(n) rqrZ nkuq] egk iq×kq ¹ º
2- igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu ts bLrseky lka iSnk fFk, Fkh&(v) 'kfDr (c) HkfDr(l) det+ksjh (n) df'k'k ¹ º
3- ijekRek ts vfLrRo tks eq[; lcc vkgss&(v) ewfrZ;wa (c) eafnj(l) Hkkouk (n) dq>q fc u ¹ º
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûÿ-ý
185
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
fglks&ÿ
^^igkdfu esa mgk 'kfDr -------------------------------------------------------- lqBks yxanks vkgsA**
thva rOgka cqfu;knh lcd+ esa fMBks r dhva vlkats thou ts tqnk tqnk vkt+ewns rs
chBy igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vkfgfuA bu bZ fMl esa dq>q igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vfgM+k fc
vkfgfu] ftfu esa vlka[ks fla/ ts bfrgkl [ks igkdfu th ut+j lka fMl.k tks Mkam
ls[kkfj;ks fo;ks vkgsA fla/h igkdfu esa fla/ ckcfr dfgM+h ok[kkf.k feys Fkh] mUgfu
[ks vlka cqfu;knh lcd+ esa leq>.k th dksf'k'k dbZA bUghv jhfr esa dq>q igkdfu tk
felky vfgM+k fc vkfgfu] tsdk rokjh[+kh ut+fj, lkaa fla/ ts bfrgkl rs ,sa fla/h
laLÑrhv rs lqBs uewus jks'kuh fo>fu FkkA xMksxM vlka[ks iafgats b"Vnso th fgd
fnypLiq vk[k.khv lka :c: fFk;.k tks ekSdks fc Fkk fM;fuA tafga [ks xgjkbZv lka
fMl.k t+:jh vkgsA budjs fgrs vlha mUgfu lka xMksxM˜ dq>q rokjh[+kh 'kf[+l;rqfu
lka okLrks j[kanM+ igkdfu th xgjkbZv [ks felkyfu lka leq>.k th dksf'k'k danklha&
μ >wwysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±
fla/q esa ?k.kfu bZ igqry 'k[+lfu tks tueq fFk;ks vkgs] ftfu [ks fganqfu vorkjh iq#"k
,sa eqlyekufu ih# djs iwft;ks vkgsA vfgM+fu 'k[+lfu esa mMsjksyky] tafga [ks
>wysyky fc p;ks fo;ks vkgs] rafga tks ukyks ifgfj,a uacj rs vps FkksA fla/h lekt
>wysyky [ks b"Vnso ts :i esa iwthanks vkgsA
>wysyky lka tqfM+;y fgd Man dFkk ewftcq fla/ ts fgUnqfu [ks mrka ts eqlyeku
gkfde fej[k'kkg ts t+Yefu [kka vkt+kn djkb.k ykb ,sa fganw /eZ th j{kk ykb
fgu vorkjh iq#"k uljiqj esa bZLoh lu~ 950 (foØe lacr 1007) esa psVhpaM
Mhagqa jkb jrupan ,sa ekrk nsodhv ts ?kfj tueq ofjrksA
ghm egkiq#"k o#.k tks vorkj ysf[k;ks o×ks FkksA budjs fla/h fganw nfj;k'kkg ts
:i esa lanfl iwtk dank vkfgfu] cfgjk.kk d<ank vkfgfu] Nst fo>ank vkfgfuA
>wysyky [ks mMsjksyky] yky lkfgc] yky lkab±] vejyky ;k ft+ngihj djs fc
lMhank vkfgfuA >wysyky th Lrqrhv esa ^iaftM+k* (Hktu) fc jfp;k fo;k
vkfgfuA fla/h Bdqjfu vejyky th tksfr txk, ^nfj;kg iaFk* 'kq: d;ks ,sa
dsfrjk bZ fla/h fganw lanfu f'k"; vkfgfuA fgu iaFk ts iksbyxfu [ks nfj;kg iaFkh*
pbts FkksA eqlyeku fif.k fej[k 'kkg th ?kVuk [kka iksb mMsjsyky th fta+ng ihj
;k [+oktk f[ktz ts :i esa iwtk dank vkfgfuA
rokjh[+kh = ,frgkfld
gkfdeq = jktk] gqdqe gykb.k
okjks
186
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
^>wysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±* fla/hv esa e'kgw# po.kh vkgsA fgu tks vFkZq vkgs rgs >wy.k lkab±] vlka tk csM+k fdukjfu rs lgh lyker igqpkbtkab ;kus vlkathvkS[khv osy j{kk djs vlka[ks liQy c.kkbtkabA
μ yk[ks y[k cf[+'k;k] djuq c[+'ks fdjksM+
lefu ts dky esa fla/ esa jktk yk[kks iQwyk.kh* ,sa jktk dju* nkuohj Fkh xqft+fj;kvkfgfuA fgu igkds [ks nkuohj ek.gqfu th lkjkg esa bLrsekyq dcks vkgsA
μ vk;k ehj] Hkxk ihj
fgu ,frgkfld igkds th ekuk vkgs r tMfga rkdroj b±nk vkfgfu r det+ksj Hkthosank vkfgfuA
fla/q esa dYgksM+k ckn'kkg gqvk] ftfu [ks ihj* fc lfM;ks osanks gksA tMfga dYgksM+futks 'kkluq det+ks# fFk;ks] rMfga ^ehj* 'kkld cf.kth osBkA
fgu igkds th ch ekuk fgu jhfr fc Fkh l?ks Fkh& o/hd gqujeanfu ts lkEgwa ?kfVgqujeanfu th nky u xjanh vkgsA
fla/h Hkk"kk esa 'k[+lfu laca/h igkdfu esa ?k.kks djs enZfu ts ukyfu lka okLrks j[kanM+igkdk vkfgfu ij dq>q igkdk vfgM+k fc vkfgfu] tsds t+kyqfu lka laca/ j[kfu FkkAthva r&
μ iksika ckbZv tks jkt˜ vkgs
ekuk] va/sjxnhZ] lhukt+ksjhv tks t+ekuks vkgsA fla/hv ts yksd xhrfu esa iksika ckbZlhukt+ksjh ,sa va/sjxnhZv ts çrhd ts :i esa e'kgwjh gkflyq dbZ vkgsA fla/h yksdxhrfu esa fgd flV e'kgwj vkgs& fBdj Bkscj ikls dfj;ks] iksika eqafgath ups* ekukr eSnku lki+Q djs iksika [ks [kqyh txg fM;ks r gwv uph iafgatks tyoks Ms[kkjsA iksikackbZv tks ukyks u #xks fla/q esa ij xqtjkr] ekyok] jktLFkku ,sa eè;çns'k esa fclkfx, :i esa e'kgwj vkgsA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa lkfx;ks igkdks fgu jhfr feyss Fkks&^jkt iksika ckbZ jks] ys[kks jkbZ jkbZ jks* ,sa ^iksika ckbZ çxV gqoS] uoh pykoS jhfr*A
rokjh[+kh 'k[+lfu lka okLrks j[kanM+ c igkdk xksfYg;ks ,sa fgfr fy[kks&
1- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûÿ-þ
'kkld = jktk] gqdqejku
va/sjxnhZ = ftrs dks o+Qkbnks
o+Qkuwu u gqts
187
fVi.kh
fla/h igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa
yksd laLÑrh ,sa lkfgr [ks tk.k.k th okV igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa vkfgfuA
igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa yksd lkfgr ,sa laLÑrhv tk mgs t+soj vkfgfu] ftfu ts
u gqv.k lka Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgr th lwaga fc ?kfVth Fkh o×ksA
thva p;ks fo;ks vkgs r lkfgr lekt tks vkbZuks Fkhanks vkgs] rhva bZ igkdk
,sa pof.k;wa fc yksd laLÑrhv ts ykb vkbZuks Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu] ftfu lka u #xks
ofgaokjh thou th rLohj feys Fkh] xMksxM˜ [+kcj Fkh ios r vlka th yksd
ijaijk dsfrjs dnq# >wuh vkgsA
igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu ts ç;ksx lka cksyhv th ekuk ,sa Hkko fpVhv rjg lka
lkEgwa b±nk vkfgfu] xMksxM˜ bgs Hkko vlkats fnfy;qfu [ks xM˜ djs j[k.k th
rko+Qr fc j[kfu FkkA
igkdfu ts eki+QZfr vlha iafgats bfrgkl [ks lqfg.ks uewus leq>h l?kwa FkkA
1- igkdfu ts tue th çfØ;k rs fgdq uksV fy[kksA
2- ^igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu th ijaijk Mk<h >wuh vkgs*] fgdq uksV fy[kksA
3- igkdfu esa bLrseky fFk;y vyadkjfu [ks leq>k, djs fy[kksA
4- ^>wysyky lkab±] csM+k cus ykb±* igkds lka tqfM+;y >wysyky th dFkk [ks Fkksjs
esa fy[kksA
5- fla/h lkfgr ,sa Hkk"kk esa igkdfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks v[kqVq HkaMkj vkgs] dhva\
6- fgu lcd+ esa fMuy igkdfu ts fdfu pbfu felkyfu rs ua<ks uksVq fy[kksA
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokyfu tk tokc 1- (c) 2- (c)
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc15-1 1- (n) 2- (v)
15-2 1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (v)
15-3 1- (v) 2- (n) 3- (l)
tokc
v[kqVq = u [kqV.k okjks] vlheq
rOgha Nk fl[;k
188
fVi.kh
16
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
fla/q th Hkwfe lwi+Qh larfu] njos'kfu th ifo=k ljt+ehu jgh vkgsA ftrs dsfrjfu bZ
njos'kfu ,sa xkb±nM+ i+Qudkjfu tueq ofjrks vkgsA mUgfu ofD+r&c&ofD+r lekt [ks
veu ,sa HkkbZpkjs tks iSx+keq fMuks vkgsA bu [kka lokb gqufu fla/h laxhr [ks u #xks
o+Qkbeq jf[k;ks vkgs] ij mu [ks ?kj ?kj rkb± igqpk;ks vkgsA gw u #xks ek.gqfu [ks
foanqjkb±nk vkfgfu] ij lekt ts dsfrfj;qfu bZ cqjk;qfu th vks?kfM+ djs nwfj dj.k th
fc dksf'k'k dank vkfgfuA
vlka th foanqj tk eq[+rfyi+Q t+jhvk vkfgfuA lkfgR; i<+.k] c˜/.k ,sa ppkZ dj.k lka
lksp ,sa Kku esa bt+ki+Qks fFk, Fkks ,sa 'kf[+l;r tks fodklq fFk, FkksA lkfgR; vlka [ks
lekt] jk"Vªh; laLÑrhv ,sa cksyhv ts Kku lka ekykekyq djs FkksA dyk] laxhr ,sa
u`R; fc laLÑrhv tks fglks vkfgfuA dafga fc lekt th dyk] laxhr] lkfgR; ,sa
laLÑfr bZ lekt tks vkbZuks gwanks vkgsA mgks ljek;ks tsfrjks ekykekyq gwanks] mgks
lekt vksfrjks [kq'kgkyqA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
laxhr] i+Qu ,sa i+Qudkj th tk.k gkflyq djs mu tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa laxhr th vgfe;r tks o.kZuq djs l?kank_
i+Qudkj th fta+nxh] 'kf[+l;r ,sa defu [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_
laxhr lk/uk vlka ykb çsj.kk MhanM+ dhva vkgs] mu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
i+Qudk# = dykdk#
vks?kfM+ = [kksy&lksy
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = tqnk&tqnk
ljek;ks = [+kt+kuks
ed+ln
189
jkx th jk.kh&Hkxoarh ukok.kh
vlka fla/w ?kkVhv th lH;rk tk okfjl vkfg;waA eqvfu ts nM+s eka gt+kjsa lky vx˜
[kksVkbZv eka tsdks ljek;ks fufdrks] mUgfu esa lkt+ fc gqvk r fgd csgn eu&
eksghanM+ ukp.khv th ewjr fc feyhA mu eka ekywe fFk, Fkks r dyk ,sa laxhr ts
[+kt+kus lka vlkath lH;rk dsfrjh u ekykekyq vkgsA
lkfgR;] dyk ,sa laxhr vlkath fta+nxhv tks fglks vkfgfuA [+kkfl rkSj u`R; ,sa laxhr
:g [ks jkgr c[+'khanks vkgsA ekSfldh fny foanqjkb.k tks lqBks t+jhvks vkgsA vlka ts
lekt twa dsfrfj;wa bZ xkb±nM+ i+QudkjkÅa vkfgfu] ftfu fgu dyk esa ik.kq eksf[k;ks
vkgsA ns'k&fons'k esa laxhr t+jh, dyk] laLÑfr ,sa cksyhv th f[+kt+er dbZ
vkgsAHkxoarh ukok.kh
v[kaM Hkkjr ts uljiqj fla/q esa 1 iQjojh 1940
bZ- esaa Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq fFk;ksA lanfl
ekrk tks ukyks yNeh ukok.kh ,sa firk tks ukyks
tslwey ukok.kh gksA ik.k esa Vs Hkkmj ,sa Vs Hksu:a
gqvkA ua<h mfefj esa bZ fgu [ks laxhr esa fnypLih
gqbZA ?kj esa laxhr tks ekgksyq gksA Hkxoarh ukok.khv
[ks xkb.k tks ojlks MkMhv oVka fefy;ks gksA
MkMhv th çsj.kk lka gqu laxhr th 'kq:vkfr
dbZA Hkxoarh ukok.kh v[kaM Hkkjr ts fofjgkÄs
ofD+r fla/q NMs fgan esa vkbZ ,sa eqEcbZ vph
olk;kb±A mu eqf'dyq ofD+r nkSjkfu gqu [+kwcq
la?k"kZ d;ks] tafga [ksfl o/hd bZ et+cwrq c.kk;ksA
gqu ua<fu ua<fu xksBfu ,sa 'kgjfu esa o×kh çksxzke isf'k d;kA iafgats e/qj vkokt+ lka
?kj ?kj rkb± fla/h laxhr igqpk;kb±A dyke] ykMk] et+kfo+Q;k xhrfu [kka lokb
lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikBq fc lanfl vkokt+ eas fjdkMZq fFk;yq vkgsA vt˜ fc ?k.kfu bZ
fla/h ?kjfu esa lqcwg tks lq[keuh lkfgc tks ikB gqu ts vkokt+ esa xwafttanks vkgsA
eqEcbZv esa Hkxoarh ukok.kh fla/h ekWMy Ldwy esa i<+anh gqbZ] ftrs xksfcan ^ekYgh*
i<+kb±nks gksA gqu th ikj[kw ut+j Hkxoarh ukok.khv esa fydy dyk [ks lq×kkrks ,sa gqu
ûö-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
ljek;ks = fojklr
c[+'khanM+ = MhanM+ekSfldh = laxhr
i+Qudkj = dykdkj
eksf[k;ks = ukyks jks'ku dj.kq
f[+kt+er = lsok
olk;kb± = jg.k yxh
dyke = xhrykMk = [+k˜'khv ts ekSds tk
xhr
et+kfo+Q;k = f[ky ef'djhv
okjk
190
ts e/q# vkokt+ [kka eqrkfl# fFk;.k cSfn ,sa xksfcan ^ekYghv* th jgcjh ,sa lgdkj
lka Hkxoarh ukok.khv laxhr tks li+Q# 'kq: d;ksA gqu fVfu gt+kjfu [kka o/hd laxhr
çksxzke isf'k d;kA iafgats xq: xksfcan ^ekYghv* th fgnk;rdkjhv gsfB gqu ukVdfu
esa vnkdkjh fif.k dbZA ft++Ø tksxk ukVd vkfgfu& efgeku] xqLrk[+kh eki+Q] b'o+Q th
yydkj] rqafgatks lks eqafgatksA bu [kka lokb dsfrfj;qfu fla/h fi+QYeqfu eas fc xhr xkrkb±A
tfgM+ksfd& >wysyky] ykMyh] 'ky /hv:a u tefu] gkstekyks] gyq r Hkth gywa ,sa
lar daojjkeA fi+QYe ^fla/wv ts fdukjs* esa gqu u fli+QZ vnkdkjh dbZ] ij xhr fc
xkrkA bu fi+QYe ykb [ksfl cfgrjhuq vnkdkjhv ykb vokMZ fc fefy;ksA bu bZ fi+QYe
esa lanfl Hkkm bZ'oj ukok.khv fc vnkdkjh dbZ gqbZA lrjke jksfgM+k lka xkry lanfl
et+kfo+Q;k xhr csgn eo+Qcwyq vkfgfuA Hkxoarh ukok.kh u fli+QZ dyke] xhr ,sa ykMk
xk, Hkkjr ts xksBfu ,sa 'kgjfu esa o×kh fla/h laxhr [ks voke rkb± igqpk;ks ij ns'k
fons'k esa fc ukyks dek;ksA lanfl daB esa vfgM+ks r tknw gks] tks c˜/anM+ dykdfu tk
dykd osgh çksxzkeq c˜/ank gqvk] ij fny u Hkfjtanh gqbZA Hkxoarh ukok.khv ifgfj;ksa
dykeq fHkVkbZ ?kksV 'kkg vCnqy yrhi+Q tks xkrks gks] tafga tk cksy& ^isjs ioanhlkfu]
poanhlkfu] jgh o×kq jkfr HkaHkksj esaA** Hkxoarh ukok.kh e'kgwj eksfldkj gsear dqekj
,sa eqds'k lka fganh xhr fc xkrk ij mgs fjyht+ Fkh u lf?k;k gqvkA cyjkt lkguh
,sa mRiynÙk ox+Sjg lka fc fganh ukVdfu esa deq d;ksA
Hkxoarh ukok.kh fgd efgurd'kq vkSjr gqbZ] tafga laxhr lk/uk t+jh, flaf/;r th
tksfr txkbZA fta+nxhv ts vkf[+kjh ofD+r esa Vax esa lww# fFk;qfl ,sa da/q yfVdh fi;qflA
bu jhfr 22 vkDVkscj 1986 rs fgu i+Qkuh nqfu;k [ks vyfonk dbZ ,sa mgks tgku o×kh
olk;kb±] ftrka dks fc okifl u ojanks vkgsA mu ofD+r lanfl xq: xksfcan ekYgh* fc
mrs gkt+# gksA fla/h laxhr ykb mgks M[kksb±nM+ Mhagqa gksA laxhr tk lqj ,sa lkt+ mnklq
gqvkA fla/h laxhr th dks;y fganq&fla/q th I;kjh Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks vkokt+ lnkb±
ykb [+kkeks'kq Fkh fo;ksA laxhr ts çsfe;qfu th fnfy;qfu [ks lneks jfl;ksA Hkxoarh
ukok.khv th bgk bZ [+okfg'k gqbZ r tslharkb± thvjh jgka] rslharkb± laxhr th lsok
dfj;kaA
xksfcan ^ekYghv* Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts nsgkar [kka iksb lanfl ;kfn esa ^eqdZ* ukys
eSx+t+hu 'kq: dbZ] tsdk 1986 [kka 2004 'kk;k Fkh ,sa iksb fdfu etcwfj;qfu djs cafn
Fkh osbZA
ikj[kw = xq.k lq×kk.kanM+
eqrkflj = vl# danM+
jgcjh = jkg Ms[kkj.kqedcwy = yksdfç;
eksfldkj = laxhrdkj
i+Qkuh = vLFkkbZ] cscdk
M˜[kksb±nM+ = M˜[kq MhanM+
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
191
rOgka vfx;fu lco+Qfu esa dgk.kh] dfork] ukVd ts ckjs esa i<+h pqdk vkfg;ksA gk.ks
vpks r thouhv ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA thouh fc;fu flaiQqfu [kka vyfx vkgsA
fgu esa i+Qo+Qfr go+Qho+Qrwa bZ fMfu;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu] dkYifud xkfYg;qfu [ks dk tkb
dksUgsA bu tks eq[; eo+Qlnq okLrsnk# 'kf[+l;r th fta+nxhv tks ri+Qlhy okj
vfgoky fM;.kq vkgsA fgu eka fc;fu [ks irks ioanks vkgs r dhva mu 'k[+l efgur
,sa yxu lka fta+nxhv tk eqf'dyq jLrk ikj djs iafgatks eo+Qlnq gkflyq d;ks ,sa nqfu;k
esa ukewl d<hA mu eka fc;fu [ks fc çsj.kk feyanh vkgsA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq dMfga fFk;ks\
(v) 1939 (c) 1942 (l) 1940 (n) 1945 ¹ º
2- Hkxoarh ukok.khv lHk [kka ifgjha dafga tks dykeq xkrks\
(v) lpy ^ljeLr* (c) xkso/Zu ^Hkkjrh*
(l) fHkVkbZ ?kksV 'kkg vCnqy yrhi+Q (n) ijljke ft+;k ¹ º
3- Hkxoarh ukok.khv [ks dfgM+h fi+QYe ykb vokMZ fefy;ks\
(v) vck.kk (c) fla/wv ts fdukjs
(l) >wysyky (n) lar daojjke ¹ º
1- euilan dykdkj th Fkksjs esa thouh fy[kksA
2- e'kgwj xkb±nM+ i+Qudkjfu tk iQksVk gfFk djs dksykt Bkfg;ksA
flai+Qqfu = fo/kmfu
i+Qo+Qfr = #xksrÝ+lhy = foLrkj lka
ukewl = e'kgwjh
dksykt = ?k.kfu i+QksVqfu [ksxM djs fgd iksLVj rs pacqM+kb.kq
ûö-ü vpks r leq>wa
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûö-û
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûö-û
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
192
Hkxr daojjkeq
13 vçsy lu~ 1885 bZ- ts lHkkxs Mhagqa
l[kj&fla/q esa tjokjfu ts xksB esa ekrk rhjFk
ckbZ ,sa firk rkjkpan ts ?kfj ckyd daoj tks
tueq fFk;ksA ua<h mfefj esa bZ ckyd daoj ts
eqgkaMs rs uw#] vf[k;qfu esa rst gksA 'kkafr
lqHkkm] eqd±nM+ psgjks] dafga th fc rdyhi+Q
u fMlh l?kanks gksA ekrk tsdh dq>q gqu [ks
[kkb.k ykb Mhanh gqbZ] lks f>fdZ;qfu] dkaofu
,sa fdofy;qfu [ks [kkjkb±nks gksA
fgd ni+Qs tjokjfu ts xksB esa lar lkab± lrjkenkl tks vp.kq fFk;ks r uofu lkyfu
tks ckydq dao# iafgats ekrk firk lka n'kZu dj.k fo;ksA lkab± lrjkenkl ckyd daoj
[kka dq>q dksgj ofjrk ,sa mUgfu th dher iqNhA daoj gFk tksM+s fuoM+r fopka p;ks]
^^tsdMfga rOgka [ks dksgjfu ts cfnys esa dq>q fM;.kks vkgs r ewa[ks iafgatks f'k";
c.kk;ksA** b,a lar lrjkenkl daoj [ks iafgatks f'k"; c.kk;ksA
daoj ts thou tk vusdq fo+Qlk vkfgfuA /.khv th bcknr] opu tks idks] gh.kfu
tks gejkgq] fganw&eqfLye ,drk tks ckuh] lqj&laxhr tks ljrkt] fuoM+r ,sa fugBkbZv
th ewjrA vfgM+ks gks Hkxr daojjkeqA Hkxr daojjke tk xk;y vfgM+k db± e'kgwj
dyke vkfgfu] thva& ^ukys vy[k ts csM+ks rkj eqafgatks*] ^irhv ts çse esa gjneq
xqt+kj.kq ukfj [ks ?kqfjts*] ^dhva jh>k;ka rks[ks] dhva ifjpk;ka] Mfl dks Mkam*A fgufu
dykefu ckcfr b,a p;ks fo;ks vkgs r bUgfu dykefu tks vl# ua<s ckj [kka oBh
djs oMs ek.gwv rkb± Fkhanks gqvksA vfgM+k db± fo+Qlk c˜/k;k fo;k vkfgfu] tafga esa
Hkxr daojjke tss dyke xkb±ns bZ ua<fu ua<fu ckjfu esa gypy vph osanh vkgsA
fgd ni+Qs Hkxfr nkSjkfu fgd ua<s ckj ts ftLe esa pqfj&iqfj u fMlh fgd nqf[k;kjh
ekm daoj th >ksyhv esa ck# Mhans ckMk, p;ks r ^^fgu ckj [ks lqtkx˜ dfjA**
njos'k i+Qdhj daoj /.khv [ks ckMkb±ns p;ks] ^ekfyd rqafgats ukao rs ckfjM+s [ks yksyh
Fkks fM;ka] efgj dtkabA** bZ'o# ges'kk iafgatfu I;kjfu th ifr j[ks FkksA
daoj bZ'oj nfj çkFkZuk dbZ r ^fgu nqf[k;kjh ekm rqafgats ukys tks okLrks fMuks vkgsA
fgu ckj [ks thouq cf[+'k ,sa ekm ts Hkfjols [ks dkbeq j[kqA** ckj [ks gat esa [k.kh
Hkxr daojjke ghv yksyh xkrh& ^yksyh Msoka yky uwaA** dkfnj th o+Q˜fnjr vfgM+h
eqgkaMks = eq[kq
fuoM+r = uezrk
dksgj = j/y p.kkMksghM+k = nksgk
fi.kq = fc
M[k.k = nf{k.k fn'kkfM?kks = yEcks
cksN.kq = Vqokyq ;k vaxksNks
ckMk, = uht+kjhv lka çkFkZuk
djs
o+Qkfn# = ijekRek
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
193
ek: jkx˜ = ekSr rs xk;ks
osanM+ jkx˜
Fkh] tks ckj ts ftLe esa pqfj&iqfj iSnk Fkh ,sa ck# #v.k yxksA pofu Fkk r mu ofD+r
daoj ts vf[k;qfu eka vkcq ogh fufdrksA daoj ts thou tk vfgM+k dsfrjk bZ fo+Qlk
vkfgfuA fganw rksM+s eqlyeku] dks fc lqokyh b±nks r dao# >ksyh iQfgyk,] mUgfu tk
nq[k nwfj dj.k ykb gFkq fM?ksjhanksA daoj vfgM+fu balkufu esa lk[+;krq bZ'o# ifl;ksA
fofjgkÄs [kka vx˜ ,p-,e-oh- xzkeksi+Qksu dEiuhv okjfu Hkxr lkfgc tk dyke
fjdkMZ dj.k ykb fgd rtqcsZdkj bathfu;j [ks [+kkfl rkSj rs teZuhv eka ?kqjk;ksA thva
r Hkxr lkfgc tks lq# ,frjks r cqyan gks] tks [+kkfl fjdkfM±x ykb rduhd viukbZ
osbZ gqbZA tsds fjdkMZ vt fc otk;k osank vkfgfuA
vej 'kghn lar daojjke iafgats thou th okx /.khv ts gokys djs NMhA ekfyd
thva rwa gykb±nsa] rhva gfycksA* ekfyd tsdk okV daoj [ks Ms[kkjh] rafga [ksfl vejrk
c[+'khA
fta+nxhv tks vkf[+kjh çksxzkeq eka>knfu njckfj esa fFk;ks] ftrs Hkxfr isf'k dans ek: jkx˜
xkrkÅaA lHkq gSjkuq gqvkA [+kq'khv ts ekSo+Qs rs ek: jkx˜ ! ij njoss'k daoj [ks vkf[+kjhu
li+Qj th tk.k vanj th jks'kuhv t+jh, ibth ossbZ&
^^vkm dkaxk dfj xkfYg ewa[ks frfu ek:vM+fu th]
ek:vM+fu th] lkaxhvM+fu thA**
(ek: jkx˜)
fla/q esa ifgjha uoEcj lu~ 1939 bZ- ts Mhaga [ks dkjks Mhagqa rkSj ntZ d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
#d LVs'ku rs fganw&eqfLye ,drk] veu ,sa HkkbZpkjs ts çrhd Hkxr daojjke [ks fdfu
dV# et+gch ek.gqfu xksyh g.kh ekjs NfM;ksA rMfga [kka Hkxr daojjke ts ukys lka
^'kghn* tqM+h fo;ksA vt˜ fc ^#d LVs'ku* rs ifgjha uoEcj rs fganw&eksfeu xfMth]
gt+kjsa Mhvk ckjs J¼katfy Mhank vkfgfuA fla/h fgu okD+, [ks ekSrq u ij 'kgknr
e×khank vkfgfuA
fganq&fla/q esa dsfrjk bZ
vkLFkku vkfgfu] tsds daoj
ts ukys rs 'ksok tk deq djs
jfg;k vkfgfuA Hkkjr ekrk
eafnj gfj}kj esa Hkkjr ts
fc;fu larfu ft;ka 28 ebZ
lu~ 2008 rs daoj tks fc
gFkq fM?ksjhanks = enn danks
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
194
iqryks Fkkfi;ks fo;ksA fla/q esa fc larfu ts eku esa ewjr
Fkkfi;y vkgsA Hkkjr ljdkj 26 vçsy lu~ 2010 esa
Hkxr daojjke ts eku esa Viky fVdyh tkjh dbZA rafga
tks vukoj.k rafga ofD+r th Hkkjr th jk"Vªifr çfrHkk
nsohflag ikfVy ikjka jk"Vªifr Hkou ts njckj gky esa
fFk;ksA
ikfdLrku ts 'kgj jgM+dhv esa Hkxr lkfgc th Msojh
(lek/h) vkgsA
Hkkjr ts tqnk tqnk 'kgjfu esa >>s rbnkn esa /eZ'kkykÅa] jLrk] pkSjkgk] vLirkywa]
I;kÅ tksM+k, lanfl ;kfn [ks vejrk c[+'kh osbZ vkgsA
Hkkjrh; laxhr th ijEijk esa Hkfxrh laxhr tks fgdq vgeq LFkkuq vkgsA ehjka th
Hkfxrh] rqyhlnkl ,sa lwjnkl th Hkfxrhv tfgM+k db± felky vkfgfu] tsds Hkfxrhv
[ks fgdq uvksa :i Mhank vkfgfuA fgufu Hkfxrh dans ofD+r #xks iafgats vkjkè; tks :iq
fMBks ,sa mu esa yhu Fkh fo;kA p;ks Fkks o×ks r bgk :gkfu;r th fgd vfgM+h dyk
vkgs] tafga esa Hkxr iafgats bZ'oj lka eqyko+Qkr Fkks djsA vfgM+h bZ Hkfxrh ef×kts Fkh
fla/h Hkxr daojjke thA
laxhr ts lqjfu esa 'kkL=kh; lqxeq laxhrq ,sa yksd laxhrq vkgsA yksd laxhr esa dyke]
MksghM+k ,sa ykMk c˜/.k tks et+ks bZ vyfx vkgsA yksd laxhr th fgd flUi+Q Hkxfr
fi.kq vkgsA thva M[k.k Hkkjr tks [+kkfl fdLe tks u`R; dqphiqM+h] Hkjr ukV~;e ,sa
dFkdyh e'kgwj vkfgfu] rhva bZ fla/q th Hkxfr fif.k_ ghv fgd [+kkfl vankt+ esa
isf'k dbZ osanh vkgsA
Hkxr daojjke tks ukyks bu lka b,a tqfM+;y vkgs] tks lanfl ukys vfx;ka Hkxr
yxk;ks osanks vkgsA Hkxfr* futq fla/h ekSfldhv tks felky vkgsA dafga fc fo+Qls [ks
xk, ,sa ukVdh vankt+ esa c;kuq dj.k [ks ^Hkxfr* poank vkfgfuA ?k.ks HkkÄs c Hkxr
lqokyfu tokcfu t+jh, Hkxfr isf'k dank vkfgfuA yksd laxhr th fgu dyk esa u`R;
,sa fo+Qls [ks dyke th enn lka isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA Hkxr daojjke fgu ekSfldhv
tks fgdq oMks felky vkgsA
ûö-ý vpks r leq>wa
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
195
Hkxr daojjke dufu esa dqaMy] xys esa ekYgk] isjfu rkb± fM?kks tkeks] dqYgs rs cksN.kq]
eFks rs ifxM+h ,sa isjfu esa Nsfj ik, lth jkfr Nsfj th fNfedkj rs vkyki lka dyke
isf'k danks gks ,sa >weanks gksA lanfl vkokt+ esa vfgM+ks r rklh# gks] tks ijs ijs ts xksBfu
eka ckj&c˜<k] vkSjrwa&enZ ehyfu tks eqi+Qkflyks r; djs Hkxfr fMl.k ,sa c˜/.k b±nk
gqvkA Hkxfr nkSjku tsdh dq>q >ksyhv esa ioanks gksfl] lks x+jhcfu] eksgrktfu]
lwjnklfu ,sa vikfgtfu esa fojgk,] gj t+:jrean th >ksyh Hkjhanks gksA ojh l[+kh
vfgM+ks] tks fgd gFk lka fM, r fc, gFk [ks [+kcj u iosA Nsfj th fNedkj rs Hkxfr
fo>anks r xkb±nks fc ,sa eLrhv esa >weans cs[+k˜fn Fkh osanks gksA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- Hkxfr dfgM+s fo+QLe th dyk vkgs\
(v) ukVdq (c) fpVlkyh
(l) laxrjk'kh (n) fo+Qls [ks xk, ukVdh vankt+ esa c;kuq dj.kq
¹ º
2- Hkxr daojjke dfgM+h iks'kkd ifgjhank gqvk\
(v) /ksrh (c) 'ksjokuh
(l) tkeks (n) lyokj&[+kehl ¹ º
3- gqufu tks xq: ds# gqvks\
(v) dchj (c) HkkbZ tkM+kjke
(l) lrjkenkl (n) ik: 'kkgq ¹ º
4- Hkxr lkfgc th 'kgknr dMfga Fkh\
(v) 2 vkDVkscj 1938 (c) 25 fMlEcj 1934
(l) 1 uoEcj 1939 (n) 20 tuojh 1947 ¹ º
5- Hkxr daojjke th ;kfn esa Hkkjr ljdkj Nk tkjh d;ks\
(v) fyi+Qki+Qks (c) dkMZq
(l) Viky fVdyh (n) uksV ¹ º
rklh# = vl#
eqi+Qkflyks = nwjh] i+Qklyks
gh.kfu = det+ksjfu
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûö-ü
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
196
tokc
thouhv esa Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts tue ts [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu tks o.kZuq d;yvkgsA
Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ifjokj ts Hkkfr;qfu th tk.k fMuy vkgsA
Hkxoarh ukok.khv th laxhr fo|k [ks tk.kk;ks fo;ks vkgsA
Hkxr daojjke ts thouhv rs jks'kuh fo/h osbZ vkgsA
Hkxr daojjke ts Hkxfr th ok[kkf.k dbZ osbZ vkgsA
Hkxr daojjke ts 'kgknr tks o.kZuq d;y vkgsA
dfgM+s fc dqVqac esa tkoyq 'k[+lq efgur ,sa yxu lka dkfe;kch gkflyq djs l?ksFkksA
vkSjrwa enZfu [kka ?kfV u vkfgfu] mgs gj [ks=k esa enZfu lka dqYgks dqYgs esafeyk, gyfu fFk;waA
nqfu;k th vkne'kqekjhv tks v/q fglks vkSjrqfu tks vkgsA mUgfu th rjdhv
lka bZ ns'k ,sa nqfu;k tks ok/kjks Fkh l?ks FkksA
1- Hkxr daojjke th thouhv rs jks'kuh fo>ksA
2- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts 'kf[+l;r th tk.k Mhans c˜/k;ks r mu [ks jkx th jk.khNks p;ks fo;ks vkgs\
3- lar daojjke ijksidkj tk dfgM+k de d;k\
4- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ekSldhv ts li+Qj rs Fkksjs esa fy[kksA
5- Hkxoarh ukok.khv ts ckyi.k esa ekSldhv th 'kq:vkfr rs jks'kuh fo>ksA
6- daojjke fganw eqfLye ,drk tks fgdq fu'kkuq vkgs& dhva\
7- fla/h Hkxfr ,sa daojjke Hkxr th Hkfxrhv ts [+kkfl;rqfu rs jks'kuh fo>ksA
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc16-1 1- (l) 2- (l) 3- (c)
16-2 1- (n) 2- (l) 3- (l)
4- (l) 5- (l)
rOgka Nk fl[;k
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
fVi.kh
fla/hv tk i+Qudkj
tkoyq = tueq ofjryq
197
17
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
vt˜ lkbal ,sa VsDukykWthv tks nkSj vkgsA nqfu;k rst+ jÝ+rkj lka o/h jgh vkgsA
ehfM;k db± okgwa [kksys NfM;wa vkfgfu] iksb pkgs v[+kck:a gqtfu] jsfM;ks Vh-oh- gqts]
baVjusV gqts ;k lks'ky ehfM;kA fc;qfu tkfr;qfu ft;ka fla/h tkrhv ts ft+anxhv esa
fc bu tks vfgeq jksy vkgsA flaf/;qfu [ks fc tu lapkj ekè;efu tks lgkjks ofB.kks
Fkks iosA vtdYg ?kj osBs bZ M™jkagfu bykdfu ,sa nqfu;k ts dqaM dqfM+N esa jganM+ dafga
fc ?kVuk th FkMs rs tk.k igqph Fkh o×ksA tu lapkj ekè;e esa fçaV ehfM;k [kka lokb
jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- iafgatks vgeq fdjnk# vnk djs jfg;k vkfgfuA baVjusV ts bafo+Qykcq
vp.k lka mu ts vfx;ka ofM;wa yydk:a iSnk fFk;wa vkfgfuA jk"Vªh; ,sa varjkZ"Vªh;
lrg rs mu [ksrj esa oMks bafo+Qykcq vph pqdks vkgsA Hkkjrh; tu lapkj tk ekè;e
fc rst+ jÝ+rkj lka cfnytanM+ nkSj esaa d+ne lka d+neq feyk,] iafgatks fdjnk# vnk djs
jfg;k vkfgfuA vlha fçaV ,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks ft+Øq danklha] mu lka xM˜ mu
ts bfrgkl rs fc ljljh ut+j fo>.kq t+:jh vkgsA vpks r fgu lcd+ esa mUgfu [ks
leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
tu lapkj ,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ts eq[+rfyi+Q olhyfu ts ckjs esa c;kuq djs l?kank_
bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ts bfrgkl esa muts jksy [ks c;kuq djs l?kank_
vyfx vyfx v[+kck#fu esa Nfi;y [+kc#fu th HksV djs l?kank_
jsfM;ks Vh-oh- ts de dj.k ts rjhds tks o.kZuq djs l?kaank_
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ v[+kck#fu esa 'kkW;k fFk;y lekpkjfu tks o.kZuq djs l?kankA
lapkj = iQfgykookgwa = jLrk
vfgeq = egRoiw.kZ] [+kkfl
FkMs rs = mrs tks mrs(vkWu n LikWV)
bafo+Qykcq = Økafr
fdjnk# = ik=k
ed+ln
fVi.kh
198
wa
rOgka jkst+ejg th fta+nxhv esa v[+kck:a i<+ks Fkk r fdfu fc pbfu v[+kck#fu tk
ukyk fy[kks&
(1) --------------------------------------------------- (2) ---------------------------------------------------
(3) --------------------------------------------------- (4) ---------------------------------------------------
û÷-û v[+kck#fu ,sa eSx+t+uqfu tks l:i
v[+kckj& lqcwg tks pkafga ts I;kys rs v[+kckj i<+ans vkeq rjg bgk bZ /kj.kk
cf.kth osbZ vkgs r v[+kckj ekuk [+kc:aA b,a u vkgsA v[+kck#fu esa fli+QZ [+kc:a bZ
u cfYd fc;k fc dsfrjk bLe ut+fj b±nkA fgu lcd+ esa vOgka[ks tu lapkj ts
ekè;efu esa ofD+r flj vk;yq cfnyko ut+fj b±nksA fgd bZ xkfYg ;k [+kcj [ks gfjdk
v[+kckj iafgats rjho+Qs lka isf'k djs Fkh ,sa mUgfu [ks vyfx vyfx ukyfu lka tkrks
o×ks Fkks ,sa vyfx vyfx ekSt+™vfu ;k fglfu rs vk/kfjr bLe 'kkfey d;k o×kfu
FkkA gk.ks fMfl.kks bgks vkgs r mUgfu tk dfgM+k vax vkfgfu] mUgfu ts ckjs esa fc
tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA
û÷-ü v[+kck#fu tk vax ;k fgLlk
v[+kck#fu esa dkSeh ,sa vkfyeh lrg okfj;wa fl;klh [+kc:a] jkafn;qfu twa [+kc:a] bYe
vnc lka okcLrk [+kc:a] jkafn;wa ,sa foanqj] ?kj lalkj] vkSjrqfu ,sa ckjfu th fnypLihv
okfj;wa [+kc:a] jkafn;qfu ts pVkHksVhv okfj;wa] dYpjy ljxfeZ;qfu] ukVd laxhr]
fi+QYeh nqfu;k twa [+kc:a] vgeq 'kf[+l;rqfu lka eqyko+Qkrqfu okjk bLe] dkVwZu] of.kt
okikj] LVkWd ,Dlpsat] ekSle tks vfgokyq] jsyos th VkbZfeax] lkfgR; ts fygkt+ [kka
dgkf.k;wa] ukVd] ,MhVksfj;y ox+SjgA bgks
t+:jh ukgs r gj v[+kckj esa bgs lHksbZ bLe
'kkfeyq d;k o×kfu ;k ojh mUgfu [ks mu tks
fglks c.kk;ks o×ksA gjdafga v[+kckj rji+Qka
iafgatks iafgatks iSekuks eqo+Qj# d;ks osanks vkgs
r Nk 'kkfeyq dfj.kks vkgs] Nk u dfj.kks
vkgsA [+kc#fu th vgfe;r [ks fMlans] oD+rs
fdfu bLefu [ks iklhjks d;ks osanks vkgsA
ekè;efu = t+jhvfu
cfnykm = iQsjks
ekSt+™vfu = fo"k;fuvkyeh = varjkZ"Vªh;
fl;klh = jktuhfrd
bYe vnc = f'k{kk lkfgR;ljxjfe;wa = xfrfof/;wa
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ûfVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
199
v[+kck#fu esa NfitanM+ bLe
û÷-ü-û lekpkj pwaM.k tk rjhdk[+kc#fu th pwaM dj.kq v[+kckj tks rekeq vgeq fglks vkgsA bu ykb pwaM dj.k okjs
eFkka oMh tokcnkjh vkgsA [+kcj th lpkbZ fjiksVZjfu tss rji+Qka i+QkbZy d;y
dgk.khv th vgfe;r [ks fMlans mu [ks 'kkfey dj.k th tokcnkjh ,MhVj ,sa phi+Q
,MhVj ts eFkka jgs FkhA jkst+kuks xksBfu] 'kgjfu] o+QkSeh ,sa vkyeh lrg rs gt+kjsa
?kVukÅa ?kfVtfu fFk;wa] mUgfu eka pwaM dj.kq oMh ft+esnkjhv tks deq fFk, FkksA dafga
[+kcj th dsfrjh vgfe;r vkgs] mu th eo+Qcwfy;r ;k vgfe;r [ks fMlh] [+kcj
'kkfeyq dbZ o×ks FkhA fl;klh] lekth] jkafn;qfu] of.kt okikj ox+SSjg tk vyfx
fjiksVZj gwank vkfgfu] tsds [+kc:a xM djs b±nk vkfgfuA ,MhVj] phi+Q ,MhVj] frfu
th vgfe;r [ks ut+j esa j[kans pwaM dank vkfgfuA bu [ks fc è;ku esa jf[k;ks osanks
vkgs r bu tks dfgM+ks vk/k# ;k olhyks jgs FkksA gj [+kcj [ks 'kkW;k uFkks djs
lf?ktsA xfM;y i+QSflyss ts rgr pwaM dbZ osanh vkgsA fjiksVZj [+kc:a ,MhVksfj;y cksMZ
[ks eksfdyhank vkfgfu] mu [kka lokb vyfx vyfx U;wt+ ,tsafl;wa fc [+kc:a tkjh
dafn;wa vkfgfuA tfgM+ksfd ;w-,u-vkbZ-] ih-Vh-vkbZ-] jkbZVj ;k vyfx vyfx eqYdfu
tk ,fot+h gj eqYd esa eqo+Qj# d;k osank vkfgfu] tsds iafgats iafgats eqYd Mkagqa
[+kc:a eksfdyhank vkfgfu ,sa mgs vyfx vyfx olhyfu t+jh, [+kc:a eksfdyhank
vkfgfuA mu [kka lokb çsl buiQes±'ku C;wjks fc çsl fjyht+ tkjh danks vkgsA [+kc:a
fM;.k ofD+r mUgfu [+kc#fu lka U;wt+ ,tsafl;qfu tks gokyks MsbZ [+kc:a fMfu;wa osafn;wa
vkfgfuA bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh-] baVjusV] bZ&isij fc bu [ks=k esa nkf[+kyq
fFk;k vkfgfuA vyfx vyfx olhyfu oVka [+kc:a gfFk djs 'kkfeyq dank vkfgfu]
iksb fçaV ;k ojh czkMdkWLV d;wa
osafn;wa vkfgfuA fjiksVZj baVjusV ;k
bZ&esy t+jh, fjiksVZ eksfdyhfu
FkkA vxs iksLV] i+QSDl] i+Qksu] ,l-
,e-,l- t+jh, eksfdyhank gqvk]
gk.ks r okWV~l&,i tks fc bLrsekyq
d;ks fi;ks o×ksA
vgfe;r = egRo
eo+Qcwfy;r = yksdfç;
olhyfu = t+jhvfu
[+kc:a,MhVksfj;y
rLoh:a ys[k baVjO;w dkVwZuxzkfi+QDl
b'rgkj ikBdfutwa fpfB;wa
ekSle tksvfgokyq
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
200
lekpkj tk fo+QLe
[+kc#fu tks flyflykstMfga dksbZ fjiksVZj dk [+kcj fM, Fkks] mu th vgfe;r] ,sa lfHkuh v[+kck#fu [ks
è;ku esa j[kh ,sa ikBd ;k c˜/anM+ th fnypLihv [ks è;ku esa j[kh [+kcj fMuh osanh
vkgsA
lekpkj tk vax
mUokuqgsfMax ckWDl esa] ckdh ifgfj,a ius rs fMtsA fc,] fV,a ;k vkf[+kjhu lqÝ+gs rs fif.kA
[+kcj] dafga fc okjnkr tk rÝ+lhy] mUgfu [ks rns rs o×kh ekywekr gkflyq dj.k]
rLoh:a 'kkfeyq dj.k] mu okjnkr tkb rka fjiksVZ dj.kq] gjfgd ekywekfr gkflyq
dj.kq] df'k'k danM+ gsM&ykbZu] tafga lka ikBd ts eu esa mgk [+kcj c˜/.k th
mf.k&rqf.k iSnk fFk,A
lekpkj tks olhyksrekeq vgeq vkgsA mu ts lpkbZv th rlnho+Q dj.kqq] mi+Qokg rs LVksjh i+QkbZy u
dj.kqA mu th rkjh[+k fMBh osanh vkgs r ghv [+kcj eqEcbZv eka gkflyq Fkh] mrka th
vkgs ;k fnYyhv thA dafga ts gokys lka gfFk dbZ osbZA ;w-,u-vkbZ-] ih- Vh-vkbZ- dafga
[+kcj fMuh] fdFkka gfFk dbZ osbZA
'kq:vkfrbUVªks ;kus Fkksjs esa okfDi+Q;r fM;.k cSfn lth okjnkr th tk.k fMuh osanh vkgsA eFkka
;kuh 'kq:v esa Fkksjs esa tk.k gwanhA vanj rÝ+lhy esa LVksjh ;kus [+kcj fMuh osanh vkgsA
ifgfj;kb± FkqYgfu v[kjfu esa] vanj ua<h VkbZi fFk;y ut+j b±nhA
bDrlkfn;r = vkfFkZdrk] ekyh
rÝ+lhy = foLrk#mf.k&rqf.k = mRlqdrk
rlnho+Q = id] tkp
fl;klh lekth of.kt okik#(vkfFkZd)
jkafn;wa bDrlkfn;r
esu gsfMax lc gssfMax ckuh ykbZu lekpkjtk olhyk
bUVªkss('kq:vkfr)
vfgokyq
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
201
vfgokyqokjnkr tks vfgokyq] tafga lka Fkh vkgsA mu okjnkr [ks lgh rjg isf'k dj.kq] ij
dMfga dMfga fjiksVZ# gkyrqfu ts eís&ut+j iafgats ohpkjfu lka esy [kkb±nM+ ohpkj
'kkfeyq danks vkgs] tafga eka mUgfu th ohpkj/kjk] iafgatks ut+fj;ks fc ut+fj b±nksA mu
esa okjnkr okjh tkb twa rLoh:a ;k eqrkfljfu tk ohpkj fc 'kkfeyq djs] mu [ks
vgfe;r c[+'ks lf?kts FkhA bgk ?kVuk fdFks Fkh] dfgM+s ofD+r] ds# ds# ekStwnq gqvk
ox+SjgA
[+kc:a isf'k dj.kqthva C;kSjs esa vOgha i<+h pqdk vkfg;ks r tsdk ?kVuk Fkh vkgs] mu ts rÝ+lhyqfu
[ks thva tks rhva isf'k dj.kq] go+Qho+Qr rs vk/kfjr okjnkr esa fjiksVZj [ks iafgatk
ohpkj isf'k dj.k th xqatkb'k u gwanh vkgsA bgk ch xkfYg vkgs r gj fjiksVZj tks
iafgatks vyfx vankt+ ,sa Hkk"kk gwanh vkgs] tafga tks bLrsekyq djs mu ?kVuk ts ckjs esa
i<+anM+fu ts eu esa mf.k&rqf.k ,sa fnypLih iSnk dj.k esa dke;kcq osanks vkgsA bu ?kVuk
ts ckjs esa vfxrss tk.k.k th bart+kjh fc iSnk djs FkksA fgd lqtkx˜ i<+anM+ th bgk
fif.k dksf'k'k gwanh vkgs r mu ?kVuk ts ckjs esa fc;qfu fc v[+kck#fu [ks i<+h iksb
bZ mu ts gdhdr rs iafgath jk; o+Qkbeq djsA ij ds tT+ckr ts ogqfdjs esa ogh] fgd
ohpkj/kjk ts ogqfdjs esa ogh osank vkfgfuA vt˜dYg fçaV ,sa bysDVªkWfud tk db± U;wt+
pSuy iafgats rjhds lka c˜/anM+fu ,sa n'kZdfu [ks fNd.k ykb ?kVuk [ks luluh[+kst+
c.kk, isf'k dfu FkkA eFkka lks'ky ehfM;k csyx+ke ?kksM+s ft;ka t+gufu rs geyk djs
jgh vkgsA gjdafga tk c igyw gwank vkfgfuA tu lapkj ts ekè;e esa bafo+Qykcq vp.k
djs [+kc:a isf'k danM+fu eFkka oMh tokcnkjh jgs Fkh r fc, rfi+QZ [+kc#fu i<+anM+fu
;k U;wwt+ pSuyfu rji+Qka isf'k FkhanM+ [+kc#fu ;k U;wt+ vkbZVe rs vyfx vyfx
olhyfu t+jh, isf'k fFk;y [+kc:a c˜/h iksb iafgath dk jk; o+Qkbeq djsA
1- v[+kck#fu ,sa eSx+t+uqfu lka e'kgwj 'kf[+l;rqfu ,sa bekjrqfu] tk;qfu ts ga/fu twa
rLoh:a xM djs] mUgfu ts fo"k; esa t+:jh ,sa vgeq tk.k Mhans çkstsDV r;k#
dfj;ksA
2- dafga fc fgd gkfnls rs i+Qhpj r;k# dfj;ksA
3- dafga fc fgd v[+kckj tks [+kkdks r;k# djs] eq[+rfyi+Q˜ rjhdfu lka mu th
fu'kkunsgh dfj;ksA
okjnkr = ?kVuk
ut+fj;ks = n`f"Vdks.kq
eqrkfl# = çHkkforqtT+ckr = Hkkouk
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ü
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
202
tk.k o/kb±nM+ lqokylgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- v[+kck#fu esa Nfi;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu&
(v) lHkq ?kVukÅa (c) lq×kk.ki okjfu twa [+kc:a
(l) fli+QZ fl;klh (n) vgeq okjnkrwa ¹ º
2- lekpkjfu tss olhyfu esa gsfB;fu eka dfgM+h xkfYg uFkh vps\
(v) lekpkj dafgaa gkflyq d;k (c) fdFkka gkflyq d;ks
(l) dMfga gkflyq d;k (n) Nks gkflyq d;ks ¹ º
3- gsfB;fu eka dfgM+kss tqfeyks lgh vkgs\
(v) [+kc:a rÝ+lhyqfu rs vk/kfjr gwafn;wa vkfgfu
(c) [+kc:a fjiksVZj ts ohpkjfu rs vk/kfjr gwafn;wa vkfgfu
(l) [+kc:a lpkbZv ,sa fcuk HksnHkko okfj;wa gwafn;wa vkfgfu
(n) [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk vyfx Fkh l?ks Fkh ¹ º
û÷-ü-ü lEikndh;tsds v[+kck#fu esa [+kc:a isf'k Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu] mUgfu rs lEiknd iafgath fVi.kh danks
vkgsA fgd ;k fgd [kka o/hd [+kc#fu [ks [k.kh fc iafgats lEikndh; esa mu rs
fVi.kh danks vkgsA mu rs i<+anM+ iafgats [+kr t+jh, jk;k fc fy[kank vkfgfuA mu rs
iafgath jkb fc o+Qkbeq dank vkfgfuA lEiknd [ks lEikndh; fy[k.k th iwjh NwV gwanh
vkgsA lqtkx˜ i<+anM+ eq[+rfyi+Q ifgyqfu th NaMNk.k dj.k cSfn bZ iafgath jkb o+Qkbeq
dank vkfgfuA lEikndh; eka lEiknd ;k v[+kckj ts ohpkj/kjk th fc [+kcj ioanh
vkgsA
û÷-ü-ý i+QksVksiQksVks bu ekè;e tks vgeq vax vkgs] tafga lka mu [+kcj th vgfe;r] lpkbZ ,sa
go+Qho+Qrqfu th lph rLohj vlkats vfx;ka vps FkhA d+fnjrh o+Qgjfu ;k bu rjg ts
fc;qfu ?kVukmfu ts [+kc#fu lka tsdMfga rLoh:a 'kkfey gqtfu r bgks ltks eat+j
vf[k;qfu vkMks vph o×ks FkksA mu rLohj ts gsBka dq>q flVqfu esa rÝ+lhy gwank
vkfgfu] ftfu [ks dSI'ku poank vkfgfuA rLoh:a fMl.k cSfn eu esa mf.k&rqf.k iSnk
Fkhanh vkgsA mu tks vlj fc ios FkksA thva dsnkjukFk cæhukFk esa tsds d+fnjrh o+Qgj
okjk gkfnlk fFk;k] mUgfu twa rLoh:a fMlh] mu fouk'kdkjh vkink [kka eqrkfl#
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx&vyfx
o+Qg# = vkink
eat+# = n`';
vfx;ka = os>ks
vksls ikls = vklikfl
LFkkufu = txfg;qfu
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ûfVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
203
fFk;yfu twa ihM+kÅa vlha efglwlq djs fi;k l?kwaA rLoh#fu gsBka fMuy fcfu flVqfu
lka lth ?kVuk th vflfy;r c;kuqq dbZ osanh vkgsA
1- xqft+fj;y fcfu efgufu esa tafga [+kcj rOgka eFkka rekeq ?k.kks vl# NfM;ks gqts]
mu tks c;kuq dankA eqrkfl# fFk;.k tk dkj.k fc c;kuq dankA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- iafgatss vksls ikls okjfu vgeq LFkkufu] bekjrqfu] ek.gqfu ts rLoh#fu eka dq>q
bZ rLoh:a pwaM djs] mUgfu [ks ckWDl vanj fpafcM+k;ks ,sa mUgfu ts ckjs esa fVfu
pbfu flVqfu esa fy[kksA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
û÷-ü-þ i+Qhpj
[+kc#fu esa fli+QZ okjnkr tks c;ku gwanks vkgs ij i+Qhpj esa eq[+rfyi+Q˜ igyqfu [ks [k.kh
c;kuq d;ks osanks vkgsA dafga ts gklyrqfu [ks [k.kh rÝ+lhy esa isf'k d;ks osanks] thva
dYiuk pkoyk iksykj ;k M™j vkdk'k esa mMke Hkjh gqbZA dYiuk dsj vkgs] mu [ks
eu esa dhva ohpkj vk;ks] dfgfM+;wa rDyhi+Qwa nfj&isf'k vk;wa] mrs igqp.k rs mu tk
dfgM+k tT+ck gqvk ox+SjgA osf>M+kbZv esa tsV ,;jost+ tks ukStqoku fla/h ik;yV
dSIVu lanhi eulq[kk.kh 55 Mhagafu ts Fkdkb±nM+ ci+QhZyh pksfV;qfu tks Mf[k;ks li+Q#
djs 29 gt+kjfu [kka eFks ekÅaV ,ojsLV ts pksVhv rs igqph u fli+QZ Hkkjr tks frjaxks
yfgjk;ks cfYd iafgats b"Vnso yky lkab± >wysyky tks >aMks fc >wyk;ksA v[+kck#fu
tks de vkgs tk.k fM;.kq ,sa foanqj eq;l# dj.kqA i+Qhpj vke th fnypLihv okjk]
lathnk Nsn dj.k tfgM+k ,sa gYdk iQqYdk foanqj okjk Fkhank vkfgfuA
û÷-ü-ÿ ys[kv[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk ys[k Nfitank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k ,MhVksfj;y lqÝ+gs rs
,sa fc;k i+Qhpj okjs lqÝ+gs rsA lEikndh; okjs lqÝ+gs ykb bgks t+:jh gwanks vkgs r dafga
?kVuk lka okcLrk gqv.kq t+:jh vkgsA ij i+Qhpj ts flyflys ykb bgks t+:jh u vkgsA
i+Qhpj ts flyflys esa vt˜dYg v[+kck#fu th dksf'k'k jganh vkgs r mu esa tk.k
,sa [+kcj fc gqtsA
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ = vyfx&vyfx
iksykj = varfj{k
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ý
foanqj = euksjatuq
okcLrk = laca/ j[kanM+
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
204
û÷-ü-ö baVjO;w
baVjO;w ;kus eqyko+Qkr esa dafga fc 'kf[+l;r lka xkfYg cksfYg dj.kqA mu esa dafgats fc
thou] i+Qu ;k fc, dafga igywv ckcfr gdhdrqfu rs vk/kfjr okD+vk gwank vkfgfuA
mu [ks vlha xkfYg cksfYg fc pbZ l?kwa FkkA mu esa c 'kf[+l;rwa gwafn;wa vkfgfu& lqoky
danM+ ,sa tokc MhanM+A mu [kka lokb dafga gknls ts ckjs esa tk.k.k ykb baVjO;w fc
Fkh l?ks FkhA mu ykb baVjO;w ;k eqyko+Qkr oBanM+ [ks tk.k gqv.kq ?kqfjts] thva vgeq
lqoky iqNs] tafga eka lqBh ekywekfr gkflyq djs lf?kts ,sa vkMh iqNk djs of/ esa of/
tk.k gkflyq djs lf?ktsA
dkjhxj] ekLrj] MkDVj eka dafga fc fgd lka feyh] mu [kka lqoky iqNks A mUgfu
tks baVjO;w oBh] lqoky dfj;ks A rOgka dfgM+k lqoky d;k ,sa rOgka[ks dfgM+k tokc
fefy;k] fy[kank&
1- vgeq yydk:a
lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- ek.gqfu tks mUgfu lka ofgaok#
lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- dqVqach ,sa lkekftd thouq
lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- mgs dfgM+s de esa ekfg# vkfgfu
lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-5- vksls&ikls ts ekgksy rs mUgfu tks dfgM+ks vl# vkgs
lqoky -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tokc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ekfg# = fo}kuq
i+Quq = dyk
vkMh iqNk = iqNk xkNk
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-þ
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
205
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- lEikndh; dafga rs vk/kfjr gwanks vkgs\
(v) ys[kfu rs (c) [+kc#fu rs
(l) i+Qhpj rs (n) ikBdfu ts ohpkj rs ¹ º
2- i+QksVks ts gsBka Nfi;y lwpuk [ks v[+kckj ts Hkk"kk esa Nk poank vkfgfu\
(v) baVªks (c) lc gsfMax
(l) dSI'ku (n) lekpkj tks olhyks ¹ º
3- i+Qhpj esa dafgatks gqv.kq t+:jh Fkhanks vkgs\
(v) lwpuk (c) olhys th tk.k
(l) lEiknd tk ohpkj (n) rLohj ¹ º
4- gsfB fMuy c;kufu esa lgh ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh ,sa x+yfr ts lkEgwa ()
th fu'kkuh yxkb±nk&
(v) lEikndh; ,sa [+kc#fu rs lEiknd th vkt+knq fVi.kh gwanh vkgsA ¹ º
(c) lEikndh; okjs lqÝ+gs rs Nfi;y ys[kfu ykb t+:jh u vkgs r mgs lekpkjfu
;k fdfu ?kVukmfu ts flyflys rs vk/kfjr gqtfuA ¹ º
(l) i+QksVks esa fc iafgatks ik.k esa [+kcj gwanh vkgsA ¹ º
(n) bgks t+:jh u vkgs r i+Qhpj lwpuk MhanM+ gqtsA ¹ º
(;) baVjO;w tks okfgiks fli+QZ v[+kck#fu ykb d;ks osanks vkgsA ¹ º
û÷-ü-÷ dkVwZu v[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk dkVwZu Nfitank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k rUt+ okjk] fc;k
et+kdh& ftfu esa foanqj gwanh vkgsA bgs ckWDl esa gwank vkfgfuA v[+kck#fu twa [+kc:a
jkst+ejg okfj;qfu [+kc#fu rs vk/kfjr] gfjdk v[+kckj mu ykb iafgats fygkt+ [kka
tkb eqo+Qj# danh vkgsA fcfu vaxzst+h v[+kck#fu esa e'kgwj ek:i+Q˜ dkVwZfuLV y{e.k
,sa lq/hj /j ts dkVwZufu fMl.k tks ek.gqfu [ks bafrt+k# gwanks gksA ua<h flV esa oMh
xkfYg dkVwwZufu esa pbZ osanh vkgsA ;k ojh yrhi+Qfu t+jh, dkVwZu Bkgs c;kuq dj.kA
dkVwZufu ts jkst+ejg ts fl;klh [+kc#fu rss dfjM+h ut+j jganh] tafga ts jfn&vey rkSj
fgdne mu[ks dkVwwZu tks :i MsbZ isf'k dankA turk fc mu rUt+ [ks [+kwcq ilan danh
vkgsA
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ü
rUt+ = O;ax
yrhi+Qfu = pqfVdqyfu
dfjM+h = fr[kh
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
206
û÷-ü-ø bf'rgkj
bf'rgkj v[+kck#fu tks vgeq vax vkfgfu ,sa rekeq t+:jh fc] tks v[+kckj gykb.k
ykb iSls th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA budjs bgks ykt+eh vaxq fc vkgsA bf'rgkj tkjh
dj.k okfj;wa ,tsafl;wa fc vkfgfuA ds ojh iafgats lqf/ iafgats 'k;qfu ts fofdjs ykb
bf'rgkj tkjh dank vkfgfuA mUgfu esa Likalj fFk;y çksxzke ox+Sjg 'kkfey gwank
vkfgfuA iafgats ilan th dk fc [+kjhnkjh dj.k
ts fygkt+ [kka bf'rgkj fMlank vkfgfuA diM+s
yVs] t+sojfu] bysDVkWfud lkeku] tk;qfu [+kjhn
dj.k] efryc r gj rjg tk bf'rgkj ut+j
b±nkA v[+kck#fu [ks r i+Qkbnks Fkhanks bZ Fkhanks
vkgs] xnksxM˜ [+kjhnkjh danM+ fc bf'rgkjfu ts
vk/kj rs iafgath ilan th [+kjhnkjh djs l?kanksA
bf'rgkj th Hkk"kk& b'rgkj MhanM+ bu xkfYg tks è;kuq j[kank vkfgfu r
vfgM+h Hkk"kk gqtss] tsdk [+kjhnkjh danM+ [ks ik.k rfi+QZ fNdsA Fkksjs esa oMh xkfYg
po.kqA
û÷-ü-ù fpfB;wa
i<+anM+fu rji+Qka ,MhVksfj;y ;k fc;fu ys[kfu ox+Sjg rs tsds [+kr feyank vkfgfu] ls
Nfitank vkfgfuA mUgfu eka dki+Qh jguqekbZ feyanh vkgsA fc, rfi+QZ turk fc iafgats
vfgatfu tss ckjs esa [+kr fy[kh mu rfi+QZ è;kuq fNdkb±fn;wa vkfgfuA tafga rfi+QZ
v[+kck#fu tks ,frjks è;kuq u fo;ks gqts] budjs fpfB;qfu th fc iafgath vgfe;r
vkgsA
û÷-ü-ûú ekSleq ,sa ct+kj
ekSle th tk.k gkflyq dj.k gokbZ li+Qj ,sa lkewaMh bykdfu okjfu ykb reke t+:jh
gwanks vkgsA ek.gqfu [ks [+kjkc ekSle gqv.k djs ekSle foHkkx ikjka gj rji+Qka fprkm
fMuks osanks vkgs r mgs leqaM rfi+QZ u o×kfuA gokbZ tgkt+fu th mMke Hkj.k ;k yg.k
ofD+r vkxkg d;ks osanks vkgsA ekSle th vxdFkhv lka ek.gqfu [ks gokbZ li+Qj ;k
Vsªu ts nsj enkj okjs VkbZe Vscy th tk.k ioanh vkgsA mixzgfu ts djs gokmfu ts
#[+k ;k ekSle ts cfnyko th [+kcj ioanh vkgsA pkSekls th vken vke ek.gqfu ykb
r vgeq gwanh vkgs ij gkfj;qfu ukfj;qfu ykb iks[k ,sa i+Qlqy ykb fc vgfe;r okjh
gwanh vkgsA ckt+kj ts v?kfu th tk.k okikfj;qfu ykb r t+:jh vkgsA v?kfu ts ykgs
ykft+eh = t+:jh
iafgats lqf/ = iafgats ys[ks
jguqekbZ = ekxZn'kZuq] jgcjhvfgatfu = rDyhi+Qqfu
vxdFkh = Hkfo";ok.kh
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
207
pk<+s tks mUgfu ts dkjksckj ts fygkt+ [kka gw mu rs l[+rq ut+j j[kank vkfgfu] r
fc, rfi+QZ 'kkfn;qfu eqjkfn;qfu ts fygkt+ [kka ek.gw lksu ts v?kfu th tk.k ykb mu
rs fc ut+j j[kank vkfgfuA
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- v[+kck#fu esa dkVwZu Nfit.k iqfB;ka dfgM+ks eo+Qlnq vkgs\
(v) foanqj ,sa fr[kh rUt+ (c) bf'rgkj th tk.k fM;.kq
(l) f'k{kk fM;.kq (n) lekftd jk; fM;.kq ¹ º
2- bf'rgkj tks ed+ln Nk vkgs\
(v) lwpuk (c) Hkk"kk ls[kkj.kq
(l) dkjksckj esa ok/kjks (n) çpkj çlkj dj.kq ¹ º
3- ikBdfu ts fpfB;qfu [ks v[+kck#fu esa Nks 'kkfey d;ks osanks vkgs\
(v) çpkj ykb (c) ikBdfu th Hkkxhnkjh
(l) pVkHksVhv ykb (n) [+kc#fu fM;.k ykb ¹ º
4- ekSle th tk.k fM;.k eka dafga[ks i+Qkbnks vkgs\
(v) ,DVj [kss (c) gkjhv ,sa okikjhv [ks
(l) MkbjsDVj [ks (n) i+QkSthv [ks ¹ º
û÷-ý [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk
v[+kck#fu th Hkk"kk loyh gwanh vkgsA iksb pkgs jsfM;ks gqts ;k ojh Vh-oh-A [+kc:a
c˜/h vlha okm lqvkv [kka okdqi+Qq fFk;wa FkkA bUgfu lfHkuh esa fgd xkfYg vkeq vkgs
r mUgfu th cksyh loyh gwanh vkgsA ij fdfu [+kc#fu esa byko+Qfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans]
mUghv cksyhv tks okfgiks d;ks osanks vkgsA vt˜ dYg i+QS'ku ,sa fi+QYeh nqfu;k esa fganh
mnwZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks fFk, fi;ksA mu [ks è;ku esa j[kans vfgM+k yÝ+t+ i<+.k
,sa c˜/.k oVka feyankA jsfM;ks ts ijMsgh çlkj.k esa ,sa vkdk'kok.khv esa drfc b±nM+
Hkk"kk esa i+QdZq ut+fj b±nks tks tafga ,jkt+hv ts ek.gqfu ykb çlkj.k Fkh jfg;ks vkgs]
mu ,jkt+hv ts c˜/anM+fu [ks è;ku esa j[kh] mgk bZ Hkk"kk bLrsekyq dbZ osanh vkgs ;k
ojh jkafn;qfu esa drfc b±nM+ mgs bZ yÝ+t+ bLrsekyq d;k osank vkfgfuA felky rkSj
fØdsV esa ,y-ch-McY;w-] uks&ckWy] xqxyh ox+SjgA
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ý
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
208
jk"Vªh; ,sa varjkZ"Vªh; [+kc#fu ;k fc, dafga lekpkj esa tsds yÝ+t+ ;k Hkk"kk bLrsekyqfFk, Fkh] mgk bZ drfc vkanh o×ks FkhA thva vkdk'kok.kh varjkZ"Vªh; yÝ+t+ tks okfgiksdanh r fc, rfi+QZ vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks th fons'k çlkj.k 'ksok mu [ks vkfyeh ;k cSuvydokeh poanhA U;wt+ i<+anM+ vkdk'kok.kh ,sa ijMsgh çlkj.k ykb mu ,jkt+hv tsc˜/anM+fu ts fygkt+ [kka Hkk"kk ts okfgis esa cfnyko vk.khank] [+kc#fu ykb ua<k ua<k
tqeyk drfc vk.khankA
û÷-þ bysDVªkWfud v[+kckj % v[+kckj tks uvksa l:i
vt˜ th rst+ jÝ+rkj fta+nxh ,sa ofD+r ts cfnyko lka gj [ks=k esa vyfx vyfx okgwa
[kqyh os;wa vkfgfuA v[+kckj pkgss [+kc#fu fM;.k okjfu rkSj rjhdfu esa fc oMks
bafo+Qykcq vph pqdks vkgsA fçaV ehfM;k ts Nfit.k ,sa bysDVªkWfud okjs [ks=k esa
[+kc#fu fM;.k ,sa Nfit.k ts rkSj rjhdfu esa i+Qo+QZ vkgsA v[+kckj eas NfitanM+ [+kc#fu esa
dkx+t+ tks okfgiks fFk, Fkks r fc, rfi+QZ bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa dEI;wVj rs dEikst+
djs] baVjusV rss vke rkb± igqpk, lf?kts FkksA iafgats dEI;wVj t+jh, baVjusV lka tksM+s]
oMs rfcds rkb± igqpk, lf?kts FkksA fçaV ts HksV esa bgk egkaxh ios Fkh ij mutks oMks
i+Qkbnks bgks vkgs r mu th igqp ,sa jÝ+rkj rst+ vkgsA fgan fla/ foyk;r eka mu jLrs
u fli+QZ tYnq mrs tks mrs [+kc:a
igqpfu fFk;wa r fc, rfi+QZ ;wjksi ;k
vesfjdk esa NfitanM+ [+kcj nqfu;k
ts dqaM&dqfM+N esa ;fdne igqph
l?ks FkhA vtdYg xksBfu esa fc
dEI;wVj ,sa baVjusV th igqp Fkh
osbZ vkgsA bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k t+jh,
nqfu;k ts dqaM dqfM+N esa [+kcj igqpk,
lf?kts FkhA mu ts HksV esa foyk;r
esa fçaV fFk;y v[+kckj ,frjks tYnq
uFkh igqph l?ksA fc;ks r ikM+sfljh eqYdfu esa NfitanM+ v[+kck:a ,frjks tYnq u
igqph l?kafn;waA fla/h v[+kckj ts fygkt+ [kka fMBks o×ks r mUgfu [ks v×kka eaft+y
r; dfj.kh vkgsA dq>q v[+kck:a iafgats iafgats osc&lkbZV rs fçaV fFk;y v[+kck:a
fo>fu fFk;wa] thva fganoklh ox+SjgA ij fc;wa dsfrfj;wa v[+kck:a ,sa eSx+t+uwa ih-Mh-,i+Q-
t+jh, mu Ml esa fo[k vfxrs [k.kh jfg;wa vkfgfuA bu rjg okWV~l&,i tks fc rekeq
?k.kks okfgiks d;ks fi;ks o×ksA fla/hv esa v×kka ,Mks oMks bafo+Qykcq dksu vk;ks vkgsA
dqaM dqfM+N = gj gaf/
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
209
bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k gqts ;k fçaV ehfM;k] fcUgha esa lkxhv rjg tks flfj'rks feyanks
vkgsA dkSeh ,sa vkyeh [+kc:a] ,MhVksfj;y] i+Qhpj ;k ojh rLoh:a ox+SjgA
û÷-ÿ v[+kckjuohlhv tk nkSj ,sa mu tks li+Qj
v[+kckjuohlhv [ks fVfu nkSjfu esa fofjgk, lf?kts Fkks ,sa pksFkksa nkSj bysDVªkWfud ,sa
baVjusV tks ekStwnk nkSjA
ifgfj;ksa nkSj& lu~ 1858 bZ- fc;ks nkSj& lu~ 1910 bZ- fV;ksa nkSj& 1947 bZ- tsdksfojgkÄs fFk;.k cSfn okjks nkSjA ifgjha v[+kckj ^i+Qokbnkg v[+kckj* gqbZA ghvv[+kckj djkphv eka 25 ebZ 1858 esa 'kq: FkhA (Fawaidu Akhbar the FirstBilingual Weekly- 25th May 1858) fla/h ,sa i+Qkjlhv esa tafga tk rÝ+lhy fganq ,safla/q ts v[+kckj uohlhv th rkjh[+k esa ntZq fFk;y vkfgfuA ifgjha fla/h v[+kckjfla/h cksyhv esa fla/ lq/kj* ukys okjh v[+kckj gqbZ] tsdk rbyhe [kkrs rji+Qka 'kq:dbZ osbZA vfxrs gyh mu th okx djkph ts [+kkuxh] lekth ,sa vnch laLFkk lq/kj
lHkk ts gokys 1884 bZ- esa dbZ osbZA
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd flV esa fM;ks&
1- v[+kckj uohlhv [ks dfgM+fu nkSjfu esa fojgk;ks fo;ks vkgs\
2- ifgjha dfgM+h v[+kckj fufdrh\
3- mgk dfgM+h Hkk"kk esa fufdrh\
4- ifgjha fla/h cksyhv esa fla/h v[+kckj dfgM+h gqbZ\
5- ifgjha v[+kckj djkphv eka dfgM+s lu~ esa fudrh\
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-þ
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
210
lu~ 1890 bZ- eas fla/h U;wt+ eSx+t+u ^ljLorh* ukys 'kq: dbZ osbZ] tafga eSxthu tks
,MhVj 'ksodjke vkMok.kh gksA mu eSxthu tks lkfy;kuks pankss fgdq #i;ks gksA 1904
bZ- esa okbt+ vkWi+Q fla/q ukys v[+kckj 'kq: dbZ osbZ ,sa fla/hv esa lnk, fla/q* rkSj 'kq:
dbZ osbZA 1914 bZ- esa fla/qoklh* v[+kckj tks ft+Ø feys Fkks] tsdk v[+kckj crkZuoh
gqdwer isf'k danh gqbZ] tafgatks ,MhVj fla/h gksA 1916 bZ- esa ljLorh* ukys v[+kckj
'kq: dbZ osbZA 1916 bZ- esa bZ fganw fla/h jkst+kuh v[+kckj efgjkt yksdwjke ukjk;.knkl
'kekZ ,sa efgjkt fo"uw 'kekZ 'kq: dbZA fganw fla/h v[+kckj ts ,MhVj efgjkt fo"uw
'kekZ [ks gqdwer fxjÝ+rkj d;ks] tks gqu iafgats ,MhVksfj;y t+jh, voke tks vkokt+
cf.kth] lpkbZv [ks mtkxj d;ks gksA mu nkSj ts tu lapkj ts ekè;efu tks fc;ks
vgeq mís'; ,sa eo+Qlnq /kfj;fu th xqykehv eka futkfr gkflyq dj.k] lEikndh;
ys[kfu] ,MhVksfj;y ,sa et+ewufu t+jh, gkfj;qfu ukfj;qfu [ks tkxhjnkjh] fut+ke ts
t+Ye tcj [kka futkfr fM;kj.k] v[+kckj uohlhv ts eq[+rl# bfrgkl [ks vOgka
vkMks isf'k d;ksA
fc;wa vge v[+kck:a
fganqLrku esa vge v[+kck:a 'kq: d;wa os;waA jkst+kuh fganqLrku ,sa gÝ+rsok# fganoklh
iqjkf.k;wa v[+kck:a vkfgfuA mUgfu tk tsds ,MhVj jfg;k vkfgfu] frfu fçaV ehfM;k
[ks tksM+.k th iwjh dksf'k'k dbZ vkgsA vfxrs gyh jkst+kuh fganqLrku cafn Fkh osbZ ,sa
futkfr = NksfVdkjks] eqfDr
fut+ke = 'kkld] gkfde
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
211
fganoklh gÝ+rsok# vt˜ rkb± 'kk;k Fkh jgh vkgsA fgu ofD+r jkst+kuh fganw v[+kckj
vgenkckn] t;iqj ,sa vtesj eka Nfits FkhA vgenkckn eka >wysyky gÝ+rsok#
fufdjanh gqbZ] lk vfxrs gyh cafn Fkh osbZA vgenkckn eka fta+nxh jkst+kuh v[+kckj
vt˜ fc fufdjanh jgs FkhA mYgkluxj eka fla/h VkbZEl 50 lkyfu rkb± fufdjanh jgh]
iksb mu ts eq[; lEiknd ts nsgkar [kka iksb can Fkh osbZA fgu ofD+r fVekgh eSxthu
dwat mYgkluxj eka] fliwa eqEcbZv eka ,sa jpuk vknhiqj eka fufdjanh vkgsA
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/hv esa mUgfu tks ft+Øq budjs d;ks fo;ks] tks mUgfu esa bYe
vnc lka xM lekt tks M[kq lq[kq ,sa fc;ks okm lqokm fc ofD+r fc ofD+r 'kkfeyq
d;ks fi;ks o×ksA fc;wa fc dsfrfj;wa eSx+t+uwa fufdjfu is;wa ,as iafgatks fdjnkj c[+kwch
fuHkkbfu is;waA tafga esa nsoukxjh] vaxzst+h] fganh ,sa bYe vnc lka xM˜ lekt twa ljxfeZ;wa
,sa fc;wa [+kc:a fc i<+.k oVka feyafn;wa] tks bgk etcwjh vkgsA
gÝ+rsok# = lkIrkfgd
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
212
okm lqokm = lkj laHkky
t+jbZ = [ksrhv ckcfr
û÷-ö bysfDVªkWfud ehfM;ktsfrjs dnq# bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks lqoky vkgs] fla/hv ts flyflys esa vkWy bafM;kjsfM;ks ,sa nwjn'kZu tks fdjnk# vge jfg;ks vkgsA nwjn'kZu bYe vnc ts gokys lkafNfM+&fofNfM+ çksxzkefu t+jh, iafgaatks jksy ntZ djk, jfg;ks vkgsA
Hkkjr esa czkWM&dkWfLVax tks çlkj.k ifgjha ifgjha 1920 /kjs 'kq: fFk;ksA mu cSfn 1936esa mu nkSjku vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks 'kq: d;ks fo;ksA
vt˜ ts baVjusV ts nkSj esa vke tks #fgtkuq i<+.k rfi+QZ ?kfVth jfg;ks vkgsAvfgfM+;qfu gkyrqfu esa jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- tks Hkjiwj bLrsekyq dj.k th t+:jr vkgsAbaVjusV t+jh, fla/hv ts çpkj çlkj ykb mUgfu ts Hkjiw# bLrsekyq dj.k ts ofD+rth t+:jr ,sa rdkt+k fc vkgsA
tsfrjs dnq# bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks lqoky vkgs] fnYyhveka çlkfjr FkhanM+ vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks ts fons'k çlkj.klsok [kka lokb vyfx vyfx vkdk'kok.kh dsaæfut+jh, fla/hv esa çlkj.k djs iafgatks fdjnkj vnk djsjfg;k vkfgfu] ftfu esa vkdk'kok.kh t;iqj] vkdk'kok.kheqEcbZ] vkdk'kok.kh dPN Hkqt] vkdk'kok.kh vgenkckn,sa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tk ds fjys lsaVj laxhr] ukVd] rdjh:a] ckjfu ,sa Hksu#fu ykbçksxzke] nqfu;k tks okm lqvkm] ukVd] E;wt+hdy i+Qhpj] dgkf.k;wa] rdjh:a] 'ksjks'kkbjh] fM.kfu okjfu rs çksxke] 26 tuojh jbZ;rh jkt rs] csfVa?kjVªsV] 15 vkxLV t'usvkt+knhv rs jsfM;ks fjiksVw±] dkSeh fM.kfu rs jk"Vªirhv tks ns'k ykb lans'k] varjkZ"Vªh;]jk"Vªh; dkUçQsalwa] lkdZ xfMtkf.k;qfu ;k ojh ,f'k;kbZZ jkafn;qfu tfgfM+;qfu pVkHksfV;qfutk vfgoky ,sa fc;fu çksxzkefu t+jh, fla/h Hkk"kk ts ok/kjs ykb fla/h tkrhv ykbfla/hv esa çksxzke isf'k djs jfg;k vkfgfuA
flaf/;qfu ykb tu lapkj ekè;efu tks dfgM+hv rjg jpukRedq mi;ksxq Fkh l?ks Fkks]bu th NaMNk.k [kka ifgjha fMlwa r dfgM+k dfgM+k [ks=k vkfgfu] ftfu t+jh,bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks bLrsekyq djs l?kwa Fkk ;k uA tafga lka fla/hv [ks gFkh feysA1- nqfu;k tks okm lqokm 2- bYeh vnch ljxjfe;wa3- lkbal ,as VsDukykWthv th tk.k 4- jkst+xkj ,sa ukSfdfj;qfu twa [+kc:a5- Hksu#fu ykb ?kj lalkj çksxzkeq 6- ckjfu ykb çksxzke7- dYpj ,sa rkjh[+k rs ysDpj 8- LiksVZ U;wt+9- fct+usl U;wt+ 10- U;wt+ ,sa djaV vi+Qs;lZ
11- t+jbZ çksxzke (fdlku Hkkmjfu ykb)
#fgtkuq = ykM+ks
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
213
bgs çksxzke bysDVªkWWfud ehfM;k danh jgs FkhA gk.ks fMflts r fla/hv ts gokys lka
dfgM+k çksxzke mi;ksxh Fkh l?kfu FkkA mUgfu eka dsfrjfu tks fla/hv ts gokys lka
okLrks u vkgs] tfgM+ksfd t+jbZ çksxzkeqA
tu lapkj ts ekè;efu tks fla/hv ts gokys lka iwjks okfgiks u d;ks fo;ks vkgs] tafga
th l[+rq t+:jr vkgsA vt ts nkSj esa bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k tks fla/hv ykb Hkjiw#
okfgiks dj.k th l[+r t+:jr vkgsA Nks tks vt˜ fçaV ehfM;k [kka o/hd gh olhyks
vt˜ ts nkSj twa rdkt+kÅa Hkjiwj uewus iwfj;wa djs l?ks FkksA mu lka fla/h Hkk"kk] laLÑfr]
laxhr ,sa bYe vnc [ks oMh gFkh feyanhA
v[+kckj tk vax Fkhank vkfgfu& [+kc:a] lEikndh;] iQksVks] i+Qhpj] ys[k] baVjO;wA
dkVwZu] bf'rgkj] [+kr] ekSle] ckt+kj tk v?k ox+SjgA
[+kc#fu tk ekSt+™v eq[+rfyi+Q˜ gwank vkfgfu& fl;klh] lekftd] okikj] ekyh]
jkafn&:afnA
jkafn&:afn % bgs fVfu rjgfu tk gwank vkfgfu& jk"Vªh;] varjkZ"Vªh; ,sa edkuhA
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kc:a& lkfgR;] laLÑfr] foKku] i;kZoj.k] Mksgfu ox+Sjg lka okcLr
[+kc:aA
[+kc:a v[+kckj th eq[;q df'k'k gwafn;wa vkfgfuA
[+kc#fu th pwaM] mUgfu th vgfe;r ikBdfu ts ilafn tks è;kuq j[kh d;ks
osanks vkgsA
[+kc#fu tk vax eq[; :i lka gh gwank vkfgfu& esu gsfMax (eq[;q mUoku)]
lc gsfMax] lekpkj tk olhyk] baVªks] vfgokyA
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
rOgka Nk fl[;k
214
lekpkj esa dafga fc ?kVuk lka tqfM+;y lfHkuh vgeq go+Qho+Qrqfu [ks isf'k dj.k
th dksf'k'k dbZ osanh vkgsA mu [ks isf'k dj.k okjs fjiksVZj [ks iafgatk ohpkj
isf'k dj.k th vkt+knh gwanh vkgsA
v[+kck#fu esa isf'k FkhanM+ iQksVks fc fgd rjg lka [+kc#fu tks deq dank vkfgfuA
mgs iafgatks ik.k esa eqdeyq [+kc:a gwank vkfgfuA
v[+kck#fu esa fcfu rjgfu tk ys[k fMuk osank vkfgfuA fgfdM+k mgs] tsds
lekpkjfu rs vk/kfjr gwank vkfgfu ,sa fc;k mgs] tsds eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kkfl fo"k;fu
rs vk/kfjr gwank vkfgfuA lekpkjfu rs vk/kfjr ys[k lEikndh; okjs ist rs
,sa fc;k eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu lka tqfM+;y ys[k i+Qhpj okjs ist rs Nfi;k osank
vkfgfuA
dafga fc mRiknu ;k ojh ;kstuk th tk.k fM;.k ts eo+Qln lka loyh ,sa
fnypLiq Hkk"kk esa df'k'k danM+ <ax lka isf'k d;y lwpukmfu [ks bf'rgkj
poank vkfgfuA
1- v[+kckj tk eq[; :i lka dsfrjk vax (fglk) gwank vkfgfu\ dafga fgd th[+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nkA
2- lekpkjfu tk dsfrjk fo+QLe Fkhank vkfgfu\ dafga fgd tks [kkdks r;k# d;ksA
3- [++kc#fu ts pwaM esa dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa lko/kfu;wa v[+kR;k# dfjf.k;wa iofufFk;wa\
4- lekpkj olhys tks vfHkçk; Nk vkgs\ bgks rÝ+lhy lka leq>kb±nkA
5- lekpkj ,sa i+Qhpj esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ gwanks vkgs\
6- lekpkj rs vk/kfjr ys[kfu ,sa i+Qhpj esa dfgM+k i+QdZ Fkhank vkfgfu\7- bf'rgkj (foKkiu) tk t+:jh xq.k dfgM+k vkfgfu\
8- lekpkj ts Hkk"kkmfu th dfgM+h [+kkfl;r vkgs\
9- [+kc#fu th Hkk"kk dfgM+h gwanh vkgs ,sa Nks\
1- rOgka vkdk'kok.kh ,sa U;wt+ tk çksxzke c˜/ank vkfg;ks] mUgfu esa dfgM+hv rjg
çksxzke isf'k d;k o×kfu FkkA
2- jsfM;ks ,sa Vh-oh- ts fjiksfV±x esa dfgM+ks i+QdqZ rOgka[ks ut+fj vps FkksA
ef'kx+™fy;wa&û÷-ÿ
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&û÷-ÿ
fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
215
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
17-1 1- (n) 2- (n) 3- (l)
17-2 1- (c) 2- (l) 3- (v)
4- (v) (c) (l)
(n) (;)
17-3 1- (v) 2- (l) 3- (c) 4- (c)
17-4 1- fVfu 2- i+Qokbnkg 3- fla/h ,sa i+Qkjlh
4- fla/q lq/kj 5- 25 ebZ 1858 bZ-
okcLrk @ lEcfU/r osc&lkbZV %
http://epaper.hindvasi.com/
http://www.sindhishaan.com/
http://www.sindhisangat.com/
http://www.ncpsl.gov.in/
http://sindhology.org/
tokc
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&
1- 1890 bZ- esa 'kq: d;y v[+kckj tks ukyks Nk gks ,sa mu tks ,MhVj ds# gks\
2- 1890 bZ- esa 'kq: d;y v[+kckj tks lkfy;kuks panks dsfrjks gks\
3- 1916 bZ- eas dfgM+h v[+kckj 'kq: dbZ osbZ\ mu tks ukyks Nk gks\
4- fganw fla/h v[+kckj ts ,MhVj efgjkt fo"uw 'kekZ [ks Nks fxjÝ+rkj d;ks fo;ks\
5- mu nkSj ts v[+kck#fu tk ed+ln dfgM+k gqvk\
6- mUgfu nkSjfu ts v[+kckjuohlhv rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky fVi.kh
tu lapkj ekè;e ,sa fla/h
216
18
fla/h ckssyhv tks fodklqHkk"kkmfu tk dqVaqc ,sa fla/h cksyh
Hkk"kk lka bZ eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks t+kfg# d;ks o×ks ,sa bu lka fgd fc, lka tt+ckrh
laca/q tqM+s FkksA budjs balku tks Hkk"kk lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA Hkk"kk tks fodklq
oganM+ ik.khv felfy Fkhanks vkgs] tsdks butks fodklq ,sa cfnykm Ms[kkjs FkksA gjdafga
'k[+l [ks ik.k ckcfr] bfrgkl ckcfr ,sa Hkk"kk ts bfrgkl ckcfr tk.k.k th
ftfx;klk jganh vkgsA rOgkats eu esa fc bgs lqoky mFkank gwank r vlkath eknjh t+cku
fla/hv tks bfrgklq Nk vkgs\ dMfga [kka 'kq: Fkh] dfgfM+;wa eaft+ywa ikj d;kb±\
bgks vH;klq lpqipq Mk<ks fnypLiq Fkhanks vkgsA fgu lcd+ esa rOgka fefBM+h ,sa
'kkgwdkj fla/h Hkk"kk ts fodklq ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dankA [+kkfl djs thva r Hkkjr
esa fla/q lwcks dksUgsa] fla/h fgd gaf/ FkkabZdk u vkfg;wa r vlka [ks fla/h Hkk"kk ckcfr
tk.k.k th o/hd bZ [+okfg'k jganhA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
½Xosn ts ea=kfu [kka oBh fla/h Hkk"kk ckcfr c;kuq djs l?kank_
ikyh] çkÑr ,sa viHkaz'k twa eaft+ywa c˜/k, l?kank_
vjcfu ts gqdwwer ofD+r fla/hv rs vjchv ts vlj ckcfr o.kZuq djs l?kank_
lwejk ,sa lek oa'k] vaxzst+fu th gqdwer tks oD+rq c;kuq djs l?kank_
fla/hv rs fc;qfu cksfy;qfu ts vlj ckcfr c;kuq djs l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
217
Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk tks fodklq tafga jhfr Hkk"kk foKkfu;qfu leq>k;ks vkgs] mu eka
t+kfg# vkgs r ½Xosn tk ea=k tMfga laxzg d;k fo;k] mu t+ekus esa ,sa mu [kka fc
dq>q lfn;wa vx˜ fla/q ns'k (gk.kksds fla/q çkar) esa vk;Z yksd tsdk cksyh xkYgkb±nk
gqvk] mUgfu esa bZ gk.kksdh fla/h cksyhv ts fodklq tks fctq lek;y gwanksA oSfnd
laLÑr th mi&Hkk"kk gqv.k djs mUghv cksyhv tks :i ½Xosn ts çkphu ea=kfu okjh
Hkk"kk lka ?k.kks feyanM+ gwanksA mUghv cksyhv [ks vlha cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h
(cqfu;knh çkÑr cksfy;qfu th eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k th cksyh) pbZ l?kwa FkkA
fdfu [kkstuk danM+fu fla/h cksyhv tks cqfu;kn eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyhv esa xksYg.kq
'kq: d;ks vkgsA eqafgats ohpkj esa r tslharkb± ^eqvfu ts nM+s* th cksyhv [ks if<+;ks
u fo;ks vkgs ,sa bgks lkfcr u fFk;ks vkgs r mgk fc fgd vk;Z Hkk"kk gqbZ] rslharkb±
gk.kksdh fla/hv tks mUghv cksyhv esa cqfu;kn gqv.k ckcfr dq>q fc [+kkfrjhv lka
pbZ uFkks lf?ktsA
Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk th çkphu eaft+y okjh cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h fodklq th fopha
eaft+y ikj djs] Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts vklikl ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyq FkhA cksyhv ts
fodklq th bgk ub± eaft+y v×kk rkb± gyh jgh vkgsA bUghv eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k
th cksyhv [ks fla/h pbts FkksA Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk th fopha eaft+y esa fla/q ns'k th
cksypky okjh Hkk"kk tk fodklq ts flyflys esa tqnk tqnk oD+rfu rs tsds :i gqvk]
frfu [ks vH;kl th lgwfy;r ykb gsBhav jhfr ukyk MsbZ lf?ktfu Fkk&
(û) ikyh&fla/h % lkfgfR;d ikyhv ts nkSj ofD+r (bZLoh lu~ [kka 500 lky
vx˜ okjs vfjls [kka oBh] bZLoh lu~ th 'kq:vkfr rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh
Hkk"kkA
(ü) çkÑr&fla/h % lkfgfR;d çkÑr cksfy;qfu ts nkSj ofD+r (1 bZLoh lu~ [kka
oBh 500 bZLoh lu~ rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kkA
(ý) viHkza'k&fla/h % lkfgfR;d viHkza'k ts nkSj ofD+r (500 bZLoh lu~ [kka oBh
1000 bZLoh lu~ rkb±) fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kkA
laxzg dj.kq = dBk dj.kq
gk.kksds = ekStwnk
fctq = chtfopha = fop okjh
Mgha = nloha
[+kkfl uqD+rk&
(1) ½Xosn ts oD+r th
cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h
(2) fdfu fla/hv tks cqfu;knq
eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyhv
esa xksYg.kq
(3) Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts
vklikfl ub± eaft+y
(4) cksy pky okjh Hkk"kk ts
flyflys esa gsfB;ka ukyk
MsbZ lf?ktfu Fkk&
1- ikyh fla/h&
500 lky vx˜
2- çkÑr fla/h&
1 [kka 500 bZLoh rkb±
3- viHkza'k fla/h&
500 [kka 1000 bZLoh rkb±
ûø-û cqfu;knh lcd+ fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
218
tfgM+hv rjg cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/hv tks :iq oSfnd laLÑr ts os>ks jfg;ks gwanks]
rfgM+hv rjg fodklq th fopha eaft+y esa ikyh fla/hv tks :iq lkfgfR;d ikyhv
tss os>ks] çkÑr fla/hv tks :i çkÑr ts os>ks ,sa viHkza'k fla/hv tks :iq lkfgfR;d
viHkza'k ts os>ks jfg;ks gwanksA bUghv esa 'kdq u vkgs r fodklq ts bUghv flyflys
esa gjfgd eaft+y rs fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kk ts :i esa dq> u dq>q fujkykbZ
t+:# jgh gwanhA
çkphu eaft+y [kka oBh ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyq fFk;.k rkb± fla/q ns'k th cksyhv tks
dfgM+hv rjg fodklq fFk;ks vkgs] rafgatks vH;klq mUghv t+ekus ts lkfgR; ,sa
fc;qfu fyf[k;rqfu ,sa ,frgkfld Hkk"kk foKku ts mlwyfu ewftfc dh o+Qnq# djs
lf?kts FkksA
Hkjr equhv bUgfu çns'kfu th Hkk"kk twa [+kkfl;rwa tk.k.k cSfn bZ fgu fo+QLe tks fu;e
fyf[k;ks vkgsA bu eka t+kfgj vkgs r cha bZLoh lnhv /kjs fla/q th cksyhv esa ^m*
Loj tks ?k.kks bLrsekyq Fkhanks gqvksA fla/hv esa bgk [+kkfl;r v×kk rkb± o+Qkbeq vkgsA
felky rkSj gh yÝ+t+ fMlks&
ekm] Hkkm] ihm] gFkq] duq] okrq] fy[k.kq] i<+.kq] fy[kq] i<+] mFkq] osgqA
fla/q esa tMfga jkb ?kjk.ks (495&631 bZ-) ,sa czkã.k ?kjk.ks (631&711 bZ-) tks jkt˜
gqvks] rMfga fla/q ns'k th cksyh viHkaz'k fla/h gqbZA bZLoh lu~ 711 esa eqgen fcu
o+Qkfle fla/q rs dkg dbZ ,sa jktk Mkgj [ks thrs] fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer tks
cqfu;knq fo/ksA vjc gkfdefu 300 [kuq lky fla/q ts fgLls rs jkt˜ d;ksA lanfu
t+ekus esa viHkza'k&fla/h Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk ts fodklq th fopha eaft+y ikj dans ub±
eaft+y esa nkf[+kyqq fFk;.k okjh jkg rs vfxrs o/h jgh gqbZA bu djs eaf>fl viHkza'k
,sa fla/hv twa [+kkfl;rwa xMksxM˜ feyanM+ gq;waA bUghv t+ekus th viHkza'k&fla/hv [ks
iqjk.kh fla/h fc lfMts FkksA
bu ,jkt+hv [ks fla/q ns'k lfM;ks gqtsA bu vk/kj rs pbZ lf?kts Fkks r fla/hv tks
fodklq czkpM viHkza'k eka u ij gk.kksdh fla/q ts bykds esa çpfyr viHkza'k ts
cksypky okjs :i eka fFk;ks gwanks] tafga [ks fla/h&viHkza'k lMs lf?kts FkksA
lkfgfR;d viHkza'k nkSj esa ukxj viHkaz'k] vksyg Hkkjr th lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk gqbZA
eaf>fl ?k.kkbZ mEnk dkO; fyf[k;k fo;k vkfgfuA
[+kkfl;r = [+kwch
jkt˜ = gqdwer] 'kkluq
dkg = geyks
[+kkfl uqD+rk&
(1) cqfu;knh çkÑfrd oSfnd
laLÑr ts os>ks foaph eaft+y
ikyh ts viHkza'k tks :i
lkfgfR;d viHkza'k ts os>ks
(2) Hkjr equhv ewftfc
[+kkfl;rwa ^m* tks :i v×kk
o+Qkbeq
(3) jkb ?kjk.ks ,sa czã.k ?kjk.ks
esa viHkza'k fla/h
cqfu;kn = ihf<+] uhao
fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
219
fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r viHkza'k & fla/h (iqjk.kh fla/h) rs vjch
cksyhv tks pÄks vl# fFk;ksA dsfrjk bZ vjch yÝ+t+ viHkza'k & fla/hv esa viuk;k
fo;k] tafgadjs muts :i esa rCnhyh vph osbZA thva r vjchv ts vlj djs viHkza'k&
fla/h vkokt+fu ts flfj'rs esa vjch cksyhv tk pkj vkokt+& i+Q ( )] t+
( )] [+k ( ) ,sa x+ ( ) nkf[+kyq fFk;kA
Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kk ts çkphu ,sa fopha eaft+y okjs vfjls esa fla/q ns'k th ,jkt+hv
esa ,frjs vankt+ esa fyf[k;rwa (f'kykys[k] fldk] eqfg:a] Vkes tk i=kk] çkphu gFk
fyf[k;y fdrkc ox+Sjg) dhu gkflyq fFk;wa vkfgfu] tks mUgfu ts vk/kj rs fgu
,jkt+hv ts cksyhv tks cko+Qkbns flyflysok# fodklq tkps lf?ktsA mu t+ekus esa
fla/q eqYd esa fc t+:# lkfgfR;d jpukÅa fFk;wa gwafn;wa] tsds v×kk jks'kuhv esa u vk;wa
vkfgfuA bUghv djs fla/hv ts fc;qfu Hkkjrh; vk;Z cksfy;qfu lka HksV djs ,sa
fla/q ts Hkj okjfu çns'kfu esa gkflyq fFk;y çkphu fyf[k;rqfu tks vH;klq djs
,frgkfld ,sa rqyukRed Hkk"kk foKku ts mlwyfu tks lgkjks oBh fla/q ns'k th
cksyhv ts fodklq tks vuqeku dts FkksA
1050 bZLoh lu~ [kka oBh 1520 bZLoh lu~ rkb± fla/q esa lwejk ,sa lek oa'k ts Msgh
gkfdefu tks t+ks# gksA lanfu ekr`Hkk"kk fla/h gqbZ] bUghv djs mUgfu ts t+ekus esa
fla/h cksyhv pÄh vkslfj ikrhA ij fgu nkSj twa fla/hv esa [+kkfrjhv tksfx;wa
fyf[k;rwa ?k.ks vankt+ esa gkflyq dhu fFk;wa vkfgfuA fla/ esa vjx+™ufu th gqdwer 'kq:
fFk;.k [kka oBh (1520 bZLoh lu~) vaxzst+fu ts fla/q i+Qrg dj.k rkb± (1843 bZLoh
lu~) fgu eqYd ts ljdkjh dkjksckj th cksyh ikjlh gqbZ] tafgats vlj gsfB fla/hv
esa dsfrjk bZ ikjlh yÝ+t+ tT+cq Fkh fo;k vkfgfuA fgu nkSj esa fyf[k;y fla/h lkfgR;
twa jpukÅa >>s vankt+ esa feyfu fFk;wa] ftfu ts vk/kj rs vlha tqnk tqnk lfn;qfu
esa fla/h cksyhv tks cko+Qkbns flyflysok# fodklq tkps l?kwa FkkA
fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r (1843&1947 bZ-) dsfrjk bZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+ fla/h
cksyhv tks vaxq cf.kth fo;kA gk.ks fc ub± lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts vlj djs vaxzst+h
yÝ+t+ u i+QfD+r fla/hv esa ij Hkkjr ts lfHkuh eq[; Hkk"kkmfu esa nkf[+kyq Fkh jfg;k
vkfgfuA
fganqLrku ts fofjgkÄs cSfn] Hkkjr ,sa fla/q esa fla/h Hkk"kk fcfu tqnk uewufu lka vkslfj
ik, jgh vkgsA Hkkjr esa fla/hv rs tqnk tqnk çkafrd cksfy;qfu tks vl# Fkh jfg;ks
[+kkfl uqD+rk&
(1) vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r
i+Q] t+] [+k ,sa x+ vkokt+ nkf[+kyq
fFk;k
(2) fla/hv th fopha eaft+y
okjs vlsZ tk fldk eqg:a gFk
fy[kf.k;wa gkflyq u fFk;wa vkfgfu
budjs flyflysok# fodklq tks
vuqeku dts Fkks
(3) 1050&1520 gkfde lwejk
lek] ekr`Hkk"kk fla/h] ij
[+kkfrjhv tksfx;wa fyf[k;rwa u
fefy;wa vkfgfu
(4) 1520&1823 rkb± ljdkjh
cksyh ikjlh budjs fla/hv esa
mgs yÝ+t+ tT+cq Fkh o×k.kq
(5) 1843&1947 vaxzst+fu th
gqdwer djs dsfrjk vaxzst+h yÝ+t+
fla/hv esa nkf[+kyq Fkh fo;k
b, h, vr, ~Š
†\
fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
220
vkgsA bUgfu feM+uh esa lkfgfR;d fganhv tks vlj fla/hv rs o/hd fi;ks fFk,A
dsfrjk bZ fganh yÝ+t+ ,sa fganhv ts }kjk laLÑr yÝ+t+ fla/h cksyhv ts flfj'rs tks
tqt+ks cf.kth pqdk vkfgfuA fc, rfi+QZ fla/ esa fla/h cksyh mnwZ] ikjlh ,sa vjch
yÝ+t+fu ts cks> gsBka nfcth jgh vkgsA tsdMfga ghv gkyfr o+Qkbeq jgh r 50&60
lkyfu ts vfjls esa bZ Hkkjr th fla/h ,sa fla/q th fla/h fgd fc, [kka ?k.kks ijs gVh
osafn;waA bgs O;kdj.kh chgd ts fygkt+ [kka ?k.ks dnq# ik.k esa fgd tfgfM+;wa gwans fc]
'kCn HkaMkj ,sa 'kSyhv ;k bckjr ts [+;ky [kka fganhv ,sa mnwZv okaxq# c fujkfy;wa
cksfy;wa cf.kth ioafn;waA fgrs fcUgha eqYdfu th fla/h cksyhv esa drfc b±nM+ yÝ+t+fu
tk dq>q felky fMtfu FkkA
Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ drfc fi;k vpfuA thva r
lH;rk] laLÑrh] okrkoj.k] la?k"kZ] vkradokn] vkj{k.k] varjkZ"Vªh;] Hkz"Vkpkj] cfg"dkj]
vkdk'kok.kh] nwjn'kZu] çlkj&Hkkjrh ox+SSjgA ljdkjh infu ,sa foHkkxfu tk ukyk fc
fla/hv esa lkfx, :i esa bLrsekyq fi;k fFk;fuA felky rkSj& jk"Vªifr] mi& jk"Vªifr]
ç/kuea=kh] eq[;ea=kh] jkT;iky] fo/ku lHkk] laln Hkou] lfpoky;] yksd lHkk]
jkT; lHkk ox+SjgA bu fdLe tk yÝ+t+ fla/q ts flaf/;qfu ykb vke rkSj leq> [kka
ckfgfj vkfgfuA fc, rfi+QZ fla/q th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ vjch] i+Qkjlh ,sa mnwZ yÝ+t+
vkfgfu] ftfu th ekuk leq>.k ykb Hkkjr ts flaf/;qfu [ks 'kCndks'k th enn ofB.kh
ios FkhA felky rkSj& ldki+Qr (laLÑrh)] ng'krxnZq (vkradoknh)] cSuvydqokeh
(varjkZ"Vªh;)] tíkstgn (la?k"kZ)] r'kjhg (leq>k.kh)] vdfy;r (FkksjkbZ)] vDlfj;r
(?k.kkbZ)] 'kjg (Vhdk) ox+SjgA
fla/h cksyhv tks tue LFkku fla/q ns'k vkgsA mu eqYd th feVhv esa bZ fla/h cksyh
lfn;qfu [kka oBh o/h oh>h jgh vkgsA fla/q ts xksBfu th fla/h v×kk rkb± fc
ckfgfj;fu vljfu [kka ?k.ks HkkÄs vkth vkgss ,sa mgk fla/h lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts
okrkoj.k esa ifyth jgh vkgsA bu djs 'kdq u vkgs r Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv ts HksV
esa fla/q th xksBk.kh fla/hv esa cksyhv tks BsB :i ,sa futq fla/h yÝ+t+ ?k.ks o+Qnq#
lykerq jgh l?kankA
[+kkfl uqD+rk&
(1) fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ,sa
fla/q ts Hkk"kk esa ri+Qkorq vp.kq
(2) laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ mnwZ]
fganh yÝ+t+ 'kkfeyqq
(3) Hkkjr th fla/hv ts HksV
esa fla/q ts cksyhv esa BsB :i
,sa futq fla/h yÝ+t+ lykerq
jgh l?kank
fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
feM+uh = lfHkuh
vl# = çHkko
tqt+ks = fglks] HkkÄks
vkslfj = fodklq
221
oSfnd laLÑr okjh cksyhv [ks vlka cqfu;knh çkÑr fla/h poank vkfg;waA
eqvfu ts nM+s th cksyh fc fgd vk;Z Hkk"kk gqbZA
ub± eaft+y okjh fla/q ns'k th cksyhv [ks fla/h pbts FkksA
fla/q ns'k th cksypky okjh Hkk"kk tk fodklq ts flyflys esa tqnk&tqnk :i
gqvk&
ikyh fla/h] çkÑr fla/h viHkza'k fla/hA
çkphu eaft+y [kka oBh ub± eaft+y rkb± fla/q ns'k ts cksyhv tks fodklq mu
t+ekus ts lkfgR; ,sa fc;qfu fyf[k;rqfu eka ekywe djs lf?kts FkksA
cha bZLoh lnhv esa fla/q th cksyhv esa ^m* Loj tks ?k.kks bLrsekyq Fkhanks gksA
bu t+ekus th viHkza'k fla/hv [ks iqjk.kh fla/h fc lfMts FkksA
fla/q esa vjcfu th gqdwer ofD+r viHkza'k (iqjk.kh fla/h) rs vjch (iqjk.kh
fla/h) rs vjch cksyhv tks pÄks vl# fFk;ksA
1050 bZLoh lu~ [kka 1520 bZLoh lu~ rkb± fla/q esa lwejk ,sa lek oa'k ts Msgh
gkfdefu tks t+ks# gksA
fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofDr dsfrjk bZ vaxzst+h yÝ+t+ fla/h cksyhv ts
okfgis esa vk;kA
fofjgkÄs cSfn Hkkjr ,sa fla/q esa fla/h Hkk"kk fcfu tqnk uewufu lka vkslfj ik,
jgh vkgsA
Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv esa ?k.ksbZ laLÑr rRle yÝ+t+ drfc fi;k vpfuA
Hkkjr th fla/h cksyhv ts HksV esa fla/q th xksBk.kh fla/hv esa cksyhv tks BsBq
:iq ut+fj vps FkksA
rOgha Nk fl[;kfVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
222
(v) gsfB;fu eka lgh ts lkEgwa () ,sa x+yfr ts lkEgwa () th fu'kkuh yxk;ks&
1- ½Xosn tk ea=k fla/h cksyhv esa fyf[k;y vkfgfuA
2- fla/h Hkk"kk Mgha bZLoh lnhv ts vklikfl ub± eaft+y esa nkf[+kyqq FkhA
3- ikyh fla/hv tks oD+rq vkgs& bZLoh lu~ [kka 500 lky vx˜ okjs vlsZ [kka bZLoh
lu~ ts 'kq:vkfr rkb±A
4- viHkza'k fla/hv tks oD+rq vkgs& 500 bZLoh lu~ [kka 1000 bZLoh lu~ rkb±A
5- vjc gkfdefu 500 lky fla/q rs jkt d;ksA
(c) gsfB;ka [+kky Hkfj;ks&
1- lkfgfR;d nkSj esa ---------------------------- Hkk"kk vksyg Hkkjr th lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk
gqbZA (ukxj viHkza'k)
2- vjch cksyhv eka pkj vkokt+ i+Q] [+k ----------- ,sa ---------- fla/hv esa nkf[+kyq
fFk;kA
3- 1050 bZ- [kka 1520 bZ- rkb± fla/q esa ----------- ,sa ----------- gkfdefu tks jkt gksA
4- fla/q esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer tks oD+rq ----------------------- rkb± gksA
fgu lcd+ esa rOgka ½Xosn [kka oBh fla/h Hkk"kk th tk.k gkflyq dbZA
ikyh çkÑr ,sa viHkza'k ts eaft+yqfu [kka oko+Q˜i+Q˜ fFk;kA
Hkjr equhv ts c;ku] jkb ?kjk.ks (945&631) ,sa czkã.k ?kjk.ks ts jkt ofD+r
fla/h cksyhv th gkyfr ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA
vjcfu ,sa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r fla/hv eka nkf[+ky fFk;y yÝ+t+fu th
tk.k gkflyq dbZA
Hkkjr esa fla/hv ts vkb±ng ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZA
fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
rOgka Nk fl[;k
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&ûø-û
223
fVi.kh
fla/h cksyhv tks fodklq
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tokc
gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk eq[+rl# tokc fM;ks&
1- çkphu [kka ub± eaft+y rkb± fla/hv ts fodklq rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA
2- fla/q ns'k esa vaxzst+fu th gqdwer ofD+r fla/h cksyhv esa nkf[+kyqq fFk;y ds fc
8 yÝ+t+ fy[kksA
3- ys[kd [ks fla/h Hkk"kk ts vkb±ng ckcfr dfgM+ks [+kkSi+Q˜ vkgs\
4- rOgkats 'kgj ts Ldwyfu esa fla/h Hkk"kk th gkyfr rs eq[+rl# uksVq fy[kksA
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
18-1 (v) 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-
(c) 1- ukxj viHkza'k 2- t+ ,sa x+
3- lwejk ,sa lek 4- 1843 bZ- [kka 1947 bZ-
224
19
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
rOgka [ks [+kcj vkgs r tMfga fc dk ?kVuk Fkhanh vkgs ;k vlka [ks dafga ub± xkfYg
th [+kcj ioanh vkgs r vlha mgk fc;fu [ks c˜èkkb.kq pkghank vkfg;waA ts dksbZ lkEgwa
u gqts r vlha mgks fy[kh bt+gk# dj.kq pkghank vkfg;waA ekst+™v (fo"k;) ts ua<ks
vkgs] r vlha mu [ks fgd i+Q˜o+Qjs esa fy[kank vkfg;waA ts ekst+™v oMks vkgs ,sa mu tk
dsfrjk bZ iklk vkfgfu r mu [ks oèkhd i+Q˜o+Qjfu esa fy[kank vkfg;waA bgs i+Q˜djk ?kVuk
fFk;.k ts flyflys rs enk# j[kank vkfgfuA tMfga dafga xkfYg ;k ?kVuk [ks lgh
flylyks MsbZ fgd [kka oèkhd i+Q˜djfu esa fyf[k;ks osanks vkgs] rMfga mgks et+ewuq
pokbcks vkgsA vpks] fgu ikB t+fj, le>wa r fgdq lqBks et+ewuq dhva fyf[k;ks osanks
vkgsA
fgu lco+Q [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
dafga fo"k; ts tqnk&tqnk iklfu rs ohpk# djs mu ts vgeq uqD+rfu tks c;kuq
djs l?kank_
dafga fo"k; [ks tqnk&tqnk uqD+rfu ts vkèkkj rs i+Q˜o+Qjfu esa fofjgk, mu tks
ft+Øq djs l?kank_
ohpkjfu ;k Hkkofu [ks fy[kh bt+gk# djs l?kank_
fy[k.khv esa loyh ,sa vljnkj cksyhv tks bLrsekyq djs l?kank_
lqBks ,sa vljkbrks et+ewuq fy[kh l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
225
rOgka ts eu esa ds vfgM+k fo"k; vofl gwank] ftfu rs yxkrkfj lksp.k&leq>.k th
t+:jr eglwlq Fkhanh gwanhA bgk bNk fc Fkhanh gwanh r iafgatfu Hkkofu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks
fc;fu lka oafM;waA gsfB vfgM+fu iatfu fo"k;fu th fyLV Bkfg;ks] ftfu rs rOgka dq>q
fy[k.kq pkghank%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ûù-û et+ewuq Nk vkgs\
vpks] lHk [kka vofy tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa Fkk r et+ewuq Nk vkgs\ et+ewu lka
efrycq mu jpuk lka vkgs] tafga [ks lqBh rjg cèkks osanks vkgs ;k tafga esa ohpkjfu
;k ?kVukmfu [ks lgh flyflyks MsbZ] xa<s djs fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA et+ewuq ulqj esa
fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA ukfoy] dgk.kh] ;knxhfj;wa ox+Sjg okaxq# bgk fc ulqj th fgd
vgeq flUi+Q vkgsA
et+ewuq vkdkj esa ua<ks fc Fkh l?kanks vkgs ,sa oMks fcA fcfu&fVfu lqÝ+gfu tk et+ewu
fc fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu ,sa iatohg Vhgfu lqÝ+gfu tk fcA rOgka [ks vke rjg
fVfu&pbfu lqÝ+gfu tk et+ewu fy[k.k tks vH;klq dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewu tks fo"k; dks
fc Fkh l?kanks vkgsA rOgka dafga fc 'kb] ?kVuk] ohpkj ;k Hkko rs et+ewuq fy[kh l?kank
vkfg;ksA t+:jh xkfYg bgk vkgs r mu et+ewu esa rOgka tk iafgatk ohpkj ;k rOgka
tk iafgatk vuqHko gqv.kq [kifuA ts rOgka fc;fu tk ohpkj i<+ank ;k c˜èkank fc
vkfg;ks] r fc frfu [ks iafgath Hkk"kk esa isf'k dfj;ksA i<+.k okjs [ks b,a yx.kq ?kqfjts
r rOgka iafgath xkfYg ;k iafgatk ohpkj isf'k djs jfg;k vkfg;ksA
ûù-ü et+ewuq fy[k.k th t+:jr
tMfga vlha et+ewuq fy[k.k th xkfYg dfj;wa Fkk r rOgka tks ifgfj;ksa lqokyq bgks Fkh
l?ks Fkks r vlha et+ewuq Nks fy[kwa\ bu th t+:jr dfgM+h vkgs\ rOgka lgh lqokyq
iqfN;ks vkgsA rOgka tsdks fc deq dfj;ks] mu ts ^Nks* tks tokcq tk.k.kq rOgka tks
vfèkdk# vkgsA ^fM;kjh* rs ;k ^ts eka çèkkuea=kh gqtka gka* tfgM+fu fo"k;fu rs
et+ewuq fy[k.k lka vlka [ks Nk gkflyq Fkhanks\ vpks] vlha bu lqoky tks tokcq
xksYg.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
vpks] fgdq felkyq [k.kwaA leq>ks] rOgka ts ?kj ts jLrs rs gsfB;ka gaèk vpfu Fkk&
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-û fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
226
ean# Ldwyq ckx+hpks gkLihVy feBkbZv tks nqdkuq
Bhdq vkgsA rOgka tks nksLrq rOgka ts ?kfj vp.k ykb jLrks tk.k.kq pkgs FkksA rOgka nksLr
[ks iafgats ?kj tks jLrks dfgM+s uewus c˜èkkb±nk\ fgrs fy[kks&
rOgka Bhd fyf[k;ks vFkoA rOgka c˜èkkb±nk r rOgka ts ?kj ts jLrs esa flyflys lka
dfgM+k dfgM+k gaèk b±nk ;k dfgfM+;wa dfgfM+;wa txfg;wa b±fn;waA ;kuh f?kVhv ts dqaM
rs bZ fgdq ean# vkgsA mu eanj [kka vfx;ka gy.k rs Ldwyq vkgsA Ldwy ts ikls okjh
f?kVhv esa [kkcs ikls eqM+.k rs fgdq ckx+hpks vkgsA iksb lkts ikls eqM+.k rs gkLihVy
,sa mu [kka yxHkx 50 ehVj gy.k rs [kkcs ikls fgdq feBkbZv tks nqdkuq vkgsA cl]
mu ts lkEgwa bZ eqafgatks ?k# vkgsA rOgka bgks r uFkk c˜èkk, l?kks r eqafgats ?kj ts jLrs
esa fgdq ckx+hpks b±nks vkgs] fgdq ean#] fgdq feBkbZv tks nqdkuq] fgd gkLihVy ,sa
fgdq LdwyqA b,a c˜èkh rOgka tks nksLrq fc;ks fdFks fc igqph o×ks] rOgka ts ?kj rkb± r
dksu igqph l?kanksA rOgka iafgats nksLr [ks iafgats ?kfj lMkb.kq pkfg;ks Fkk] r rOgka [ks
mu [ks iwjks jLrks rÝ+lhy lka c˜èkkb.kks ioanksA 'kk;n budjs bZ lwpuk] tk.k ;k okfd+,
[ks rÝ+lhy (foLrkj) lka fy[k.k th t+:jr Fkhanh vkgsA rÝ+lhy lka flyflysok#
fy[k.k tks bgks rjhdks bZ et+ewu tks tueqnkrk vkgsA
vpks] gk.ks et+ewuq fy[k.k th xkfYg dfj;waA et+ewu esa vlha dafga fo"k; rs iafgatk
ohpkj flyflysok# ,sa rjrhc (<ax lka] O;ofLFkr uewus) lka bu uewus fy[kank vkfg;wa
thva i<+.k okjks vlkath xkfYg leq>h l?ks ,sa mu lka eqrkfl# (çHkkfor) fFk,A
et+ewuq fy[k.k lka vlka [ks dafga fo"k; rs iafgatfu ohpkjfu [ks xM dj.k] flyflyks
Bkfg.k] felky xM dj.k] ,sa mUgfu [ks vljkbrh cksyhv esa po.k ;k fy[k.k tks
vH;klq fFk, FkksA bgks bZ lccq vkgs r vlha et+ewu fy[kank vkfg;waA bu lka vlka [ks
u #xks nksLrfu lka xkYgkb.k esa] cfYd ?kj esa] vki+Qhl esa ,sa lfHkuh gaèkfu rs iafgath
xkfYg lgh uewus po.k ;k fy[k.k esa enn feyanh vkgsA
fgd ch xkfYgA flUèkhv [kka lokb bfrgkl] vFkZ'kkL=k] Hkwxksy] okik# ox+Sjg
fo"k;fu esa dsfrjfu bZ lqokyfu tk tokc vlka[ks dq>q oèkhd rÝ+lhy lka fyf[k.kk
gwank vkfgfuA thva& vdcj ts 'kklu twa [+kkfl;rwa] Hkkjr tks vkne'kqekjh elbyks]
Hkweè; js[kk th vkcksgok] ;k ?kqfjt (ekax) ,sa iwfrZv lka okLrsnkj lqoky ox+SjgA
vfgM+fu lqokyfu [ks et+ewu okjk lqoky p;ks osanks vkgsA bUgfu tk tokc fM;.k esa
fc et+ewu&ys[ku tks vH;klq deq b±nks vkgsA
gk] r rOgka gk.ks leq>h fo;k r et+ewuq fy[k.k tks vH;klq dj.k th t+:jr Nks
vkgs\ leq>h fo;k u\
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
227
ûù-ý et+ewu tk fd+Levpks] gk.ks et+ewu ts ckjs esa ds fc;wa xkfYg;wa tk.k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;waA
ekSt+™v (fo"k;) ,sa fy[k.k okjs th eufLFkfr ewftfc vyfx&vyfx rjg tk et+ewu
fy[kh lf?kck vkfgfuA bu rjg et+ewu dsfrjfu bZ fo+QLefu tk gwank vkfgfuA fgrs
vlha fVfu fo+QLefu ts et+ewufu rs ohpk# danklhaA bgs vkfgfu&
1- c;kuh
2- ohpkjh
3- Hkkoçèkku
c;kuh et+ewu esa dafga 'kb] okfd+, (?kVuk)] çns'k tks c;kuq d;ks osanks vkgsA felky
rksj] gksyh] fM;kjh] psVhpaMq] eqlkfi+Qjh] ?kqe.k tfgM+h dk txfg ;k dafga jkafn ts
ekSt+™v rs tMfga vlha et+ewuq fy[kanklha r mu esa ekSt+™v tks c;kuq d;ks osanksA bu
rjg ts et+ewufu esa okfd+vfu tks fgdq flyflyks gwanks vkgsA bu esa jokbrh
(lkèkkj.k) xkfYg;wa oèkhd gwafn;wa vkfgfuA bgs tk.k MhanM+ gwafn;wa vkfgfu ,sa bgs
fy[k.k dq>q loyks gwanks vkgsA
ohpkjh et+ewu fy[k.k ykb lksp.k&ohpkj.k th oèkhd t+:jr gwanh vkgsA bu esa c˜f¼
rrq vgeq gwanks vkgs ,sa bgs et+ewu ?k.kks djs dafga futh] lkekftd ;k fl;klh elbys
rs fyf[k;k osank vkfgfuA ^nwjn'kZu tks thou rs vl#*] ^Msrhysrh*] ^çtkra=k* oxS+jg
dafga fc fo"k; rs ohpkjh et+ewuq fy[kh lf?kts FkksA bu esa fo"k; ts lqBfu&[+kjkcq
iklfu rs ohpk# d;ks osanks vkgs] nyhy fMuk osank vkfgfu ,sa dMfga dMfga elbys
[ks gy dj.k tk jLrk fc c˜èkk;k osank vkfgfuA
Hkkoçèkku et+ewu esa fo"k; rfi+QZ iafgath vglklh çfrfØ;k tks bt+gk# d;ks osanks
vkgsA bu esa dYiuk tks rrq vgeq gwanks vkgs] rdZ th oèkhd xqatkb'k dksu gwanh vkgsA
felky rksj] ^nksLrh*] ^c˜<kiks* ^ts eka ekLr# gqtka gk* ox+Sjg fo"k;fu rs et+ewuq
fy[kans iafgatwa HkkoukÅa [kqfy;y uewus t+kfgj djs lf?kfc;wa vkfgfuA vfglklfu ts
bt+gkj ts djs fgufu et+ewufu esa fgd rjg th iafgatkbi jganh vkgsA bgk iafgatkbi
bZ bu rjg ts et+ewufu th [+kkfl;r vkgsA
bu rjg et+ewu [ks fo"k; ts vkèkkj rs fc dsfrjfu bZ fd+Lefu esa fojgk, lf?kts FkksA
thva&
1- lkekftd et+ewu
2- rgt+hch ;k lkaLÑfrd et+ewu
3- ns'kçse @ jk"Vªh; psruk lka okLrsnkj et+ewu
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
228
4- foKku] rduhd ,sa m|ksx lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
5- dljr ,sa jkafn;qfu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
6- rbyhe ,sa Kku lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
7- fl;klh ;k jktuhfrd et+ewu
8- çsj.kknk;h et+ewu
9- lqohpkjfu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
10- euksjatu ts lkèkufu lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
11- cksyh ,sa vnc lka okLrsnk# et+ewu
vpks] et+ewuq dhva fyf[k;ks osanks vkgs] bgks tk.k.k [kka vofy vlha bgks tk.kwa r bu
esa dfgM+k dfgM+k vax 'kkfey vkfgfuA
ûù-þ et+ewu tk vax
et+ewu tk Vs vge vax gwank vkfgfu&
1- Hkwfedk
2- eoknq ;k fo"k;&oLrq
3- iNkM+h ;k milagkj
Hkwfedk [ks çLrkouk fc pbcks vkgsA bu esa et+ewu ts fo"k; [ks fpVks d;ks osanks vkgsA
Hkwfedk o.kanM+ gwanh rMfga bZ i<anM+ et+ewuq i<+.k ykb vkrks FkhanksA lqoky bgks vps
Fkks r et+ewu th Hkwfedk dhva fyf[kts\ et+ewu th 'kq:vkfr dafga ys[kd] 'kkbj]
fi+Qyklki+Qj ;k fl;klrnku ts d+kSy (dFku) lka djs lf?kts FkhA bgks lgh vkgs r
dafga e'kgw# dFku lka et+ewu th 'kq:vkr dj.k lka ikBd ts fnfy&fnekx+ rs lqBks
vl# ioanks vkgsA fc;ks rjhdks vkgs r dafga okfd+, th xkfYg dans et+ewu 'kq: dtsA
Hkwfedk esa os>M+kbZv esa fFk;y dafga okfo+Q, [ks fo"k; lka tksM+s fc ekgksyq Bkgs lf?kts
FkksA fgdq fc;ks rjho+Qks fc vkgsA ewa dki+Qh vjlks vx˜ fgdq et+ewuq if<+;ks gksA mu th
'kq:vkfr fgu uewus gqbZ& ^^ ^lkab±] v[+kckj ofBtksA* vlkath vf[k rMfga [kqyanh
vkgs] tMfga vlkats njokt+s rs v[+kckj b±nh vkgsA rOgka [ks tk.k vkgs r v[+kckj
dhva Nitanh vkgs\ bgk lkbal th oMh user vkgsA** bu rjg th Hkwfedk [kka iksb]
^v[+kckj* rs ?k.kks dq>q fy[kh lf?kts FkksA vgeq xkfYg bgk vkgs r Hkwfedk th
vkf[+kjh flV rkb± igqpans igqpans et+ewu ts ewy fo"k; tks ft+o+Q˜ vofl djs NM.kq
?kqfjtsA
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
229
felky ykb Hkwfedk tks fgdq fc;ks uewuks fMlksA ^egkuxj tks thouq* fo"k; th
Hkwfedk vlha fgu rjg fy[kh l?kwa Fkk&
egkuxj tks thouq
eFkha Hkwfedk felky rksj fMuy vkgsA ts rOgka [ks ilan u vps r rOgka ifgats <ax
lka 'kq:vkfr dfj;ksA
fo"k;&oLrq et+ewu tks eq[; fgLlks vkgsA bu esa fo"k; th okd+fi+Q;r fMuh osanh
vkgs] mu tks :i fpVks d;ks osanks vkgsA fo"k; tks fgdq bZ ejdt+h Hkko gwanks vkgs]
rafga tks foLrkj dj.k th t+:jr gwanh vkgsA fo"k; tk dsfrjk bZ iklk gwank vkfgfuA
i{k&foi{k esa nyhy MsbZ fo"k; [ks xgjkbZv lka leq>k;ks osanks vkgsA ds fo"k; vfgM+k
gwank vkfgfu] ftu lka fFk;.k okjfu i+Qkbnfu ;k uqo+Qlkufu tks ft+fd# djs lf?kcks
vkgs] thva lkbal eka ui+Qk ,sa uqo+QlkuA t+:jr io.k rs mu th mi;ksfxrk rs jks'kuh
fo>ans mu [ks viukb.k th xkfYg fc djs lf?kts Fkh] thva v[+kckj i<+.kqA fdfu
'k;qfu ;k jhfr;qfu ts cqjkb;qfu th xkfYg dans mu [kka nwj jg.k th le> fc MsbZ
lf?kts Fkh] thva Msrh&ysrhA bu esa rOgha iafgatks jk;ks fc tksM+s l?kks FkkA iafgatks jk;ks
Mhans fumM+r okjh cksyh drfc vk.k.kqq cfgrj Fkhanks vkgsA bgks fc è;kuq j[k.kq ?kqfjts
r dk vfgM+h xkfYg u pbZ o×ks tafga tks vl# dafga fgd èkqfj (i{k) ykb ,rjkt+
tksxks gqtsA fo"k; lka okLrsnk# u,a [kka ub± tk.k fM;.kq et+ewu [ks oèkhd vljkbrks
c.kkb±nks vkgsA rOgka fo"k; oLrqv ts dafga igywv rs jks'kuh fo>anM+ dafga dfork twa
flVwa fc bLrsekyq djs l?kks FkkA ij è;kuq fM;.k okjh xkfYg bgk vkgs r gj uqD+rs
(eqíks ;k fcanq) [ks tqnk i+Q˜o+Qjs (iSjkxzki+Q) esa fyf[ktksA
fo"k; th :ijs[kk Bkghans vlka[ks eq[; fo"k;&fcanq ;k fcanqfu tk fc uksVq Bkgs oB.kq
?kqfjtfuA ds fo"k; vfgM+k gwank] tafga tk mi&fcanq Fkh l?kfu FkkA mi&fcanqfu lka
efrycq bgks vkgs r mu eq[; fcanwv ts rgr vlha fdu&fdu xkfYg;qfu [ks j[k.k
vlkatks eqYdq rekeq rst+hv lka rjd+h djs jfg;ks vkgsA fur uoka m|ksx [kqyh
jfg;k vkfgfuA uoka dkj[+kkuk yxh jfg;k vkfgfuA u;wa vki+Qhlwa [kqyh jfg;wa
vkfgfuA ij] bu fodklq tk ejdt+] oMk oMk 'kgj vkfgfuA xksBfu] dLcfu ,sa
ua<fu 'kgjfu eka ek.gw oMfu 'kgjfu rfi+QZ Hkth jfg;k vkfgfu] Nks tks mrs
jkst+xkj tk o> oèkhd vkfgfuA urhts rksj] gh uxj] egkuxj cf.kth jfg;k
vkfgfuA thva thva egkuxjfu esa vkcknh oèkh jgh vkgs] rhva rhva mUgfu tks
thouq cfnfyth jfg;ks vkgsA elbyk oèkh jfg;k vkfgfuA
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
230
pkfg;wa FkkA thva ^Msrh&ysrh* rs et+ewuq fy[kans fo"k;&oLrq tk eq[;q fo"k; fcanq ,sa
mi&fcanq bu rjg Fkh l?kfu Fkk&
eq[;q fo"k;&fcanq mi&fcanq
Mktks Nk ykb èkhv tks uvksa ?k#
ub± x`gLFkh
t+:jh de ts 'k;qfu th HksV
oD+r lka bu fjokt tks fcfxM+t.kq
Mktks fM;.k th 'kq:vkfr
Msrh&ysrhv ts fjokt twa cqjk;wa
'kknhv [kka vofy ?kksV ykb cksyh
?kksV tkuoj okaxqj fodketank vkfgfu
'kknhv [kka iksb uqaga rs vR;kpkj
?kksVsrfu ikjka oèkanM+ ?kq:a
ekufld ihM+k igqpkb.kq
uqaga [ks lkM+s ekjs NM.kq
vpks] fMlwa r fgufu xkfYg;qfu [ks i+Q˜djfu esa dhva fijks, l?kwa Fkk%
ifgfj;ksa vgeq uqD+rks
Msrh&ysrh Nks\
Msrh&ysrhv ts fjokt tks tueq iqjk.kfu lkekftd fjoktfu esa xksYgs lf?kts FkksA
'kknhv [kka iksb Nksfdjh fgd u,a ?kj esa osanh vkgsA gqu [ks uvksa ifjok# olkb.kks gwanks
vkgsA iafgatks uvksa vk[ksjks Bkfg.k esa [ksfl oèkhd Mf[k;kbZ u fFk,] bu ykb gqu [ks
ds lwf[kfM+;wa fM;.k tks fjokt gksA rksgi+Qfu esa [ksfl ?kj esa deq b±nM+ 'k;wa] thva&
ckl.k] diM+k] t+soj ox+Sjg iafgath et+hZv lka fMuk osank gqvk] dkbZ ?kqj ;k caèkuq dksu
gwanks gksA ij] èkhjs èkhjs mu esa fc;wa cqjk;wa tqM+afn;wa os;waA ?kksVsrk] dqvkajsrfu [kka 'k;qfu
th ?kqj dj.k yxkA bgs ?kqfjtwa oèkafn;wa os;wa ,sa dqvkafj ikls ts leFkhZv [ks fMBs&leq>s
fcuk ofM;wa ofM;wa ?kq:a fc fFk;.k yfx;waA brka bZ 'kq: fFk;ks Mktks oB.k ,sa fM;.k tks
fjoktq] ;kfu Msrh&ysrhv th çFkkA
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
fcanq = uqD+rks
231
fc;ksa vgeq uqD+rks
Msrh&ysrhv twa cqjk;wa
vt Msrh&ysrhv esa dsfrfj;wa bZ cqjk;wa vph os;wa vkfgfuA lHk [kka ifgjha ,sa vthcq
xkfYg r bgk vkgs r lqBs ?kksV ykb vfgM+s uewus v?kq&eqYgq Fkhanks vkgs t.kq vukt
th eaMhv ;k tkuojfu ts esys esa uhykeh Fkh jgh gqtsA rjhdks tqnk gwanks vkgs] ckd+h
xkfYg r yxHkx rfgM+h bZ gwanh vkgsA
ij] bgks r fgdM+ks iklks vkgsA 'kknhv [kka iksb bu tk fc;k :i fc fMl.k b±nk
vkfgfuA ykyph ek.gqfu [ks uqaga ts Mkts [kka larks"kq dksu Fkhanks vkgsA gw oj&oj djs
ub± ?kqj dank vkfgfuA uqaga [ks etcwj dank vkfgfu r gwv iafgats ekrk&firk [kka ghm
oBh vps] gw oBh vpsA fgufu ?kq#fu [ks iwjks dj.k ekbVfu ts ol esa dksu gwanks vkgs
r gw uqaga rs vR;kpkj dank vkfgfuA gqu [ks dsfrjk bZ ekufld d"V fMuk osank
vkfgfuA ifgjha [ksfl etcw# d;ks osanks vkgs r gwv rax Fkh djs vki?kkrq djs NMsA
ts vfgM+ks dksu Fkhanks vkgs r llq] uqaga] ?kksVq feyh uqaga [ks lkM+s fc NMhank vkfgfu
,sa bu [ks gkfnls tks ukyks fMuks osanks vkgsA
bu rjg] fo"k; tk uqD+rk ,sa ua<k uqD+rk] i+Q˜o+Qjfu th jpuk esa ennxkj Fkhank vkfgfu
,sa et+ewuq Bganks osanks vkgsA
1- gsfB fMuy fo"k;fu tk uqD+rk ,sa ua<k uqD+rk Bkfg;ks&
vlkatks ekgksyq et+gch ,dks
uhaxfj;qfu th rbyhe >ax&thou tks cpkm
2- gsfB;fu fo"k;fu ts fMuy uqD+rfu ,sa ua<fu uqD+rfu ts vkèkkj rs i+Q˜o+Qjks fy[kks&
(v) IysVi+QkeZ rs& vyx vyx rjg tk ek.gw] mfefj] ifgjkm] e'kxwfy;wa]xksM+'kks#] dwyh] ?kksjfM+;fu tk gksdk] HktMqd] cfnbart+keqA
(c) jLrs rs& pqipki] 'kkafriw.kZ eqlkfi+Qjh] vksfprks lkEgaw fgdq LdwVj]
Vd#] gkfnlks] ?kk;yfu th gkyfr] ek.gqfu tk lq>ko] iqfyl oVka ennA
(l) ukjhv [ks l?kkjks c.kkb.kq& ?kj esa % ekm] Hks.k] t+ky] uqaga] èkhvA
?kj [kka ckfgfj % vkWi+Qhl] lekt lsok] lsuk] jkafn;wa] iqfyl esaA
gj gafèk L=khv th igqp& gokbZ tgkt+ esa ik;yV ts :i esafc ,sa varfj{k esa fcA
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ü
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
232
iNkM+h fy[k.kq
gk.ks rOgka Hkwfedk ,sa fo"k; oLrq fy[k.kq fl[kh fo;k vkfg;ksA vpks] iNkM+h fy[k.k
tks fc vH;klq dfj;waA Nk rOgka tk.kks Fkk r iNkM+hv esa lts et+ewu tks fupksM+ ,sa
urhtks gwanks vkgsA thva Hkwfedk lqBh gqts] r mgk ikBd [ks et+ewuq i<+.k ykb
vkeknk danh vkgs] rhva bZ ts iNkM+h lqBh gqts r i<+anM+ rs mu tks lqBks vl# Fkhanks
vkgsA
et+ewu ts eq[;q Hkkx ;kuh fo"k; oLrq ts uqD+rfu esa tsds xkfYg;wa rOgka [k;wa gq;wa] tsds
nyhy fMuk gqvk] mu tks rkRiqtqZ ,sa gyq iNkM+hv esa fMuks osanks vkgsA tqnk tqnk
xkfYg;qfu esa rkyesy fogkfj;ks ,sa mu [ks vljnk# c.kk;ksA thva Hkwfedk fy[k.k th
dk fgd jhfr ukgs] rhva bZ iNkM+h fy[k.k th fc dk fgd jhfr ukgsA rOgka dafga
lqfopkj lka fc et+ewu th iNkM+h djs l?kks FkkA vljkbrh iNkM+h fy[k.k th
dkfe;kchv th fgdM+h bZ dlkSVh vkgs r mu [kka iksb et+ewuq vèkwjks u yx.kq ?kqfjtsA
b,a u yxs r v×kk dq>q NqfVth jfg;ks vkgs ;k i<+.k okjks lksps r v×kk dq>q cko+Qh
vkgsA
vpks] ^vt˜ th ukjh* et+ewu ykb gsfB fMuy fcfu rjgfu twa iNkfM+;wa uewus rksj
fMlwa&
(v) bu rjg lki+Q˜ vkgs r vt th ukjh gj [ks=k esa iq#"k ts dqYgs lka dqYgks feyk,
eqYd ts fuekZ.k esa enn djs jgh vkgs ij iq#"k tks mu rfi+QZ ut+fj;ks vt˜ fc iqjk.kks
,sa iksbrs fi;yq vkgsA gw [ksfl caèku esa j[k.kq pkgs Fkks] gqu lka bZ[kkZ djs Fkks] gqu [ks
foykl th 'kb e×ks FkksA ij ghv gkyfr oèkhd Mhaga dksu jganhA gk.ks ukjh iafgath
l?k ,sa iafgatks ed+lnq cbZ tk.ks FkhA y{; gkflyq dj.k [kka dksbZ fc [ksfl jksds dksu
l?kanksA
(c) iq#"kq ,sa ukjh lnk fgd fc, tk iwjd jfg;k vkfgfuA ukjh vt ts iq#"k okaxqj
rbyhe ;kÝ+rk vkgsA gqu [ks Hkkjr ts tksM+td tk vfèkdkj fefy;y vkfgfuA iq#"k
tks lg;ksx fc [ksfl fey;yq vkgsA gwv rjd+hv th jkg rs vfxrs oèks] bu rs dafga
[ks fc ,rjkt+ ukgs] ij gqu [ks bgks Hkqfyt.kq u ?kqfjts r iq#"k fcuk lanfl gkflykr
th lkjkg fc ds# danks ! budjs lqBks bgks bZ vkgs r gwv iq#"k th lkFkh ,sa nksLrq c.kh
jgs !
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
233
fgu èkjrhv rs losa eqYd vkfgfuA fgd [kka ofèk fgdA ua<k&oMk] xjeq&Fkèkk]
veh#&x+jhcq] rjg rjg tk eqYdA ij lth èkjrhv rs 'khaga okaxq# fl# [ka;ks]
vaxn ts isj okaxq# vVyq] flt okaxq# cfgdanM+] paM tfgM+ks Åty cfl fgdM+ks
bZ eqYdq vkgsA eqfgatks eqYdq & HkkjrA rMfga bZ r 'kkbj bo+Qcky p;ks vkgs] ^lkjs
tgka ls vPNk fgUnksLrka gekjkA**
gsfB fMuy felky ewftfc iNkM+hv tk uqD+rk Bkfg;ksA
(v) Msrh&ysrh
iNkM+h&uqD+rk% ltks Hkkjrh; lekt Msrh&ysrhv ts et+Z esa iQkFkyq] lekt esa dyadq]
fons'k esa cnukeh] rjd+hv esa jaMd] ukStqokufu th ft+esokjh] dqjhfr [kka eqfDr t+:jhA
(c) dljr
lqBh flgr [kka lokb thouq ck#] lekt ,sa ns'k ts dY;k.k ykb t+:jh] lq[kh thou
ykb dljr] dk u dk dljr dj.kq ykft+ehA
gk.ks fgufu tk iNkM+hv tk uqD+rk Bkfg;ks&
ijksidk#
lekpkj i=k
ts eka jsyea=kh gqtka gka
ûù-ÿ et+ewu tks uewuks
gsy rkb± vlka et+ewu ts vyx vyx HkkÄfu rs xkfYg cksfYg dbZA vpks] mUgfu tk
felky fc fMlwaA fgrs vlha fgdq ltks et+ewuq felky rksfj MsbZ jfg;k vkfg;waA bu [ks
i<+h rOgka leq>h l?kank r dafga fo"k; rs ltks et+ewuq dhva fy[k.kq ?kqfjtsA fgu
et+ewu [ks è;ku lka i<+ks] lksfp;ks ,sa leq>ksA
lHk [kka lqfg.kks eqYdq vlkatks
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ý fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
234
Vs&Vs leqaM jkr&Mhaga bu tk pj.k èkqvank vkfgfuA vFkkgq leqaM twa yfg:a fgdq fgdq
djs vph bu ts fdukjfu rs eFkks g.kafn;wa vkfgfu] ij bu th ÅUgkbZ dksu tk.ks
l?kafn;wa vkfgfuA fujkl eksVh osafn;wa vkfgfuA d+njr fgu [ks vuks[kh lq×kk.ki fMuh
vkgsA ci+QkZuh fgeky; fgu [ks 'kkunk# :iq Mhanks vkgs] lHk [kka lqfg.kks c.kkb±nks
vkgsA d'ehj [kka mÙkj&vksyg çkarfu rkb± iQfgfy;y fgeky;] lnk Åtyq] lnk
lhryq] vfgM+ks vkgs fgu tks eqdqVqA
xaxk ;equk bu th fxphv tks gk# vkfgfuA lryt] ueZnk] rkIrh] egkunh] Ñ".kk]
dkosjh bu twa jxa™ vkfgfu] bu tks thouq vkfgfuA foaè;&lriqM+k bu tk dejcan
vkfgfuA vjkoyh tcyfu th ekyk bu tk ?kkVk dsl vkfgfuA vfgM+ks lqanj lyw.kks
:iq vkgs fgu tksA rMfga bZ r nsork fc eqafgats eqYd esa tueq oB.kq pkghank
vkfgfuA
eqafgats eqYd th èkjrh lrjaxh vkgsA fdFks lk;wa cfu;wa] r fdFks ljfga] fdFks
lwjteq[khv th ihykf.k] r fdFks Vslwv th xk<+kf.k] ,sa fdFks df.kd&pkaojfu tk jax
eVhanM+ [ksr_ dsjy tk rkM+] ukjsy] dktw] dki+Qhv tk ckx+hpk_ lriqM+k tk ?kkVk
cu_ d'ehj th dslj twa D;kfj;wa_ vle tk pkafg ckx+ & lHkq feyk, eqafgats eqYd
th lwaga [ks ?k.kks ?k.kks reke ?k.kks oèkk, NMhank vkfgfuA
eqafgats ns'kokfl;qfu tks ifgjkm fMlks & jaxhys jktLFkku th iksrh] xqtjkrh ix] iatkch
lyokj dqjrks] gfj;k.kk th ?k?kjh] cukjlh lkfM+;wa] d'ehjh fi+Qju] flUèkh&dPNh
'kky & gj gaèk tks iafgatks dks u dks [+kkfl ifgjkm vkgsA vfgM+ks lqfg.kks] vfgM+ks
eksghanM+] tks fons'kh lSykuh fMlank bZ jfgth osank vkfgfuA
fM.k&okj gqtfu ;k esyk eyk[kM+k gqtfu] eqafgats ns'kokfl;qfu ts okrka yksd xhrfu
tk lqj lts ok;weaMy [ks lqjhyks c.kk, NMhank vkfgfuA upanM+ isjfu th yft+Z'k r
cl fMlank bZ jgks! ,sa mu lka xM ,frjk rjg rjg tks lkt+ tks pbZ [k.kh cfl
dfj;ks!
[+kkfl;rwa r fc;wa fc vkfgfu eqafgats eqYd esaA gsfrjs oMs eqYd th lwaga [ks Hkyk
yÝ+t+fu esa dhva bt+gkjs lf?kts FkksA dsfrjfu 'kkbjfu] vnhcfu bu th lkjkg esa ?k.kks
dq>q fyf[k;ks vkgs ij bu th lwaga tks lewjks o.kZuq dksbZ u djs lf?k;ks vkgsA furq
cfnytanM+ :i tks lewjks o.kZuq Hkyk dhva Fkh l?ks FkksA gj fijg (çHkkr) bu eqYd
esa uvksa jaxq Hkjhanh vkgs] gj 'kke bu [ks uvksa :iq Mhanh vkgsA vlha r cfl ,frjks
bZ pbZ l?kwa Fkk & lHk [kka lqfg.kks] lHk [kka I;kjks] eqYdq vlkatksA
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
235
fgrs lk{kjrk% fgdq ojnkuq* ,sa cky et+™jh* fo"k; rs et+ewufu ykb ds vgeq uqD+rk
fMuk fo;k vkfgfuA fgufu ts vkèkkj rs et+ewu fy[k.k th dksf'k'k dfj;ksA
lk{kjrk& fgdq ojnkuq
^lk{kjrk* lka eqjkn
rbyhe th ekuk ,sa vgfe;r
fuj{kj gqv.k tk lcc
fuj{kjrk lka uqo+Qlku
lk{kj fFk;.k th çsj.kk fM;.k okjk lcc
lk{kjrk eka i+Qkbnks
lk{kjrk ,sa 'kks"k.k eka eqfDr
lk{kj fFk;.k tk o>
lk{kjrk vfHk;ku ,sa vlka th ft+esokjh
lk{kjrk lfHkuh ykb
lk{kjrk ,sa jk"Vª fodklq
lk{kjrk ,sa ln~Hkkouk
cky et+™jh
^ckyfi.k* lka eqjkn
ckyfi.k th vgfe;r ,s bPNkÅa
cky et+™jhv th ekuk ,sa l:i
cky et+™jhv tks tqnk tqnk :i
cky et+™jhv tk dkj.k
cky et+™jh ,sa lekt th ft+esokjh
[kfltanM+ ua<fif.k% fgdq lkekftd fljkiq
cky et+™jh jksd.k okjs dkuwu th tk.k
cky et+™jh jksd.k tk mikv
cky&vfèkdkjfu th oLi+Q
ckjfu [ks rbyhe ts txr esa nkf[+kyq fFk;.k ykb lM˜
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-þ fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
236
ûù-ö et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy twa fr;kfj;wa
et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy gsfB;qfu xkfYg;qfu tks vofl [+k;kyq j[k.kq ?kqfjts&
fo"k; th pwaMlqokyfu ts isij esa ?k.kks djs Vs&pkj fo"k; fMuy gwank vkfgfuA rOgka [ks mUgfu eka
dafga fgd fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[k.kks gwanks vkgsA iafgats ykb fo"k; pwaMhans fMlks r rOgka
Nk rs lqBks et+ewuq fy[kh l?kks FkkA tafga fo"k; th lqBh tk.k gqts] tafga rs rOgka tk
iafgatk ohpkj ,sa e×kqrkÅa fc gqtfu] Fkh l?ks Fkks r mu lka okLrsnkj fgd&c mfDr;wa
fc ;kfn gqtfu & mgks fo"k; pwaMs oBksA ds 'kkfxnZ dafga fo"k; [ks #xks lqBks fo"k;
leq>h pwaMs oBank vkfgfu ij fgdq c i+Q˜djks fy[k.k [kka iksb gqufu tks d+yeq chgh
osanks vkgsA iksb fo"k; cfny.k gk×khdkjd gwanks vkgs Nks tks rOgka rslhrkb± 15&20
feuV bLrseky djs pqfd;k gwank vkfg;ksA iksb Mf[k;kbZ u fFk,] bu ykb rOgka [ks
fo"k; th pwaM lksps&leq>h dj.kq ?kqfjtsA gk] ts rOgka [ks yxs r rOgka fcfu ;k fVfu
fo"k;fu rs lqBhv rjg et+ewuq fy[kh l?kks Fkk] r #xks mgks fo"k; pwafM;ks] tafga ts
ckjs esa rOgka [ks yxs r mu rs ?kfV 'kkfxnZ fy[kankA ts ?k.ksbZ 'kkfxnZ fgd bZ fo"k;
rs fy[kh jfg;k gqtfu] r u,a fo"k; rs fyf[k;yq et+ewuq vlywdks cf.kth osanks vkgs
,sa mu tks et+ewuq tkphanM+ rs lqBks vl# ioanks vkgsA
:ijs[kk tks fuekZ.kq
iafgath ilan tks fo"k; pwaM.k [kka iksb dkihv ts lHk [kka iNkM+hv okjs (ji+Q de
okjs) lqÝ+gs rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk Bkgs oBksA Hkwfedk] c;kuq ,sa iNkM+hv esa rOgka Nk
Nk fM;.kq pkghank] mu tks i+QSlyks ifgjha [kka bZ djs oB.k lka fy[k.k esa lgwfy;r
Fkhanh vkgsA bu lka et+ewu esa flyflyks cf.k;yq jganks vkgs ,sa nqfgjkm dksu Fkhanks
vkgsA thva] egkuxj tks thouq* fo"k; pwaM.k rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk gsfB,a uewus th
Fkh l?kanh vkgs&
Hkwfedk& ux# ,sa egkux#_ egkux# dafga [ks pbcks vkgs\
egkuxjfu th [+kkfl;r] eqafgatks egkux#] mu tks thouq
fo"k; oLrqv egkuxj esa HkhM+
tks c;kuq& ?kj th eqf'dykr
?kj ,sa de th txfg th nwjh] vpqo×kq th rdyhi+Q
el:fi+Q;r ,sa oD+r th [kksfV
rM+d&HkM+d] 'kku&'kkSdr ,sa x+jhch
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
237
çnw"k.k& vkokt+] ok;q] ty_ ,sa flgr lka okLrsnk# elbyk
ofM;wa ofM;wa vLirkywa] iksb fc lkèkufu th [kksfV
vklsikls ek.gqfu tk g'kke gwans fc fgd fc, lka
ifjp; tks vHkko
lq[k lqfoèkkÅa] jkst+xkj tk olhyk
ns'k&fons'k lka laidZ
iNkM+h& cqjk;wa fc ,sa lqBk;wa fc
m|ksx èkaèkfu ts djs etcwfj;wa
ds lq>ko
eFks et+ewu th :ijs[kk tks fgdM+ks felkyq fMuyq vkgsA t+:jh ukgs r rOgka fc
vfgM+h bZ :ijs[kk Bkfg;ksA Hkwfedk esa rOgka m|ksxfu ts rst+hv lka FkhanM+ fodklq ts
djs xksBfu eka 'kgjfu rfi+QZ FkhanM+ yM&iyk.k tks gokyks MsbZ l?kks FkkA c;ku esa rOgka
pkfg;ks r egkuxj ts lq[kfu] lgwfy;rqfu rs t+ks# MsbZ l?kks Fkk ,sa pkfg;ks r #xks
x+jhcfu ts csofl] csvkljs thou rsA
rOgka eFks fMuy fo"k; rs iafgath :ijs[kk ewftfc et+ewuq fy[k.kq 'kq: dfj;ksA ifgjha
fljks fM;ks ,sa Hkwfedk okjks i+Q˜o+Qjks fy[kksA
1- fgrs fgd et+ewu th :ijs[kk fMuh osbZ vkgsA rOgka mu ts vkèkkj rs et+ewu
ts fo"k; tks vankt+ks yxk;ksA
(v) Hkwfedk& eqlkfi+Qjh Nks\ jsy eqlkfi+Qjhv tks pkgq]
vfgM+ks dks ekSdks vp.kq
(c) fo"k; oLrw@ eqlkfi+Qjhv th r;kjh] fVdsV d<kb.kq
c;kuq& eqlkfi+Qjhv th 'kq:vkfr] jsYos IysVi+QkeZ tks fut+kjks
jsy NqV.kq] xksM+'kks# ?kfVt.kq
fc;fu eqlkfi+Qjfu lka okfD+i+Q;r
jkr tks lfHkuh ts lqEg.k [kka iksb fFk;yq okfd+vks
xkMhv ts ncs esa Mfgdkm] t+athj fNd.kq]
jsy tks chg.kq
okfo+Q, ckcfr tk.k
ef'kx+™fy;wa&ûù-ÿ
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
238
iNkM+h& dMfga fc u Hkqyk, lf?ktanM+ rtqcksZ
vt fc ;kfn
fljks & --------------------------------------------------------
2- ^mgks gkfnlks* fo"k; rs et+ewu th :ijs[kk fy[kksA
3- ^eqafgatks ilanhnk fdrkcq* fo"k; rs et+ewu twa c tqnk :ijs[kkÅa r;k# dfj;ksA
ûù-÷ è;kuq j[k.k ykb ds xkfYg;wa
et+ewuq fy[k.k esa ds fc;wa xkfYg;wa fc ennxkj Fkhafn;wa vkfgfuA vpks] mUgfu ts ckjs
esa fc tk.kh oBwaA
û- Hkk"kkHkk"kk rfi+QZ lqtkxh t+:jh vkgsA tqfeyk ua<k ua<k ,sa ik.k esa okLrsnk# gqtfuA fM?kk
tqfeyk u #xks Fkdkb±nk vkfgfu] mUgfu esa tqfeyks Bkfg.k twa pqdwa fc Fkh l?kafn;wa
vkfgfuA tqfeyks gj rjg lka lgh fy[k.k th dksf'k'k dj.k ?kqfjtsA lwjr[+krhv th
x+yfr;qfu [kka cp.kq [kisA t+:jh ukgs r 'kq¼ rRle ;k Mf[k;fu yÝ+t+fu th ?k.kkbZ
gqtsA ljy] loyfu yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq et+ewu [ks lqHkkohd c.kkb±nks vkgsA gk]
vaxzst+h] fgUnh] vjch] i+Qkjlh ,sa fc;qfu cksfy;qfu ts x+Sj&t+:jh bLrseky [kka cp.kq
?kqfjtsA thva& rRle ^?kksjfM+;ks* (gksdks MsbZ 'k;wa fod.k.k okjks) th txfg rs 'k;wa
fod.kanM+ ;k 'k;wa fod.k.k okjks r deq vk.ks lf?kts Fkks ij mu th txfg rs gkWdj*
fy[k.kq Bhd ukgsA
rOgka fgu fdrkc esa txfg&txfg rs bLrykgfu (eqgkojfu) tks bLrsekyq è;ku lka
if<+;ks gwanksA rOgka tk.kks Fkk r bLrykg] cksyhv esa tkfu fo>h NMhank vkfgfu] budjs
rOgka fc mUgfu tks tksxks bLrsekyq djs l?kks FkkA
ü- :iq ,sa vkdk#
et+ewuq fy[kh oB.kq fl[k.k lka vfxrs gyh fta+nxhv esa rOgka [ks oMk&oMk et+ewu
fy[k.k tks o>q fc feyh l?ks FkksA ij bfErgku esa rOgka [ks yxHkx v<kbZ lkS
[kka pkj lkS yÝ+t+fu tks et+ewuq bZ fy[k.kks gwanks vkgsA Hkwfedk ,sa iNkM+hv ykb
fgdq&fgdq i+Q˜o+Qjks bZ dki+Qh vkgsA bu [kka lokb fVfu&pbfu i+Q˜o+Qjfu esa fo"k; lka
tqfM+;y ?kfV esa ?kfV pbfu uqD+rfu esa fo"k; tks foLrk# dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewuq fy[k.k
efgy] cksyh] :i ,sa vkdkj [kka lokb gsfB;qfu xkfYg;qfu tks fc [+kkfl è;kuq j[k.kq
t+:jh vkgs&
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
239
gj ub± xkfYg u,a i+Q˜djs lka 'kq: dfj;ks ,a mu i+Q˜o+Qjs esa mu xkfYg rs bZ
iafgatk ohpkj fM;ksA
tqfeyk ik.k esa tqfM+;y gqtfuA
ohpkj flyflysokj gqtfu] mgs dfl;y gqtfu] nqfgjkm u gqtsA
fgd uqD+rs [ks vèkwjks NMs fc, uqD+rs rs u fyf[k;y gqtsA
lts et+ewu esa ohpkjfu ,sa Hkk"kk tks lqHkkohd ofgdjks gqtsA
et+ewu fVfu fo+QLefu tk gwank vkfgfu & c;kuh] ohpkjh ,sa HkkoçèkkuA
c;kuh et+ewufu esa okfd+vfu tks flyflyks] lwpukÅa ,sa jok;rh c;kuh
xkfYg;wa gwafn;wa vkfgfuA
ohpkjh et+ewufu esa c˜f¼ rr th vgfe;r gwanh vkgsA bgs et+ewufu dafga
elbys rs fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu] bUgfu esa rdZ tks ut+fj;ks gwanks vkgsA
Hkkoçèkku et+ewufu esa dYiuk th vgfe;r] Hkkofu th fr[kk.k ,sa iafgatkbi
gwanh vkgsA
et+ewu tk Vs eq[; vax gwank vkfgfu& Hkwfedk] fo"k; oLrw ;k c;kuq ,sa
iNkM+h
et+ewuq fy[k.k [kka vofy fo"k; th è;ku lka pwaM dj.kq ?kqfjtsA et+ewu tks
fo"k; rb dj.k [kka iksb fo"k; th :ijs[kk uqD+rfu ,sa ua<fu uqD+rfu lesfr
Bkfg.kq t+:jh vkgsA
et+ewu esa flyflyks gqv.kq [kisA tqfeyk ua<k ,sa vljkbrk gqv.kq ?kqfjtfuA
et+ewuq fy[kh djs ik.k è;ku lka ojh fMl.kq t+:jh vkgsA bu lka lwjr[+krh
,sa O;kdj.k twa x+yfr;wa rOgka ik.k nwfj djs l?kks FkkA
fVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
rOgha Nk fl[;k
240
1- ^ekgksy th 'kq¼rk* ;k ^oèkanM+ çnw"k.k* fo"k; th Hkwfedk iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu
esa fy[kksA
2- ^'kgjh thouq* ;k ^dfVtanM+ o.k] ?kfVtanM+ cu&çk.kh* mUoku okjs et+ewu
th iNkM+h fy[kksA
3- gsfB;fu fo"k;fu rs et+ewuq fy[k.k ykb rÝ+lhyh (foLrkj lka) :ijs[kk
Bkfg;ks&
(v) eqafgatks ns'kq
(c) iksjfg;s th vgfe;r
(l) ukjh&'kfDr
4- gsfB fMuy gj fgd xzqi eka dafga fgd fo"k; rs et+ewuq fy[kksA (yÝ+t+fu tks
rknknq% yxHkx 300 yÝ+t+)
(1) d- nwjn'kZu% ojnkuq ;k fljkiq
[k- if<+;y&xf<+;y Nksfdjh] jks'kuh ?kj th
x- foanqj tk cfnytanM+ olhyk
(2) ?k- oèkanM+ Hkz"Vkpk# ,sa ?kfVtanM+ fodklq
p- ik.khv tks cpkm ,sa balkuh thouq
N- eksckbZy tks oèkanM+ fjokt
(3) t- çnw"k.k tks elbyks
>- eqafgatks ilanhnk fM.kq&ok#
V- thou esa vnc (lkfgR;) th vgfe;r
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqokyfVi.kh
et+ewuq dhva fyf[kts
241
20[+krq dhva fyf[kts
vt˜ dYg] tMfga dks fc ?kj [kka ckfgfj osanks vkgs r lanfl ekbV poank vkfgfu]^^i+Qksu t+:# dft r lq[k lka igqph fo;ks vkghaA** ij tsdMfga i+Qksu bZ u gqts rmgks Nk djs\ bgks fcYdqy lgh vkgs r [+krq fy[kh iafgatkss gkyq&vfgokyq ekbVfu[ks MsbZ lf?kts FkksA gwava fc iafgatfu fny ts Hkkofu] meaxfu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks t+kfg#dj.k ykb [+krq fy[k.k ,sa iafgatfu vt+ht+fu tk [+kr i<+.k tks vkuanq bZ fujkyks gwanksvkgsA ch lqBh xkfYg bgk vkgs r mUgfu [+krfu [ks dMfga fc i<+h lf?kcks vkgs ,satsfrjk Hksjk fnfy pkgs] i<+h lf?kcks vkgsA
vOgka fc iafgats thou esa ds [+kr r t+:# fyf[k;k gwankA tMfga vOgka fdFks ckfgfj?kqe.k ykb fo;k gwank r t+:# iafgats dafga nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh] mrka ts ckjs esa dq>qc˜/k;ks fc gwanks ;k iafgats dafga ekbV [ks lanfl [+kr tks tokcq eksfdfy;ks gwanksA ;kiafgats tue Mhaga ts ekSds rs iafgatfu nksLrfu [ks uhaM&i=k eksfdys ?kqjk;ks gwanksA ;k ojhdMfga fctyh] ik.kh ;k li+QkbZv ckcfr nkaga dj.k ykb dafga ljdkjh veynkj [ks[+krq fyf[k;ks gwanksA b,a fc Fkh l?ks Fkks r t+:jr io.k rs rOgka jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;hf'k{kk laLFkku (,u-vkbZ-vks-,l-) ;k chv dafga laLFkk [ks [+kr fyf[k;k gqtfuA gk.ksvpks r fl[kwa& vlha iafgaft;wa 'k[+lh ,sa nLrwjh xkfYg;wa [+krfu t+jh, dfgM+s uewus djsl?kwa FkkA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka& nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwwjh [+krfu esa i+QdqZ c;kuq djs l?kank_ [+krfu ts tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ,sa 'kSyhv @ bckjr ts ckjs esa c;ku djs l?kank_ [+kr fy[k.k oD+r [+krfu ts tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu tks lgh uewus o.kZuq djs l?kank_ t+:jr ewftcq lgh rjho+Qs lka nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr fy[k.k tk rjho+Qk c;kuq
djs l?kank_ fy[k&i<+ ts rjho+Qs tks fgd l?kkjs t+jh, ts :i esa [+krfu ts okfgis tks c;kuq
djs l?kankA
ed+ln
fVi.kh
242
üú-û [+kr fy[k.k tk fd+Le
vOgka[ks tk.k gwanh r tafga uewus vOgka iafgatfu vt+ht+fu ,sa nksLrfu [ks [+kr fy[kank
vkfg;ks r mu uewus [+krq dafga la;kstd @ veynkj [ks u fy[kh lf?kcks vkgsA iafgats
nksLr ;k vt+ht+ [ks vOgka ^fç;* 'kCn lka eq[+kkfrcq dans fy[kh l?kks Fkk] ij dafga
çksxzke ts la;kstd ykb vOgka ^ekuokjk*] ^lkab±* ox+Sjg yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dank
vkfg;ksA bu [kka lokb nksLr [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r vOgka gqu ts dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu
tks gkyq&vfgokyq iqNank vkfg;ks] ij la;kstd @ veynkj [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r
gquts dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu ts ckjs esa u iqNank vkfg;ks] u bZ iafgats dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu
tks gkyq&vfgokyq c˜/kb±nk vkfg;ksA bu jhfr fc;wa fc ?k.ksbZ xkfYg;wa vkfgfu] ftfu esa
vlka[ks i+Qo+QZ dfj.kks ioanks vkgsA vpks r bu i+Qo+QZ [ks leq>.k [kka ifgjha [+krfu ts
fo+QLefu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA vlka tsds fc [+kr fy[kank vkfg;wa] mUgfu [ks
lgwfy;r ts fygkt+ [kka fcfu fo+QLefu esa fofjgk, lf?kts Fkks&
(v) x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr (vukSipkfjd i=k) Internal Letters
(c) nLrwjh [+kr (vkSipkfjd i=k) Formal Letters
üú-û-û x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr (vukSipkfjd i=k) Internal Letters
vlha iafgatfu nksLrfu [ks [+kr fy[kank vkfg;wa] dqVqac ts Hkkfr;qfu [ks [+kr fy[kank
vkfg;wa ;k iafgats dafga lq×kkry [ks [+kr fy[kank vkfg;waA bUgfu ek.gqfu [ks fyf[k;y
[+kr xS+j&nLrwjh [+kr lfM;k osank vkfgfuA ^x+Sj&nLrwjh* yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs fcuk
dafga nLrwj ;k fu;e ts] ekuk vlka [ks dq>q fc po.k ykb dafga [kka] dafga fc fo+QLe
th btkt+r ofB.kh u ios ;k dq>q fc po.k ykb ^efgjckuh* tfgM+fu Fkksjk e×k.k
okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks fc u dfj.kks iosA butks lccq bgks vkgs r bu fo+QLe ts
x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu esa [+kr fy[k.k okjs ,sa tafga [ks [+krq fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgs fcUgha ts
fop esa xgjks ukrks gwanks vkgsA bgks ukrks dqVqach Fkh l?ks Fkks] nksLrhv tks Fkh l?ks Fkks
;k lq×kk.ki tks fc Fkh l?ks FkksA bu fo+QLe ts [+krfu [ks ^'k[+lh [+kr* fc poank
vkfgfuA x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu [ks fgd o.k&xzki+Q th enn lka leq>h l?kwa Fkk&
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
243
x+Sj&nLrwjh [+kr
('k[+lh [+kr)
oMfu [ks ik.k tsMfu [ks ua<fu [ks
ihm oMks Hkkm MkMks nksLr ge&Dyklh lq×kkry
ekm oMh Hks.k MkMh
pkpks ekbV lq×kkry
ekeks ox+Sjg
ghavj rOgka leq>h fo;k gwank r iafgaatkbi th Hkkouk lka Hkfj;y [+krfu [ks ^'k[+lh
[+kr* pbcks vkgsA bgs HkkoukÅa balku ,sa gkyrqfu ewftcq cfnfytafn;wa jgafn;wa vkfgfuA
pfo.kh fc vkgs r ^balkuq dMfga Hkjhv esa r dMfga Hkkdqj esa* ;kus dMfga [+k˜'khv
esa r dMfga x+e esaA bu lka xM˜ [+krq fy[k.k tks vankt+ fc cfnfyth osanks vkgsA [+kr
fy[k.k th i+Qt+hyr [ks è;ku esa j[kh] bu fdLe ts [+krfu [ks ok/k;qfu okjks [+krq]
Fkksjk e×k.k okjks [+krq] 'kqHkdkeukmfu okjks [+krq] uhaM&[+krq ,sa ifjpk.khv (x+ehv)
okjs [+kr ts :i esa fofjgk, lf?kts FkksA
üú-û-ü nLrwjh [+kr (vkSipkfjd i=k) Formal Letters
tMfga fcfu ek.gqfu ts fop esa 'k[+lh ykxkik u gwank vkfgfu ,sa fgd fc, lka
lq×kk.ki fc u gwanh vkgs ,sa fgd fc, [ks [+krq ox+Sjg fy[kank vkfgfu r vfgM+fu
ykxkis okjfu [+krfu [ks nLrwjh [+kr* p;ks osanks vkgsA felky rkSj tMfga dks fdrkc
[+kjhn djs ?kqjkb.k ykb dafga fdrkc fod.k.k okjs [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks r vOgka[ks
[+kcj gwanh vkgs r mu 'k[+l lka vOgkatks ykxkiks nLrwjh vkgs ,sa vOgka gqu[ks dafga
[+kkfl ed+ln lka [+krq fy[kh jfg;k vkfg;ksA lkxhv jhfr tMfga vOgka dafga cSad
eSustj [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks ;k li+QkbZ&veynkj [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks] rMfga
fc [+krq fy[k.k tks rOgkatks dksbZ [+kkfl eo+Qlnq gwanks vkgsA vfgM+hv gkyfr esa
tafga[ks [+krq feys Fkks] mgks ek.gw vge u gwanks vkgs] gqutks mfgnks vge gwanks vkgsA
go+Qho+Qr esa] vOgka dafga tk.k] elbys ;k fc, dafga eo+Qln ykb mUgfu [ks [+krq
fy[kank vkfg;ks ,sa i+Qdfr mUghv fo"k; rs xqÝ+rxw dank vkfg;ksA bgs nLrwjh [+kr ;k
r vkWi+Qhl ts dedkfj ckcfr gwank vkfgfu ;k frtkjrh gwank vkfgfuA
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
244
nqdkunkjfu] ifCy'kjfu ,sa dEifu;qfu [ks eksfdy.k okjfu [+krfu [ks ^frtkjrh [+kr*
pbcks vkgsA vfgM+fu [+krfu tks ykxkiks balku ts /a/s&okikj lka gwanks vkgsA tsds [+kr
dafga fgd vkWi+Qhl eka chv vkWi+Qhl ;k ek.gqfu [ks eksfdfy;k osank vkfgfu] mgs lHkq
fgu esa b±nk vkfgfuA
nLrwjh [+kr
frtkjrh [+kr nÝ+rjh [+kr nj[+okLrh [+kr
(O;kolkf;d i=k) (dk;kZy;h i=k) (vkosnu @ çkFkZuk i=k)
fdrkc fod.kanM+] vkWi+Qhl] laLFkk veynkj [ks
cSad eSustj ikjka ikjka ;k fgd
;k fgd fc, [ks fc, [ks
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
1- cSad eSustj [ks tsdks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;ks] mgks dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gwanks vkgs\
(v) nLrwjh (c) frtkjrh
(l) x+Sj&nLrwjh (n) nÝ+rjh ¹ º
2- ekm [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tks [+krq fyf[kcks vkgs\
(v) nLrwjh (c) nÝ+rjh
(l) 'k[+lh (n) nj[+okLrh ¹ º
üú-ü [+kr tk Mkdk
vlka ghavj nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj&nLrwjh [+krfu ckcfr tk.k gkflyq dbZ vkgsA [+krq nLrwjh
gqts ;k x+Sj nLrwjh] fcUgha [ks fy[k.k ykb dq>q Mkdfu tks flyflysok# okfgiks dj.kq
t+:jh gwanks vkgsA thva] tafga [ks [+krq eksfdfyts Fkks] mu tks ukyks] ,Msªl] lacks/u]
[+kr tks ewy eoknq ,sa [+kr th iNkM+hA fgu [ks bu jhfr leq>h lf?kts Fkks&
lcd+ ckcfr lqoky&üú-û
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
245
(v) ,sMsªl ,sa rkjh[+k fy[k.k ('kq:vkfr)
(c) lacks/u ,sa vfHkoknu okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dj.k
(lacks/u ,sa vknj)
(l) p;y xkfYg fy[k.k ([+kr tks ewy eoknq)
(n) [+kr th iNkM+h ,sa lgh dj.kq (iNkM+h)
eFks tk.kk;y Mkdk lfHkuh fo+QLefu ts [+krfu esa Fkhank vkfgfu] i+Qdfr mUgfu [ks
isf'k dj.k tks rjhdks tqnk tqnk Fkhanks vkgsA tsdMfga rOgka dksbZ fc [+krq [k.kh fMlank
r rOgka[ks mu esa eFks tk.kk;y lHkq xkfYg;wa ut+j b±fn;waA vpks] ghavj vlha [+kr ts
tqnk tqnk Mkdfu ts ckjs esa ri+Qlhy lka tk.k gkflyq dfj;waA
(v) ,sMªsl ,sa rkjh[+k
rOgka [ks gsy rkb± nlhZ fdrkc dksu fefy;k vkfgfu] bu flyflys esa vOgka jk"Vªh;
eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku [ks fgdq [+krq fyf[k;ks] ij laLFkku [ks bgk [+kcj u isbZ
r rOgka fdFks jgank vkfg;ks ,sa rOgka dMfga [+krq fyf[k;ksA ij tsdMfga mu esa ,Msªl
bZ u gwanh r gw fdrkc dhva eksfdys l?kank ,sa bgks
fc tk.kh dksu l?kank r dfgM+h rkjh[+k rkb± vOgka[ks
fdrkc dksu feyh lf?k;k vkfgfuA budjs lfHkuh
[+krfu ts eFkka ifgfj,a [+kkyh ikls lkthv daqM rs
,Mªsl fy[kh osanh vkgs ,sa muts gsBka rkjh[+kA thva&
tMfga vlha dafga[ks ifgfj;ksa Hksjks [+krq fy[kank
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vkfg;waA ij tMfga vlha iafgats dafgaa lq×kk.ki okjs
[ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r dMfga dMfga iwjh ,Msªl
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jhfr ftfu [ks vlha usekbrks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa] mUgfu [ks fc oj oj djs ,Msªl
fy[k.k th t+:jr u ioanh vkgsA gk] ,sMssªl cfnyt.k rs ub± ,sMsªl c˜/kb.k ykb b,a
dfj.kks ioanks vkgsA gwava #xks 'kgj tks ukyks bZ fyf[kcks vkgsA tsdMfga lkfx, 'kgj
esa [+krq eksfdfyts Fkks r #xks rkjh[+k fy[k.k lka fc deq gyh osanks vkgsA ?k.kks fFk;ks
r rkjh[+k ts eFkka edkuh* fyf[kcks vkgsA bUgfu fVfu gkyrqfu esa [+kr [ks fgu jhfr
Ms[kkjs lf?kts Fkks&
jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku,&24&25] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k]
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,sa tafga [ks [+krq fyf[kts Fkks] fcUgha ts ykxkis rs enk# j[ks FkksA tMfga vlha iafgats
dafga nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r gqu ykb tqnk lacks/u tks okfgiks dank vkfg;wa
,sa tMfga dafga oMs [ks [+krq fy[kank vkfg;wa r mUgfu ykb tqnk lacks/uq Fkhanks vkgsA
bu jhfr] x+Sj&nLrwjh ykxkifu esa tqnk lacks/u tks okfgiks Fkhanks vkgsA
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ik.k [kka ua<fu ykb I;kjk $ ukyks
ge&mfefj okjfu ykb (I;kjk jes'k] I;kjh ehuk{kh]
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dMfga dMfga nLrwjh [+kr esa fc ^I;kjk* tks okfgiks d;ks osanks vkgs&
1& I;kjk $ vkdfg (I;kjk jkepank.kh)
2& I;kjk $ ukyks $ th ox+Sjg (I;kjk vt; th)
,Msªl % ,&8 @ 22 ,olar fogkj
ubZ fnYyh&11005730-05-2018
txg % ubZ fnYyh30-05-2018
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osanks vkgs] ftfu [ks vOgka ekuq fM;.kq pkfg;ks FkkA thva iwT; xq: efgjkt] iwtuh;
veka lkfgc] vknj.kh; dkdk th ox+SjgA
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e
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lqBks fFk, gk ts rwa fc ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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nLrwjh [+krfu esa ftrs vknj&lRdkj okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dksu d;ks osanks vkgs]
mrs [+kr tks lans'kq] lekpk# ;k gkyq&vfgokyq lacks/u [kka iksb bZ 'kq: d;ks osanks
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NIOS [ks [+krq rkjh[+k %
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[+kr ts eokn ts ckjs esa dq>q xkfYg;qfu tks è;ku j[k.kq t+:jh vkgs&
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tsdMfga [+krfu tks flyflyks ifgjha [kka bZ tkjh vkgs r iks,a [+kr tks ft+Ø
t+:jh vkgsA thva&
rOgkatks rkjh[+k 30-05-2018 okjks [+krq fefy;ksA mu flyflys esa
rOgka[ks tk.kk;ks Fkks o×ks r --------------------------------------------------------------
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tsdMfga dks ljdkjh [+krq vkgs r [+kr uacj ,sa rkjh[+k tks ft+Ø t+:# dfj;ksA
thva rOgkats [+kr uacj bZ- ,N- 13 @ 2 @ 187 rkjh[+k 01-06-2018 ckcfr rOgka
[ks tk.kkbts Fkks -------
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fofjgk, lf?kts FkksA eq[; xkfYg lka [+kr th 'kq:vkfr djs fc,a iSjkxzki+Q esa
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fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA thva& ckdh fc, [+kr esa] iafgatks [+;ky jf[ktkab] 'kqHkdkeukmfu
lka] efgjckuh e×khans] rqafgatss [+kr ts bart+kj esa ------- ox+SSjgA
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fy[k.k [kka ifgjha iNkM+hv okjfu yÝ+t+fu tks okfgiks dank vkfg;waA rOgkatks iqVq]
rOgkatks vkKkdkjh f'k"; @ f'k";k] Hkonh; @ Hkonh;k] U;kt+ean] vOgkath] rOgkath]
rOgkatks nksLr @ lkfgM+h ox+SjgA bgs lHkq iNkM+hv okjk yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA bUgfu tks
okfgiks fc vlha tqnk tqnk gokys esa tqnk rjhdfu lak dank vkfg;waA thva ekLrj [ks
[+krq fy[kans vOgkatks vkKkdkjh f'k";] 'kkfxnZq_ nksLr [ks rqafgatks] rqafgaatks nksLr_
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fy[kh lf?kts FkksA
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iafgatks iwjks ukyks ,sa mfgnks fy[kank vkfg;waA thva&
lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks&
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üú-ý dq>q [+krfu tk fd+Le
rOgkats ?kj esa vk;y oD+r&fc&oD+r dq>q [+kr vOgka xM˜ d;k gwankA vOgka fgdq ni+Qks
mUgfu [ks i<+h fMlksA gwava vlka rOgkath enn ykb dq>q [+krfu tk uewuk fgrs MsbZ
jfg;k vkfg;waA bu lka rOgka [ks [+kr fy[k.k ts ckjs esa tk.k feyanhA
[+krq fy[k.kq fc fgd dyk vkgsA Nk rOgka[ks [+kcj vkgs r #xks tk.k fM;.kq]
gkyq&vfgokyq fM;.kq&oB.kq bZ [+krq dksu vkgsA vfgM+k [+kr cksfj;r iSnk dank vkfgfuA
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fnyh 'kqHkdkeukmfu lkarqafgatkss [+kkfl
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üú-ý-ü nLrwjh [+kr
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gqts] vfgM+h gkyfr esa gqu [ks iafgatks ukyks] ,Msªl fy[k.k th t+:jr dku ioanhA
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lghv gsBka fy[ksA bu jhfr] nLrwjh [+krfu esa lacks/u [kka ifgjha fo"k; fy[k.kq fc
t+:jh Fkhanks vkgs] tafga lka okLrsnk# veynkj [ks iwjks [+kr i<+.k fcuk bZ [+kr tks
et+ewu leq> esa vph o×ks ,sa gw tYnq vft+ tYnq dkjZokbZ djs l?ksA
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,MhVj [ks [+krq fy[kks&
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ef'kx+™fy;wa&üú-ý
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
254
rkjh[+k % 05-06-2018
'ksok esa]
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us'kuy cqd VªLV
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1- iqLrdsa tks vej gSa& eukst nkl
2- jru ekyk& uokc dk csM+k] vtesj
3- loyks fla/h xzkej& MkDVj m"kk lkjLor
4- fla/h lkfgR; tks bfrgkl& MkDVj eqjyh/j tsVyss
5- fla/h igkdk& MkDVj jfoçdk'k Vsdpank.kh
Hkonh;
usgk Hkkouk.kh
9] ok;q lsuk LVs'ku
yksg xkao
iq.ks (egkjk"Vª)
üú-ý-ý frtkjrh [+kr
gk.ks rOgka nLrwjh [+krfu esa frtkjrh [+kr tks fgdq uewuks fMlksA fgrs fdrkc fofdjks
dj.k okjs [ks fyf[k;y [+kr Mkagqa è;kuq fM;ksA mrs ,Msªl] rkjh[+k] lacks/u ox+Sjg
fy[k.k cSfn fl/ks [+kr tks ed+ln fyf[k;ks fo;ks vkgsA
fdrkc fofdjks danM+ [ks [+krq& fdrkc ?kqjkb.k ykb
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üú-ý-þ nj[+okLrh [+kr
nj[+okLrh [+krq fc fgd fo+QLe tks nLrwjh [+krq Fkhanks vkgsA bu fo+QLe ts [+kr fy[k.k
ofD+r fc rOgka mUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu tks [+kkfl è;kuq j[kank] tsdks dafga fc fc,
nLrwjh [+kr fy[k.k ofD+r j[kank vkfg;ksA ukSo+Qjhv ykb ;k i<+kbZ vfxrs tkjh j[k.k
ykb nj[+okLrh [+kr eksfdy.k tk c rjhdk e'kgwj vkfgfuA nj[+okLr eksfdy.k [kka
ifgjha rOgka[ks bgk id dj.kq t+:jh vkgs r gqufu tks dksbZ [+kkfl eoknq r dksu
Bfg;y vkgs] tsdMfga vkgs r vOgka mu [ks ?kqjk, oBks Fkk ;k ik.k o×kh djs oBh
l?kks Fkk r oBh vpksA
ij] tsdMfga dafga fc fo+QLe tks dksbZ eoknq dksu vkgs r vOgka fgd lkns dkx+t+ rs
bf'rgkj tks gokyks Mhans iafgath o+Qkfcfy;r ,sa fy;ko+Qrwa lki+Q˜ v[kjfu esa fy[kh ;k
VkbZi djk, eksfdys l?kks FkkA ,sa gk] rOgka iafgath ,Msªl fy[k.k u folkfjtksA rOgka
nj[+okLrh [+kr ts gsfB fMuy uewus eka tk.k gkflyq djs l?kks Fkk&
lfpo]
ijkx VsDlVkbZy fyfeVsM
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bUnkSj (eè;çns'k)
fo"k; % DydZ ts mfgns ykb nj[+okLrA
ekuokjk]
iatkc dsljh v[+kckj ts b'rgkj ua- 633 rkjh[+k 05-05-2018 ewftfc eka
rOgkath dEiuhv esa DydZ ts mfgns ykb nj[+okLr isf'k djs jgh vkfg;kaA
eka 20 lkyfu th lqjHkh vkgwtk] ckck usHkjkt Ldwy eka Mgksa ntksZ i+QLVZ
fMoht+u esa ikl d;ks vkgsA bu [kka lokb ewa[ks dEI;wVj tks bLrsekyq fc b±nks vkgs
,sa fla/h ,sa vaxzst+hv esa rst+ LihM lka VkbZi danh vkfg;kaA lVhZfi+QdsV th i+QksVks
dkWih lk.kq eksfdys jgh vkfg;kaA ewa ofV de tks vkt+ewnks dksu vkgsA tsdMfga
vOgha ekSdks Mhank r eka fo'oklq fM;kfj;ka Fkh r iafgats efgur ,sa yxu lka
vOgka[ks f'kdk;r tks fgdq fc o>q dksu Mhafn;flA
efgjckuh e×khans
lqjHkh vkgwtk
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ckM+esj (jktLFkku)
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
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ub± tk.k VsDukykWth ,sa [+kr
o+Qnheq t+ekus esa ek.gw [+kr gFk lka fy[kh djs [+kkfl Vikfy;qfu t+jh, eksfdyhank
gqvkA iksb Viky&cankscLr 'kq: fFk;ks ,sa Viky t+jh, [+kr eksfdy.kq 'kq: fFk;kA
lgwfy;r ewftfc fpVkbZ ,sa li+QkbZv [ks è;ku esa j[kans ?k.kks djs nLrwjh @ nÝ+rjh [+kr
VkbZi fFk;.k yxkA oSKkfud VsDukykWthv esa bafo+Qykch iQsjks vp.k lka ghavj ,dohgha
lnhv esa [+kr fy[k.k ,sa eksfdy.k ts <ax esa fc rCnhyh vkbZ vkgsA tsrks.khfd dqVqach
(x+Sj&nLrwjh) [+kr vt˜ fc ?k.kks djs gFk lka fyf[k;k osank vkfgfu] ij bUgfu [ks
iafgath eaft+y rkb± (gkflyq dj.k okjs rkb±) igqp.k esa fcfu fVfu Mhagafu tks oD+rq
yxh o×ks FkksA dEI;wVj ,sa baVjusV lka bZ&esy ,sa i+QSDl flfj'rs bu oD+r th foFkhv
[ks t+js ?kfV [+kre djs bZ NfM;ks vkgsA
bZ&[+kr ;k bZ&esy dEI;wVj olhys FkhanM+ [+kr&ofgaokj [ks pbcks vkgsA xzkfi+Qd
bZ&esy lka xM˜ fy[k.k okjks bZ&[+kr tks ckWDl [kksyhanks vkgs ,sa iafgats eu th xkfYg
mu esa dafga rb fFk;y ek.gwv ykb VkbZi danks vkgsA mgks [+krq baVjusV olhys
f[ku&iy esa nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM&dqfM+N esa igqph osanks vkgsA gkflyq dj.k okjks
mu [ks mu bZ iy esa iafgats dEI;wVj LØhu rs i<+h oBanks vkgs ,sa pkgs r gw mu th
dkWih fc fçaV djk, gkflyq djs l?ks FkksA bZ&esy rs [+kr fy[k.k ts uewus ,sa jokth
[+kr fy[k.k ts uewus esa dksbZ [+kkfl i+QdqZ dksu Fkhanks vkgs] ij bZ&esy esa è;kuq jf[kcks
vkgs r [+krq eqf[+rl# gqtsA iQSDl fgd fo+QLe th Vsyh&fçafVax vkgsA vyfx dkx+t+
rs gFk lka fy[kh ;k VkbZi d;y [+kr [ks i+QSDl e'khu t+jh, nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM
eka chv i+QSDl e'khu rs mUghv :i esa fçaV djk, lf?kts FkksA bgks deq Vsyhi+Qksu
flfj'rs lka tqfM+;y gwanks vkgs ,sa lSVsykbZV th enn lka f[ku&iy esa chv i+QSDl
e'khu rs dkx+t+ th lkxh dkih feyh osanh vkgsA
vt˜dYg ua<k&ua<k fu;kik fy[kh djs eksckbZy iQksu t+jh, ek.gw iafgats fç; vt+ht+
[ks eksckbZy iQksu rs fu;kiks eksfdyhank vkfgfuA fc;ks ek.gw nqfu;k th dafga fc dqaM
esa Nks dhu osBks gqts] ifgfj;ksa ek.gw iafgath tkb [kka gqu [ks euilafn fu;kiks eksfdys
l?ks FkksA bu [ks ,l-,e-,l- poank vkfgfuA ,l-,e-,l- tks efrycq vkgs 'kkWVZ
eSlst lfoZl (ua<s fu;kis th 'ksok) felky rkSj fu;kifu (,l-,e-,l-) eksfdy.k
tks flyflyks fMlks&
eks- 1- ueLrs ! rOgka dhva vkfg;ks\
eks- 2- Bhdq vkfg;ka !
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
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eks- 1- ewa[ks rOgka lka reke ?kf.k;wa xkfYg;wa dfjf.k;wa vkfgfuA rOgka fdFks
vkfg;ks\
eks- 2- eka ghavj dkuiqj esa fgd ehfVax esa vkfg;kaA dfgM+h reke t+:jh
xkfYg vkgs\
eks- 1- gk ! vkgs r] ij tMfga rOgka fnYyhv esa gwank] vlha rMfga osgh djs
xkfYg;wa danklhaA
eks- 2- Bhdq vkgs] eka vkjrokj 'kke tks fnYyhv igqph osafn;flA
iafgats eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks ijss osBy ek.gwv rkb± igqpkb.k ykb [+kr fyf[k;k
osank vkfgfuA vtdYg VsDukykWth ,sa lapkj esa bafo+Qykcq vp.k lcfc dEI;wVj
baVjusV t+jh, fc bZ&[+kr eksfdfy;k osank vkfgfuA eksckbZy i+Qksu t+jh, xkfYg
cksfYg u djs lf?kts Fkh] lk.kq xM˜ nqfu;k ts dafga fc dqaM esa osBy fc,
ek.gwv ts eksckbZy i+Qksu rs fy[kh djs fu;kik fc eksfdys lf?ktfu FkkA
,l-,e-,l- t+jh, vOgka gksyh&fM;kjhv tk 'kqHkdkeuk luhgk iafgatfu ijs
jganM+ nksLrfu [ks eksfdys l?kks FkkA
[+kr gsfB;fu fo+QLefu tk Fkhank vkfgfu&
[+krfu tk fo+QLe
nj[+okLrh [+kr fy[k.k ofD+r lHksbZ xkfYg;wa e;kZnk lka fy[k.k ?kqfjtfuA
vkf[+kfj esa fuoM+r ,sa U;kt+ tks bt+gk# dj.k ?kqfjtsA
rOgha Nk fl[;k
nLrwjh x+Sj&nLrwjh
frtkjrh nÝ+rjh nj[+okLrh'k[+lh [+kr
ok/kbZ 'kqØxqt+kjh 'kqHkdkeuk uhaM i=k fc;k [+kr[+kr [+kr [+kr
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
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nLrwjh [+krfu esa fo"k; fpVs uewus fy[k.kq t+:jh vkgsA
x+Sj nLrwjh [+krq iafgatfu ts I;kj Hkfj;fu Hkkofu lka lqHkkohd xkfYg cksfYg ts
vankt+ esa fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA
lacks/u ,sa vknj esa vnc ,sa i+Qt+hyr tks veyq t+:jh vkgsA
1- ?k: [+krfu th dfgM+h eq[;q [+kkfl;r Fkhanh vkgs\
2- nLrwjh [+krq eqf[+rl# esa Nks fy[k.kq t+:jh vkgs\
3- iafgats nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh] iafgath ua<h Hks.k th 'kknhv esa vp.k th uhaM
fM;ksA
4- v[+kckj ts lEiknd [ks [+krq fy[kh c˜/k;ks r rOgkats 'kgj esa xqaMkxnhZ dsfrjh
o/h osbZ vkgs\
5- jkafn;qfu tks lkekuq fod.k.k okjs nqdkunkj [ks [+krq fy[kh iafgats ykb fgd
fØdsV&fdV ?kqjk;ksA
6- iafgats nksLr ts ihm ts lqxZokl fFk;.k rs ifjpk.kh Mhans [+krq fy[kksA
7- mYgkl uxj 5] cSjd 164] egkjk"Vª esa jganM+ ehjk eVyk.khv rji+Qka fctyh
vkWi+Qhlj [ks [+krq fy[kh c˜/k;ks r fctyhv th dehv lcc ikM+s okjfu [ks
dsfrfj;qfu rfdyhi+Qqfu esa Mhaga xqt+kfj.kk iofu FkkA
8- ch&36] R;kx uxj] psÂbZv th t; y{ehv ikjka M[k.k Hkkjr fla/h çpkj
lHkk psÂbZv rji+Qka fla/h cksyhv ts ok/kjs ykb defu th lkjkg dans] laiknd
fganqLrku] dLrwjck xka/h ekxZ] ubZ&fnYyh&110 001 [ks [+krq fy[kksA
9- dfo uxj] x+kft+;kckn ts Fkk.kk&çHkkjhv [ks [+krq fy[kh] iafgath lkbZfdy pksjh
fFk;.k ts okD+, tks eqf[+rl# vfgoky Mhans tk.k fM;ksA
10- fgu ni+Qs eksdyqfu esa rOgka Nk&Nk d;ks\ iafgats nksLr [ks [+krq fy[kh leq>k;ksA
lcd+ ckcfr lqokyfu tk tokc
20-1 1- (v) 2- (l)
20-2 1- (l) 2- (v) 3- (v)
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
tokc
fVi.kh
[+krq dhva fyf[kts
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21
lk# dhva fyf[kts
ohpkjfu [ks Hkk"kk esa bt+gk# dj.k tk ?k.kkbZ rjho+Qk vkfgfuA dsfrjk ni+Qk vlka ua<s
esa ua<h xkfYg tks c;kuq csgn foLrkj lka dank vkfg;wa r dMfga ojh rekeq oMh olhv
xkfYg [ks rekeq ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# Fkk dfj;waA tfgM+hv rjg ua<h xkfYg [ks
[kksys le>kb.kq fgd dyk vkgs] lkxhv jhfr foLrkj lka p;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV
yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.kq fc fgd dyk vkgsA foLrkj lka p;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV
yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k [ks bZ lk# fy[k.kq pbts FkksA vpks fgu lcd+ esa fgu dyk
tks vH;klq dfj;waA
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb rOgka&
lkj th ekuk ,sa mi;ksfxrk (i+Qkbns) tks c;kuq djs l?kank_
lkj ,sa Hkko foLrkj esa ri+Qkorq c˜/k, l?kank_
lk# fy[k.k tk tqnk&tqnk :i c˜/k, l?kank_
lk# fy[k.k tks rjhdks c;kuq djs l?kank_
?kqjcy lgh Hkk"kk esa lk# fy[kh l?kankA
ed+ln
olhv = foLrkj] iQfgyko
fVi.kh
260
üû-û lk# fy[k.k th ekuk ,sa i+Qkbnk
vpks r leq>aw r lk# fy[k.kq Nk Fkhanks vkgs\ ,sa vlka ykb muth dfgM+h mi;ksfxrk
vkgsA bgk r vOgka[ks [+kcj vkgs r vlkats thou esa ef'kxwfy;wa yxkrkj o/afn;wa
fFk;aw o×kfu ,sa ofD+r th deh Fkhanh isbZ o×ksA rOgka[ks bgk fc [+kcj vkgs r balku ts
lfHkuh defu esa Hkk"kk th vgeq Hkwfedk Fkhanh vkgsA rOgka ?k.kfu [ks bgks poanks
cq/ks gwanks& ^^o×kq] deq dj.kq Ms] vtk;wa xkfYg;wa u dfjA** butks erycq fFk;ks r
vtk;wa xkfYg;wa u djs] ekStwa lgh ,sa eq[+rlj xkfYg po.k th vgfe;r vkgsA erycq
bgks r Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq vfgM+hv jhfr dts] tks oD+r th cpfr fFk,A tsdMfga ?kfV
yÝ+t de esa vk.khanklha r ofD+r th fc cpr Fkhanh ,sa fc;ks ek.gw vlkath xkfYg
è;ku lka fc c˜/anksA bu [kka lokb lapkj Økafr ts fgu les esa i+QSDl Vsyhi+Qksu ox+Sjg
rs fc iSlk cpankA ?kfV yÝ+tfu esa xkYgkb.kq ;k fy[k.kq fgd dyk vkgsA thou ts
tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa bu lka i+Qkbnks jls FkksA bgk r Fkh ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa iafgath xkfYg
po.k th Hkk"kkbZ dykA fgdq fc;ks fc de Fkhanks vkgs] dafgats fMuy lkexzhv [ks
?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k th dykA bu [ks bZ lk# fy[k.kq pbcks vkgsA lk#
fy[k.k esa dafga fc, ikjka fyf[k;y ;k p;y xkfYg [ks muth cqfu;knh Hkkouk
lyker j[kans ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa xkfYg po.k th
dyk lk# fy[k.k esa ennxk# Fkhanh vkgs ,sa lk# fy[k.k ts vH;kl lka Hkk"kk esa
vlkath dq'kyrk o/s FkhA tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa lk# fy[k.k th mi;ksfxrk vkgsA
v[+kck#fu esa txg ts fglkc lka lekpkj lEiknd lekpkjfu tks lk# fy[kfu FkkA
vkdk'kok.kh ,sa nwjn'kZu rs oD+r ts fglkc lka bgksbZ de d;ks osanks vkgsA dsfrjk ni+Qk
ys[kfu] ,frjs o+Qnqj tks fdrkcfu tks lk# fc r;k# d;ks o×ks FkksA ljdkjh vki+Qhlqfu
esa fc ennxkj ikjka [+krfu ,sa dMfga dMfga r lewjh i+QkbZy tks lk# fyf[k;ks osanks
vkgsA
üû-ü lk# fy[k.k ,sa Hkko foLrkj esa ri+Qkor
lk# fy[k.k ,sa Hkko foLrkj ts ri+Qkor [ks gsfB;qfu rLoh#fu (vkjs[k) t+jh, leq>h
l?kwa Fkk&
foLrkj = iQfgyko
dq'kyrk = o+Qkfcfy;r
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
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eoknq (lkexzh) lwfDr
lk# Hkko tks foLrk#
rLoh#fu eka bgk xkfYg lki+Q t+kfg# Fkh osbZ u\ cqfu;knh lkexzhv esa foLrk# fFk,
FkksA t+kfg# vkgs r leq>kb.k ykb xkfYg;aw foLrkj esa p;wa osafn;wa vkfgfu] mutks ewyq
Hkko ;k lk# ua<ks Fkhanks vkgs ,sa Fkksjs esa fy[kh lf?kts Fkks] budjs rLohj esa eokn okjh
yhd oMh vkgs] lkj okjh yhd eokn okjh yhd tks fgdq HkkÄs Vs fglks vkgsA lk#
fy[k.kq vDlfj cqfu;knh lkexzh tks 1@3 Fkhanks vkgsA vfgM+hv jhfr ch rLohj esa
lwfDr okjh yhd ua<h vkgsA lwfDr (pfo.kh) r fgd v/q flV th bZ gwanh uA thva
fgd pfo.kh [k.kaw ofgnr eka dfljr Fkh] dfljr ofgnr dqyq*] fgd eka ?k.kk] ?k.kk
fgd esa lekbtfuA Hkko foLrkj esa bu ewy Hkko [ks bZ lki+Q˜ dfj.kks gwanks vkgsA db±
felkyfu t+jh, ;k dsfrjfu rjhdfu lka bu pfo.khv [ks leq>k, lf?kts FkksA bgks ewy
Hkko [ks i[ksM+.kq ;k foLrk# fM;.kq vkgsA budjs Hkko ts foLrkj okjh yhd oMh
vkgsA rOgka rLoh#fu esa bgks fc fMlh jfg;k gwank] pfo.kh ;k Hkko foLrkj ts fo"k;
okjh flV] lkj okjh flV [kka fc ua<h vkgsA thva vlka fMBks lk# r ojh fc ewy
eokn tks 1@3 fgLlks gwanks vkgs ij pfo.kh fgd tqfeys ;k tqfeys ts fgls okjh fc
Fkh l?ks FkhA
üû-ý lk# fy[k.k tk fo+QLe
rOgka leq>h pqdk vkfg;ks r tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa lk# fy[k.k th dfgM+h mi;ksfxrk
vkgsA vyfx&vyfx [ks=kfu] fo"k;fu ;k defu ykb lk# fy[k.k ts dsfrjfu
vyfx&vyfx :ifu tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA vpks] mUgfu eka fdu ts ckjs esa
tk.k gkflyq dfj;wa&
1- o/hd yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k th t+:jr
lekpkj fy[k.k esa Fkhanh vkgs ;k i+QSDl dj.k esa Fkhanh vkgs ox+Sjg oxS+jgA bgks
¥ ſŶ±∑ρØυ
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¥ ſŶ±∑ρØυ
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cqfu;knh
(ewy Hkko)
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
262
vDlfj Hkk"kk esa o/hd yÝ+t+fu ;k tqfeyfu ts va'k ykb fgd yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq
djs] yÝ+t+fu ts nqgjko ;k x+Sj t+:jh yÝ+t+fu th dV&lV djs ,sa tqfeyfu ts cukoV
th f?kjf?kykbZv [ks nwfj djs d;ks o×ks FkksA
2- oMs ys[k [ks eq[+rl# :i esa isf'k dj.k ofD+r vofy muts Hkko ;k ohpkj tk
uqDrk mu[ks et+cwr dj.k okjk okLrsnk# uqD+rk uksVq dck vkfgfuA iksb efFk,a rjho+Qs
lka mu[ks Fkksjs esa t+kfg# dcks vkgsA
3- efFk;qfu lewfj;qfu gkyrqfu esa lk# fy[kanM+ ewy eokn [ks vDlfj dsfrjk Hksjk x+kSj
lka i<+h] iafgath Hkk"kk esa mutks lk# isf'k djs FkksA ij lkfgfR;d jpukmfu] ukfoy]
dgk.kh ox+Sjg tks lk# isf'k dj.k ofD+r bgk dksf'k'k dbZ osanh vkgs r ys[kd th
Hkk"kk ,sa 'kSyh fc eqefduq rksj lykerq jgsA
üû-þ ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ykb fgdq yÝ+t+
rOgka if<+;ks r bt+gkj esa iq[+rkbZ (dlkoV) vk.k.k ykb ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ;k tqfeyfu
ykb fgd yÝ+t+ tks bLrsekyq d;ks osanks vkgsA fla/hv esa vfgM+k v.k&xf.k;ka yÝ+t+
vkfgfu] ftfu tks bLrsekyq djs lts tqfeys [ks fgd yÝ+t+ esa bt+gkjs lf?kts FkksA vpks
r vlka bUgfu eka fdfu rs dq>q ut+j fo>wa&
tqfeyks & va'k yÝ+t+
tafga felfy dks fc;ks u gqts csfelky
tafgath 'kknh u Fkh gqts dqaokjks
bZ'oj esa fo'oklq j[kanM+ vkfLrdq
bZ'oj esa fo'oklq u j[kanM+ ukfLrdq
mgks 'k[+lq tafga dk ?kVuk vf[k;qfu lka fMBh gqts xokgq
dafga Hkxy tkb ;k bekjr tks cfp;yq fglks [k.Mg#
fc;fu lka HkykbZ dj.k okjks ij&midkjh
diM+k flc.k okjks nt+hZ
lksu eka t+soj Bkfg.k okjks lksukjks
tafgatks ?kksVq ejh fo;ks gqts fo/ok
tafgatks eqYgq u dFks lf?kts veqYgq
tafga /jrhv rs dq>q iSnk u fFk, dyjkBh
mgk /jrh] ftrs jsrh bZ jsrh gqts jsfxLrkuq
tsdks gjgaf/ ekStwnq gqts loZ O;kih
f?kjf?kykbZ = det+ksjh
et+cwrq = iq"Vq
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
263
gj jkst+ FkhanM+ jkst+kuks
gÝ+rs esa fgdq ni+Qks fFk;.k okjks gÝ+rsok#
efgus esa fgdq ni+Qks FkhnM+ ekgok#
lky esa fgdq ni+Qks FkhanM+ lkfy;kuks
iafgath gpk ik.k dj.kqq vki?kkrq
vf[k;qfu ts lkeqgwa t+kfg#
tsdks fMl.k esa u vps x+kbcq
iksfjfg;ks danM+ iksfjfg;rq
tafga[ks rekeq ?k.kks uk.kks gqts 'kkgwdk#
tafga ofV rekeq ?kfV] u ts cjkcj iSlk gqtfu x+jhcq
tsdks dks de u danks gqts fudeks
tsdks iQqrhZv lka ges'kk de esa #/yq gqts deZ;ksxh
ekm ckj [ks fuaM djkb.k ofD+r xkb±nh gqts yksyh
'kknhv esa tsds xhr xkrk o×kfu ykMk
cfgjk.ks rs tsds çkFkZuk xhr xkbck vkfgfu iaftM+k
üû-ÿ lk# fy[k.k th çfØ;k
lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fdfu xkfYg;qfu tks è;kuq j[k.kq t+:jh vkgs] tks fgu jhfr
vkfgfu&
1- cqfu;knh uqD+rs th pwaM
2- okLrsnkj uqD+rfu th pwaM
3- cqfu;knh ,sa okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fM;.kq
4- x+Sj t+:jh eokn [ks NM.kq ;k rjrhc lka fy[k.kq
5- ?kqfjcy vkdkj esa lk# fy[k.kq
vpks] vlka fgdq fgdq djs bUgfu rs ohpk# dfj;wa&
1- rOgka ulqj tks dks fc Vqfdjks i<+.k rs fMlank] ys[kdq mu esa [+kkfl rksj dafga xkfYg
Ms ikBd tks è;kuq fNd.kq pkgs Fkks] bgks bZ mutks cqfu;knh [+;kyq vkgsA ulqj tks
Vqfdjks c Vs Hksjk i<+h] muts ewy Hkko [ks leq>h lf?kts FkksA
2- bu ewy Hkko ;k edZt+h [+;ky [ks LFkkfir dj.k ykb mu lka okLrsnk# dq>q fc;wa
xkfYg;wa fyf[k;wa o×kfu fFk;wa] ftfu lka edZt+h [+;ky [ks gFkh feys FkhA bUgfu [ks
okLrsnk# uqD+rk pbcks vkgsA
çfØ;k = dk;Zokgh
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
264
3- lk# ys[kd edZt+h [+;ky ,sa mu[ks et+cwrq (iq"V) danM+ okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks
lq×kk.kh] mUgfu [ks [+k˜fn ykb fgdq flyflyks MsbZ rjrhc lka fy[kanks vkgsA
4- iafgats ys[k [ks lki+Q˜ ,sa vljkbrks c.kkb.k ykb ,sa ys[k ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks fpVks
dj.k ykb ys[kdq muth leq>k.kh fM, Fkks ,sa ?k.kk bZ felky fM, FkksA t+:jr io.k
rs gw mu Hkko [ks nqfgjk, fc FkksA edZt+h [+;ky ts lq×kk.ki lka xMksxM vlka[ks
mUgfu lfHkuh xkfYg;qfu [ks fc lq×kkf.k.kks gwanks vkgs] ftfu [ks ys[kdq iafgats edZt+h
[+;ky [ks fpVks dj.k ykb dfe vk.ks FkksA mgs vkfgfu&
(v) leq>k.kh
(c) felky
(l) nqfgjkm
lkj& ys[kd ykb bgs xkfYg;wa t+:jh lkexzh gwafn;wa vkfgfuA lqBks lk# fy[k.k ykb
bUgfu [ks lq×kk.k.kq fc rekeq t+:jh vkgsA
vpks] fgd felky lka vlha fgu xkfYg [ks leq>.k th dksf'k'k dfj;wa&
fla/h dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa ?k.kkbZ Mkfr /.kh iafgats rtys ,sa vkc&rkc lka
fpedh jfg;k vkfgfu] ij flaf/;qfu ts fljeksj dfo 'kkg yrhi+Q tks rtyks] dhfrZ]
tlq lfHkuh [kka o/hd vkgsA gw fgu vkdk'k eaMy ts cs'kqekj rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku
paM felfy çdk'kekuq vkgsA thva dafga p;ks fc vkgs ^'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ fla/ th vkRek
vkgs] fla/h rgt+hc tks :gq vkgs] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb cstksM+ vkn'kZq vkgs] tsdks ntkZs
vaxzst+h vnc esa 'ksDlih;j tks vkgs] mu [kka eFkHkjks ntksZ vlha fla/h lkfgR; esa 'kkg
yrhi+Q [ks fM;wa Fkk ,sa Nks u fM;wa] gh i+QfD+r dfo u ij csfelky v[+kykd okjks] Åaps
ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo] nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks
mins'kd fc gksA
vpks] vofy vlka fgu VqdM+s ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks leq>.k tks mne dfj;waA bgks
dhava danklha\ fgu VqdM+s ts edZt+h [+;ky [ks leq>h fgrs fy[kks&
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rOgka Bhd leqf>;ks] fgu VqdM+s tks edZt+h [+;kyq vkgs fla/h fljeksj dfo
'kkgq yrhi+QA
fgu edZt+h [+;ky th iqfBHkjkbZ danM+ okLrsnkj uqD+rk vkfgfu&
(v) fla/hv esa csfelky mEnk dfo vkfgfuA
Mkfr /.kh = ftfu [ks fy[k.k
th Mkfr fefy;y vkgs
rtyks = ped
dhfrZ = lkjkg
tlq = ukewl
rgt+hc = lH;rk
cstksM+ = csfelky
mEnk = reke lqBk
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
265
(c) 'kkgq yrhi+Q mUgfu esa lHk [kka vkWyk dfo vkgsA
(l) gw i+QfD+r dfo u ij Åps ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu
o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks mins'kdq fc gksA
eFks bUgfu uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fc fMuks fo;ks vkgsA
vpks] fMlaw r efFk,a VqdM+s tk dfgM+k dfgM+k fglk felky ,sa nqfgjko ts
o+Qrkj esa vpfu FkkA
μ gw fgu vkdk'k eaMy rs cs'kqek# rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku paM felfy çdk'kekuq
vkgsA
μ iafgath xkfYg fpVh dj.k ykb ys[kd 'ksDlihvj tks felkyq fMuks vkgsA
μ csfelky v[+ykd okjks] Åps ntsZ tks lwi+Qh dfo nk'kZfud] x™<+k x˜> loyfu
o.kanM+ yÝ+t+fu esa leq>kb.k okjks mins'kdq fc gksA
lk# fy[k.k ofD+r vlha efFk;aw xkfYg;wa NMs l?kwa FkkA
iafgath xkfYg [ks vljkbrks c.kkb.k ykb ys[kdq gsfB,a Hkk"kkbZ e;kj tks
bLrsekyq fc djs Fkks&
1- eqgkojk ,sa pof.k;wa
2- n`"Vkar
3- vyadkj
4- felky ,sa lqfg.kk lq[+k˜u
5- [+kkfl <axq ;k bckjr ('kSyh)
efFk,a Vqfdjs esa dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa] :id vyadkj vkgsA vkc rkc lka
fped.k eqgkojks vkgsA v[+ykd okjks] nk'kZfud esa fc lqi+Qrwa vkfgfuA lk# fy[k.k
ofD+r vlka vfgfM+;wa xkfYg;aw fc NMs MhanklhaA gk.ks vlka efFk,a ulqjh Vqdjs tks lk#
fy[k.k ykb r;k# vkfg;wa] ij fgd xkfYg tks è;ku jf[k.kks vkgsA lk# fy[k.k
ofD+r Hkko r ys[kd tks jf[k.kks gwanks vkgs] ij Hkk"kk iafgath bLrsekyq dch vkgsA
ys[kd th Hkk"kk [k.k.k rs lk# fy[k.k rekeq Mf[k;ks cf.kth ioanks vkgsA bUgfu
lewfj;qfu xfYg;qfu [ks è;ku esa j[kans vlha efFk,a ulqjh Vqfdjs tks lk# fgu jhfr djs
l?kwa Fkk&
flU/h dfork txr esa ?k.kkbZ dfo vkfgfu] ij 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜ lfHkuh [kka vge vkgsA
gw fla/q th vkRek] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb vkn'kZ] nk'kZfud ,sa lwi+Qh dfo ,sa mins'kdq fc
vkgsA
lq[+k˜u = opu] yÝ+t+
vkc rkc lka fped.k = e'kgwj
,sa csgn Åps ntsZ tks gqt.kq
v[+ykd okjks = pfj=koku
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
266
rOgka fMBks r ghm lk# vlqyh ulqjh Vqfdjs tks fV;ksa fglks vkgsA lk# fy[k.k [kka
iksb bgks fc vofl fMl.kq ?kqfjts r dks vge uqDrks NqVh r dksu fo;ks ,sa x+Sj t+:jh
xkfYg r u fyf[kth osbZA iafgath Hkk"kk fc lgh ,sa pqLrq gqtsA
gsfB,a ulqjh Vqfdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+ks&
è;ku lka i<+A if<+.kks gqts] vH;kl dfj.kks gqts] efrycq dfgM+ks fc deq iwjhv rjg
dfj.kks vkgs r vofy t+:jh vkgs r fprq yxkbtsA fprq yxkb.k th ekuk vkgs r
fc;k lHkq [+;ky ikls j[kh] fgd xkfYg fgd euks Fkh è;kuq /j.kqA bgk fgd vknr
vkgs r thva fc;wa vknrwa] rhva ghv vknr fc ti+Qkd'khv ,sa mne lka fijkb.kh vkgsA
;k fFkcks ,dkxzq ;k fc fprksA iwjks iwjks è;kuq yxkb.k th vknr dhva flf[kts\ ftrs
et+ewu ilan gwanks] mrs r M˜f[k;kbZ Fkhanh dku] vt+[+k˜fn mu esa è;kuq yxh osanksA ij
tsdMfga dks i<+.k rs fgfj;yq u gwanks ;k et+ewu vfgM+ks fnypLiq ;k et+snk# u gwanks
r iksb [+;ky [ks iafgats ofl j[k.k esa eqf'dykfr vkMks b±nhA
gk.ks gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks&
1- fgu Vqfdjs tks ewyq Hkko Nk vkgs\ lgh tokc rs ( ) ,sa x+yfr rs ( ) tks
fu'kku yxk;ks&
(v) è;ku lka i<+A
(c) dfgM+ks fc deq dj.k ykb fprq yxkb.k t+:jh u vkgsA
(l) ;k fFkcks ,dkxzq ;k fFkcks fc fprksA
(n) bgk fc fgd vknr vkgsA
(;) et+ewuq fnypLiq ;k et+snk# u gwanks r [+;ky [ks ofl j[kh lf?kcksA
2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc fgd yÝ+t+ esa fM;ks&
(v) fprq yxkb.k th ekuk Nk vkgs\
(c) thva fc;wa vknrwa] rhva i<+.kq fc Nk vkgs\
(l) ,dkxz tks ft+nq vkgsA
(n) dafga[ks iafgats ofl j[k.k esa eqf'dykfr b±nh\
(;) dfgM+s et+ewu esa è;kuq yxh osanks\
fprq = euq
ti+Qkd'kh = la?k"kZq
mne = efgur
vt+[+k˜fn = iafgatks ik.ksgh
ef'kx+™fy;wa&üû-û
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
267
üû-ö lk# fy[k.k tk dq>q uewuk
vpks] gk.ks vlka lk# fy[k.k tk dq>q felky fMlwa&
ulqjh Vqfdjks&û
ltks lalk# fgd fc, ts vkfljs rs gys FkksA ckn'kkg [kka oBh i+Qdhj rkb± vfgM+ks
dks dksUgs] tks fc, ts enn fcuk iafgatks lHkq deq ik.k djsA gkjh vuq iSnk djs Fkks]
tafga rs fc;k ek.gw xqft+jkuq dfu FkkA gw ojh diM+s yVs ,sa fc, lkeku ykb fc;fu
rs vk/k# j[ks FkksA vfgM+hv jhfr lfHkuh ek.gqfu [ks fta+nxhv ts ofgaokj esa fgd
fc, th gennhZ ,sa enn th t+:jr jgs FkhA tsdMfga lHk dafga [ks iafgatks iafgatks
efrycq fl¼ dfj.kks gqts ,sa fc;fu th HkykbZ ,sa lq[k tks [+;kyq u jgs r nqfu;k esa
[+kYd ts lq[k lfgat tk tsds oMk de fFk;k vkfgfu] ls tsdj fFk;fu bZ u gkA
vLirkywa] vukFk vkJe] c˜<k vkJe] fo/ok vkJe] va/fu&eaMfu] ywyfu&yaxM+fu]
euksjksfx;qfu tk bykt&?kj] Ldwy] dkWyst ,sa fc;k lq[k lfgat tk de lHkq gennhZv
tks urhtks vkfgfuA
lk#&
ltks lalk# fgd fc, ts vkljs] gkjhv tks felkyq ts gfjdks fli+QZ iafgats efryc
tks [+;kyq djs r nqfu;k tsdj rjdh u djsA gennhZ balku ykb t+:jh vkgsA bu lka
bZ lq[k lfgat tk oMk de fFk;fu FkkA
ulqjh Vqfdjks&ü
tMfga dks deq dcks vkgs r vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgs] vanj okjks poanks vkgs r
'kkckl ! ts dks mcrks deq dcks vkgs r >fV vanj okjks 'kekZb±nks vkgs r vjs ! gh
d;ks Nk vFksbZ] cqMh ejhaA yt uFkh vpsbZ\ bgks vanj okjks iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq vkgs]
dafgath dhu j[ksA oMs fVlhax eka fc dhu VjsA eqaga rs iQfgdk, fM,fl r gfgM+k
rfgM+k rks[ks lk×kfg u isbZ\ deq dfgM+ks d;ks vFksbZ\ efrycq r foosd vfgM+ks vkgs]
tks 'ky dafgatks lk.kqfl iym u vM+s] dks pksjh djs r fMls] mfHkjh oBanqfl] ijkbZ
L=khv [ks gFkq yk, r fMls] fiM+ if/jks danqfl] dwM+ks dleq [k.ks r fc dhu NM+hanqfl]
cqfNM+ks danqflA Mksghv [ks lnkb± iafgatks ikiq fi;ks [kk,A mgks [+;ky ckjgksbZ pqfgfV;ks
jgsfl ,sa ftrs o×ks] mrs lanfl ihNks u Fkks NMs] t.kq fxphv esa taM tks iqM+ [ka;ks fi;ks
?kqesA Mk<ks O;kdqy ,sa ijs'kku Fkks djsflA ^jkfr;wa jkgr ukfg dk] Mhagksa Mhagq gSjkuhA*
iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq =lki+Q po.k okjks
fVlhax = veynkj] [+kkfl ek.gw
lk×kfg = e;kZnk
fiM+ if/jks dj.kq = jkt+ [kksy.kq]
cnuke dj.kq
cqfNM+ks dj.kq = csbt+rks dj.kq
ikiq [kk, = x+yrhv tks
,glklq fFk,
jkgr = vkjkeq
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
268
lk#&
pÄs de dj.k djs ek.gwv ts fnfy [ks vkuanq ,sa [+kjkcq de dj.k djs foosd
pqfgafMfM+;wa Fkks ik,A
foosdq dafgatks fygkt+ dksu j[ksA
foosdq :g th jkgr ,sa vkjkeq fiQVk;ks NMsflA
eFks fMuy fcUgha ulqjh Vqfdjfu ,sa mUgfu ts lkj [ks è;ku lka i<+ksA lk# fy[k.k
ofD+r ftu uqD+rfu tks c;kuq d;ks fo;ks vkgs] mgs fgfr u vkfgfuA rOgka bUgfu
Vqdjfu ts lkj fy[k.k ts flyflys [ks fgrs fy[kksA
ulqjh Vqfdjks&û
ewy Hkko& ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
okLrsnk# uqD+rk& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
flyflyks& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x+Sj t+:jh lkexzh (leq>k.kh nqfgjko ox+Sjg)& -----------------------------------------------------
ulqjh Vqfdjks&ü
ewy Hkko& ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
okLrsnk# uqD+rk& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
flyflyks& ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x+Sj t+:jh lkexzh (leq>k.kh nqfgjko ox+Sjg)& -----------------------------------------------------
üû-÷ ljdkjh vki+Qhlqfu esa lk# fy[k.k
rOgka[ks tk.k vkgs r ljdkjh dedkj esa gj i+QkbZy esa iufu tks <s# o/anks Fkks o×ksA
fgd i+QkbZy ts dkx+t+fu tks mfdykm dsfrfj;qfu lhVqfu&Vscyfu] dkmaVjfu rka Fkhanks]
dsfrjfu vki+Qhljfu ts lfg;qfu lka ,sa dMfga&dMfga r d,a egdefu rkb± ?kqeh djs
fFk, FkksA budjs ofD+r ts cpko ykb lgdkj MhanM+ ikjka [+krfu tks lk# r;k# djs
NfMcks vkgs] thva vfxrs th dk;Zokghv ykb lfHkuh dkx+t+fu [ks i<+.kq t+:jh u
cf.ktsA i+QkbZy iqjk.kks Fkh o×k.k rs vDlfj lts i+QkbZy ts vgeq uqD+rfu [ks fc lHk
[kka eFks fy[kh NfMcks vkgsA ljdkjh [+krfu tks lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fc FkqYgs ys[ks
mfdykm = fuiVkjks
ef'kx+™fy;wa&üû-ü
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
269
lk# fy[k.k ts o+Qnefu (pj.kfu) tks ikyuq d;ks osanks vkgs] xMksxM lHk [kka
vofy rjrhc] veynkj ts mfgns tks ukyks] okLrsnk# [kkrks] ot+jkr] [+krq uEc# ,sa
rkjh[+k fc ntZ djs NfMch vkgsA
vpks] ljdkjh [+kr ts lkj tks fgdq uewuks fMlwaA
ewy [+krq[+krq ua- 520@15&20@18 rkjh[+k% 20-11-17balkuh olhyks ,sa ok/kjks ot+jkr]rbyheh [kkrks (f'k{kk foHkkx)]Hkkjr ljdkj
eksfdyhanM+ % vkj- ,l- eYgks=kkfMIVh MkbjsDVj] fgUnh f'k{k.k foHkkx]?k: ot+jkr] Hkkjr ljdkjubZ fnYyh&110 001
okLrs]voj lfpo]la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] ubZ fnYyhA
ekSt+™v (fo"k;)& ekLrj ikjka fganh fy[k.k ,sa fVi.kh dyk tks fofdjksA
ekuokjk lkab±]
ewa[ks fgnk;r feyh vkgs r eka rOgka [kka bgk tk.k gkflyq dfj;ka r rOgkatsvki+Qhl esa deq danM+ ekLrj Jh lsokjke 'kekZ] tafgath rkt+ks bZ dsUæ (edZt+) rka fc,gaf/ cfnyh Fkh vkgs] rOgka ofV jgans lanfl fyf[k;y fdrkc] flU/h ys[k ,sa fVIi.kdyk twa dkfi;wa mUgfu 'kkfxnZfu ,sa mfgnsnkjfu [ks fofd;wa vkfgfu] tsds mu ofD+rfla/h rbyhe gkflyq djs jfg;k gqvk] tsdk xkfYg ljdkjh usefu ts f[kyki+Q˜ vkgsAbgks fc ebyweq fFk;ks vkgs r dkfi;wa lkS lkS #i;s esa fofd;wa os;waA budjs fgu ekeysth NaMNk.k djs tYnq fy[kh eksfdy.k th Ñik dank] thva ekLrj [kka tYnq tokcqgkflyq d;ks o×ksA
U;kt+ean
lgh
(vkj- ,l- eYgks=kk)
lk#&fMIVh MkbjsDVj rbyhe [kkrs tks [+krq ua- 520@15&20@18 rkjh[+k 20-11-17
rjrhc = flyflyks] Øe la[;k
balkuh olhyks ,sa ok/kjks ot+jkr=
ekuo lalk/u fodklq ea=kky;
?k: ot+jkr = x`g ea=kky;
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
270
1- fMIVh MkbjsDVj iafgats [+kr esa fgu fla/h edZt+ ts ekLrj Jh lsokjke 'kekZckcfr fyf[k;ks vkgs r gqu lanfl bZ fyf[k;y fdrkc ^fla/h ys[k ,sa fVi.khdyk* [ks lkS #i;k i+Qh fdrkc ts eqYg rs fofd;ks vkgsA
2- rOgka c˜/k;ks vkgs r [+k˜fn tks fyf[k;yq fdrkcq 'kkfxnZfu [ks fofd.k.kq ljdkjhusefu ts f[+kyki+Q˜ vkgsA
3- NaMNk.k djs tYnq tokcq fM;.k th mesn dbZ osanh vkgsA
lk# fy[k.k esa dafga fc, ikjka foLrkj lka fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks mutks ewy Hkko
o+Qkbeq j[kans 1@3 yÝ+t+fu esa isf'k d;ks osanks vkgsA
lk# fy[k.k tks i+Qkbnks thou ts dsfrjfu [ks=kfu esa vkgsA v[+kck#fu esa lqÝ+gs
esa ekStwnq txfg eqrkfcfo+Q lekpkj laiknd lekpkjfu tks lk# fy[kanks vkgsA
vkdk'kok.kh nwjn'kZu esa fc thva r oD+r th ikcanh gwanh vkgs] budjs lk#
fy[k.k th t+:jr ioanh vkgsA ys[kfu] fdrkc tks fc lk# fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA
vki+Qhl esa [+krfu ;k i+QkbZyfu esa ekStwn [+krksfdrkcr tks lk# fyf[k.kks ioanks
vkgsA vfgM+k fc;k fc ?k.ksbZ [ks=k Fkh l?kfu FkkA
lk# fy[k.k tk eq[;q pj.k gh vkfgfu&
μ ewyq lkexzhv [ks c Vs ni+Qk è;ku lka i<+.kqA
μ ewyq uqD+rfu th pwaMA
μ okLrsnkj uqD+rfu th pwMaA
μ ewyq ,sa okLrsnk# uqD+rfu [ks flyflyks fM;.kqA
μ xS+j t+:jh lkexzhv [ks NM.kq ,as 1@3 fglk lk# fy[k.kqA
lk# fy[k.k esa bLrykgfu] pfof.k;qfu] n`"Vkarfu] vyadkjfu] felkyfu oxS+jg
tks bLrsekyq u d;ks osanks vkgsA dk [+kkfl 'kSyh dfe u vkf.kch vkgsA
ljdkjh [+krfu tks lk# fy[k.k ofD+r fc FkqYgs ys[ks lk# fy[k.k tk pj.k
è;ku esa jf[kck vkfgfuA i+Qo+QZ i+QfD+r bgks vkgs tks bu esa lHk [kka vofy Øe
la[;k] vki+Qhlj tks mfgnks] ukyks] okLrsnk# [kkrks @ ot+jkr] [+krq uEc# ,sa
rkjh[+k tks fc c;ku d;ks osanks vkgsA
rOgha Nk fl[;k
[+krksfdrkcr = fy[k&i<+
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
271
1- rOgka v[+kckj i<+ank bZ gwankA mu eka dq>q [+kc#fu th dfVax d<ksA gk.ks lksfp;ks
r tsdMfga rOgka lekpkj lEiknd gqtks gk ,sa fgufu [+kc#fu ykb rOgka ofV
1@3 fgLlks bZ gqts gk r rOgha mu [+kcj rs dhva fy[kks gk ,sa fy[kh oBksA
2- gk.ks bUgfu bZ [+kc#fu ykb nwjn'kZu esa rOgka ofV 45&45 lsdaMfu tks oD+rq
vkgs r bUgfu [+kc#fu [ks rOgha dhva fy[kank\ fy[kh fMlksA
3- xzkej tk tsfrjk fc fdrkc feyh l?kfu] mUgfu esa tqfeys ykb fgd yÝ+t+ okjh
fyLV i<+ks ,sa mgs ;kfn dfj;ksA
gsfB;fu ulqjh VqfdM+fu tks 1@3 yÝ+t+fu esa lk# fy[kks&
(1) vt dEI;wVj balkuh ft+nxhv tks v.k&oafM;ks fgLlks cf.kth pqdks vkgsA
vt˜dYg lfHkuh ikls dEI;wVj tks okfgiks o/h jfg;ks vkgsA thva cSadwa] ftfu tks
ltks deq dEI;wVj t+jh, Fkhanks vkgs_ bu lka bgks i+Qkbnks vkgs r deq tYnh&tYnh
,sa lgh fFk, FkksA fc;ks cgh [kkrfu j[k.k tks [+kpqZ ?kfV fFk, FkksA vLirkyqfu esa lHksbZ
tkpwa dIE;wVj lka d;wa o×kfu fFk;waA jsYos LVs'ku rs fVdsV cqfdax esa dEI;wVj tks
mi;ksxq Fkhanks vkgsA vki+Qhlqfu eka ?k.kk r.kk de dEI;wVj lka Fkh jfg;k vkfgfuA
nqdku rs fcy Bkfg.k [kka oBh ltks ys[kks&tks[kks] LVkWd jftLVj oxS+jg dEI;wVj
t+jh, jf[k;ks osanks vkgsA vks-,e-vkj- 'khV th tkap dEI;wVj lka Fkhanh vkgsA bfErgku
tks fjt+YV Bkfg.k] ykVjhv esa buke d<.k ox+Sjg lHkq de dEI;wVj lka Fkh jfg;k
vkfgfuA dEI;wVj th enn lka jkWdsV gykb±nk vkfgfuA mixzg eksfdfytfu Fkk ,sa
?k.ksbZ vkdk'kh [kkstukÅa d;wa o×kfu fFk;waA dEI;wVj lka xM˜ baVjusV th lqfo/k fc
oBh lf?kts Fkh] tafga t+jh, vlha nqfu;k ts dafga fc fgls esa iafgats vt+ht+ lka xkfYg
cksfYg djs l?kwa FkkA iQksVks fc fMl.kq vps Fkks] dafga fc fo"k; th tk.k xwxy esa nqfu;k
ts dafga fc fgls eka tYnq gkflyq djs lf?kts FkhA
(2) tsdMfga rOgka pkfg;ks Fkk r rfdM+ks ,sa tYnh ok/kjks dfj;ks r jkst+ Mk;jh
fy[kksA tsds fc de dkfj;wa ,sa ofgaokj dfj;ks] ls lpkbZv lka mu esa fy[kank dfj;ksA
thva mgk Mk;jh rOgkats 'kkunkj defu tks fgdq vkbZuks Fkh iosA tsdMfga rOgka
eqafgats po.k ewftfc gh lk/ukÅa dank r rOgka fgu tk rkdro# 'kga'kkg Fkh ioankA
ykbd+hv esa ok/kjks
lcd+ ts vkf[+kfj tk lqoky
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
272
rOgkath ranq#Lrh 'kkunk# Fkhanh] nkSyr rOgkatk isj pqeanh ,sa oMh g;krh ek.khankA ij
mu [kka fc o/hd :gkuh vkuan lka fVeVk# gwankA ewa rOgka[ks 'kkunkj jLrk Ms[kkfj;k
vkfgfu] gk.ks bgks rOgka rs NfM;y vkgs r mu ewftfc gyh dke;kch gkflyq dfj;ksA
cq[kk;y [ks [kk/ks ik.k [kkb.kks vkgs ,sa m×kk;y [ks ik.kh ik.k ihv.kks vkgsA gk.ks
rOgka[ks ve`rq ih ik.k [ks ve# dfj.kks vkgs ;k ik.k [ks :gkuh jkg esa ghjks c.kkb.kks
vkgsA g;krhv ts gjfgd dk;Z esa dke;kcq Fkhank o×kksA tsdMfga fgdq lky yxkrkfj
eqafgath Ms[kkfj;y jkg rs use vuqlkj gyank r vkfgLrs vkfgLrs ok/kjks dank osank ,sa
vkf[+kfj iafgath eaft+y rs o×kh jlankA
(3) fc;fu [ks lqf[k;ks lrkcks fMlh ;k o/anks oh>anks fMlh u lgh l?k.k [ks glnq
;k bZ[kkZ pbcks vkgsA fc;fu tks ok/kjks fMlh ty.k vkgs glnqA tsdks vkneh
o/s oh>s Fkks] bt+r ekuq] e'kgwjh gkflyq djs Fkks ;kuh inkFkZq ik, Fkks r mgks lanfl
vfx,a tue ts usd deZfu tks iQyq vkgsA budjs dafga lka fc glnq Nks dts\ Nksu
ik.k fc usd de djs bt+r] mfgnks] ekuq e'kgwjh] /u nkSyr gkflyq dts\ fc, [ks
lqf[k;ks fMlh lM+ ip dj.k lka ik.k [ks r dks fc i+Qkbnks dksu Fkks fFk, ,sa u ojh
tafga lka glnq dts Fkks] mu tks bZ dks uqo+Qlkuq fFk, FkksA iksb fc ek.gw csleq>hv [kka
glnq djs vofy r iafgatks bZ uqo+Qlkuq djs NMhanks vkgsA fcuk ckfg ts iafgatks thm
tykb±nks jganks vkgsA vanj ts vkjke] lq[k 'kkarh ,sa [+kq'khv [ks [kkVq g.kh [+kyklq djs
NMhanks vkgsA glnq dj.k djs lqHkkm fpM+ fpM+ okjks Fkh ioanks vkgs] tafgadjs dafga
fc de dans dke;kch dku feyanh vkgs] iksb fc iafgatks ,Mks oMks uqo+Qlkuq djs fc
dafga lka glnq ;k bZ[kkZ dts bZ Nks\
(4) gsfB,a [+kr [ks lkj tss :i esa fy[kks&
la- 102 @ ua- 3 @ 8-03 rkjh[+k 18-8-16
eksdyhanM+&
ft+yk vf/dkjh] vtesj
okLrs]
voj lfpo] iapk;r foHkkx
jktLFkku ljdkj] vtesj
fo"k;% iapk;r vki+Qhl ts eqykft+efu ykb igkM+h HkÙkks eat+™# dj.k ckcfrA
[kkVq g.kh = pksjk,
[+kyklq = [+kreq
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
273
ekuokjk lkb±]
fgu ft+ys ykb eat+™# d;y 2016&17 ts ctV esa igkM+h HkÙks th fjFkk u j[kh
osbZ vkgsA igkM+h bykdfu esa fc;fu txfg;qfu ts HksV esa egaxkbZ o/hd vkgsA budjs
jktLFkku ts tkcyw bykbo+Qfu esa deq danM+ lfHkuh ljdkjh eqykft+efu [ks igkM+h
HkÙkks fMuks osanks vkgs] tsdks fgu ft+ys rs fc ykx™ vkgsA bu ckcfr ljdkj [ks osfurh
vkgs r lky 2017&18 ts ctV esa iapk;r eqykft+efu [ks igkM+h HkÙkks fM;.k ykb
fgu en esa Mg y[k #i;fu tks cankscLrq d;ks o×ks ,sa xqft+fj;y lky [+kpZ fFk;y
jo+Qe ykb deq Fkh o×k.k [kka iksb eat+™jh fMuh o×ksA
U;kt+ean
ftyk vf/dkjh
vtesj
fVi.kh
lk# dhva fyf[kts
274
ekè;fed LrjdkslqZ@ikB~;Øeq
fla/hû- eqgkx˜
Hkk"kk ohpkjfu th Ms&oBq vkgsA Hkk"kk lka bZ eu ts Hkkoukmfu [ks t+kfg# d;ks o×ks Fkks ,sa bu lka fgd fc, lka tt+ckrhlaca/q tqM+s FkksA budjs balku tks Hkk"kk lka xfgjks ykxkiks vkgsA Hkk"kk tks fodklq oganM+ ik.khv felfy Fkhanks vk;ksvkgsA tsdks butks fodklq ,sa cfnykm Ms[kkjs FkksA fla/h Hkk"kk fif.k rCnhfy;qfu [kka v.k&Nqfg;y u jgh vkgsA 'kf[+l;rts fuekZ.k (jpuk) [kka oBh lekt fuekZ.k rkb± butks vgeq ;ksxnkuq vkgsA
Hkkjr tfgM+s ?k.k&Hkk"kkbZ eqYd ykb eknjh T+k˜cku fgd lkekftd gdhdr vkgs ,sa Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe fgd v.kV# t+:jrAHkk"kkbZ rbyhe th lgh uhfr bZ eqYd [ks ekyh ok/kjs th lgh jkg Ms[kkjs FkhA Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe bZ o+QkSeh ,drk [ks et+cwrqvk/k# vrk djs FkhA bgks lunh (çkekf.kd) lpq vkgs r ck# loykbZv lka iafgath Hkk"kk [ks xzg.kq djs Fkks ,sa iafgathHkk"kk lka le`f¼ [ks viuk, Fkks ,sa mu esa ofD+r fc ofD+r FkhanM+ rCnhfy;qfu [ks eglwlq djs FkksA dMfga dMfgaxkYgkb±nM+fu tks txg eVkb.kq] bu esa oMh rCnhyh vk.ks FkksA bgks cfnykm Hkk"kk [ks cjdjkj j[k.k ykb fgd yydkjlkfcrq fFk, FkksA tsdMfga fla/h Hkk"kk ts bfrgkl [ks fMflts r mu esa rfdM+k cfnyko lki+Q˜ ut+fj vpfu FkkA
ekSt+™fu;r (vkSfpR;)& tkxzki+Qhv ts [+;ky [kka fla/h Hkk"kk tks fodklq v[kaM Hkkjr ts fla/q çkar esa fFk;ksA fofjgkÄscSfn vkt+kn Hkkjr esa fgu Hkk"kk tks fodklq ,sa iQfgykm [+kkfl rjg lka xqtjkr] jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª] eè;çns'k] mÙkjçns'k] fnYyh ,sa M[k.k Hkkjr ts çkarfu esa fFk;ksA [+kkfl rjg bUgfu txfg;qfu rs m[kksfM+th (ikM+ [kka ifVth) vk;yfla/h Hkkf"k;qfu [ks olkb.k ts djs b,a fFk;ksA Hkkjr th vkne'kqekjh (2001) eqrkfcfo+Q fla/h eknjh t+cku xkYgkb±nM+2525485 vkfgfuA bUgfu eka ?k.kk fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k [kka ijs jfg;k ,sa tsds fguts 'kkgwdkj vnch fojklrlka tqM+h u lf?k;k] tafga tk ?k.ks bZ bfrgkfld] lkekftd ,sa ekyh dkj.k jfg;k vkfgfuA vt fc fofjgkÄs th VsªtMhojh ol.k ts nkSj eka xqft+jans fla/h lekt ykb iafgath Hkk"kk esa i<+.k i<+kb.kq ,sa Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe e;l# djkb.kq fgdvgeq yydkj vkgsA
fla/h xkYgkb±nM+fu ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ lwcfu esa if[kfM+t.k lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ ldki+Qrqfu ts jg.k lg.k tk rjhdk ,sa eq[+rfyi+Q˜Hkk"kkmfu ts osf>M+kbZv esa vp.k lka fla/h Hkk"kk esa fc rCnhfy;wa vk;wa vkfgfuA Hkk"kkbZ rbyhe esa o/hd rjo+Qh ufFk;.k djs nLrwjh (vkSipkfjd) rbyhe esa fla/h Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; ts 'kkfxnZfu esa dki+Qh ?kfVrkbZ vkbZ vkgsA bu lkaHkk"kkbZ [+kwfc;qfu ,sa 'kkgwdkj ldki+Qrh (lkaLÑfrd) fojklr ,sa lkekftd igyqfu [ks egi+Qwt+ (lqjf{kr) j[k.kq Mf[k;ksFkh fi;ks vkgsA vtc esa fo>anM+ gd+hd+r bgk vkgs r lu~ 1967 esa Hkkjr ts tksM+td th vBha vuqlwphv esafla/h Hkk"kk ts 'kkfeyq fFk;.k [kka iksb fc fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k esa] çpkj çlkj esa ?kqfjcy jÝ+rkj uFkh fMfltsAbgk lpipq fpark th xkfYg vkgsA Hkk"kk ,sa vnc ts ok/kjs esa xkYgkb±nM+fu ,sa i<+.k i<+kb.k okjfu tks vgeq ;ksxnkuqgwanks vkgsA budjs rbyheh dkslZ ts njlh fdrkcfu t+jh, ub± Vghv [ks Hkk"kk ,sa 'kkgwdk# lkfgR; Mkagqa fNds lf?kts
Fkks ,sa ldki+Qrh [+kt+kus [ks fc egi+Qwt+ j[kh lf?kts FkksA
275
jokth rjg fla/h Hkk"kh vfgM+k vdhpk# 'k[+l vkfgfu] tsds vkjke lka fla/h xkYgk, l?kfu Fkk ij i<+.k fy[k.k
[kka okaf>;y vkfgfuA urhtfu lanfu tqM+km Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; lka dksUgsA bUgfu gkyrqfu ts eísut+j ,u-lh-ih-,l-,y-
,sa ,u-vkbZ-vks-,l- ts lgdkj lka fla/h Hkk"kk dkslZ esa njlh fdrkc tksM+.k th ;kstuk Bkgh vkgsA jk"Vªh; eqDr
fo|ky;h laLFkku iafgath M™jkgha rbyhe t+jh, ?kf.k;wa lgwfy;rwa vrk djs Fkks thva 'kkfxnZ Hkk"kk ,sa lkfgR; lka yxkrkfj
tqfM+;y jgfuA laLFkku ts i<+.k tks eoknq [+kqfn&c&[+kqfn i<+.k tks fgdq vgeq flfj'rks vkgsA fgu flfj'rs tks bLrsekyq
dans Mgsa ntsZ ts lrg tk njlh fdrkc r;k# d;k fi;k o×kfuA eq[+rfyi+Q˜ pVkHksVh (çfr;ksxh) bfErgkufu esa
fla/h fo"k; th pwaM dans fglks oBanM+fu tks rbnkn ?k.kks mRlkgq o/kb±nM+ vkgsA fc;fu bnkjfu (laLFkkmfu) esa
fla/h Hkk"kk ts i<+.k i<+kb.k esa pkgq j[kanM+fu ykb vlka ikjka r;k# d;ks osanM+ [+kqfn vH;kl tks eoknq (lkexzh) dki+Qh
ennxk# lkfcrq FkhanksA
ghm dkslqZ Hkk"kk ,sa vnch txr ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ igyqfu th okfDi+Q;r djkb.k esa dkjkbrks lkfcrq fFk;.k lka xMksxM˜ Hkk"kk
th loykbZv ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ t+:jrqfu [ks iwjks dj.k okjks FkhanksA fgu [ks o/hd ofgaokjh] Hkk"kkbZ] fy;ko+Qrqfu]
o+Qkfcfy;rqfu (c˜/.kq] xkYgkb.kq] i<+.kq] fy[k.kq) rs nkjksenkj j[kanM+ jkst+kuh g;krhv lka okLrsnkj of/ esa of/ vnch
flai+Q˜fu ('kk[+kqfu) lka tqfM+;y c.kkb.k th dksf'k'k dbZ osbZ vkgsA vlha g;krhv esa t+ckuh Hkk"kk tks lHk [kka o/hd
bLrsekyq Fkk dfj;waA fgd fc, lka xqÝ+rxw esa eq[+rfyi+Q˜ vnhcfu ts jpukmfu ,sa mUgfu th g;krhv ckcfr c˜/ank vkfg;waA
fgu dkslZ esa fla/h vnhcfu ts ;ksxnku th okfD+i+Q;r fc isf'k dbZ osanh] thva fla/hv tk lewjk i<+anM+ mUgfu ckcfr
foLrkj lka tk.k gkflyq djs l?kfuA xzke# fdFks dkslZ [ks o/hd xjks (cksf>y) u c.kk, NMs] budjs mu[ks i<+.k ts
eokn esa 'kkfey d;ks fo;ks vkgsA bu jhfr ghm dkslZq o/hd ofgaokjh ,sa dkjkbrks cf.kcksA
y{; lewg
fgu esa gsfB;ka 'kkfxnZ 'kkfey Fkh l?kks Fkk&
(v) eq[+rfyi+Q˜ Ldwyfu esa i<+anM+ Mgsa ntsZ tk 'kkfxnZ
(c) fop esa i<+kbZ NMs pqdk gqtfu ij Mgsa ntsZ tks bfErgkuq fM;.k ykb [+okfg'keanq 'kkfxnZ
(l) i<+.k tk [+okfg'keanq oMh mfefj okjk 'k[+l
(n) Hkk"kk esa pkgq j[kanM+ 'k[+l ox+SjgA
ü- vofy ?kqfjcy ykbd+h
fgu dkslZ esa nkf[+kyk [kka vofy 'kkfxnZ eka bgk mesn j[kh Fkh o×ks r gw&
jokth lrg tks ulq# ,sa dforkÅa ljkljh jÝ+rkj lka i<+h l?ksA
xkYgkb.k ,sa fy[k.k esa fcuk dafga x+fyrhv tqfeyks ?kM+.k th lykfg;r tks bLrsekyq djs l?ksA
jokth yÝ+t+fu th fyf[k.kh Bhd rjg lka fy[kh l?ksA
fla/h Hkk"kk esa iafgath xkfYg xkYgk, ;k fy[kh bt+gkjs l?ksA
fla/hv ts vfVdy 5000 yÝ+t+fu th lq×kk.ki djs l?ks ,sa 3500 yÝ+t+fu tks bLrsekyq djs l?ksA
276
ý- ed+ln
dkslZ tk jokth ,sa [+kkfl ed+ln fgu jhfr vkfgfu&
ý-û jokth ed+ln
ghm dkslqZ iwwjks dj.k cSfn 'kkfxnZ&
Hkk"kkbZ vuklj (tqt+k ;k rRo) ,sa fla/hv ts Hkk"kkbZ fy;kdrqfu th l?k tks ok/kjks djs] mUgfu tks bLrsekyq
djs l?kankA
fla/hv t+jh, fc;fu fo"k;fu ts vH;kl lka eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu tks c;kuq djs l?kankA
fla/h vnc [ks i<+h mutks c;kuq ,sa NaMNk.k djs l?kankA
ofgaokj ,sa O;olkf;d [ks=kfu esa fla/h Hkk"kk tks Hkyhv Hkkafr bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
fla/h Hkk"kk esa ekStwn eq[+rfyi+Q balkuh eqYg (o+Qnqj) ,sa lqfB;qfu ço`fr;qfu th NaMNk.k djs l?kankA
fla/h lH;rk ,sa laLÑrhv ts xq.kfu voxq.kfu [ks fpVks djs l?kankA
eq[+rfyi+Q˜ fo"k;fu] lanHkZfu ,sa ?kVukmfu rs vkt+knq uewus fparuq ,sa euuq djs fla/hv esa ekSfydq (futh) :i lka
iafgath xkfYg isf'k djs l?kankA
fla/hv esa vkt+knq uewus iafgats Hkkoukmfu ,sa ohpkjfu [ks T+k˜ckuh ,sa fyf[k;y :i esa bt+gkjs l?kankA
ý-ü [+kkfl ed+ln
fgu dkslZ [ks iwjks dj.k [kka iksb 'kkfxnZfu esa Hkk"kk ts gsfB;qfu o+Qkfcfy;rqfu tks ok/kjks Fkhanks&
ý-ü-û c/.kq
/hjt ,sa ,dkxzrk lka c˜/h djs] iafgatk ohpkj t+kfg# djs l?kankA
c˜/.k th i+Qt+hyr rs veyq djs mu[ks bt+gkjs l?kankA
c˜/y ohpkjfu] go+Qho+Qrqfu ,sa [+kkfl xkfYg;qfu th NaMNk.k djs l?kankA
c˜/y Hkkoukmfu] ohpkjfu ,sa gdhdrqfu ts fop esa laca/q o+Qkbeq djs HksV djs l?kankA
c˜/y ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkoukmfu ts vk/kj rs i+QSlyks d<h isf'k djs l?kankA
ý-ü-ü xkYgkb.kq
iafgathv xkfYg [ks 'kq¼˜ ,sa leq>.k ykbo+Q˜ mpkj.k lka lgh jÝ+rkj] #d.k] ncko] gYdkbZv lesfr xkYgk,
l?kankA
fla/h Hkk"kk ts eq[+rfyi+Q˜ [+kkfl vkokt+fu tks mpkj.kq djs l?kankA
tqnk&tqnk lkekftd gkyrqfu esa iafgath xkfYg loykbZv lka pbZ l?kankA
277
ekSds eqrkfcfo+Q nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh (os>h reke os>h) i+Qt+hyr Hkjh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
iafgats xkfYg;qfu [ks nyhyfu lesfr isf'k djs l?kankA
iafgats ohpkjfu [ks flyflysok# isf'k djs l?kankA
tqnk&tqnk go+Qho+Qrqfu] ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkofu okLrs iafgatks jn&veyq isf'k djs l?kankA
ý-ü-ý i<+.kq
tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts i<+.k tks eoknq (ulqj ,sa uT+e) lgh jÝ+rkj ,sa lkgh iV.k lka i<+h isf'k djs l?kankA
v.k&if<+;y lkexzhv [ks fr[kh jÝ+rkj lka i<+h l?kank ,sa eu esa i<+.k th l?k tks ok/kjks djs l?kankA
if<+;y lkexzhv esa ekStwn eq[;q ohpkjfu] gdhdrqfu ,sa ?kVukmfu th lq×kk.ki djs l?kank ,sa mUgfu ts njE;ku
flyflyks (rkjrE;) o+Qkbeq djs l?kankA
if<+;y lkexzhv esa vk;y yÝ+t+fu] tqfeyfu] bLrykgfu ,sa pof.k;qfu tks çlax ewftfc Hkko xzg.k djs] mutks
bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
if<+;y lkexzhv tks rrq ,sa lk# d<h l?kankA
t+:jr eqrkfcfo+Q fMD'kujh] lanHkZ dks"k] fo"k;&lwph] flyflyks ox+Sjg fMlh] mutks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
fla/h Hkk"kk tks [+kkfl vkokt+fu esa ri+Qkorq djs i<+h l?kankA
ý-ü-þ fy[k.kq
ekud fyf[k.khv esa yÝ+t+fu] tqfeyfu tks bLrsekyq dans iafgath xkfYg fy[kh l?kankA
chgd ts fu'kkfu;qfu [ks lgh <ax lka bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
ofgaokj esa dkjkbrfu ,sa okikj lka okLrsnk# yÝ+t+fu] bLrykgfu ,sa infu tks ekSt+™a (mi;qDr) ,sa vljkbrks
bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
iafgats ohpkjfu ,sa Hkkoukmfu [ks fpVks ,sa vljkbrs <ax lka t+kfg# djs l?kankA
lkexzhv [ks flyflysok# ,sa lgh laca/ lka isf'k djs l?kankA
fla/h Hkk"kk ts tqnk&tqnk [+kkfl vkokt+fu [ks fy[k.k ts o+Qkfcyq cf.kth l?kankA
ý-ü-ÿ xzkej ,sa ofgaokjh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq
xzkej ts dkjkbrfu uqD+rfu [ks leq>h ,sa bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
xzkej eqrkfcfo+Q lgh Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts pksMl iQfgykv (lapkj) ts t+jhvfu] jlkyfu] v[+kck#fu ox+Sjg th eq[+rl# tk.k MsbZ
l?kankA
278
lEçs"k.k tnhnq rduhdh Hkk"kk tks lgh bLrsekyq fl[kh isf'k djs l?kankA
tqnk&tqnk [ks=kfu esa dkjkbrh Hkk"kk tk v.kxf.k;k bLrseky fl[kh] mUgfu [ks bLrsekyq djs l?kankA
[ks=k ,sa jkst+xkj tk o>
fgu fo"k; esa jkst+xkj tk >>k o> feyh l?kfu Fkk&
1- Ldwyh rbyhe
2- dkWysth rbyhe
3- fo'ofo|ky; th rbyhe ,sa [kkstuk tks deq
4- i=kdkfjrk
5- pksMl iQfgykm
6- rtqZeks
7- ehfM;k&
,adfjax] ,fDVax] xkb.kq] u`R; ox+SjgA
jpukRed ys[ku
rbyheh ykbdh& vBksa ikl ;k [+k˜fn tks lVhZfi+QdsVq
i<+.k tks ekè;e& fla/hA
þ- dkslZ th okfD+i+Q;r
fgu dkslZ esa fla/h Hkk"kk twa pkjbZ fy;ko+Qrwa c˜/.kq] xkYgkb.kq] i<+.kq ,sa fy[k.k rs fuLcr eqrkfcfo+Q t+ks# fMuks fo;ks
vkgsA xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq thva r lfHkuh fy;ko+Qrqfu rs nLrjl gkflyq dj.kq fc lkfx, ofD+r t+:jh vkgs]
budjs lanHkZ ewftfc mUgfu th fl[;k fMuh osbZ vkgs ,sa muth ij[k fc FkhanhA Hkk"kk th fy;ko+Qr vfgM+ks /uq vkgs]
tafgatks tsfrjks o/hd bLrsekyq dts] vksfrjks bZ o/hd o/s FkksA Hkk"kk rs lqBks nLrjl gkflyq djs lf?kts FkksA
ÿ- dkslZ th rÝ+lhy
ÿ-û c/.kq oD+rq 10 dykd
ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+lnq c˜/h djs Hkk"kk th ekuk leq>.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA
bdkbZ& 1- fla/h vkokt+fu tks 'kq¼˜ mpkj.kq] vkokt+fu rs t+ks# fM;.kq (Lojfu) gd+ lghg rs t+ks# fM;.kq] ykg
pk<+ lka c˜/.kqA
2- xqÝ+rxw& ro+Qjhj] ysDpj] lqoky] nyhyfu lesfr tokc c˜/.kqA
ÿ-ü xkYgkb.kq oD+rq 10 dykd
ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln iafgatk ohpkj fpVkbZv lka t+kfg# dj.k ,sa gkyfr eqrkfcfo+Q iafgath xkfYg po.k
th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA
279
bdkbZ& 1- fla/h vkokt+fu tks 'kq¼˜ mpkj.kq cyk?kkr Lokjk?kkr ykg pk<+ lka xkYgkb.k th fy;ko+Qr tks ok/kjks
dj.kq vkgsA
2- jokth gkyfr (nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh) esa xqÝ+rxw] iafgath okfD+i+Q;r fM;.kq] Hkk"kk] ysDp#] lqokyq iqN.kq]
ohpkj j[k.kq] nyhy (i+Qkbnss esa ,sa f[+kyki+Qr esa) isf'k dj.kq] xkYgkb.k esa Hkwfedk fuHkkb.kq] Hkko
ewftfc dfork i<+.kq] c˜/kb.kq ,sa c;kuq dj.kq] baVjO;w] ,adfjax (eap lapkyu)] dgk.kh i<+.k th
fy;ko+Qr tks ok/kjks dj.kqA
ÿ-ý i<+.kq ekdw± 45
oD+rq 50 dykd
ed+ln (y{;)& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln Nfi;y ,sa gFk fyf[k;y nLr[+kr tks Mkf<;ka ,sa ekSu okpuq djs
ekuk leq>.k th o+Qkfcfy;r tks ok/kjks dj.kq vkgsA thou esa eq[;q rksj fcfu fo+QLefu lka lkexzh 'kkfxnZ ts lkEgwa b±nh
vkgsA ifgfj;ksa Hkk"kk tks uT+e okjks :i ,sa fc;ksa ulqj okjks :iA
bdkbZ&
ÿ-ý-û dfork [ks i<+.kq& dfork ts eq[+ryi+Q˜ :ifu lka okfD+i+Q;r edZt+h [+;kyq lkjkg ,sa dforkbZ [+kwfc;qfu
tks vH;klqA bu ed+ln ts iwjkbZv ykb gsfB;fu dfo;qfu twa jpukÅa dkslZ esa 'kkfey d;wa os;wa vkfgfu& fd'kupan
csol] 'kkgq vCnqy yrhi+Q] oklnso eksghA
cSr] ub± dfork ,sa xhr] Nan ,sa vyadkjfu th gokys ts ?kqfjt eqrkfcfo+Q tk.kA
ÿ-ý-ü ulqj tks vH;klq& ulqj ts eq[+ryi+Q flUi+Q˜fu th okfD+i+Q;r] leq>k.kh] is'kdf'k ewftfc [+kwfc;qfu th
tk.k Mhans 'kkfxnZfu [ks v.k&if<+;y ulqj [ks i<+.k ykb fc r;k# d;ks fo;ks vkgsA
dgk.kh] ;kfnxhjh] et+ewu] thouh] i+Qhpj] ,dkadh] i=kdkfjrk lka xMksxM˜ xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk ts bLrseky ykb eqo+Qj#
uqD+rfu th ?kqfjcy tk.kA
ÿ-þ fy[k.kq ekdw± 35
oD+rq 40 dykd
ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+ln 'kkfxnZfu [ks tqnk&tqnk fo+QLefu ts fy[k.k th fy;kd+r esa leFkqZ c.kkb.kq
vkgs] thva gw thou esa t+:jr ewftcq cked+ln ,sa lqBs bt+gkj lka vljkbrs uewus fy[kh l?kfuA
ed+ln& mís'k eqrkfcfo+Q
lekpkj fy[k.kq
[+kr fy[k.kq (nLrwjh ,sa x+Sj nLrwjh] okikjh [+kr] laiknd ts ukys [+kr)
bt+gkj eqrkfcfo+Q
lk# fy[k.kq
et+ewu fy[k.kq
280
ÿ-ÿ xzkej ekdw± % 10
oD+rq % 20 dykd
ed+ln& fgu bdkbZv tks ed+lnq 'kkfxnZ [ks xzkej ts tqnk&tqnk uqD+rfu tks cks/q djkb.kq ,sa mutks ?kqfjcy gokys
eqrkfcfo+Q Hkk"kkbZ bLrsekyq dj.kq vkgs] thva mgs 'kq¼˜ ,sa lgh Hkk"kk ts bLrseky esa egkjr gkflyq djs
l?kfuA
bdkbZ&
tqnk&tqnk :ifu esa Hkk"kk th gkyfrA
Hkk"kk tks o+Qcwfy;yq :iq] fyfi] vkbZosVk (o.kZekyk) chgd twa fu'kkfu;wa ox+SjgA
yÝ+t+fu th ?kM+fr] vfx;kfM+;wa] iNkfM+;waA
yÝ+t+fu tk fo+QLe& ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ykb fgdq yÝ+t+] :i ,sa vkdkj esa fgd tfgM+fu yÝ+t+fu esa ri+QkorqA
tqfeyfu th ?kM+fr] drkZ] deZ] i+Qbyq] dkjd] infu tks flyflyks] vfUofr ,sa jokthA
bLrykg ,sa pof.k;waA
Nan] nksgk] cSr] uT+e] ub± dforkA
vyadkj] vuqçkl (rtuhl gi+QhZ] rtuhl [+krh)] ;ed] miek] :id] mRçs{kk] vU;ksfDr] n`"Vkar]
ekuohdj.kA
ö- vH;kl th fjFkk
fgu dkslZ esa Hkk"kk ts pbuh o+Qkfcfy;rqfu] c˜/.k] xkYgkb.k] i<+.k ,sa fy[k.k ts ok/kjs rs ?kqfjcy fuLcr
(vko';d vuqikr) eqrkfcfo+Q t+ks# fMuks fo;ks vkgsA bu ykb gjfgd 'kkfxnZ okLrs gsfB fMuy lkexzh
eq;l# Fkhanh&
[+k˜fn i<+.k (Lokè;k;) ykb Nfi;y lkexzh
'kkfxnZfu th ekufld lrg [ks è;ku esa j[kans] i<+.k th ghv lkexzh r;k# dbZ osbZ vkgsA fgu esa
dforkÅa] ulqjh lcd+ (x| ikB) ,sa fy[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r lka okLrsnkj lcd+ isf'k d;k fo;k vkfgfuA
lEidZ Dykl (MsfB osfB----okLrks dkbe dj.k)'kkfxnZfu ykb vH;klh edZt+ rs (vè;;u dsaæ) 30 dykdfu ts MsfB osfB Dyklfu th fjFkk vkgsA bgs
Dykl NaNj vkjrokj ;k eksdy ts Mhaga rs lqcwg tks ;k 'kke tks vH;klh edZt+ rs eubdn (vk;ksftr)
d;k osankA fgufu Dyklfu esa 'kkfxnZ iafgats fo"k; lka okLrsnk# elbyfu tks ekLrj ;k iafgats lkfFk;qfu
lka xkfYg cksfYg t+jh, gyq (lek/kuq) djs l?kankA gw tqnk tqnk fdLefu tk lqoky iqNh] iafgats 'kadkmfu
[ks fpVhv rjg leq>h l?kank ,sa iafgats lkfFk;qfu lka xkYgk,] gkSlyks gkflyq djs l?kankA
281
÷- ij[k th fjFkk
fla/h Hkk"kk ts fgu dkslZ th ij[k fgu jhfr dbZ osanh&
1- ckfgjha ij[k
eq[;q bfErgkuq (vanjha ij[k lka xM˜) 100
2- vanjha ij[k
mLrkn ikjka r;k# d;yq ij[kukeks
20
bfErgku ts edZt+ rs gjfgd 'kkfxnZ tks 100 ekdqZfu tks fyf[kr :i esa bfErgku ofjrks osanksA 'kkfxnZ [ks
mLrkn ikjka r;k# fFk;y Vs ij[kukek vH;klh edZt+ rka gkflyq FkhankA mgs gy djs vH;klh edZt+
rs eqo+Qj# rkjh[+k rkb± okifl dfj.kk ioankA bUgfu eka dafga fgd th xzsM Ms[kkjh osanhA
ø- ekdqZfu th fojgklr
bdkbZ ekdw± eqo+Qj# oD+rq
ikB rs vk/kj j[kanM+ ulqj& 35 dqy ikB 21 10 = 210
i<+.k tks cks/q Vh-,e-,- 30
i<+.k tks cks/q dfork& 25 dqy 240 dykd
v.k&if<+;yq ulq# 05
v.k&if<+;y dfork 05
fy[k.k th o+Qkfcfy;r 20
xzke# 10
dqy tksM+ 100
282
lqokyukes tks l:idqy ekdw± % 100 oD+rq % 3 dykd
1- ed+ln eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fojgklr
ua- ed+ln ekdw± ekdqZfu tks lsdM+ks
1& tk.k 30 30%
2& ekuk leq>.kq @ cks/q 35 35%
3& bt+gk# @ ç;ksxq (rtqZcks) 25 25%
4& lkjkg @ o+Qkfcfy;r 10 10%
dqy 100 100
2- lqokyfu ts uewus eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fojgklr
lqoky tks fo+QLeq dqy lqoky ekdw±
?k.kfu tokcfu eka pwaM 11 11
reke ua<k tokc 33 33
ua<k tokc 14 28
et+ewuh tokc 4 28
dqy 62 100
lqoky ukes ts Mf[k;kbZv th lrg ekdqZfu tks lsdM+ks
M˜f[k;k 15%
ljkljh 50%
loyk 35%
3- lqokyfu ts fo+QLefu eqrkfcfo+Q c;kuq
dfork i<+.kq&
( i ) iatfu ekdqZfu tk iat lqoky 15 = 5
( ii ) Ngfu ekdqZfu tk Ng ua<k tk.k okjk lqoky 16 = 6
( iii ) fdfu fc fcfu lco+Qfu eka fMuy dfork ts va'k eka fgd rs vk/k# j[kanM+ dfo ,sa dfork tk ukyk
c˜/kb±ns dforkbZ lwaga [ks t+kfg# dj.kq 51 = 5
( iv ) pbfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc Vs 23 = 6
( v ) fcfu ç;ksx lka okLrsnk# lqokyfu eka dks fc fgdq lqoky 31 = 3
283
]
ulq# i<+.kq&
( i ) Ngfu ekdqZfu tk Ng tk.k okjk ?k.kfu tokcfu eka lgh tokcq pwaM.k tk lqoky 16 = 6
( ii ) lrfu ekdqZfu tk lr tk.k okjk ua<k lqoky 17 = 7
( iii ) fdfu fc fcfu ikBfu eka fMuy fcfu Vqdjfu eka fgd ts vk/kj rs ikB ,sa ys[kd ts ukys tks c;ku dans
ewy Hkko ,sa ç;ksx lka okLrsnkj lqoky 51 = 5
( iv ) iatfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc pkj lqoky 24 = 8
( v ) pbfu cks/ okjfu lqokyfu eka ds fc Vs lqoky 33 = 9
v.k if<+;y dfork& dafga dfork tks fglks MsbZ mu rs vk/k# j[kanM+ iat cks/ okjk reke ua<k lqoky
15 = 5
v.k if<+;y ulqj& dks fc ulqjh Vqfdjks MsbZ mu rs vk/k# j[kanM+ iat cks/ okjk reke ua<k lqoky 15 = 5
xzke#& fMuy dkslZ ts vk/kj rs ç;ksx tk Mg reke ua<k lqoky 110 = 10
lk# fy[k.kq& dafga ulqjh Vqfdjs (150 [kka 200 v[kj) tks 1@3 v[kjfu esa lk# fy[k.kq 51 = 5
[+krq fy[k.kq& fMuy fcfu [+krfu (fgdq nLrwjh] fc;ks x+Sj nLrwjh) eka dks fc fgdq [+krq 51 = 5
et+ewu fy[k.kq& fMuy fdfu fc pbfu iatfu fo"k;fu eka vfVdy 300 v[kjfu tks fgdq et+ewuq
101 = 10
4- fo"k; oLrq eqrkfcfo+Q ekdqZfu th fofjgklr&
bdkbZ @ mi bdkbZ eqdj# ekdw± dqy ekdw±
i<+.k tks cks/q& ikB rs vk/kfjr ulq#& 35
dfork& 25 60
i<+.k tks cks/q& v.k if<+;yq ulq#& 05
dfork& 05 10
xzkej ,sa Hkk"kk tks ç;ksxq&
o.kZekyk 1
laKk 1
loZuke 1
fo'ks"k.k 1
fØ;k 1 10 10
]
284
fØ;k fo'ks"k.k 1
L=khfyax iqfyax 1
,dopu cgqopu 1
dky 1
Loj 1
ys[ku&
lk# ys[ku 05 05
[+krq 05 05
et+ewuq 10 10
dqy& 100
285
fla/h ekè;fedlqokyukeks
oDrq % 3 dykd dqy ekdw± % 100
fgnk;rwa& lHksbZ lqoky dj.kq t+:jh vkfgfuA gjfgd lqoky ts lkEgwa ekdw± fyf[k;y vkfgfuA
1- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks& 15 = 5
(1) dohv ts njhv eka dafgath Vkjh vanfj vph ossanh gqbZ\
(v) vklksikyo o.k th (c) vac ts o.k th
(l) fifij ts o.k th (n) xqyeksgj ts o.k th ¹ º
(2) csofl th dfork ^vyk >qjs e 'kky* esa ^tk;nkn* v[kj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) ckl.k (c) fefYd;r
(l) [kk/ks ihrks (n) iks"kkd ¹ º
(3) ^nqbZ* v[kj th ekuk vkgs&
(v) fgd&tfgM+kbZ (c) fc;kbZ
(l) ?k.kkbZ (n) FkksjkbZ ¹ º
(4) 'kkg yrhi+Q iafgats cSr esa dafgatks okik# u djs l?k.k th xkfYg pbZ vkgs\
(v) dkvks (c) 'khgks
(l) lp (n) eksrh ¹ º
(5) rOgka ts dkslZ esa 'kkg ts jpukmfu th dfgM+h 'kk[+k 'kkfey vkgs\
(v) okbZ (c) nksgk
(l) cSr (n) x+t+y ¹ º
2- gsfB;fu lqokyfu tk tokc 15&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 16 = 6
(1) 'kkbj iafgats 'kkgh efgy eka dfgM+h 'kb ?kfV dj.k ykb p;ks vkgs\
(2) csol th dfork ^x+jhcfu th >wfiM+hv* esa ^fltq paMq ok> Fkks fo>s* esa ^ok>* yÝ+t+ th ekuk Nk
vkgs\
(3) Hkkbih balkfu;r lka xM˜ dafga esa tkb fM;.k ykb dfo fgnk;r fM, Fkks\
(4) dkama ,sa gal tks felkyq 'kkg yrhi+Q dafgats ykb fMuks vkgs\
(5) vklksikyo o.k ts dohv tks ukyks Nk vkgs\
(6) dfo dafga esa iQsjks vk.k.k ykb pos Fkks\
286
3- gsfB;ka gokyk dfgM+s lcd+ eka fMuy vkfgfu\ fgufu ts dohv tks ukyks c˜/kb±ns] cSr th dforkbZ lwaga tks
c;kuq dfj;ks& 5
rax et+gc esa u ekiwa] o+QkSfe;r esa tkb Ms]
Hkkbihv] balkfu;r] :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms]
NfM nqbZv th nhn esjh]
rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgkaA
;k
rwa gchcq rwa rchcq
rwa nk:a [ks nnZfu
rwa Mha rwa ykgha Mkrj [ks M˜[kanfu
rMfga iQfd;wa i+Qo+QZ dfu
tMfga veq# dfj;ks mu [ksA
4- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc fVfu lqokyfu tk tokc vfVdy 25&25 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 23 = 6
(1) dfo ,sa vklksikyo o.k tks laca/q dfgM+s fo+QLe tks gks\
(2) dfo ^oMh fnfy* dfork esa dfgM+h çsj.kk Fkks fM,\
(3) >wfiM+hv esa jganM+fu ykb dafga esa et+ks Fkks eps\
(4) 'kkgq yrhi+Q çHkwv [kka dsfrjh ck> ?kqjs Fkks\
5- gsfB,a lqoky tks tokc yxHkx 50 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 3
^oMh fnfy* dfork tks lk# fy[kksA
;k
'kkg yrhi+Q tks cSrq fy[kksA
6- lgh tokc pwaMs ¹ º esa fy[kks& 16 = 6
(1) dafga fc lekt th lekth jktuhfr ,sa ekyh rjrhc ts flyflysok# vfgoky [ks pbts Fkks&
(v) vk[kk.kh (c) ukfoy
(l) bfrgkl (n) cSrq ¹ º
(2) Hkxr daojjke th ;kn esa Hkkjr ljdkj Nk tkjh d;ks\
(v) fyi+Qki+Qks (c) dkMqZ
(l) Viky fVdyh (n) uksVq ¹ º
(3) Hkxoarh ukok.khv tks tueq dfgM+s lky esa fFk;ks\
(v) 1940 (c) 1942
(l) 1941 (n) 1945 ¹ º
287
(4) ik.k [kka ua<h mfefj okjfu [ks [+krq fy[k.k ofD+r lEcks/u esa Nk fy[kank\
(v) ueLrs (c) ç.kke
(l) vklhl (n) isjs Fkh ioka ¹ º
(5) eqgEen vehu ,sa i+Qkfrek ys[kd [ks dfgM+s fo+QLe tk efgeku yxk\
(v) iafgatk (c) ijkok
(l) dfd danM+ (n) tklwl ¹ º
(6) gksyh dfgM+s fla/h efgus esa b±nh vkgs\
(v) tsB esa (c) iQx˜.k esa
(l) oslk[k esa (n) lkao.k esa ¹ º
7- gsfB;qfu lqokyfu tk tokc 15&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 17 = 7
(1) lcd+ esa tf.k;fu ikb.k th mfefj dfgM+h c˜/kbZ osbZ vkgs\
(2) >wysyky pkyhgks dMfga Fkhanks vkgs\
(3) /hv#fu th i<+kbZv eka dfgM+k i+Qkbnk vkfgfu\
(4) ^lk# ys[ku* Fkksjs esa c˜/k;ksA
(5) lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.khv ts pfj=k twa pkfj [+kwfc;aw fy[kksA
(6) cksyhv tk vyadkj dfgM+k vkfgfu\
(7) bfrgkl Nk [ks Fkkss pbts\
8- gsfB;saa Vqdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 1+2+2=5
fla/h dfork ts vkdk'k eaMy esa ?k.kkbZ Mkr /.kh iafgats rtys ,sa vkc rkc lka fpedh jfg;k
vkfgfu] ij flaf/;qfu ts fljeksj dfo 'kkg yrhi+Q tks rtyks] dhfrZ] tlq lfHkuh [kka o/hd vkgsA gw fgu
vkdk'k eaMy ts cs'kqekj rkjfu ts fop esa jks'ku paM fely çdk'kekuq vkgsA thva dafga p;ks vkgs r 'kkgq
yrhi+Q fla/q th vkRek vkgs] fla/h rgt+hc tks :g vkgs] b±nM+ ihf<+;qfu ykb cstksM+ vkn'kZq vkgsA tsdks ntksZ
vaxzst+hv esa 'ksDlihvj tks vkgs] mu [kka eFkHkjks ntksZ vlha fla/h lkfgR; esa 'kkg yrhi+Q [ks fM;wa FkkA
(1) fgu Vqfdjs tks fljks fy[kksA 1
(2) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fV,a fgls esa lk# fy[kksA 2
(3) 'kkg yrhi+Q th HksV dafga lka dbZ osbZ vkgs\ 2
;k
tMfga dks pÄks deq dcks vkgs r vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgs] vanj okjks poanks vkgs r 'kkckfl ! ts
dks mcrks de dcks vkgs r >fV vanj okjks 'kekZb±nks vkgs r vjs ! gh d;ks Nk vFksbZ] cqMh ejhaA yt uFkh vpsbZ\
288
bgks vanj okjks iQkVksM+ks nqfgyq vkgs] dafgath dhu j[ksA oMs fVlhax (veynkj& [+kkfl ek.gw) eka fc dhu VjsA
eqaga rs iQfgdk, fM,fl r gfgM+k rfgM+k rks[ks lk×kfg u isbZ\ deq dfgM+ks d;ks vFksbZ\ efrycq r foosd
vfgM+ks vkgs] tks 'ky dafgatks lk.kqfl iym u vM+s] dks pksjh djs r fMls] mfHkjh oBanqfl] ijkbZ L=khv [ks gFkq
yk, r fMls] fiM+ if/jks danqfl] dwM+ks o+Qleq [k.ks r fc dhu NMhanqfl] cqfNM+ks danqflA Mksghv [ks lnkb± iafgatks
ikiq fi;ks [kk,A mgks [+;ky ckjgksbZ pqfgfV;ks jgsfl ,sa ftrs o×ks] mrs lanfl ihNks u Fkks NMs] t.kq fxphv esa
taM tks iqM+ [ka;ks fi;ks ?kqesA Mk<ks O;kdqyq ,sa ijs'kkuq Fkks djsflA ^jkfr;wa jkgr ukfg dk] Mhagksa Mhagq gSjkuhA*
(1) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fljks fy[kksA
(2) pÄks deq dj.k lka Nk Fkhanks vkgs\
(3) efFk,a Vqfdjs tks fV,a fgls esa lk# fy[kksA
9- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc pbfu lqokyfu tk tokc 20&20 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 24 = 8
(1) et+ewuqq Nk vkgs\
(2) fiQfiQM+fu ,sa c™Vfu th HksV dhva dbZ osbZ vkgs\
(3) ^fefYd;r* dgk.khv tks ys[kdq ds# vkgs\ dgk.khv ts eq[;q fdjnkjfu tk ukyk fy[kksA
(4) jsf'kek xfM;y dqVac esa Nksu Fkh jg.kq pkgs\
(5) ^Hkkjr twa vgeq fla/h ukfj;wa* lcd+ ts vk/kj rss vgeq ukfj;qfu tk ukyk fy[kksA
10- gsfB;fu eka fdfu fc fVfu lqokyfu tk tokc yxHkx 40&50 yÝ+t+fu esa fy[kks& 33 = 9
(1) ^Hkxfr* rs Fkksjs esa jks'kuh fo>ksA
(2) c˜<k vkJeq dgk.khv tks lk# fy[kksA
(3) ^lki+Q˜ lqfFkjks Hkkjr* esa ys[kd dfgM+ks lans'kq fMuks vkgs\
(4) [+krfu ts fo+QLefu tks eqf[+rl# esa c;kuq dfj;ksA
11- gsfB fMuy dfork [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 15 = 5
thou tks tlq vkgs bUghv esa] thm thm js thm
çse dVksjh tk fc feys Fkh] ihm ihm js ihm
thou ts tqafc'k th xehZ] rkdr ru eu ykb
lqLr lofM+ ts gsBka gjne] lhm lhm js lhm
thou tks Nkss Nsnq djha Fkks] thou leq>.k ykb
thou [ks ek.k.k tks iyq vk] ghm ghm js ghm
ghlk;y gh.ks ykb ukgs] nqfu;k ghv fnyxhj
vfxrs o/q ,sa lHk [kka vfxjks] Fkhm Fkhm js Fkhm
289
(1) thou tks tlq Nk esa vkgs\
(2) dfo dfgM+h dVksjh ihv.k ykb pos Fkks\
(3) lqLr [ks lofM+ gsBka fc Nk yxanks\
(4) ghm iy Nkts ykb vkgs\
(5) ghm nqfu;k dafgats ykb ukgss\
12- gsfB,a Vqfdjs [ks è;ku lka i<+h] fMuy lqokyfu tk tokc fy[kks& 15 = 5
Hkk"kk ;k ok.khv esa oMh rkdr lek;y gwanh vkgs] [+kkfl djs ekr`Hkk"kk (Mother tounge) esaA vlkath
ekr`Hkk"kk bZ vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa gwanh vkgsA iafgath ekr`Hkk"kk bZ vlka[ks ^gqv.k* (being) [kka (becoming)
^fFk;.k* Mkagqa uhanh vkgs] rafgadjs ekr`Hkk"kk [kka ijs Hkt.k lka ;k mu [ks fo×kk, fog.k lka vlkath ekr`Hkk"kk
(fla/h) bZ [+kreq Fkh osanhA eSfDlu cuZlu ukys rbyhenku tks po.kq vkgs r ekr`Hkk"kk esa fl[;k gkflyq dj.k
tks vf/dk# lfHkuh [ks vkgsA ckjfu [ks ges'kg iafgathv ekr`Hkk"kk esa bZ rbyhe fM;.kq ?kqfjtsA* ekStwng ofD+r
esa fi.kq bu ohpkj th oMh vgfe;r vkgsA tsdks ekr`Hkk"kk tks R;kx˜ dj.k ,sa chv cksyhv esa rbyhe oB.k
th lykg fM, Fkks] mu [ks ekr`Hkk"kk fuLcr Hkkoukmfu th dkbZ tk.k dku gwanh vkgsA ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe
gkflyq dj.k ts ohpkj [ks lekftd ,sa ofgaokjh vgfe;r vkgsA dafga fc balku th l`tu'khyrk ,sa rdZ c˜¼hv
tks rfdM+ks ,sa lqHkkohd fodklq tsfrjks lanfl ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk Fkhanks] vksfrjks ijkbZv] /kjhv Hkk"kk }kjk dksu Fkh
l?kanksA ekr`Hkk"kk ekè;e }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.kq fgd lekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd tokcnkjh ,sa ykxkisnkjh vkgsA
(1) vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa Nk gwanh vkgs\
(2) eSfDlu cuZlu ukys rbyhenku Nk fyf[k;ks vkgs\
(3) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.k ts ohpkj [ks dfgM+h vgfe;r vkgs\
(4) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk dafgatks rfdM+ks ,sa lqHkkohd fodklq Fkhanks\
(5) ekr`Hkk"kk }kjk rbyhe gkflyq dj.k ykb dfgM+h tokcnkjh ,sa ykxkisnkjh vkgs\
13- gsfB;fu xzkej ts lqokyfu tk tokc fM;ks& 5
(1) bLe [+kkfl th oLi+Q fy[kksA
(2) lqokyh fu'kkuhv okjks fgdq tqfeyks fy[kksA
(3) fli+Qfr th ifjHkk"kk fy[kksA
(4) t+ehjh fli+Qfr tk c felky fy[kksA
(5) i+Qby th oLi+Q fy[kksA
(6) ijlxZ tk c felky fM;ksA
(7) ^va/fu esa dk.kks jktk* bLrykg th ekuk fy[kksA
(8) ftUl eksful tk c felky fy[kksA
(9) y?kq Loj dafga[ks Fkks pbts\
(10) ^Nksfdjkss* tks vnn tem fy[kksA
290
14- gsfB,a Vqfdjs tks lk# fV,a fgls esa fy[kks& 5
lk/w Vh- ,y- oklok.kh ua<iqf.k [kka bZ i<+kbZv esa reke ?k.kks gksf'k;k# gqvkA gw gSnjkckn fla/qq esa
^,dsMeh* ukys Ldwy esa if<+;k gqvk] tsdks lk/w ghjkuUn cikZ d;ks gks ,sa fçafliy fif.k gksA lk/w ghjkuan
rbyhe;kÝ+rk] lekt lq/kjdq ,sa larkRek gqvkA gqufu ts mlwyfu ,sa vkn'kZfu tks ckyd oklok.khv rs reke
xgjks vl# fi;ks gksA ckyd oklok.khv esa Kku lka xMksxM˜ lfHkuh ykb J¼k ,sa vknj gksA gqufu ts vkn'kZ
thou tks felkyq lk/w ghjkuan fc;fu ckjfu [ks r Mhank bZ gqvk ij Ldwy tk lHksbZ ekLrj fc gqufu ts ofgaokj
[kka reke ?k.kks eqrkfl# gwank gqvkA ckyd oklok.kh t+ghuq 'kkfxnZq gqvkA gqufu 1900 esa ch- ,- ,sa 1902 esa
,e- ,- ikl dbZA rafga [kka iksb gw fgd dkWyst tk fçalhiy cf.k;kA gw reke lqBk ro+Qjhj MhanM+ gqvkA gqufu
ts ro+Qjhj esa c [+kkfl xkfYg;wa gq;waA ifgfj;ksa gquts yÝ+t+fu esa tks'k gwanks gksA tsdk xkfYg poank gqvk] mu rs
iq[+rks oslkgq j[kank gqvkA gqufu th yxu bZ lanfu ts yÝ+t+fu [ks vljkbrks c.kkb±nh gqbZA gqufu ts Hkk"k.k tks
fc;ks xq.k gks lanfu fefBM+ks vkokT+k˜A laxhr okaxqj gqufu tks vkokT+k˜ fc ek.gqfu ts fnfy;qfu [ks Nqganks gksA
15- rOgka ts bykds esa 'kjkc tks nqdku [kqyh fo;ks vkgsA mu [ks gVkb.k ykb okLrsnkj vki+Qhljfu [ks [+krq fy[kksA
;k 05
rOgka iafgats nksLr [ks xehZv ts eksdyqfu esa xfMth dafga fgy LVs'ku rs ?kqe.k ykb [+krq fy[kksA
16- dafga fc fgd fo"k; rs 300 yÝ+t+fu esa et+ewu fy[kks& 10
(1) eqafgath fefBM+h fla/h cksyh
(2) eqafgatks euilafn nksLrq
(3) dafgaa fMBy gkfnls tks o.kZuq
(4) dEI;wVj th vgfe;r
291
lqokyukes ts lqokyfu tk tokc
,sa ekdqZfu th fofjgklr
1- (1) v 1
(2) c 1
(3) c 1
(4) l 1
(5) l 1
2- (1) 'kkbj iafgats 'kkgh efgy esa fgd dksfBM+h ?kfV djkb.k ykb pbZ vkgsA 1
(2) fy;kdk ikb.kq 1
(3) :gkfu;r esa tkb Ms 1
(4) ykbo+Q˜ ,sa v.k&ykbo+Q˜ 'k[+l ykb 1
(5) oklqnso eksgh 1
(6) euo`Ùkhv esa iQsjh vk.k.k ykb pos FkksA
3- oMh fnfy 1@2
csofl 1@2
leq>k.kh& csofl balku [ks oMh fnfy lka jg.k th lykg fMuh vkgsA vlka [ks rafx et+gc ts nk;js esa
u jg.k [kisA Hkkbih balkfu;r ,sa :gkfu;r esa tkb fM;.k okjh xkfYg Fkks djsA fc;kbZv :ih xanh n`f"V
R;kx.kq [kisA 3
dohrk th vHkO;fDr 1
;k
(1) vklksikyo o.kq 1@2
(2) oklnso ^eksgh* 1@2
(3) gokys th leq>k.kh 3
(4) bt+gk# 1
292
4- (1) dohv ts ?kj ckfgjka vklksikyo tks o.kq gksA mu lka lanfl fj'rks I;kj ,sa >sM+s okjks vkgsA o.k th lkod
gqu [ks o.ks Fkh ,sa o.k tks dpjks fMlh [+ki+Qs fFk, FkksA
(2) ^rwa fc jgq] eka Hkh jgka* xfMth jg.k th çsj.kk fM, FkksA
(3) twvfj ts feBs <ks<s esa et+ks eps FkksA
(4) çHkwv tks tsMks ukam vkgs] vksMh ck> ?kqjs Fkks 'kkgq yrhi+Q˜A
5- dfo nqfu;k esa oMh fnfy j[kh thv.k tks lans'kq fM, Fkks] euo`rhv esa iQsjks vk.k.k th lykg fM, FkksA
;k 3
'kkg yrhi+Q tks dks fc cSrq fy[kksA
6- (1) l 1
(2) l 1
(3) v 1
(4) v 1
(5) l 1
(6) c 1
7- (1) 5 [kka 12 lkyfu th mfefj tf.k;fu ikb.k th c˜/kbZ osbZ vkgsA 1
(2) 16 tqykbZ [kka 24 vkxLV rkb± gj lky 40 Mhaga >wysyky pkyhgks eYgk;ks osanks vkgsA 1
(3) lekt esa lq/kjks vps Fkks] /hv:a fc iqVfu okaxq# ekbVfu tks xkVq Åapks dfu fFk;waA 1
(4) o/hd yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k;y xkfYg [ks ?kfV yÝ+t+fu esa t+kfg# dj.k [ks lk# ys[ku pbts FkksA 1
(5) d:.kk th Hkkouk] drZO; fu"Bk] mifu"knfu tks vH;kl] L=kh f'k{kkA 1
(6) igkdk ,sa pof.k;wa cksyhv tk vyadkj vkfgfuA 1
(7) ekuo lekt th lekth] jok;rh ,sa ekyh rjrhc tks flyflysok# vfgokyq] tsdks mu lekt th rjdhv
tks c;kuq djsA 1
8- (1) 'kkgq yrhi+QA 1
(2) fV,s fgls esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fy[k.kks vkgsA 2
(3) 'ksDlih;j lka HksV dbZ osbZ vkgsA 2
;k
(1) deq ;k gktA 1
(2) vanj esa ljgkbZ Fkhanh vkgsA vanj okjks 'kkcklh Mhanks vkgsA 2
(3) fV;sa fgLls esa lk# iafgatfu yÝ+t+fu esa fyf[k.kks vkgsA 2
293
9- (1) et+ewuq mgk jpuk vkgs] tafgaesa ohpkjfu ;k ?kVukmfu [ks lgh flyflyks MsbZ xa<s djs fyf[k;ks osanks vkgsA 2
(2) fiQfiQM+ gok esa vkWDlhtu [k.kh] dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbZM d<h] 'kjhj [ks ranq#Lrq j[kfu Fkk] rfgM+hv rjg
c™Vk fc vkWDlhtu fM;fu FkkA 2
(3) ys[kd bZ'oj pUæ & fdjnkj eqgEen vkehu ,sa i+QfrekA 2
(4) jsf'kek vkt+kn ilan L=kh vkgs] budjs xfM;y dqVac esa jg.kq uFkh pkgsA 2
(5) nknh çdk'ke.kh] lk/uk] Hkxoarh ukok.kh] bafnjk fganwtk] lqanjh mÙkepank.kh] iksiVh ghjkuank.khA 2
10- (1) yksd laxhr th flai+Q thva M[k.k Hkkjr tks [+kkfl uR; Hkkjr ukV~;e vkgs] rhva vlkath fla/h Hkxr vkgsA 3
(2) dgk.khv esa jsf'kek tks pfj=k] dgk.khv ts vk/kj rs lk# fyf[k.kks vkgsA 3
(3) ?kj ?kj li+QkbZv tks lans'k MsbZ] lekt ,sa ns'k [ks lki+Q j[kh l?kwa Fkk_ lcd+ ts vk/kj rs fyf[k.kks vkgsA 3
(4) 'k[+lh [+krq dhva fyf[kts\ 3
11- (1) thou tks tlq thv.k esa vkgsA 1
(2) dfo çse th dVksjh ihv.k ykb pos FkksA 1
(3) lqLr [ks lofM+ gsBka fc lhm yxanks vkgsA 1
(4) ghm iyq ek.k.k ykb vkgsA 1
(5) ghv nqfu;k ghlk;y ,sa gh.ks ykb ukgsA 1
12- (1) vlkats otwn ts dsaæ esa vlkath ekr`Hkk"kk vkgsA 1
(2) ekr`Hkk"kk esa rbyhe gkflyq dj.k tks vf/dkj lfHkuh [ks vkgsA 1
(3) bu ohpkj [ks lekftd ,sa ofgaokjh vgfe;r vkgsA 1
(4) l`tu'khyrk ,sa rdZ c˜¼hv tksA 1
(5) lekftd ,sa lkaLÑfrd tokcnkjh vkgsA 1
13- (1) dafga fc çk.khv] 'kb] LFkku ts [+kkfl ukys [ks bLeq [+kkfl pbcks vkgsA 1
(2) rqafgatks ukyks Nk vkgs\ 1
(3) tsds yÝ+t+ bLe ;k t+ehj th [+kkfl;r c˜/kb±nk vkfgfu] mUgfu [ks fli+Qfr pbcks vkgsA 1
(4) gw i[kh] dfgM+ks 'kgjA 1
(5) i+Qbyq mgks vkgs] tafga lka dafga tkss dq> dj.k ;k fFk;.k th tk.k iosA 1
(6) Mkagqa] ofVA 1
(7) ew[kZfu esa Fkksjks ?k.kks gksf'k;k#A 1
294
(8) Nksfdjh] ekbZA 1
(9) ftfu Lojfu tks mpkj dj.k esa reke ?kfV oD+rq yxankss vkgsA 1
(10) NksfdjkA 1
14- lk# ys[ku&
cqfu;knh uqD+rfu [ks c˜/kb.kq 2
fV,a fgls esa yÝ+t+fu esa lk# 2
Hkk"kk th 'kq¼rk 1
15- [+krq fy[k.kq&
[+kr twa nLrwjh xkfYg;wa
lqokyfu ewftfc fo"k;&oLrw
is'kdf'k ,sa Hkk"kk
16- et+ewu fy[k.kq&
'kq:vkfr 2
fo"k; oLrw 4
isf'kdf'k 2
Hkk"kk 'kSyh 2
295
fla/h Hkk"kk fla/q ts /jrhv lka bZ otwn esa vkbZ vkgsA
fla/h cksyh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkmfu esa vgeq tkb okykjs FkhA o+Qnhe cksyh vkgs] chgd] mpkj.k] xzkej] yÝ+t+ HkaMkjts [+;ky [kka fla/hv twa ?kf.k;wa bZ [+kwfc;wa ut+fj vpfu fFk;waA ds [+kkfl [+kwfc;wa fgu jhfr vkfgfu&
[+kkfl;rwa
1- fla/h cksyhv th lHk [kka oMh [+kwch bgk jgh vkgs r fgu fc;fu cksfy;qfu eka ?k.kks dq>q >Vs ik.k esa tt+cdans fc yÝ+t+fu rksM+s cksyhv ts cukoV th lrg rs iafgatk vusd futq vuklj ik.k lka lka<s jf[k;k vkfgfuAfla/hv ts bu [+kkfl;r th vkfyefu fnfy [kksys lkjkg dbZ vkgsA
2- fla/hv ts Lojfu tks mpkj.k fganhv felfy bZ fFk, FkksA
3- gi+QZ lgh tk udkoka mpkj.k fc Fkhank vkfgfu] tafga lka ekuk th rCnhy vph o×ks Fkh&
lkbZ& mgkbZ lkb±& Lokehvlh& 80 vaxq vlha& vlka lHkq
4- fganhv esa yÝ+t+ tks vkf[+kjh Loj xkYgkb.k ofD+r 'kkar ;k xqeq Fkh osanks vkgs ij fla/hv esa lki+Q rjg mpkfjcksvkgs&
fganh fla/h?kj ?k#jkr jkfr
5- dsfrjfu yÝ+t+fu ts vkf[+kfj esa m ;k b gqv.k rs ftal efVth oanh vkgs&
lkSVq (pkps tks iqVq) lkSfV (pkps th /hv)
eklkrq (eklhv tks iqVq) eklkfr (eklhv th /hv)
dqdqM+ (eqxksZ) dqdqfM+ (eqxhZ)
6- fdfu yÝ+t+fu esa m ;k b fla/hv esa nh?kZ (fM?kks) Fkh o×ks Fkks&
fganh fla/h
dfo doh
lk/q lk/w
7- fla/hv tk pwl.kk vkokt+ pkj vkfgfu& x] t] M] c] ftfu esa gok eq[k ts vanj fNfdch vkgsA
8- gj vkokt+ ykb o.kZ ;k fu'kkuh vkgs] tafga djs vkbZosVk esa 52 o.kZ vkfgfuA lHk [kka o/hdA budjs bZfla/h cksyh tk.kanM+ nqfu;k th Hkk"kk tks o.kZ&yÝ+t+ fcuk dafga vVd ts mpkjs l?ks Fkks [+kkfl djs futqfla/h o.kZ x] t] M] c ,sa i+Qkjlhv tk i+Q] x+] t+ ,sa [+k r fganh ,sa laLÑr tk ekfgj fc u mpkjs l?kank tksmUgfu cksfy;qfu esa bgs v[kj u vkfgfuA
fla/h Hkk"kk twa [+kkfl;rwa
296
9- fla/h late okjh cksyh vkgsA t+ehjh ,sa i+Qbyh fu'kkfu;qfu osrfj fla/hv [ks o/hd fdi+Qk;rh c.kk, NfM;ks vkgsA
;kus tqfeys esa ?k.kfu yÝ+t+fu ,oft+ Fkksjk yÝ+t+ dfe vk.ks l?kwa FkkA thva ewa fgu [ks ?kqek;ks ,oft+ fgdq yÝ+t+
^?kqek;ksekafl* b,a 20 v[kjfu ,oft+ 7 v[kjfu esa tqfeyks Bgh l?ks FkksA
10- fla/h le`¼ 'kkgwdk# Hkk"kk vkgsA olhv 'kCn HkaMkj vFkflA ,frjks o/hd tks fc;wa cksfy;wa vlka lka jhl dfu]
felky ge&ekuk yÝ+t+fu tks HkaMkj&
xf.krhv tk 22] datwl tk 20] mB tk 17] ohj tk 22 i;kZ;okph @ levFkhZ ;k ge&ekuk yÝ+t+ vkfgfuA
u #xks bLe ij t+ehj fli+Qfr i+Qby] gi+QZ t+j] gi+QZ tqfeys tk fc ?k.kk bZ felky feyfu FkkA
vaxzst+hv esa vady] vkaVh] dft+u yÝ+t+ bZ lewjfu lEca/fu ykb de esa vpfuA fganhv esa ppsjh] ekSlsjh cgu
pofu ij fla/hv esa lkSVq&lkSfV] eklkrq&eklkfr] lkyktq&lkykft] MsjksVq&MsjksfV] ekjksVq&ekjksfV] iqiQkVq&iqiQkfV]
pkph] ekeh] eklh] iqiQh ox+Sjg bgk fc cksyhv ts 'kkgwdkjhv th lkfcrh vkgsA
fla/hv esa jg.k th tkb [ks ?k# pbts FkksA ij tqnk&tqnk tkuojfu ts jg.k th tkb ykb vyfx vyfx ukyk
vkfgfuA
11- fla/h fefBM+h] jlhyh ,sa e/qj cksyh vkgss] rtuhl [+krh (mRçs{kk vyadkj) ,sa rtuhl gi+QhZ (vuqçkl vyadkj)
mgk jaxhu t+ckuh vkgs tafga ewftfc dfo ;k ys[kd iafgath jpuk [ks vljkbrks] t+sckbrks ,sa o.kanM+ c.kk, FkksA
dkjk ddj djs ofldkjk (Vs ni+Qk d)
/jrh /qvfu g.kh iQwgkjk (c ni+Qk /)
(xkso/Zu Hkkjrh)
lt.k ,sa lk.ksg dafgaa v.kklhv foljs (c ni+Qk l)
gSi+Q ruh [ks gksb oruq tfu folkfj;ks (c ni+Qk g)
('kkgq yrhi+Q)
12- fla/h vljkbrh cksyh vkgsA dafgaa cksyhv esa bgs [+klwfl;rwa rMfga Fkhafn;wa vkfgfu tMfga mu esa iqj ekuk bLrykg
,sa igkdk gwank vkfgfuA gt+kjsa bLrykg] igkdk ekStwn vkfgfuA
?kksM+ks&rcsyks] xkab] esafga&oFkk.kq] 'khagaq&x+kfj] mBq&>ksd] dqvks&fc#] i[kh&vk[ksjks] ek[khv th ef[k&ekukjks]
MsaHkw&[k[kfj] dksjhvM+ks&tk#A Vksyhv th ekuk esM+] gkfFk;qfu tks esM+&ox˜] esagqafu tks esgkx˜] cfdfj;qfu tks
ckd#] dqrfu tks&yks/] Nsyfu tks&Nkax] o.kfu tks&>qeVks] xqyfu tks&>qfxVks] vaxwjfu tks&Nqxks] okjfu tks&eqpksA
vfgM+hv rjg v[kj yÝ+t+&HkaMkj] tqfeys ts lrg rs fla/hv twa [+kwfc;wa r vkfgfu bZ] xMksxM Nan] vyadkj]
bLrykg&igkdfu th lrg rs fc vusd [+kwfc;wa vkfgfuA vfgM+h 'kkgwdkj Hkk"kk [ks o/.k oh>.k ts fMl esa vlka
lfHkuh [ks dksf'k'kwa dj.kq ?kqfjtfuA
297
vkf[+kjh eksM+ ,sa cafn dfj;ks
pksFkksa eksM+
fV;ksa eksM+
f c;ksa eksM+
ifgfj;ksa eksM+lcd
fu rs rOgkatks jnv
ey
lki+Q˜ l
qfFkjks Hkkjrcsofl
twa d
ohrkÅa
c˜<k vkJeq
xqyfu ,sa i[khv
M+fu tks nnZq
fla/q t
ks bfrgklq
/hv# cp
k;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
vklksiky
o o.kqHkkjr t
wa vgeq fl
a/h ukfj;wafefYd
;r'kkg y
rhi+Q tk cSr
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
fla/h l
aLÑrhv
th >
yd
fla/q t
wa lwjfe;wa
lk/w okl
ok.khfla/h igkd
k ,sa pof.k;wa
fla/hv
tk i+Qud
kjtu l
apkj ekè;e ,sa fl
a/hfla/h ckssy
hv t
ks fodklq
et+ewuq d
hva fy
f[kts
[+krq dhv
a fyf[kt
slk# d
hva fy
f[kts
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-
dgk.kh lkexzh jkst+kuh
g;krhv lka okLrsnk# v
kgslcd
+uEcj
lcd+ t
ks ukyks
loyh
M˜[khmi;ksxh
v.k&mi;ksxh
o.kanM+ ,sa mi;ksxh
if<+;y lkexzh
Hkk"kkrLoh:
aef'kxwfy
;warOgha N
k fl[;kloy
hM˜[kh
gkM˜[kh
o.kanM+ ijmi;ksxh ukfgu
o.kanM+ ij mi;ksxh ureke mi;ksxh d
q> mi;ksxh
--------
--------
v.k&o.kanM+
lki+Q˜ l
qfFkjks Hkkjrcsofl
twa d
ohrkÅa
c˜<k vkJeq
xqyfu ,sa i[khv
M+fu tks nnZq
fla/q t
ks bfrgklq
/hv# cp
k;ks] /hv# i<+k;ks
vklksiky
o o.kqHkkjr t
wa vgeq fl
a/h ukfj;wafefYd
;r'kkg y
rhi+Q tk cSr
veka eka eksVh b±nqfl
fla/h l
aLÑrhv
th >
yd
fla/q t
wa lwjfe;wa
lk/w okl
ok.khfla/h igkd
k ,sa pof.k;wa
fla/hv
tk i+Qud
kjtu l
apkj ekè;e ,sa fl
a/hfla/h ckssy
hv t
ks fodklq
et+ewuq d
hva fy
f[kts
[+krq dhv
a fyf[kt
slk# d
hva fy
f[kts
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-
lcd+
uEcjlcd
+ tks uky
ksloy
kMf[k;k
o.kanM+ ,sami;ksxh
o.kanM+ ijmi;ksxh u
lqoky
fu rs jnvey
I;kjk 'kkfxnZ]
mesn vkgs r i<+.k t
h ghv lkexzh i<+h rOgka[ks v
kuan vk;ks gwanksA v
lka i<+.kth lkexzhv
[ks oD+rkbrks mi;ksxh ,sa o.kanM+ c.kkb.k th iwjh d
ksf'k'k dbZ v
kgsAfgufu lcd
+fu t+jh, rOgkat
s g;krhv t
h o+Qkfcfy;r o/kb.k t
h dksf'k'k d
bZ osbZvkgsA lcd
+ lka x M ,sa lcd+ t
s iNkM+hv
tk lqoky
budjs bZ fMuk fo;k v
kfgfu]thv
a rOgka fo"k; [ks leq>h jkst+kuh g;krhv
esa mutks bLrseky
q djs l?kksA
rOgkats jnv
ey t
s vk/kj rs v
lha bu esa lq/kjks danklhaA o+Q˜cZq d
js] dq>q oD+rq
d<h] ghm iQkeZ Hkjs d
js vlka[ks eksfd
fy;ksA rOgkat
s lgdkj y
kb 'kqØkukA
rbyheh v
ki+Qhlj (fla/h)
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vt˜ bZ iwjks Hkjs] fgu [+kkds [ks Viky jLrs eksfdys fM;ks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
298
vOgkatk jk;k
Nk vOgka fla/hv tks dks fc;ks fdrkc if<+;ks vkgs\ gk @ u
tsdMfga gk] r mu ckcfr dq>q fy[kks&
ukyks %
jksy uEcj %
,sMsªl %
fo"k; %
fdrkc uEcj %
VikyfVfdyh
fgu lka yxy Lohdkj dksUgsa
'kSf{kd vf/dkjh
fla/h
jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku
,&24&25] baLVhV~;w'kuy ,fj;k]
lsDVj&62] uks,Mk (mÙkj çns'k)
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