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PIPE: It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic,

glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any

PIPINGFUNDAMENTAL

thing that flows.

It is a very important component for any industrial

plant. And its engineering plays a major part in

overall engineering of a Plant.

The term Piping means not only pipe but includes

components like fittings, flanges, valves, bolts,

gaskets, bellows etc

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We have to transfer t he content o f Tank no.

1 to the other two tanks we need to

connect pipes

Pipes are all str aight pieces.

To solve theseproblems we need

the pipe

components, which

are called

PIPE FITTINGS

We need some

branch

connections

We need some

bend connections

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PIPEFITTING

There are various types of

fittings for various purposes,

some common types are -

Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,

Reducers/Expanders,

Couplings, Olets, etc.

SCREWED FITTINGS For pipe design < 2.5in

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WELDED FITTINGS

When connection are tobe permanent and on

high pressure and high

temperature lines

Lighter

Anyway, the pipes and

fittings are in place, but

the ends are yet to be

jo ined with the Tank

nozzles.

We now have to comp lete the

end connections.

These, in pip ing term, we call

TERMINAL

CONNECTIONS.

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Flanges provide a bolted, separable joint in piping. The most

of valves have flanged ends and must have a companion or

matchin flan e attached. A asket is then inserted between

FLANGES

them, and the bolts are tightened to form a flanged joint.

When to use Flanges?

Where there is a clear need for removal of valves or

equ pment, or access o ma ntenance, or or n ng.

Because all flanged connections are potential leak source,

their use should be kept to the minimum needed for safe andreasonably convenient operation and maintenance.

FLANGE 1 FLANGE 2

GASKET

PIPE 2PIPE 1

-

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Pipe - Flanged connection

Flange Material: Flanges are made of carbon steel forging having a highly

refined grain structure and generally excellent physical

properties.

Flanges in 300 pound and higher pressure classes can be made

of Chrome-Molybdenum Forged steel.

Bolts & Gaskets:

The most commonly used bolts for flanges in refinery piping

are the ASTM A193 Gr.B7 Stud bolts which fall into the high

. A gasket is a thin circular disc, made up of soft compressive

material. The most of valves have flanged ends and must have

a companion or matching flange attached. A gasket is then

inserted between them, and the bolts are tightened to form a

flanged joint

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If we want to contro l the flow fromTank-1 to

other tanks, we need some arrangement to s top

the flow if needed

These are flanged

joints

This is a welded joint

To control the flow in a pipe line

we need to fit a specialcomponent.

That is called - VALVE

To stop/regulate the flow offluids and gassesVALVES

To control the flow of liquidsLift to allow full, unobstructedflow and lower to stop itcompletely

To control the flow of liquids and gases.The globe valve is installed so that the pressure ison the disk, which assists the spring in the cap tomake a tight closure.

Yield less seat leakage compared to gate valve

Operated by thepressure and velocityof line flow.

No external means ofcontrol or operation.

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Other than valves another

important line component of

pipe line is a filter, which

cleans out derbies from theflowing fluid. This is called a

STRAINER

When some fluid is flowing in a pipe we

may also like know the parameters li ke,pressure, temperature, flow rate etc. of

the fluid.

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Here are some of the pipe supporting

arrangements. There can be numerous variants.

All depend on p iping designers preference and

judgement .

The pipe sizes are selected

Pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.

Types of pipe fitting are planned

Types of Valves are planned

Types of instruments required are planned

We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called

, .

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SINGLE-LINE DRAWING

PIPEDRAWING

FORMER SINGLE-LINE DRAWING SYMBOLS

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All pipes bent in morethan one plane (multi

layers)

easier tounderstand

Example of Single Line Drawing

Isometric pipe drawing

Orthographic pipe drawing

Represent the piping,either straight or bent,in one plane/singlelayer

Crossings

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Pipe Connections

Pipe Fittings

Valve Symbols

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Threaded / Flanged / Welded

Tee (T) Short Radius

(SR) Elbow

Long Radius

(SR) Elbow

DOUBLE-LINE DRAWING

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Summary:

Double Line Drawing

Single Line Drawing

Ken Youssefi UC Berkeley 29

COORDINATE AXES FOR ISOMETRIC PIPING DRAWINGS

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Top or bottom

Rear or frontLeft or right

Z

- Z

- Y- X

XY

Z

XY

z-axis

x-axis

y-axis

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Materials selection for achievement of metallurgical stability shallbe made on the basis of design condition and to resist possible

exposures against fire, corrosion, operating condition, service etc.

SELECTIONOFPIPINGMATERIALS

(1) METALLIC (2) NON-METALLIC (3)COMPOSITES

(i) FERROUS (i) ORGANIC

(ii)NON-FERROUS (ii) INORGANIC

FERROUS NON-FERROUS ORGANIC INORGANIC

Carbon Steel Nickel Plastics Ceramics

Low Alloy Steels Monel Thermo-Plastics GraphiteStainless Steels Brasses Thermo-Setting Glass

PipingMaterialsandProperties

Source: Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions

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PipingMaterialsandProperties(Continue)

Source: Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions.

PipingMaterials

and

Properties

(Continue)Ferrous Metals and Alloys

The ferrous-metal piping systems comprising wrought carbon and alloy steelsincluding stainless steels are the most widely used and the most completelycovered bynational standards.

Common, cheapest, and versatile metal used in industry.

High tensile strength in the 345 to 485 Mpa with good ductility, that most commonlyused in the chemical-process industries

Drawback = l imited corrosion resistance, not recommended to operate under

cryogenic condition lower than -100

o

C.

Carbon Steel

It is routinely used for mostorganic chemicals and neutral or basic aqueous

solutions at moderate temperatures. Storage of concentrated sulfuric acid and

caustic soda [up to 50 percent and 55C (130F)].

Commonlyused in services withcorrosion rates of 0.13 to 0.5 mm/y (5 to 20mils/y),with added thickness (corrosion allowance) to assure the achievement of desiredservice life.

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TYPE OF CARBON

STEEL

NUMBER

SYMBOL

PRINCIPAL

PROPERTIES

COMMON

USES

Plain carbon 10XX

Low-carbon steel 1006 to 1020 Tou hness and Chains rivets shafts

Carbon Steel Designations

(0.06 to 0.20% carbon)

less strength

, , ,

and pressed steel

products

Medium-carbon steel

(0.20 to 0.50% carbon)

1020 t o 1050 To ug hn es s and

strength

Gears, axles, machine

parts forgings, bolts and

nuts

High-carbon steel 1050 and

over

Less toughness

and greater

hardness

Saws, drills, knives,

razors, finishing tools

and music wire

Sulfurized 11XX Improves Threads, splines, and(free-cutting) machinability machined parts

Phosphorized 12XX Increases strength

and hardness but

reduces ductility

Manganese steels 13XX Improves surface

finish

Stainless Steels

They are heat & corrosion resistant,noncontaminating and easily fabricated into complexshapes. There are three groups of Stainless steels,viz, Martensitic, Ferritic & Austenitic.

Various codes, symbols in piping design are:

ASME - American society of mechanical engg.

API - American petroleum institute.

ANSI - American National Standards institute.

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Contain one or m ore al loying agen ts to improve mechanical and corrosion-

resistant properties over those of carbon steel.

A typical low-alloy grade [American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 4340] contains0.40% C, 0.70% Mn, 1.85% Ni, 0.80% Cr, and 0.25% Mo.

Al loy Steel

Ni increases toughness and improves low-temperature properties and corrosionresistance.

Cr improve hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, and resistance tooxidation.

Mo provides strength at elevated temperatures.

The addition of small amounts of alloying materials greatly improves corrosion

corrosives.

In acidor alkalinesolutions, corrosion is aboutequivalentto thatof carbon steel.

However, the greater strength permits thinner walls in process equipmentmade fromlow-alloysteel.

ALLOY APPROXIMATE ALLOY PRINCIPAL

SERIES CONTENT (%) PROPERTIES

Manganese Steel 13xx Mn 1.6 - 1.9 Improve surface finish

TYPE OF STEEL COMMON USES

AISI Designation System for Al loy Steel

Molybdenum Steels 40xx Mo 0.15-0.3 High Strength Axles, forgings, gears

41xx Cr 0.4-1.1; Mo 0.08 - 0.35 Cams, mechanical parts

43xx Ni 1.65-2; Cr0.4-0.9;Mo 0.2-0.3

44xx Mo 0.45 - 0.6

46xx Ni 0.7-2; Mo 0.15-0.3

47xx Ni 0.9-1.2;Cr0..35-0.55;Mo0.15-0.4

48xx Ni3.25-3.75;Mo 0.2-0.3

Chromium Steels 50xx Cr 0.3--0.5 Hardness Gears, Shafts, bearings

51xx Cr 0.7-1.15 Great Strength springs, connecting rods

E51100 C 1.0;Cr 0.9-1.15 and toughness

E52100 C 1.0; Cr 0.9 1.15

Chromium - vanadium steel 61xx Cr 0.5 - 1.1; V0.1-0.15 Hardness and Strength Punches and Dies, Pistons

Rods, Gears, Axles

Nickel-Chromium- 86xx Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.15-0.25 Rust resistance, hardness Food Containers

Molybdenum Steels 87xx Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.2-0.3 and strength Surgical equipment

88xx Ni 0.4-0.7;Cr 0.4-0.6;Mo 0.3-0.4

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More than 70types of stainless steel.

Iron-based, with 1230% chromium, 0-22% nickel, minoramounts of carbon, niobium(columbium), copper, molybdenum, selenium, tantalum, and titanium.

Stainless Steel

Famous in the process industries.

Heat- and corrosion-resistant, non-contaminating, and easily fabricated into complexshapes.

StainlessAlloys

Martensitic Ferritic Austenitic

12- 20% chromiumwith controlled amounts of carbon and otheradditives.

Type 410 is a typical member of this group.

By heattreatment canincrease tensile strength from550 to1,380Mpa.

Martensitic Stainless Steel

15- 30% chromiumlow carboncontent (0.1 %).

Higher chromium content improves the corrosive resistance. Although it is not

recommended to use a ainst reducin acids such as HCl but mildl corrosive

Used in mildly corrosive environments (atmospheric, fresh water, and organicexposures).

Ferritic Stainless Steel

solutionsandoxidizing mediaare handledwithout harm.

Type430 is a typical example and widely used innitric acidplants.

The strength of ferritic stainless can be increased by cold working but not by heattreatment.

Resistant tohigh-temperature oxidation up to800C (1,500F).

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The mostcorrosion-resistant of the three groups. Contain 16-26 % chromium and 6-22% nickel. Carbon is kept low(0.08% maximum)

tominimize carbide precipitation.

Austeni tic Stainless Steel

Work hardening canincrease the tensile strength upto 2,000MPa (300,000 lbf/in2).

Austenitic stainless steels are toughand ductile butnoteasy to machine. Heavycutsandhigh speeds are essential.

ASTM NUMBER

A-53

-

TYPE

Gr. A,B

MATERIAL

CARBON STEEL

A-333

A-335

A-335

A-335

A-335

A-312

A-312

. ,

Gr. 1

P1

P11

P5

P9

304

316

CARBON STEEL

CARBON MOLY

CARBON MOLY

CARBON MOLY

CARBON MOLY

STAINLESS

STAINLESS

A-312

A-312

A-333

321

347

Gr. 3

STAINLESS

STAINLESS

NICKEL