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EK 3.E.1 Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. Organisms Exchange Information. Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. Flight or Flight Response Watch this... http ://youtu.be/ RyP8L3qTW9Q. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Organisms Exchange Information
EK 3.E.1 Individuals can act on information and
communicate it to others
Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behaviorFlight or Flight
Response
Watch this...http://youtu.be/RyP8L3qTW9Q
Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behaviorPredator
WarningsAposematic
coloration – bright colors warn others of poison/toxin/deadly nature of organism
Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior
Protection of youngHerds, flocks, and
schools – shield their young and/or mob their predator
Altruistic behavior: animals that risk their own life to protect their young – insuring their genes are passed on = evolutionary success
Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behaviorPlant – plant & Plant -
predator interaction due to herbivory Studies have shown that
plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air as a consequence of damage to tissues (possible destroying vacuoles where VOCs are stored)
Hi VOCs concentrations attract herbivore predators = indirect defense
Possibility that plants can communicate via VOCs (intra-plant and inter-plant)
Organisms respond to internal changes and external cues, which can change behaviorAvoidance Responses
Avoid behaviors that could have aversive responses
Food aversionsLearning to avoid
electric fences
Communication occurs through various mechanismsTerritorial marking in
mammals change the behavior of mammals of the same speciesMany male mammals
spray urine throughout their territories (especially along their borders) to warn other animals of the same species to keep out; communicate via a chemical signal
Communication occurs through various mechanisms Coloration in flowers can change the
behavior of other organisms… Bees base their color vision on ultra
violet, blue and green. It is also thought that bees prefer different shades of blues, whites, and purple flowers.
Bees cannot see red. Flower petals have Ultra Violet patterns on them, not visible to humans in normal light, but visible to bees. The patterns are believed to guide the bees onto the flower.
In general, it’s believed that swathes of color are also more helpful to foraging bees and butterflies, providing a stronger visual signal that suggests ‘plenty of food here
http://www.buzzaboutbees.net/flower-pollination.html
Communication occurs through various mechanismsBees perform dances
that provide information about the location of food. The dances can occur inside dark hives – so communication depends on tactile, chemical and auditory cues
http://youtu.be/4NtegAOQpSs
Communication occurs through various mechanismsSounds are
commonly used to communicate over long distances, through water, and at night
Songs of male birds provide for species recognition, a display to attract mates and a warning to other males of territorial boundaries
http://youtu.be/DsQnRnE-W8A
Communication occurs through various mechanismsPacks communicate to…
allows members to successfully corner and attack large prey
insures successful care and feeding of young
helps members to defend common territory
Wolves make threatening gestures by staring and baring their teeth.
Communication occurs through various mechanismsHerds, Flocks, and
Schools provide several advantages:Concealment – most
individuals in the flock are hidden from view
Vigilance – individuals can trade off foraging and watching for predators
Defense – a group of individuals can shield their young or mob their predator
Communication occurs through various mechanismsColony and swarming behavior
Swarm behavior is a collective behavior exhibited by animals of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masse or migrating in some direction (also called flocking, herding, schooling, blooms, etc…)
It is an emergent behavior with small simple subunits working together to make something much larger and complex
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionMigration is the
long-distance, seasonal movement of animals. It is usually in response to seasonal availability of food or degradation of environmental conditions
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionCourtship and mating
behaviors Elaborate visual
displays of dances, aggression, etc…
Calls and Songs to attract mates
Emit pheromones into the air to attract mates
http://youtu.be/gTkUHdCF848
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionForaging in Bees and
other animalsSearching for and
exploiting food resources; can be done alone or in groups
Search images help animals find favored or plentiful food
The bee dance can indicate proximity of food source (distance and direction) – bees communicate to hive
Olive Baboons – forage for food; young learn proper foraging techniques from elders
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionAvoidance behavior to
electric fences, poisons and traps
Associative learning occurs when an animal recognizes that two or more events are connected
Cryptic coloration – blending in to avoid predation, catch prey, etc…
http://www.boredpanda.com/amazing-animal-camouflage-photos/
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionCooperative behavior
tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the populationPack BehaviorHerd, Flock and
Schooling BehaviorPredator WarningColony and Swarming
behavior in InsectsParental care for young
Responses to information & communication of information are vital to natural selection & evolutionPredator Warning
Example – Belding’s ground squirrels give alarm calls (whistles) that warn other squirrels that a predator is approaching.
Altruistic Behavior – seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce the fitness of the individual but ultimately increases the fitness of the group