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,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 1
murpay; mwptpaypd; je;ij - mhp];lhl;by;
murpayikg;G
murpayikg;G vd;gJ xU ehl;L
kf;fis Ml;rpGhpAk; mbg;gil
-ahd murpay; Kiwiaf;
$WtjhFk;.
murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa
rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;>
ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;W
-tpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis
tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg;
gFj;J> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk;
cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj
murpayikg;G MFk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfpNyNa
kpf ePskhd vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
MFk;. murpayikg;G eilKiwg;
-gLj;jg;gl;l nghOJ 395 gphpTfs;> 22
gphpTfs;> 12 ml;ltizfs; ,Ue;jd.
jw;nghOJ 465 gphpTfs; 25 gFjpfs;>
12 ml;ltizfs; cs;sd. ,e;ePz;l
murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kf;fpa
fhuzq;fs;:
ehl;bd; gue;j Gtpaikg;G
fhyzpahjpf;f rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
murpayikg;gpd; tsh;r;rp Mfpa
-tw;why; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; Nghd;w
tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; jtpu ehL
KOtjw;Fk; xNu murpayikg;G
murpayikg;G eph;zarigapy;
,lk;ngw;w rl;l ty;Yeh;fspd;
Mjpf;fk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rl;ltsh;r;rp ekJ murpayikg;gpd; gy;NtW
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp
-apd; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
fhyzp Mjpf;fr; rl;lq;fs; ekJ
murpaYf;Fk;> murpayikg;Gf;Fk;
J}z;Ljyhf cs;sd. mit.
I. tzpff;FOtpd; fPo; rl;l tsh;r;rp
xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; (1773) :
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; ‘ehh;j; gpuG”
tzpff;FOtpd; tptfhuq;fis
tprhhpf;f Njh;Tf; FOit
epakpj;jhh;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy;
1773 xOq;F Kiwr;rl;lk; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 2
Vnddpy; ,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdp
eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ gphpl;b\;
ehlhSkd;wk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghL-
fisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd
Kjy; Kaw;rpahf mr;rl;lk;
mike;jJ.
,r;rl;lk; Kjd; Kiwahf> fk;ngdp
Ml;rpf;fhf vOjg;gl;l
murpayikg;G xd;iw toq;fpaJ.
fk;ngdp murpay; kw;Wk; eph;thfg;
nghWg;Gfis mq;fPfhpj;jJ.
1. tq;fhsk;> Kk;ig> nrd;id Mfpa
khfhzq;fspd; eph;thf
mikg;gpid xNu mjpfhu
mikg;gpd;fPo; nfhz;Ltur;
nra;jJ.
2. tq;fhs MSeiu Nkw;fz;l
%d;W khfhzq;fSf;Fk; jiyik
MSeuhf epakpj;jJ. Kjy; MSeh;
- thud; N`];bq;];.
3. jiyik MSeUf;F cjtp Ghpa
ehd;F Ngh; nfhz;l
MNyhridf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. fy;fj;jhtpy; xU jiyik
ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. (1774)
5. (1- jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 3 - Jiz
ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ug;ghh;)
6. Copah;fspd; jdpahh; tpahghuk;
jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; (1784) (Mf];by;):
1773-y; cs;s eilKiw
rpf;fy;fis fisa gpl; ,e;jpar;
rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. fk;ngdpapd;; tzpff;FOTf;F
,af;Feh; nghWg;G kl;LNk
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. murpay; tptfhuq;fisf;
ftdpg;gjw;fhf MW
cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l
'fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;"
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J
muruhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
3. ,e;jpa eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd
mYty;fisf; ftdpf;f
,q;fpyhe;jpy; jdpj;Jiw
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rhrdr; rl;lk; (1813):
xt;nthU ,Ugjhz;LfSf;F
xUKiw rhrdr; rl;lq;fis
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;
rhrdj;ij ePl;bf;f tif nra;jJ.
fy;tpf;F xU ,yl;rk; epjpahf
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
rhrdr; rl;lk; (1833):
jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;
$l;lq;fis rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd
$l;lq;fs; vd;Wk;> eph;thff;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 3
$l;lq;fs; vd;Wk; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f
tif nra;jJ.
1. midj;J rptpy;> uhZt
mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp>
fz;fhzpf;fpw mjpfhuk; jiyik
MSehpd; fTd;rpYf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. $Ljyhf rl;l cWg;gpdh; xUth;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. (nkf;fhNy)
3. ika muR typik cilajhfpwJ.
khfhzq;fs; jq;fSf;nfd
rl;lkpaw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; chpikfs;
,oe;jd.
rhrdr; rl;lk; (1853):
1. rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpf;fhf jiyik
MSehpd; fTd;rpypy; NkYk; MW
cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;.
2. fTd;rpypd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpAk;>
eph;thfg; gzpAk; jpl;ltl;lkhf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld.
3. muRg; gzpfSf;F Nghl;bj;
Njh;it mwpKfk; nra;jJ.
4. Kjd; Kiwahf cs;ehl;L
kf;fSf;F ika rk gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1858):
1. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;
eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa
Ml;rpg; gFjpfs; midj;Jk;
Nehpilahf gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
te;jd.
2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpypy;
mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis
mjhtJ> ,e;jpah;fis ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;s top nra;jJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh;
“muRg; gpujpepjp” vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd;gb Kjy;
murg; gpujpepjp itrpuha;
fhdpq;gpuG Mthh;.
II. gphpl;b\; murpd; fPo; rl;ltsh;r;rp
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1861):
1. rl;lkpaw;wy;> gpujpepjpj;Jt
mikg;Gfspy; njhlf;fkhf ,J
mike;jJ.
2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpypy;
mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis
mjhtJ> ,e;jpah;fis
,izj;Jf; nfhs;s top tif
nra;jJ.
3. gk;gha;> nrd;id khfhzq;fs;
Kd;G ,oe;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;
mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;wd.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1892):
1. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;>
khfhz fTd;rpy;fspy; $Ljy;
cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mit
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;ld.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 4
etPd ,iwahz;ik Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij - [Pd; Nghbd;
2. mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis
epakdk; nra;a kiwKfj; Njh;jy;
Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. fTd;rpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; tuT-nryT
mwpf;if gw;wp tpthjk; elj;jTk;>
nghJkf;fs; eyd; fUjp tpdhf;fs;
vOg;gTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
4. gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> eph;thfj;Jiw
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf
,Uj;jy; Kjypa nfhs;iffs;
,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nray;tbtk;
ngwj; njhlq;fpd.
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1909):
(kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;)
1. kj;jpa> khfhz fTd;rpy;fs; NkYk;
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L> mtw;wpd;
nray;ghLfSk;
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;ld.
2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;fspy;>
epakd cWg;gpdh;fs;
ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;> khfhz
fTd;rpy;fspy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;
,Ue;jd.
3. rhjp mbg;gilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jt
KiwAk;> ,];yhkpaUf;Fj;
jdpj;njhFjp KiwAk; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;ld.
4. cWg;gpdh;fs; gl;n[l; kPJ
Jizf;Nfs;tpfs;; vOg;gTk;>
jPh;khdq;fs; nfhz;L tuTk;
mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;ldh;.
,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1919):
(khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L)
1. kj;jpapy; ,Ue;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;
fTd;rpYf;Fg; gjpyhf
khfhzq;fspd; mit (Nkyit)>
rl;lkd;wg; Nguit (fPoit) vd;w
ika muRg;
gzpfs;> khepy muRg; gzpfs; vd
gphpj;jwpag;gl;ld.
4. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp
Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb khfhz murpd; gzpfs;
MSehpd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo;
xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; vdTk;>
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gila
mikr;rhpd; fPo; khw;wg;gl;l gzpfs;
vdTk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.
5. Kjd; Kiw Neubj; Njh;jy;Kiw
mwpKfk; jkpo;ehL muRg;gzpahsh;
Njh;thizak; 1924
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 5
,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1935):
1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;B\;
khfhzq;fisAk; ,iza
tpUg;gKs;s RNjr muRfisAk;
cs;slf;fpa ‘midj;jpe;jpa
$l;luR” mikg;G xd;W cUthf
topnra;jJ. vdpDk;> RNjr
muRfs; cld;glhjjhy; $l;luR
cUthftpy;iy.
2. ,Jtiu gphpl;B\; ,e;jpah
eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;j XuLf;F
Kiwf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb murhq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W gl;bay;fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mit $l;lhl;rp
(kj;jpa) gl;bay;> khfhzg;gl;bay;
kw;Wk; nghJg;gl;bay; vd;gdthFk;.
4. khfhz muRfs;> khfhzg;
gl;baypy; cs;s gzpfspy; kj;jpaf;
fl;Lg;ghL VJkpd;wp eph;thfk;
kw;Wk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba jdpnahU
rl;lg;G+h;t mikg;ghf cUg;ngw;wd.
5. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; ,ul;il
Ml;rp Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; jiyik
MSeh; kw;Wk; mtuJ eph;thff;
FOtpd; fPOk;> khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;
mikr;ruitapd; nghWg;gpYk;
tplg;gl;ld.
6. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw
xopf;fg;gl;L khfhz Rahl;rp
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
7. khfhz murhq;fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;
-gl;l mikr;rh;fspd; nghWg;gpy;
tplg;gl;lJ. mikr;ruit
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F $l;Lg;nghWg;G
cilajhFk;.
8. MSeh; eph;thfg; FOtpd;
jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;. mth;
mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gb
nray;gLthh; vd tpjpKiwfs;
nra;ag;gl;ld.
9. tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gk;gha;> If;fpa
khfhzk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; m];]hk;
khfhzq;fs; ,uz;L mitfisf;
nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
10. xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; MW
ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp
ePjpkd;wk; nly;ypapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; : (1947)
1. ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd ,uz;L
FbNaw;w ehLfis (nlhkpdpad;)
cUthf;f 1947 Mf];l; 15 Mk;
Njjp ehs; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;b\;
Nguurpapd; nghWg;GfSk;> ,e;jpar;
RNjr muRfs; kPjhd Nkyhjpf;fk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 6
1947 Mf];l; 15 NjjpapypUe;J
fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.
2. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fspy; VNjDk;
xd;wpy; RNjr muRfs; ,ize;J
nfhs;syhk;. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;
-fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf ,uz;L
fth;dh; n[duy;fis gphpl;b\;
Nguurp epakpg;ghh;.
3. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fSf;Fk;
jdpj;jdpahf rl;lkd;wq;fs;
,Uf;Fk;. gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;
-jpd; jiyaPL ,d;wpr; rl;lkpaw;Wk;
KO mjpfhuk; mtw;Wf;F cz;L.
4. nlhkpdpad;fis Ml;rpGhptjw;
-fhd jw;fhypf Vw;ghlhf> ,uz;L
nlhkpdpad;fspd; murpay; eph;za
rigfSf;Fk; nlhkpdpad;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd me;j];J
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; Mfpa
khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis
tiuaWg;gjw;F vy;iy Mizak;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLnkd
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. ,e;jpar; Rje;jpu rl;lk; 1947ia
KOikahf mky;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd tp\aq;fs; Fwpj;J
jw;fhypf Mizfs; gpwg;gpf;;f
fth;dh; n[duYf;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
6. ,r;rl;lk; kj;jpapYk;>
khfhzq;fspYk; rl;lkd;wq;
-fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fq;
-fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
7. ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd
mikr;rhpd; gzpfs;> ,e;jpahtpd;
Kg;gilfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
epge;jidfisAk; gphpl;b\;
,uhZtk;> flw;gil> thd;gil
Mfpatw;wpd; kPjhd gphpl;b\;
Nguurpapd; mjpfhu tuk;GfisAk;
mr;rl;lk; tiuaWj;jJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fk;
,e;jpahtpy; fk;A+dprpa ,af;fj;jpd;
Kd;Ndhbahd M.N. uha; 1934 Mk;
Mz;L ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay;
rl;lk; cUthf Ntz;Lk; vd
fUjpdhh;.
gpd;dh; Nfgpndl; JhJf;FOtpd;
ghpe;Jiug;gb> ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
FO 16.05.1946y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 7
NfgpNdl; JhJf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;
1. ngj;jpf; yhud;]; 2. rh;.];lhg;Nghh;L fphpg;]; 3. V.tp. mnyf;]hz;lh;
murpay; mikg;G FOf;fSf;fhd
Njh;jypy; 208 fhq;fpu];
cWg;gpdh;fSk;> 73 K];yPk; yPf;
cWg;gpdh;fSk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
murpayikg;G FOtpd; nkhj;j
cWg;gpdh;fs; - 389 Ngh; (,jpy; 292
Ngh; Njh;jy; %yKk;> 93 Ngh;
epakdk; %yKk;> 4 Ngh; jiyik
fkp\dh; gjtpapypUe;Jk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.
,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13
FOf;fis mikj;jJ.
Njhuhakhd tiuT vk;.vd;.uha;
mth;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; ,q;fpyhe;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 18 [{iy 1947y;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F tUk;tiu 1935 k;
Mz;bd; ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
NeUitg; gpujkuhff; nfhz;l
,ilf;fhy muR 1946
epWtg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kjy;
$l;lk; 9 brk;gh; 1946y; nly;ypapy;
eilngw;wJ. murpay; mikg;G
FOtpd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf
lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j rpd;̀ h Njh;T
nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
gpd;dh;>11 brk;gh; 1946y; lhf;lh;.
,uhN[e;jpugpurhj; mth;fs; epue;ju
jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1947 Mf];L 29-k; ehs; tiuTf;
FOtpd; jiytuhf lhf;lh; gp. Mh;.
mk;Ngj;fhh; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
13 brk;gh; 1946y; NeU mth;fs;
murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giuia
toq;fpdhh;.
,jpy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;f
nkhj;jk; 22 FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 8
khfhz
murpayikg;Gf;
FO jiyth;
rh;jhh; ty;ygha;
gNly;
mbg;gil
chpikfs; kw;Wk;
rpWghd;ikapdh;
FO jiyth;
rh;jhh; ty;ygha;
gNly;
nfhbf;FO
jiyth;
N[.gp. fpUghsdp
ika murpd;
mjpfhuk; Fwpj;j
FO jiyth;
[t`h;yhy; NeU
khepy
muRfSld;
Ngr;R thh;j;ij
FO
lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu
gpurhj;
ika murpd;
murpayikg;Gf;
FO
[t`h;yhy; NeU
tifg;gLj;Jk;
FO
lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu
gpurhj;
tiuTf;FO 29 Mf];L 1947 y;
lhf;lh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpw;gp vd
miof;fg;gLgth; - lhf;lh;. gp. Mh;.
mk;Ngj;fh;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G FOtpd;
rl;l MNyhrfuhf ,Ue;jth; - gp.
vd;. uht;
Murpa ikg;G FO ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg;ig cUthf;f 2 Mz;Lfs;
11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;
Njitg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G FO
cWg;gpdh;fs; 284 Ngh;
ifnahg;gkpl;L 26 etk;gh; 1949 y;
murpayikg;G
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;
-nfhz;l nghOJ FbAhpik>
ghuhSkd;wk;> Njh;jy;fs; Mfpad
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
tiuTf;FOtpy; ,Ue;j kw;w
cWg;gpdh;;fs;:
P. my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp Iah;
N.Nfhghy;rhkp Iaq;fhh;> lhf;lh; K.M. Kd;\p iraJ KfkJ rhJy;yh B.L.kpl;lh; (vd;.khjtuht;) D.P. ifj;jhd;
(b.b. fpU\;zkhr;rhhp)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 9
murpay; mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l
-NghJ mjpy; 8 ml;ltizfs;> 22
gFjpfs;> 395 \uj;Jfs; ,Ue;jd.
jw;NghJ 12-ml;ltizfs;> 465
\uj;Jf;fs; 25 gFjpfs; cs;sJ.
1930 y; [dthp 26 k; ehs; G+uz
Rauh[;[pa jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;
-gl;L njhlh;e;J me;ehis
nfhz;lhb te;jjhy;> 26 [dthp
1950 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F te;j ehshf
nfhz;lhLfpNwhk;.
murpay; eph;za rigapy; fye;J
nfhs;shj Kf;fpa jiyth;fs;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp> KfkJ myp
[pd;dh
murpay; eph;za rig cUthf;Fk;
NghJ rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhf
,Ue;jth; [p.tp. kht;yq;fh;.
murpayikg;G eph;za rig :
nghJthf Xh; ,iwahz;ik
kf;fshl;rp ehl;by; murpayikg;ig
cUthf;Fk; gzpia> me;ehl;L
kf;fSf;F gpujpepjpfs; mlq;fpa
Xh; mikg;Ng Nkw;nfhs;Sk;>
murpayikg;ig ,aw;wp Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;>
mj;jifa mikg;gpw;F
murpayikg;G eph;za rig vd;W
ngah;.
murpayikg;G eph;za rig vd;w
fUj;J ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ,af;f
tsh;r;rpAld; ePz;l njhlh;Gila
xd;whFk;.
,e;jpa kf;fs; jkf;Fj;jhNk Xh;
murpayikg;ig ,aw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf murpay; eph;za
rig xd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fUj;J 1919 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpd;
tiutpNyNa ,Ue;jJ.
1928 Nk 19Mk; Njjp gk;ghapy;
eilngw;w midj;Jf; fl;rp khehL
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Nfhl;ghLfis tiuaWg;gjw;fhf
Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; jiyikapy;
xU FOit mikj;jJ.
mf;FO mspj;j “NeU mwpf;if”
,e;jpahtpw;fhd KO epiwthd
murpayikg;G xd;iw ,aw;w
,e;jpah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy;
Kaw;rpahFk;.
1936 Mk; Mz;bd; yf;Ndh
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ntspapypUe;J
jpzpf;fg;gLk; ve;j tpjkhd
murpayikg;gpidAk; Vw;f
KbahJ vdTk;> taJ te;Njhh;
thf;Fhpik %yk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; murpay;
eph;za rigahy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
FbauR vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - gpNshl;Nlh
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 10
,e;jpa murpayikg;G tbtikg;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhd gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhpd; fUj;jpw;fpzq;f tpjp 32 murpayikg;gpd; capUk; ,jaKk; MFk;.
murpayikg;gpidNa Vw;f KbAk;
vdTk; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ.
1940Mk; Mz;L Kjd; Kiwahf
murpay; eph;za rigf; Nfhhpf;if
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
mjd; gpd;dh; fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO
(1942)> Gjpa murpayikg;ig
cUthf;Fk; gzp Kw;wpYk;
,e;jpah;fs; trk; tplg;gLk; vd;Wk;>
murpay; eph;za rigahy;
tiuag;gLk; murpayikg;ig
gphpl;b\; muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
vd;W mwptpj;jJ.
,Wjpahf 1946 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;
15y; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; ml;ypapd;
mwptpg;ig njhlh;e;J>
mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FOtpd;
jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa
tpLjiyr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F
tUk; tiuapy; ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G eph;za rig
,iwahz;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;f
-tpy;iy.
tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;dNu ,iwah
-z;ikAilajhf khwptpl;lJ.
,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jNghJ
mjw;nfd murpayikg;G
eilKiwf;F tUk;tiu gphpl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa 1935 Mk;
Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murhq;f
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;G eph;za rigapd;
gpwgzpfs; :
murpayikg;G eph;za rigahdJ>
murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ
jtpu> gpw gzpfisAk; Mw;wpaJ.
mitahtd :
1. fhkd;nty;j; mikg;gpy; ,e;jpah
cWg;gpduhtjw;F Vw;gspg;G
toq;fpaJ (Nk 1949)
2. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpaf; nfhbia
mwptpj;jJ ([{iy 22> 1947)
3. Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F %d;W
thufhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mq;fPfhuk;
mspj;jJ.
4. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa fPjj;ijAk;>
Njrpag; ghliyAk; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. ([dthp 24> 1950)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauRj;
jiytuhf lhf;lh;. ,uhN[e;jpug;
gpurhj; mth;fisj;
Njh;e;njLj;jJ. ([dthp 24> 1950).
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
Page 11
gy;NtW ehLfspd; murpay; mikg;G %yq;fs;
mit>
mnkhpf;fh Kfg;Giu
mbg;gil chpikfs;
ePjpg; Gzuha;T
ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk;
jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; ePjpkd;wk;
,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;w Kiw>gpujk ke;jphp>rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
Kiw
rl;lj;jpd; top Ml;rp>xw;iwf; FbAhpik
mah;yhe;J muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;
FbauRj; jiythpd; Njh;jy; Kiw
,uh[;a rigf;F 12 cWg;gpdh; epakdk;
fdlh kj;jpapy; typikAld; $ba $l;lhl;rp Kiw
mjpfhug; gfph;T kw;Wk; kj;jpa murplk; vQ;rpa
mjpfhuq;fs;
njd; M‡g;hpf;fh rl;ljpUj;j Kiw
u\;ah mbg;gilf; flikfs;
M];jpNuypah nghJg;gl;bay;>kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;
n[h;kdp mtruepiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; ,ilePf;fk;
[g;ghd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;> eilKiwAk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rl;lk;> 1935 (%d;wpy;
,uz;L gq;F ,jpypUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;lJ)
$l;lhl;rp Kiw> MSeh; gjtp>
neUf;fb fhy epiy
KfTiu
Page 1
KfTiu
Kfg;Giu vd;gJ ,aw;wg;gl;l
rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J
itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;.
Kjd;Kjypy; Kfg;Giuia
murpayikg;gpy; toq;fpa ehL
mnkhpf;fh. mjid njhlh;e;J
,e;jpah kw;Wk; gy ehLfs;
toq;fpaJ.
Kfg;Giu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk;> ,e;jpahit
xU ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkjh;kk;
rhh;e;j> kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp>
FbauR mikf;fTk;> mjd; Fbkf;fs;
midtUf;Fk;
r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp
(JUSTICE) fpilf;fTk;
rpe;jidapy; rpe;jidia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;>
gw;WWjpapy; kw;Wk; topghl;by;
Rje;jpuKk; (LIBERTY)>
jFjp epiyapy; kw;Wk; tha;g;gpy;
rkj;Jtk; (EQUALITY)> cWjpahf
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;aTk;>
jdp xUthpd; khz;Gf;Fk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij (FRATERNITY)
midthplj;jpy; tsh;f;fTk;> ehl;bd;
xw;Wikf;Fk;> xUikghl;Lf;Fk;
cWjpaspf;Fk;
tpOkpa KiwikAs;s cWjp
G+z;L> 1949 etk;gh; 26-k; ehshfpa
,d;W ek;Kila murpayikg;G
eph;za rigapy;>
,t;turpayikg;ig Vw;W rl;lkhf
,aw;wp ekf;F ehNk toq;fpf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;.
KfTiu
Page 2
gz;bj [t`h;yhy; NeU
mth;fshy; brk;gh; 13> 1946 y;
,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa jPh;khdk;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;L> [dthp
22>1947y; murpay; eph;za
rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
gpd;G ,J ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Kfg;Giuahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F Kfg;Giu
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath; -
[t`h;yhy; NeU. kf;fNs
mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;W
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu
$WfpwJ.
,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik cila
rkjh;k> kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp
kw;Wk; FbauR ehlhf cs;sJ.
ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait ekJ
Nehf;fq;fs; vdTk; murpayikg;G
rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu $WfpwJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu
",e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Md;kh" -
vd;W $wpath; jh$h;jh]; ghh;ft;.
murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
NghNj KfTiuAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
-gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;>
kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,jpy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
gl;l ehs; etk;gh; 26> 1949.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Kfg;Giuapy; cs;s rkj;Jtk;>
Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs;
gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; topahf
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd;gb
,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik ngw;w
kf;fshl;rpf; FbauR vdTk;>
rkjh;k newp rhh;e;j> kjr;rhh;gw;w
FbauR vdTk; $WfpwJ.
Nfrthde;j ghujp - Nfush muir
vjph;j;J njhlq;fpa tof;fpy; (1973)
Kd;Diu 'murpay; mikg;gpd; xU
gFjpNa" vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk;
$wpaJ.
,iwahz;ik nfhz;l rkjh;k
rkarhh;gw;w kf;fshl;rp Fbauir
mikj;jpl cWjp G+z;l ,e;jpa
kf;fshfpa ehk;> midj;J
Fbkf;fSk; r%f> nghUshjhu>
murpay; ePjp vz;zj;jpy;>
ntspg;gLj;jypy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;
gw;WWjpapy;> topgLjypy; Rje;jpuk;
jFjpepiyapYk; tha;g;GhpikapYk;
KfTiu
Page 3
,e;jpahtpd; caph; ehb fpuhkq;fs; vd;W $wpath; kfhj;kh fhe;jp
rkepiy ngwTk; mij mth;fs;
ahthplj;Jk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jdpegh;
fz;zpak;> kw;Wk; ehl;bd; xw;Wik
kw;Wk; xUikg;g hL nfhz;l
rNfhjuj;Jtk; ngw;wpl cWjp nra;J>
,e;j 1949-Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk;
26-Mk; ehs;> ekJ murpayikg;G
mitapy; ,e;j murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;ij ,q;F Vw;W> ,aw;wp ekf;F
toq;FfpNwhk;.
Kfg;Giuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
1. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpath;fs; ve;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
mjid ,aw;wpdhh;fs;> mjd;
%yk; mth;fs; mila tpUk;gpa
murpay;> rKjha> nghUshjhu
khWjy;fs; ahit vd;gd gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfis KfTiu gfph;fpwJ.
2. murpayikg;gpd; cl;gphpTfspy;
fhzg;gLk; Fog;gq;fis
njspTWj;jTk; rpy Neuq;fspy;
Kfg;Giu gad;gLfpwJ.
3. ,jd; %yk; ePjpj;Jiw
murpayikg;gpd; khz;gpid
rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy; tpsk;g
,aYk;. NkYk; murpayikg;gpd;
,iwahz;ik mjpfhuj;ij %yth;
vth; vd;gjidAk;> murpayikg;G
,aw;wg;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
ehspidAk; Kfg;Giu
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Kfg;Giuapd; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; :
KfTiuapy; ,Jtiu xNu xUKiw
jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 42tJ
rl;l jpUj;jk; (1976) %yk; rkjh;kk;>
kjr;rhh;gw;w vd;w thh;j;ijfSk;>
xUikg;ghL vd;w thh;j;ijAk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
[dehafk; (Democracy)
Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; fUj;Jg;gb
[dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy;
kf;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk;
kf;fspd; murhFk;. ,J kf;fshy;
Ml;rpashHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLk;
kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk;
xg;Gjypd;gb muR nray;gLk; xU
Ml;rp KiwahFk;.
[dehaf murpd; gpw ,ay;Gfshd
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd;
cupikfs; kw;Wk;
Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;>
midtUf;Fk; ePjp kw;Wk;
rkj;Jtj;jpy; ek;gpf;if Rje;jpukhd
kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw
gj;jpupf;if Rje;jpuk; NeHikahd
kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd NjHjy;fs;
Nghd;wit.
KfTiu
Page 4
kjr;rhHgpd;ik (Secularism)
,J murpaiyAk;> kjj;ijAk;
jdpj;jdpahf gpupj;J itg;gijf;
Fwpf;Fk;. xU kjr;rhHgw;w ehl;by;
ehl;Lf;nfd;W xU kjk; ,Uf;fhJ.
NkYk; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk;
jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ij gpd;gw;w
cupik cz;L.
,e;jpahTk; xU kjr;rhHgw;w
ehlhFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd;
midj;J kjq;fSk; ghugl;rkpd;wp
elj;jg;gLtNjhL (rHt jHk
rk;gth) rpWghd;ik kjq;fspd;
eyd;fSk; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
r%fj;Jtk; (Socialism)
,J Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
jdpegUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;
nfhs;iff;Fk; vjpuhdjhFk;. ,J
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf
cupikfis r%fk; KOtjpw;Fk;
nghJthdjhf khw;wf;$Lk;
jj;Jtk; MFk;.
rkj;Jtk;> midtUf;Fk; eytho;T>
kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l
r%fj;jpid mikf;f ,k;Kiw
toptFf;Fk;.
r%fj;Jtk; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij
murpd; %yk; epiwNtw;Wk;. muNr
nghJeydpd; gpujpepjpahFk;.
,k;Kiwapy; jdpahH
nrhj;Jupikf;F ,lk; ,Ue;jhYk;
mt;Tupik nghJ eyid fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
Page 1
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G gy;NtW
tiffspy; jdpr; rpwg;GilaJ. ,J
cyf ehLfspd; kw;w
murpayikg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
NtWgl;ljhd gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;
$Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. mjd;
rpwg;Gf; $Wfshtd>
1. ePz;l murpayikg;G:
ve;j ehl;bd; murpay;
rl;lj;ijAk;tpl ,e;jpa murpay;
rl;lk; ePskhdJ. rhjhuz rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; tptfhuk; MapDk;>
my;yJ eph;thfr; nray; MapDk;
vy;yh tp\aq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa
tphpthd Mtzkhf ,J
jpfo;fpwJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; 395 ruj;Jf;fisAk; 22
gFjpfisAk; 8
ml;ltizfisAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
jw;NghJ 25-ghfq;fs;> 12 -
ml;ltizfs;> 465 - ruj;Jfs;
cs;sJ.
2. gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J
vLj;jhsg;gl;l murpayikg;G:
mnkhpf;fh : Kfg;Giu>
mbg;gil chpikfs;> ePjpg;
Gzuha;T
u\;ah : mbg;gilf; flikfs;.
njd; Mg;gphpf;fh: rl;l jpUj;j
Kiw
M];jpNuypah : nghJg;gl;bay;
3. nefpoh murpayikg;G
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpy
tifaq;fs; vspa Kiwapy;
jpUj;jg;glyhk; vd;Wk;> rpy
tifaq;fs; mt;tsT vspjhf
jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl ,ayhJ.
MfNt ek;Kila murpayikg;G
nefpOk; ,ay;Gk;> nefpoh ,ay;Gk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
4. $l;lhl;rp kw;Wk; xw;iwahl;rp
$Wfs; :
xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpy;
mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; ika
muRf;Ff; fPo;gbe;jitahfTk; ika
murplkpUe;J mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W
mjd; gpujpepjpfshfTk;
nray;gLk;.
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
Page 2
$l;lhl;rp mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl;l>
nefpo;r;rpaw;w murpayikg;Ng
Nkyhz;ik kpf;fjhf tpsq;fp ika
muRf;Fk;> khepy muRfSf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ij gfph;e;jspf;Fk;. mit
jk; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs;
Rje;jpukhf nray;gl mDkjpf;Fk;.
5.kf;fs; ,iwahz;ik :
kf;fs; ,iwahz;ik vd;w
nfhs;ifia mbg;gilahf itj;J
cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; murpay
-ikg;ghf ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
tpsq;FfpwJ.
6.ehlhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw :
,e;jpa murpayikg;G gphpl;ldpd;
ehlhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwia
Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
eph;thfj; Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; JiwfSf;fpilapy;
neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;Gk;
xUq;fpizg;Gk; mikag;
ngw;wpUg;gNj ,k;Kiwapd;
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
7. Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j
ePjpj;Jiw:
ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;l Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwia
,e;jpa murpayikg;G Vw;gLj;jp
,Uf;fpwJ.
xd;wpak;> khepyk;> chpikapay;>
Fw;wtpay;> murpay; rl;lk; cs;gl
vy;yhr; rl;lq;fisg; gw;wpAk;
tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhf
cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSk;> cr;rePjp
-kd;wKk; nfhz;l xUq;fpize;j
xU ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8. taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik :
ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp vDk;
-NghJ xUtUf;F xUthf;F
vd;gij ehk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.
taJ te;j ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs;
midtUf;Fk;> vt;tpj ghugl;rKk;
,d;wp> rkthf;Fhpik mspf;fg;
-gl;Ls;sJ. NkiyehLfspy;>
Kd;Ndwpa kf;fshl;rp ehLfspy;
$l gbg;gbahfj;jhd;
midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
1988-k;Mz;L murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lk; 61tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
thf;Fhpik taJ 21-ypUe;J 18
Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
9. mbg;gil chpikfs; :
Xh; murpy; kf;fs; mDgtpf;Fk;
chpikfisf; nfhz;Nl me;j
murpd; jd;ikia mwpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
Page 3
mitahtd :
1. rkj;Jt chpik(ruj;J 14-18)
2. Rje;jpu chpik(ruj;J 19-22)
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G
chpik(ruj;J 23-24)
4. rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fj;
jilaw;w Rje;jpuk;(ruj;J 25-28)
5. gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp fw;gjpy;
chpikfs;(ruj;J 29-30)
6. murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L
epthuzk; NjLk; chpik (ruj;J 32)
ve;jnthU Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil
chpikfis kPWtjhf VNjDk;
rl;lNkh> eph;thfr; nray;ghNlh
mikAkhdhy; mjid vjph;j;J
cr;rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cah;ePjp
kd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhluyhk;.
10. mbg;gil flikfs; :
1976 Mk; Mz;L 42 tJ
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jk; IV-A
gFjpapy; jdpj;jiyg;gpy;
Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gilf;flikfs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
42-tJ ,e;jpa murpay; rl;l
jpUj;jk; %yk; mbg;gilf;
flikfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Gjpa
gFjp Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpaf;
Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk;
gjpndhd;W flikfis mJ
tpjpf;fpwJ.
11. newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :
mah;yhe;jpy; murpayikg;igg;
gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;jpy;
muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghL gFjp
IV
12. FbAhpik :
gFjp III, IV, IVA Mfpa %d;W
gFjpfSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd;
eyid NgZtij mbg;gil
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk;> xd;Wgl;l
,e;jpahitAk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; $l;luR mikg;G
,Ue;j NghjpYk; xNu FbAhpik
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1955 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
13. rkar; rhh;gpd;ik :
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahit
xU rkar; rhh;gw;w murhf
mikj;Js;sJ. mJ vy;yhf;
Fbkf;fisAk; jq;fs; tpUk;Gk;
rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wTk;> gpwUf;Fg;
Nghjpf;fTk;> gug;gTk; chpikfisf;
nfhLj;Js;sJ.
14. neUf;fb fhy rl;ltif Kiwfs;:
ehl;by; mrhjhuzkhd R+o;epiy
epyTk;NghJ ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik>
xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL kw;Wk;
murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;
Page 4
ghJfhg;G kf;fshl;rp murpay; Kiw
,tw;iwf; fhf;f neUf;fb
epiyapid mky; nra;tjw;F
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; tif
nra;fpwJ.
Nghh;> ntspehl;Lj; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk;
cs;ehl;L MAjf; fyfq;fshy;
,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F
mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLk; vdf;
fUjpdhy;> ,e;jpa KOikf;FNkh
my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh
Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia Njrpa
neUf;fb epiy 352 tJ gphpT
FbauRj; jiyth; gpufldg;gLj;j
-yhk;. khepy neUf;fb 356-tJ
gphpT.
xU khepy murhq;fj;ij
murpayikg;Gr; rl;l tifKiw
-fspd;gb elj;j ,ayhj R+o;epiy
cUthfp cs;sJ vd mk;khepy
MSeh; mDg;gpa mwpf;ifiag;
ngw;wjpy; NghpNyh my;yJ
NtWtpjj;jpNyh FbauRj;jiyth;
jpUg;jpAw;why;> mth; me;j
khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyiag;
gpufldg;gLj;jyhk;.
15. Rje;jpukhd murpayikg;G
mikg;Gfs;:
1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
rl;lkpaw;Wk; Jiw> eph;thfj;
Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw mikg;Gfis
kl;Lk; tiuaWf;fhky;>
Rje;jpukhf ,aq;ff;$ba
murpayikg;G epWtdq;
fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ.
2. ,j;jifa mikg;Gfs;
kf;fshl;rpapd; khz;Gfis
epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mit:
1) Njh;jy; Mizak;
2) ,e;jpa muRj; jiyikf;
-fzf;fhah; kw;Wk; jzpf;ifj;
Jiwj; jiyth;
16.%d;wLf;F murhq;f Kiw :
73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fs;
%d;whtJ mLf;fhd cs;shl;rp
mikg;Gfspd; mikg;G> mjpfhuk;>
gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw tiuaiw
nra;jd.
,J cyfpd; Ntnwe;j murpay
-ikg;gpYk; fhzg;glhj xd;whFk;.
,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
xd;wpa murhq;fk;> khepy
murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp
murhq;fk; vd;w %d;wLf;F
murhq;fkhf cs;sJ.
Njrpa nfhbahdJ 1947 Mk; Mz;L [Piy 22 murpay; eph;za rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 1
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg; gFjpfSk; (ruj;J 1-4)
,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahtpd;
epyg;gug;ig> mjhtJ
Ml;rpg;gug;ig jdJ KjyhtJ
gFjpapy; njspthf mwptpf;fpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; ehd;F gphpTfs;
cs;sd.
ruj;J 1. Ml;rpg; gug;G :
KjyhtJ gphptpd; ruj;J 1(1)-d;gb
,e;jpah gy khepyq;fspd;
$l;bizg;G MFk;. ,e;jpah
ghujk; vd;w ngauhYk;
toq;fg;glyhk;.
ruj;J 1(2) MdJ khepyq;fSk;>
mtw;wpd; vy;iyfSk; Kjyhk;
ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;lthW
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WfpwJ.
ruj;J 1(3) MdJ ,e;jpah
vy;iyiag; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfisAk;>
Kjyhk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fg;
-gl;Ls;s A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd;
vy;iyfisAk;> ,e;jpah ifafg;
-gLj;jf; $Lnkdg;gLfpw gpw
vy;iyfisAk; cs;slf;fp
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WfpwJ.
ruj;J 2. Gjpa khepyj;ijr; Nrh;j;jy;
my;yJ epWTjy; :
ruj;J 2-d;gb ghuhSkd;wk;
xUrl;lj;jpd; thapyhfj;jhd;
nghUj;jnkdf; fUJk; xg;ge;j
tpjpKiwfs;> epge;jidfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;
-Fs; Gjpa khepyq;fisr; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;syhk; my;yJ Kw;wpYk; Gjpa
khepyq;fis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;
-Fs; epWtNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
mjpfhukspf;fpwJ.
ruj;J 3 . xU Gjpa khepyj;ij
cUthf;Fjy;> gug;Gfs;> vy;iyfs;
kw;Wk; ngah;fis khw;Wjy;:
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs; xU Gjpa
khepyj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;.
NkYk;> Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk;
khepyq;fspd; gug;Gfis>
vy;iyfis my;yJ ngah;fis
khw;wTk; KbAk;.
,g;gphptpd;gb ghuhSkd;wk; xU
rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf
1. xU khepyj;jpd; vy;iyiag;
gphpg;gjhNyh my;yJ ,uz;L
my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 2
khepyq;fis my;yJ khepyq;
-fspd; gFjpfis ,izg;gjhNyh
my;yJ ve;j vy;iyiaahtJ
VjhtJ xU khepyj;jpd; gFjpAld;
,izg;gjhNyh xU Gjpa
khepyj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.
2. ve;j khepyj;jpDila gug;igAk;
Fiwf;fr; nra;ayhk;.
3. ve;j khepyj;jpDila vy;iyiaAk;
khw;wyhk;.
4. ve;j khepyj;jpDila ngaiuAk;
khw;wyhk;.
ruj;J 3: fPo; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gly;:
1. FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb
kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;
-gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
2. FbauRj;jiyth; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
me;j khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F jdJ
fUj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l fhymstpw;Fs;
njhptpf;f mDg;gg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
3. vdpDk; me;j khepy rl;lkd;wk;
ntspapLk; fUj;J FbauRj;jiy
-tiuNah my;yJ ehlhS
-kd;wj;ijNah fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
4. ,t;thW khw;wp mikf;Fk; kNrhjh
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rhjhuz
ngUk;ghd;ikAld; rhjhuz
rl;lk; thapyhf epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
5. Mdhy; ,t;TWg;gpd;gb ,e;jpa
epyg;gFjpia may;ehl;bw;F
nfhLf;fKbahJ. mg;gb VjhtJ
xU epyg;gFjpia nfhLg;g
njd;why; ruj;J 368 fPo;
rl;ljpUj;jk; nra;aNtz;Lk;.
jw;nghOJ 29 khepyq;fSk;> 7
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;sJ.
ruj;J 4. vt;thW> Gjpa khepyq;fis
cUthf;fyhk; my;yJ
khw;wpaikf;fyhk; vd;w topKiwia
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
ehk; Vw;fdNt ghh;j;jJ NghyNt
rpwg;G eilKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;whkNyNa ve;jnthU
rl;;lj;ijAk; ,aw;WtJ Nghy
rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikapy;
,r;nraiy Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
RNjr khepyq;fs; ,izg;G :
,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947>
,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; vd;w ,U
ehLfis cUthf;fpaJ.
mg;NghJ ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; 565
RNjr kd;duhl;rpg; gFjpfs;
mike;jpUe;jd.
,g;gFjpfs; ahTk; ,e;jpahTld;
,iztjw;Nfh my;yJ ghfp];
-jhDld; ,iztjw;Nfh my;yJ
jdpj;J Rje;jpu ehLfshf
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 3
,aq;fNth ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk;
1947 top nra;jJ.
Vwj;jho 562 RNjrp muRfs; ,e;jpa
A+dpaDld; ,ize;jd.
kPjKs;s 3 RNjr muRfshd
i`juhghj;> [{dhfj; kw;Wk;
fh\;kPh; ,izg;gpw;F kWj;Jtpl;ld.
1. fh\;kPh; - 1948 ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. i`juhghj; - 1948 fhty;Jiw
eltbf;ifahYk;> 3. [{dhfh; - 1949
xg;ge;jk; kf;fs; thf;nfLg;G
%ykhfTk; ,e;jpahTld;
,izf;fg;gl;ld.
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly;kw;Wk; tp.gp.
Nkdd; MfpNahh; jdJ murpay;
jpwikapdhYk; fLikahd
eltbf;iffshYk; me;jg;
gFjpfis ,e;jpa A+dpaDld;
,izj;jhh;.
nkhopthhpahd khepyq;fs;
cUthf;fk;:
1920 Mk; Mz;L mstpNyNa
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; mikg;Gfs;
nkhopapd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
gFjpfspy; ,af;fj; njhlq;fpd.
tpLjiy mile;j gpd;dh;
nkhopapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs;
khw;wp mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhhpf;if tYtile;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; 845 nkhopfs;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; 22-
nkhopfs; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy;
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,f;Nfhhpf;ifia Muha;tjw;fhf
,e;jpa muR jpU.v];.Nf.jhh;
mth;fs; jiyikapy; xU FO
xd;wpid [{d; 1948y; mikj;jJ.
mf;FO brk;gh; 1948y; mwpf;if
rkh;g;gpj;jJ. jhh;f;FOthdJ
khepyq;fs; eph;thf trjpfspd;
mbg;gilapNyNa gphpf;fg;gl
Ntz;LNkad;wp nkhopapd;
mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;glf; $lhJ
vdf; fUj;J njhptpj;jJ.
,f;FOtpd; KbTfs; jpUg;jp
mspf;fhjjhy; [t`h;yhy; NeU>
ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> gl;lhgp
rPj;jhuhikah MfpNahh;
jiyikapy; kPz;Lk; JVP FO
etk;gh; 1948-y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOTk; nkhop mbg;gilapyhd
khepyg; gphptpidia epuhfhpj;jJ.
vdpDk;> nghl;b =uhkY vd;gth;
jdp Me;jpu khepyk; (1953) Nfl;Lg;
Nghuhb cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J caph;
tpl;lhh;.
,jdhy;>1953 Mk; Mz;L
nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J
njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfs;
gphpf;fg;gl;L> Kjy; nkhopthhp
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 4
khepykhf Me;jpuh
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
jdp Me;jpu khepyk; cUthdijj;
njhlh;e;J gpw gFjpfSk;
nkhopthhpahfg; gphptpidf;
Nfhhpf;ifia Kd; itj;jd.
,jdhy; gry; myp> Nf.vk;.gdpf;fh;
kw;Wk; Nf.vd;.Fd;\;U
MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l %th; FO
1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ jdJ
mwpf;ifia 1955-y; rkh;g;gpj;jJ.
,f;FOthdJ nkhopthhp khepy
kWrPuikg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
vdpDk;> xU nkhop xU khepyk;
vDk; nfhs;ifia epuhfhpj;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; xw;WikNa Kjd;
Kiwahd fhuzpahf fzf;fpy;
nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W
$wpaJ.
NkYk;> ,f;FO eilKiwapy;
,Ue;J ehd;F tif khepyq;fisg;
gFg;gpid ePf;ff; NfhhpaJ.
1955-y; ,f;FOtpd; mwpTiufis
Vw;W khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;
(1956) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb 14 khepyq;fSk; 6
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; etk;gh; 1>
1956-y; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
1950-f;F gpwF cUthf;fg;gl;l
khepyq;fs; :
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; nkl;uh]py; rpy
gFjpfisAk; Nrh;j;J Me;jpug;
gpuNjr khepyr; rl;lk; 1953-Mk;
Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. F[uhj; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh :
gk;gha; (kWrPuikg;G) 1960d;gb
gk;gha; khepyk; F[uhj; kw;Wk;
kfhuh\;buh vd;w ,U
khepyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. Nfush khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk;
1956-d;gb (etk;gh;)
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jpUthq;$h;
kw;Wk; nfhr;rpd; Mfpa gFjpfis
cs;slf;fpaJ.
3. fh;ehlfh: murh;fshy; Msg;gl;l
ikR+h; khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J khepy
kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1956-d;gb
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1973-y;
fh;ehlfh vd;W ngah;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. ehfyhe;J: ehfyhe;J khepyr;
rl;lk; 1962d;gb ,k;khepyk;
m];]hkpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. mhpahdh: gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpypUe;J
gQ;rhg; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1966-
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 5
d;gb ,k;khepyk; m];]hkpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. ,khryg; gpuNjrk; : A+dpad;
gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;j ,khr;ryg;
gpuNjrk;> ,khr;ryg; gpuNjr
khepyr; rl;lk; 1970-d;gb khepy
me;j];Jf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
7. Nkfhyah : ,J 23 murpayikg;G
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1969-d;gb
Kjypy; m];]hkpy; ,Ue;J
Jiz khepykhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
8. gpd;dh; 1971k; Mz;L tlfpof;F
gFjpfs; (kWrPuikg;G) rl;lk;
1971-d;gb KOikahd khepy
me;j];J ngw;wJ.
9. kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh : ,e;j ,uz;L
khepyq;fSk; tlfpof;F gFjpfs;
(kWrPuikg;G) rl;lk; 1971-d;gb
A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;J
khepy me;j];Jf;F cah;e;jJ.
10. rpf;fpk;: 35-tJ murpayikg;G
jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1974d;gb
rpf;fpkpw;F ,iz khepy
me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.
11. kpNrhuk; : kpNrhuk; khepyr; rl;lk;
1986-d;gb KOikahd khepy
me;j];jpw;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
12. mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; :
mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr khepyr;
rl;lk; 1986-d;gb KOikahd
khepy me;j];J ngw;wJ.
13. Nfhth : A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshd
Nfhth> ilA> lhkd;
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Nfhth
gphpf;fg;gl;L Nfhth> lhkd;
kw;Wk; ilA+ kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk;
1987-d;gb khepy me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> lhkd;
kw;Wk; ilA+ Mfpad A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fshfNt cs;sd.
14. rl;b];fh; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L
etk;gh; 1 Mk; ehs; kj;jpa
gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
15. cj;jpuhQ;ry; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L
etk;gh; 9 Mk; ehs; cj;jpug;
gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;
2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 6
16. [hh;fz;l; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L
etk;gh; 12Mk; ehs; gPfhh;
khepyj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L>
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
7tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lk;
1956d; %yk; gphpT A, B kw;Wk; C
vd;w khepyq;fspd; tiffSk;
gphpT Dd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
NkYk; ,e;jpah KOikAkhf
khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
khepyq;fs; my;yJ khfhzq;fs;
vd;gij kj;jpa muRld; $l;lhl;rp
cwT nfhz;l murpayikg;G
myFfshFk;
murpayikg;gpd; ruj;J 1d; gb
ghujkhfpa ,e;jpah khepyq;fspd;
If;fpakhFk;.
gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fs; me;j];J khepyq;
-fspd; me;j];jpy; ,Ue;J
NtWgLfpwJ.
1. mit murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp
fl;likg;gpd; gFjpfsy;y. vdNt
mit mjpfhu gq;fPl;by;
gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy.
2. mit FbauRj; jiytuhy;
epakpf;fg;gLk; Jizepiy
MSeh;fs; my;yJ jiyik
Mizah;fs; %ykhf Neubahf
kj;jpa murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
3. jw;NghJ 7 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;
cs;sd. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;
jPTfs;> rz;bfh;> nly;yp> lhkd;
kw;Wk; ilA+> jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp>
yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; ghz;bNrhp.
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;
(Administration of the Union Territories
(UTs))
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;
mjd; Jizepiy MSeh; my;yJ
jiyik Mizaiu epakpf;Fk;
FbauRj; jiythpd;
Neubf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPNoNa
,Uf;Fk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gpd;tUk;
mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.
jdJ nrhe;j rl;lrigfis
cila nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;bNrhp
Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w a+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fSf;F rl;lq;fs;
,aw;wyhk;.
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 7
xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F xU
cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij mikf;fNth
my;yJ mtw;Wf;F mUfpy; cs;s
cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fspd; Nky; mjpfhuk;
cz;L vd;W mwptpf;fNth ,aYk;.
A+dpad; gpuNjq;fspNyNa nly;yp
-f;F kl;LNk mjd; nrhe;j cah;ePjp
kd;wk; cs;sJ. kw;w A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; mjd; cah;ePjp
kd;wq;fSf;Fk; gpd;tUkhW
cah;ePjp kd;wq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
GJr;Nrhp xd;wpa gFjp rl;lkd;wk;>
GJr;Nrhp (eph;thf) rl;lk;> 1962d;gb
fPo;gphpT 239A y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gphpT 239AA %yk; nly;yp
rl;lkd;wk; Njrpa jiyikaf
xd;wpakhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig
$l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ
FbauRj; jiyth; tpjpKiw
-fisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;
tFf;fyhk;.
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; [dehaf
fl;likg;ig rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
mikf;f FbauRj;jiytUf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
ngah; tUlk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs; ,lk; myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; myfhghj; (yf;Ndhtpy;
Mak;) Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
1954 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj;
gk;gha; 1862 kfuh\;buk;> jhj;uh kw;Wk; efh; `Ntyp> Nfhth> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+
Kk;ig (Mak; ehf;g+h;> ghQ;rp> xsuq;fhghj; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ngQ;r;)
fy;fj;jh 1862 Nkw;Ftq;fshk;> kw;Wk; me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhghh;
nfhy;fj;jh (Nghh;l; gpNsah;) rh;f;A+l; Mak; jPTfs;
nly;yp 1966 nly;yp nly;yp fTfhj;jp 1948 m];]hk;> kzpg;G+h;> Nkfyhah>
ehfyhe;J> jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;> kw;Wk; mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
fTfhj;jp (Mak; Nfh`pkh kw;Wk; rh;f;A+l; Mak; ,k;ghy;> mfh;jyh kw;Wk;
A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;
Page 8
\py;yhq; F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; mfkjhghj; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
1971 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
1957 [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; =efh; kw;Wk; [k;K
fh;ehlfk; 1884 fh;ehlfk; ngq;f@h; Nfush 1956 Nfush kw;Wk; yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk; kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
1956 kj;jpagpuNjrk; [gy;g+h; Maq;fs;
nrd;id 1862 jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id xbrh1 1948 xbrh fl;lhf; ghl;dh 1916
gPfhh; ghl;dh (Mak; uhQ;rp)
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh
1966
gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh kw;Wk; rz;bfh;
rz;bfh;
uh[];jhd; 1950
uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; (Mak; n[ag;g+h;)
rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk;
rj;jP];fh; 2000 rj;jP];fh; gpyh];G+h; cj;jufz;l;2 2000 cj;jufz;l ehdplhy; [hh;fz;l; 2000 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp kzpg;G+h;3 2013 kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy; Nkfhyah3 2013 Nkfhyah \py;yhq; jphpGuh3 2013 jphpGuh
mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
Page 1
,J gFjp 3 y; mike;Js;sJ. gphpT
12 Kjy; 35 tiu mbg;gil
chpikfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPWk;nghOJ
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;
nry;yyhk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;
-gpd; Jhz;fs; Nghd;wJ vd;W
$wpath; - mk;Ngj;fhh;
,J eilKiwf;F tUk;nghOJ 7
chpikfis ngw;wpUe;jJ.
jw;nghOJ nrhj;Jhpik (44tJ
rl;ljpUj;jk;> 1978) ePf;fg;gl;L MW
chpikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ruj;J 300A- ,d; fPo; rhjhuz
rl;l chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ruj;J (12): muR vd;gjid
tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb muR
vd;gJ
1. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;wk;
2. khepy murhq;fk; kw;Wk;
rl;lkd;wk;
3. ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s
midj;J cs;Sh; mikg;Gfs;
4. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;s midj;J
mjpfhu mikg;Gfs;
ruj;J (13): mbg;gil
chpikfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s
rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; ,y;yhj
epiynad ,g;gphptpd; %yk;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjhtJ cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpg;Gduha;T
nra;tjw;F tifnra;fpwJ.
1. rkj;Jt chpik (ruj;J 14 Kjy; 18
tiu):
ruj;J (14):
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;. rl;lNk
Kjd;ikahdJ xUtd; ve;j
epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; rl;lj;jpw;F
Nkw;gl;ltdy;y. ,J ,q;fpyhe;jp
-ypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lj;jpd; rkghJfhg;G
mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
xNu khjphpahd #o;epiyapy;
midtiuAk; xNu khjphpahf
elj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpwg;G chpikfs;
toq;FtJ ,U NtWgl;l
mikg;GfspilNa ,Uf;fyhk;.
mbg;gil chpikfs;;;
Page 2
Mdhy; xNu mikg;Gf;Fs;
,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
ruj;J (15): rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;>
gpwg;G NtWghLfs; fhl;lj; jil.
ruj;J (16): Ntiytha;g;Gfspy;
midtUf;Fk; rk chpik.
ruj;J (16.4): muR Ntiyfspy;
jho;j;jg;gl;l> goq;Fbapd>
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F Kd;Dhpik.
ruj;J (17): jPz;lhik xopg;G -
jPz;lhikr; rl;lk; (1955)> gpd;dh;
,JNt rptpy; chpikfs;
ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (1976) vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
ruj;J (18): gl;lq;fs; xopg;G
(Mq;fpNyah; je;j gl;lq;fs; xopg;G>
,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk;
gj;k=> gj;kG+rd; Nghd;w
gl;lq;fSk;> ,uhZt gl;lq;fshd
guk;tPh; rf;uh Nghd;w gl;lq;fs;
,Uf;fyhk;.)
2 .Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J 19 Kjy; 22
tiu):
ruj;J (19, 19(i), 19(ii)): Ngr;R
kw;Wk; fUj;Jhpik> MAjkpd;wp
$Lk; chpik> rq;fk; mikf;Fk;
chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; nry;y
chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; trpf;f
chpik> ve;jj; njhopiyAk; nra;a
chpik> $l;LwT rq;fk; mikf;Fk;
chpik Mfpad. jw;NghJ
jdpkdpj Rje;jpu chpikfs; 6
tifahf cs;sJ.
ruj;J (20): Fw;wq;fSf;F
jz;lid mspg;gjpypUe;J
ghJfhg;G toq;FfpwJ.
ruj;J 20(1) :Kd;NkT rl;lq;fis
,aw;wj; jil.,t;thrfk;> gpd;dh;
,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
NkTj;jd;ik gw;wpaJ. xU nray;
Fw;wnkd jz;bf;ff;$ba
njd;why; mg;NghJ nraypYs;s
rl;lj;ij kPwpdhy; md;wp
jz;bf;fg;gl $lhJ.
ruj;J 20(2): ,ul;il ,lh;ghL
(Double Jeopardy) : xNu
Fw;wj;jpw;fhf xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
Kiw jz;bf;f$lhJ.
ruj;J 20(3): jd;nrayhy; jhNd
Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F cl;gLjYf;fhd
jil.
ruj;J (21): caph; tho;jy; kw;Wk;
jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;.
ruj;J (20) kw;Wk; (21)y;
cs;sitfis mtru epiyapd;
NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb xh;
Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikfis
epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ.
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 3
ruj;J (21A): 6 Kjy; 14 tiu cs;s
Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fl;lha
fy;tp toq;Fjy; (86tJ
rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb
,izf;fg;gl;lJ).
ruj;J (22): ifJ nra;J fhtypy;
itg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G.
xUthplk; ifJf;fhd fhuzq;
-fis njhptpf;fNtz;Lk;.
mtUila tof;fwpQUld;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f mDkjpf;fg;
glNtz;Lk;.
24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; mUfpYs;s
Fw;w eLthplk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg; -
glNtz;Lk;.
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (ruj;J
23 Kjy; 24 tiu):
ruj;J (23): Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd
ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh;
-fis tpahghuk; nra;tjpypUe;J
ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.
ruj;J (24): 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l
rpWth;fis njhopw;rhiyfspNyh>
Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd
njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F
mkh;j;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.
4. rka Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J 25 Kjy;
28 tiu):
ruj;J (25): ahUk; ve;j kjj;ijAk;
Rje;jpukhf Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk;>
gug;gTk; chpik.
ruj;J (26): vy;yh rkaj;jtUk;
rka kw;Wk; mwepiya
mikg;Gfis mikj;J mtw;iw
eph;tfpj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik
ruj;J (27): kjj;jpid
Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F
thpnrYj;JtjpypUe;J chpik
ruj;J (28): Kw;wpYk; murhq;f
epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp
epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid
$lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
5. fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu chpik
(ruj;J 29 Kjy; 30 tiu):
ruj;J (29): rpWghd;ikapdh; eyd;
fhj;jy;. jk;Kila nkhop> gz;ghL>
vOj;J Mfpatw;iw
Ngzpf;fhj;jy;.
ruj;J (30): rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp
eph;tfpf;fTk; chpikaspf;fpwJ.
ruj;J (31): nrhj;Jhpikia 44tJ
rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; 1978 Mk;
Mz;L ePf;fg;gl;L gphpT 300A f;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ,J rl;l
chpikahFk;.
6. murpayikg;gpd; gb jPh;T fhZk;
chpik (ruj;J 32):
ruj;J (32): murpayikg;gpd; 3 tJ
gFjpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil
chpikfs; kPwg;gLk;nghOJ cr;r
mbg;gil chpikfs;;;
Page 4
ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl
mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.
,J murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk;>
Md;khTk; Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhh;
mk;Ngj;fhh;.
,J Ie;J Nguhizfis
toq;FfpwJ.
1. N`g;gpa]; fhh;g]; - (Ml;nfhzh;
ePjpg;Nguhiz)
N`gpa]; fhh;g]; vd;w ,yj;jPd;
nrhy;ypd; nghUshdJ xUtuJ
cliy nfhz;L tUf
,J xUtiu fhtypy;
itj;jpUg;Nghiu ePjpkd;w Kd;
mtiu Kd; epWj;JkhW
MizapLtjhFk;.
,J murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk;
jdpegUf;F vjpuhfTk;
toq;fg;gLk; ePjpg;Nguhiz.
2. khz;lk]; - (nraYWj;Jk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz)
khz;lk]; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F
fl;lis vd;gjhFk;.
ePjpkd;wk; xU nghJ mjpfhuf;
FOtpw;F vjpuhf mJ nra;af;$ba
nghJf; flikia Mw;WkhW $wp
,lg;gLk; fl;lisahFk;.
,J jdpg;gl;l xUtUf;fhf vjpuhf
gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtjy;y.
3. GNuh`pgprd; - (jilAWj;Jk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz)
,g;Nguhiz fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;
mjpfhu tuk;G ,y;yhky;
nray;gLk;NghJ my;yJ mjpfhu
tuk;ig kPwp nray;gLk;NghJ
mijj; jLf;Fk; Nehf;fk;
nfhz;lJ.
cah;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fPo;epiy
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ jPh;g;ghaj;
-jpw;F mjd; mjpfhuj;ijj;
jLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gpwf;fg;gLk;.
,e;ePjpg; Nguhiz ePjp Kiwapyhd
my;yJ ePjpKiwg; Nghy; eilKiw
vjpuhf kl;LNk gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.
4. nrh;rpNahiua; -
(newpKiwg;gLj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)
fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
jPh;g;ghaq;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; mjw;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fs;
jkJ mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;Jfpwjh
vd;gijf; fhzTk; kw;Wk; mjd;
mjpfhuj;ij kPwp nray;gLtijj;
jLj;J mjd; eltbf;iffis
mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fp jd; Kd;
nfhz;L tUk; fPo;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
jPh;g;ig ePf;fTk; nra;aTk;.
5. Nfhtuhz;Nlh - (jFjpKiw
tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)
xU nghJg;gjtpiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gth; chpa jFjpAk;
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 5
chpikAk; nfhz;Ls;shuh
vd;gijj; jPh;khdpf;f
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F topahf nra;Ak;
ePjpg;Nguhiz.
,yj;jpd; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ckJ
mjpfhuk; ahJ vd;gjhFk;.
xU gjtpia tfpg;gtiu ve;j
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; gjtp tfpf;fpwhh;
vd;gij tpdTfpwJ.
gFjp III-f;F ntspNaahd chpikfs;
gFjp III-y; cs;s chpikfSld;
murpayikg;gpd; kw;w rpy
chpikfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;Thpikfs; murpayikg;G
chpikfs; my;yJ rl;lG+h;tkhd
chpikfs; my;yJ mbg;gil
chpikfs; my;yhjit mitfs;.
gFjp XII-y; ruj;J 261
rl;lG+h;tky;yhj topfspy; thpia
tpjpj;jy; my;yJ t#ypj;jy;
MfhJ.
gFjp XII-y; ruj;J 300A
rl;lj;jpd; topapy;yhky;
vthplkpUe;Jk; nrhj;J
gwpf;fg;gLjy; MfhJ.
gFjp XV-y; ruj;J 326
kf;fsitf;Fk;> khepyq;fspd;
rl;lkd;w NguitfSf;Fkhd
Njh;jy;fs; taJte;NjhUf;F
thf;Fhpik vd;w mbg;gilapy;
,Uf;Fk;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l chpikfSf;F
ePjpkd;wk; %yk; rkkhd jPh;T fhz
KbAk;. vdpDk; ,it mbg;gil
chpikfspypUe;J khWgl;lit.
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy;>
ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh; ruj;J 32d; fPo;
Neubahf cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij mZf
KbAk;. ,JTk; mbg;gil
chpikahFk; Mdhy; mbg;gil
chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
egh; ,t;turpayikg;G jPh;tpid
gad;gLj;j KbahJ. mth; rhjhuz
tof;F my;yJ ruj;J 226d;
cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij mZf KbAk;.
muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw
Nfhl;ghLfs;( ruj;J 36-51)
murhdJ xU rl;lj;ijNah (m)
nray;jpl;lq;fisNah ,aw;Wk;
nghOJ kf;fs; eydpy; mf;fiw
-nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nfhl;ghLfis
muRf;F typAWj;JfpwJ.
newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ehd;F
tifg;gLk;. mit>
mbg;gil chpikfs;;;
Page 6
1. r%f eyid mila topfhl;Lk;
Nfhl;ghLfs;.
,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; r%fePjpia
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk;
tho;f;ifj; Njitfis toq;Fjy;
Mz;> ngz; Ntiyf;Fr; rkCjpak;
toq;Fjy;
tUtha; Vw;wj; jho;it ePf;Fjy;
Nghd;w gy newpKiwfis
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
ruj;J (38): kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;il
typAWj;JfpwJ.
kf;fspilNa tUkhd NtWghLfs;
(rkkpd;ikia Nghf;Fjy;)
ruj;J (39): rkkhd Ntiyf;F
Mz; ngz; rkkhd jytUkhdk;>
%y tsq;fis gfph;e;jspj;jy;.
ruj;J (39 A): ,ytr rl;l cjtp
kw;Wk; rkkhd ePjp
ruj;J (39 F): MNuhf;akhd
#oypy; Foe;ijiag; ghJfhj;jy;.
ruj;J (41): KJikapy;> NehAw;w
epiyapy; muR cjtp nra;jy;
ruj;J (42): ngz;fSf;F
NgWfhy tpLg;G kw;Wk; rYiffis
mspf;fpwJ.
ruj;J (43): njhopyhsh;fSf;F
epahakhd rk;gsk; Vw;ghL nra;jy;
ruj;J (43 A): njhopw;rhiy
eph;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsh;fis gq;F
nfhs;s nra;jy;.
ruj;J (47): kJtpyf;F
fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr;
nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk;
Nfhl;ghLfs;
r%fj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;s>
jho;j;jg;gl;l kiytho; kf;fs;
MfpNahhpd; fy;tp>
nghUshjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
fpuhkgQ;rhaj;Jfis cUthf;Fjy;
Fbirj; njhopy;fis tsh;j;jy;
Nghd;wit
ruj;J (40): fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J
ruj;J (43): fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
Ranjhopy;> Fbirj;njhopy; kw;Wk;
$l;LwT Kiwapy; njhopw;
gapw;rpfis Cf;Ftpf;f toptif
nra;fpwJ.
ruj;J (43B): $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;
jhkhf Kd; te;J njhopw;rhh;e;j
Nkyhz;ikia Vw;gLj;Jjy;>
RNal;irahf nray;gLjy;
mjw;nfd rpy chpikfs;> Rje;jpuk;
mspj;jy;.
ruj;J (46): Mjpjpuhtplh;>
goq;Fbapdh; fy;tp eyd; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu cjtpia
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
mbg;gil chpikfs;
Page 7
2. gd;dhl;L mikjp Vw;gLj;j
topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;
gd;dhl;L mikjp kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;Jjy;
ruj;J (44): nghJ rptpy; rl;lk;
ruj;J (45): 6 taJf;Fl;gl;l
midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr
fy;tp
ruj;J (48): fhy;eilfisg;
guhkhpj;jy;
ruj;J (48 A): Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk;
tdtpyq;Ffis ghJfhj;jy;
ruj;J (49): Njrpa rpd;dk;
ghJfhg;G
ruj;J (50): ePjpj;JiwiaAk;
eph;thf JiwiaAk; gphpj;jy;
ruj;J (51): rh;tNjr mikjp>
xw;Wikapy; ehl;lk; nrYj;Jjy;.
3. gy; tifahd newpf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp> ehL
KOtJk; midtUf;Fk;
nghJthd rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit
,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
ruj;J (50): ePjpj;JiwiaAk;
eph;thf JiwiaAk; gphpj;jy;
ruj;J (51): rh;tNjr mikjp>
xw;Wikapy; ehl;lk; nrYj;Jjy;.
4. gy; tifahd newpf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp> ehL
KOtJk; midtUf;Fk;
nghJthd rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit
,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
mbg;gil flikfs;
Page 1
mbg;gil flikfs; (ruj;J 51A) 1976Mk; Mz;L 42-tJ
rl;ljpUj;jk; thapyhf ,e;jpa
murikg;gpy; Gjpjhf gFjp IV A
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fPo; ruj;J
51A Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ruj;J 51A ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf; -
Fhpa 11 mbg;gilf;flikfis
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
Rtuz;rpq; jiyikapyhd FO
xd;W 1976 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;
-gl;L mbg;gilf; flikfs;
murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
murpaikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa
10 flikfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
1. murpaikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd;gb
elj;jy; kw;Wk; NjrPafPjk;> Njrpaf;
-nfhb Njrpar; rpd;dq;fSf;F
kjpg;G mspj;jy;
2. ehl;bd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l
tPuh;fspd; cd;dj czh;Tfis
epidj;Jg; Nghw;Wjy;
3. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik
xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL ,tw;iwg;
Ngzpf;fhj;jy;
4. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iw ghJfhg;gpw;fhf
mf;fiw nfhs;sy; Njit
Vw;gl;lhy; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy;
Vhpfs;> MWfs;>
tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;w ,aw;if
tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; juk;
cah;j;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.
8. mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik kdpjNeak;
Ma;Tkdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
mbg;gil flikfs;;;
Page 2
9. ehl;bd; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis
mf;fiwAld; ghJfhj;jy;>
td;Kiwiaf; iftply;
10. midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; kpfr;
-rpwe;j epiyia mila Kaw;rp
nra;jy; ekJehL njhlh;e;J
Kd;Ndwp cah;e;j epiyia
milag;ghLgLjy;
11. 6-14 taJ cs;s midj;Jf;
Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp ngWtjw;F
tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpj;jUjy;. ,e;jf;
flik 2002-Mk; Mz;L 86-tJ
rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lg;G+h;tkhf;fg;gl;l rpy mbg;gilf;
flikfs;:
1. 1860 - ,e;jpa jz;lidr;rl;lk;
2. 1951 - kf;fs; gpuepjpj;Jtr;rl;lk;
3. 1955 - FbAhpikr;rl;lk;
4. 1972 - tdcaphp ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;
5. 1980 - tdg;ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;
kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;
Page 1
kdpj chpikfs;
xt;nthU kdpjUf;Fk; cs;s
jLf;f Kbahj gphpf;f ,ayhj
epahakhd chpikfNs kdpj
chpikfs; MFk;.
kdpj chpikfis cs;slf;fpait :
tujl;rid Kiw
gh;jh Kiw
ghypay; td; nfhLik
jPz;lhik
r%f ghFghLfs;
nfhj;jbik
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;
rhjpa kw;Wk; kj td; nfhLikfs;
murhq;fr; rl;lq;fs;
1829 - rjp xopg;G jpl;lk; : tpy;ypak;
ngz;bq; gpuG &uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha;
1856 - tpjit kWkz rl;lk;
1929 - rhuhjh rl;lk;
1955 - jPz;lhik rl;lk;
1961 - tujl;riz jLg;G rl;lk;
2001 - czTf;fhd chpik
2005 - jfty; mwpAk; chpik
2006 - Ntiytha;g;G chpik
2010 - fy;tp chpik
murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
mbg;gil chpikfs; - gFjp III
(ruj;Jfs; 14 - 32)
DPSP - gFjp IV (ruj;Jfs; 36 -51)
I.eh. kdpj chpik ruj;Jfs; ruj;J 1 - rkj;Jt> Rje;jpu chpik>
rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; nray;gly;
ruj;J 2 - ,d> nkhop > murpay;
ghFghbd;wp vy;yh chpikfSk;
cz;L.
ruj;J 3 - Rje;jpukhf ghJfhg;ghf
tho chpik
ruj;J 4 - ahiuAk; mbikahf
elj;j$lhJ
ruj;J 5 - ahiuAk;
kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy;
jz;bf;ff;$lhJ.
ruj;J 6 - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdpeguhf
tho chpik
I.eh. kdpj chpik Mizak;
1948 Kjy; brk;gh; 10 ia kdpj
chpik ehshf nfhz;lhb
tUfpwJ.
kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;
Page 2
jw;Nghija Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Miza jiyth;
n`r;.vy;.jj;J
Njrpa kdpj chpik Mizak;
kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
mf;Nlhgh; 12>1993d; gb Njrpa
kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij
ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; %yk;
cUthf;fpaJ.
,J xU jiytiuAk; ehd;F
cWg;gpdh;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; xa;T ngw;w
ePjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.
Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth;>
gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l 6
Ngh; nfhz;l FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb
epakdk; nra;fpd;wdh;.
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ
70 taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;.
gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF kj;jpa
murpNyh> khepy murpNyh ve;jg;
gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
khepy kdpj chpik Mizak;
kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; mf;Nlhgh; 12>1993d; gb Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; %yk; cUthf;fpaJ
jkpo;ehl;by; 1997-Mk; Mz;L
Vg;uy; 17-Mk;ehs; khepy kdpj
chpikfs; Mizak;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ
70 taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;.
gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF kj;jpa
murpNyh> khepy murpNyh ve;jg;
gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
rh;tNjr kdpj chpik cld;gbf;if I.eh. nghJ rigahy; brk;gh; 16> 1966 Mk; Mz;L FbAhpik kw;Wk; murpay; chpik cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; r%f> nghUShjhu gz;ghl;L chpik cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa muR
Page 1
nfhj;jbik Kiwia xopj;jth; - ,e;jpuhfhe;jp
kj;jpa muR (ruj;J 52-151)
gFjp V - kj;jpa muR: (ruj;J 52 Kjy;
151 tiu) FbauRj;jiyth;
ruj;J (52): ,e;jpa FbauRj;
jiytuhf xUth; ,Ug;ghh; vd
$WfpwJ. ,tNu ehl;bd; jiyth;;
Mthh;. FbauRj; jiyth; ehl;bd;
ngaustpy; jiytuhf fUjg;gLthh;.
,tNu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Fbkfd;
Mthh;. 53tJ murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; gb kj;jpa murq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; FbauRj;
jiythplNk cs;sJ.
FbauRj; jiytUf;fhd jFjpfs;
(ruj;J 58):
,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
35 taJ epiwT ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
kf;fsit cWg;gpduhfj;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; jFjp cila
-tuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Mjhak;
jUk; muR gjtp tfpf;ff; $lhJ
kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhfNth>
jpthyhdtuhfNth ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ.
Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50 thf;fhsh;fshy;
Kd;nkhopaTk;> 50 thf;fhsh;fs;
topnkhopaTk; Ntz;Lk;.ghJfhg;G
itg;G epjpahf &gha;. 25>000 fl;l
Ntz;Lk;.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;: ruj;J (54)
ruj;J 52 ,e;jpahtpw;F xU
FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd ciuf;fpwJ.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jiy ,e;jpa
Njh;jy; Mizak; elj;JfpwJ.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy;
khepyq;fsit> kf;fsit
cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lg;
Nguitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk;
thf;fspg;ghh;fs;.
FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;
tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwapy; xw;iw khw;W
thf;F> ,ufrpa rPl;L %ykhf
eilngWk;. FbauRj; jiyth;
Njh;jy; jfuhWfis cr;rePjpkd;wk;
jiyapl;L jPh;j;J itf;Fk;
xUth; vj;jid Kiw
Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj;
jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.
kj;jpa muR
Page 2
FbauRj; jiyth; tUkhdk;
&. 1>50>000
2008Mk; Mz;L ehlhSkd;wk;
FbauRj;jiythpd; rk;gsj;ij
50% cah;j;jpaJ
gjtp tpyfy;: ruj;J (61)
gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu Fw;w
tprhuiz %ykhf ,tiu gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
KbAk; (ruj;J 61)
FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ uh[pdhkh
fbjj;ij Jiz FbauRj;
jiythplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jiz FbauRj;jiyth;
kf;fsitj; jiytUf;F
cldbahf FbauRj; jiyth;
uh[pdkhit gw;wp mwptpg;gh;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpgpukhzk;
gjtpf;fhyk;:
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5
Mz;Lfs;.
gjtpg;gpukhzk;:
FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; gjtpg;
gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gJ
cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.
mth; ,y;iynadpy; cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp.
FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtp ePf;fk;
ruj;J (61) : Fw;wtprhuiz %yk;
murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk;
nghOJ gjtpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpePf;f 14
ehl;fs; Kd;djhf mwptpg;G
mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; VNjDk; xU
mitapy;> nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy;
¼gq;F cWg;gpdh; ifnaOj;Jld;
jPh;khdk; nfhz;L te;J>2/3 gq;F
MjuTld; jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; mLj;j
mitapy; tprhuiz eilngWk;.
tprhuizapd;NghJ mth;
mitapy; Nehpy; tpsf;fk;
mspf;fyhk;.
tprhuizf;Fg; gpd; me;j
mitapd; 2/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;
MjuTld; jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; FbauRj;
jiyth; gjtp ,og;ghh;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpfs;
FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
fPo;fz;lthW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. eph;thf mjpfhuk;
2. rl;lkd;w mjpfhuk;
3. epjp mjpfhuk;
4. ePjp mjpfhuk;
kj;jpa muR
Page 3
5. ,uh[hq;f mjpfhuk;
6. ,uhZt mjpfhuk;
7. neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuk;
eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
murhq;fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
midj;J eph;thf nray;fSk;
,tuJ ngahpNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,tuJ ngahpy; toq;fg;gLk;
cj;juTfs; vt;thW ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpfs;
tFf;fyhk;.
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; vspjhd
eilKiwf;F tpjpfs; tFf;f
KbAk; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fSf;F
jdJ Ntiyfis xJf;fPL
nra;ayhk;.
,th; gpujkh; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fis
epakpf;fpwhh;. mth;fs;> ,thpd;
tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; gjtpapy;
,Uf;fpd;whh;.
,e;jpa jiyik tof;fwpQh;
epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. mtUila
rk;gsk; kw;Wk; ,ju gbfisAk;
KbT nra;fpwhh;. ,th; FbauRj;
jiyth; tpUg;gj;jpd; nghpa
tpUg;gj;jpd; gjtp tfpg;ghh;.
,e;jpa jiyik fzf;Fj;
jzpf;if kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;>
jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk;
Mizah;fs;> kj;jpa gzpahsh;
Njh;thiza jiyth; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fs;> khepy MSeh;fs;>
ePjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu
epakpf;fpwhh;.
gpujkhplk; kj;jpa murpd; eph;thf
tptfhuq;fisAk; rl;lkd;w
mwpf;iffisAk; gw;wpa
jfty;fis Nfl;L njhpe;J
nfhs;syhk;.
jho;j;jg;gl;l goq;Fbapd; kw;Wk;
gpd;jq;fpa gphpTfSf;fhf FOit
mikj;J mth;fspd; epiyfis
MuhAk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.
,th; kj;jpa-khepy cwit
tsh;f;fTk; xj;Jiog;igg;
ngUf;fTk; FOit mikf;fyhk;.
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; eph;thfj;
-jpid Neubahf elj;jyhk;. ,th;
eph;thfpfisAk; epakpf;fpwhh;.
mth;fs; MSeh; my;yJ
Mizahsh; Mth;.
ve;j gFjpiaAk; ml;ltizg;
-gLj;jg;gl;l gFjpahfTk;
goq;Fbapd; gFjpahfTk;
mwptpf;fyhk;.
rl;lkd;w mjpfhuk;:
FbauRj; jiyth; vd;gth;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfkhf
kj;jpa muR
Page 4
,Uf;fpwhh;. ,tUf;F fPo;fz;l
mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.
1. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L
mitfisAk; $l;lTk; my;yJ
xj;jpitf;fTk; kw;Wk;
kf;fsitia fiyf;fTk; ,tuhy;
,aYk;. NkYk; ehlhSkd;w
$l;Lf; $l;lj;jpid ,th;
Rl;Lfpwhh;. kf;fsit rghehafh;
mjid top elj;Jfpwhh;.
2. ehlhSkd;w nghJj;Njh;jy; Kbe;J
Kjy; $l;lj;jpd; Kjy; ehspYk;>
tUlj;jpy; Kjy; $l;lj;jpd; Kjy;
ehspYk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
ciuahw;Wfpwhh;.
3. kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
jdJ jftiy ,uz;L
mitfSf;Fk; njhptpf;fyhk;.
4. kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz
rghehafh; ,lk; fhypahf ,Uf;Fk;
gl;rj;jpy; mikg;gpd; VNjDk; xU
cWg;gpdh; mitia top elj;Jgth;
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. mNjNghy;
khepyq;fisapd; jiyth; kw;Wk;
mitj;jiyth; ,lk; fhypahf
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mitapd; VNjDk;
xU cWg;gpdiu mikaTk;
topelj;Jgth; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;syhk;.
5. ,th; 12 cWg;gpdh;fis
khepyq;fsitapy; epakdk;
nra;fpwhh;. mth;fs; ,yf;fpak;>
mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%f Nrit
Mfpa Jiwfspd; mDgtk;
ngw;wth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpad;
cWg;gpdh;fshf kf;fsitapy;
epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.
7. Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;Jg; gpd; ehlhSkd;w
cWg;gpdhpd; jFjpapog;ig KbT
nra;fpwhh;.
8. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; rpytifahd
kNrhjhf;fis jhf;fy; nra;tjw;F
,tuJ Kd; mDkjp Njit. (v.fh)
,e;jpahtpd; njhFg;Gj; jpus;
epjpapypUe;J nryT nra;jy;. Gjpa
khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;.
9. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L
mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;ngw;w
xU kNrhjh ,thplk; te;jhy;
mk;kNrhjhtpw;F rk;kjk;
njhptpf;fyhk;
mk;kNrhjhtpid rk;kjk;
njhptpg;gij epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Nf kWghp
-rPyidf;fhf jpUg;gp
mDg;gyhk; (gzkNrhjhthf
,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy;)
kj;jpa muR
Page 5
,q;F ehlhSkd;wk; kPz;Lk;
FbauRj; jiytUf;F rk;kjk;
ngw mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F mth;
fl;lhak; rk;kjk; njhptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
10. khepy MSeuhy;> khepy rl;lg;
Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU
kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd;
ghh;itf;F mDg;gg;gLkhapd;
FbauRj; jiyth; mjw;F
mDkjp toq;fyhk;
mDkjp toq;Ftjid
epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.
khepy rl;lg;Nguitf;F
kWrPyidf;fhf khepy MSeh;
jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;gb top
fhl;lyhk;.
,q;F ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;W
khepy rl;lrig kPz;Lk; muR
kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;wp
mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F FbauRj;
jiyth; mDkjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W fl;lhak; fpilahJ. kPz;Lk;
kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;.
ehlhSkd;wk; $l;lk; ,y;yhj
Neuj;jpy; mtrur;rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.
me;j mtrur;rl;lk; ehlhSkd;wk;
njhlq;fpajpy; ,Ue;J MW
thuj;Jf;Fs; xg;Gjy; ngw
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mtru rl;lj;jpid
ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jpUk;gg; ngWth;.
,e;jpa fzf;F jzpf;if kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;> kj;jpa gzpahsh;
NjitfisAk;> epjp Mizak;
Nghd;witfspd; mwpf;iffis
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpg;ghh;.
mikjp> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; etPd muR
Mfpaitfs; me;jkhd; kw;Wk;
epNfhghh; jPTfs;> yl;rj;jPT> jhj;uh
kw;Wk; ehfh;`Ntyp kw;Wk; lhkd;
kw;Wk; ilA+ Mfpa gFjpfspy; tu
xOq;FKiwfis cUthf;fyhk;.
,NjNghy; GJr;NrhpapYk;
cUthf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mg;NghJ
rl;lrig fiye;J ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk;.
epjp mjpfhuk;
gz kNrhjh ,tUila xg;Gjiy
ngw;w gpd;G jhd; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa epjpia mwpf;ifia ehlhS
-kd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;gpf;fpwhh;.
,tUila xg;Gjy; ,y;yhik ve;j
khepy Nfhhpf;ifAk; vOg;g
KbahJ.
jtph;f;f Kbahj my;yJ vjph;ghuhj
nryTf;fhf vjph;ghuh nryT
epjpaj;jpy; gzk; ,thpd; ngahpy;
itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kj;jpa muR
Page 6
epjp Mizaj;ij Ie;J
tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw mikf;fpwhh;.
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa
tUtha; gfph;T gw;wpa mwpf;if
rkh;gpf;fpwhh;.
ePjp mjpfhuk;
cr;r ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w
jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfis
epakpf;fpwhh;.
rl;lj;jpy; VNjDk; re;Njfk;
,Ug;gpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
MNyhrid Nfl;fyhk;. Mdhy;
me;j MNyhrid FbauRj;
jiytiu fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
,th; Fw;wthspia kd;dpf;fyhk;>
jz;lid khw;wk; nra;ayhk;.
jz;lid Fiwg;G nra;ayhk;.
jz;lid toq;Ftij
jhkjpf;fyhk; my;yJ
xj;jpitf;fyhk; kw;Wk;
jz;lidia epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.
fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;lh;tSf;F ,J nghUe;Jk;:
1. ,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;.
2. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;jpdhy;
jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;
3. kuz jz;lid ngw;wth;.
,uh[hq;f mjpfhuk;
ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fs; FbauRj;
jiythpd; rhh;ghf ifnaOj;jhfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk; mit ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;
xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;baJ mtrpak;
cs;s tptfhuq;fs;> epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpd; gpujpepjpahf
nray;gLfpwhh;. J}jh;fisAk;>
cah;Mizah;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhh;.
,uhZt mjpfhuk;
,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G gilfspd;
jiyth; Mthh;. ,th; fg;gw;gil>
tpkhdg;gil kw;Wk; Nghh;g;gilj;
jsgjpfis epakpf;fpwhh;.
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYld; Nghiu
mwptpf;fTk; Nghiu epWj;jTk;
nra;fpwhh;.
neUf;fbepiy mjpfhuq;fs;
,Jtiuapy; FbauRj;
jiythpd; nghJthd
mjpfhuq;fis ghh;j;Njhk;. ,J
mtUila rpwg;G mjpfhukhFk;.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
mghpkpjkhd mjpfhuj;jpid
toq;fpAs;sJ.
1. Njrpa neUf;fb epiy (ruj;J 352)
2. FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp (ruj;J
356 kw;Wk; 365)
3. epjp neUf;fb (ruj;J 360)
kj;jpa muR
Page 7
FbauRj; jiythpd; tPl;Nlh (uj;J)
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiythpd;
xg;Gjy; ifnahg;gk; gpd;dh;jhd; mJ
rl;lkhfpwJ. mt;thW FbauRj;
jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;Gk;
nghOJ mtUf;F %d;W khw;W
topKiwfs; cs;sd.
(murpayikg;gpd;gb ruj;J 111d; fPo;)
1. mDkjp mspf;fyhk;
2. epWj;jp itf;fyhk;
3. gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhj
gl;rj;jpy; kWghprPyid
nra;AkhW ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F
jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;.
,Ug;gpDk;> mt;thW kWghprPyid
nra;a jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;NghJ>
ehlhSkd;wk; me;j
kNrhjhf;fspd; khWjy; nra;Njh>
nra;ahkNyh xg;GjYf;F
mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F xg;Gjy;
toq;fpahf Ntz;Lk;.
kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jhy;
epiwNtw;wg;glyhk;> gpd;Gk; mij
uj;J nra;a FbauRj;jiyth;
mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,jw;F
,uz;L fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.
1. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; mtru
mtrukhfTk; rhpahd Kiwapy;
tpthjk; ele;jhYk; epiwNtw;wg;
-gl;l rl;lj;jpid jLj;jy;
2. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpid jLj;jy;.
ehd;F tpjkhf uj;J mjpfhuk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. KOikahd uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;
-jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh
-tpw;F mDkjp mspg;gij
epWj;jpitj;jy;.
2. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l uj;J: ehlhS
-kd;wj;jpy; mjpfgl;rngUk;ghd;ik
ngWtjd; %yk; uj;J nra;af;
-$baJ.
3. jw;fhypf uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd;
%yk; uj;J nra;af;$baJ.
4. jhkjg;gLk; uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;
-jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhtpd;
kPJ ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fhJ
,Uj;jy;
Nkw;fz;l ehd;fpy; ,e;jpa
FbauRj; jiyth; %d;W kl;LNk
ngw;Ws;shh;. ,jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
uj;J ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytUf;Ff;
fpilahJ. Mdhy; ,J mnkhpf;f
FbauRj; jiytUf;F cz;L. kPjk;
kj;jpa muR
Page 8
%d;W uj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; fPo;
tUkhW:
KOikahd uj;J mjpfhuk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
kNrhjhtpw;F FbauRj; jiyth;
xg;Gjy; mspf;fhky; epWj;jpitj;jiy
,J Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j kNrhjh
rl;lkhfhkNyNa KbT ngWk;.
nghJthf ,uz;L jUzq;fspy;
,t;thW nra;ag;gLk;.
1. jdpegh; kNrhjhthf ,Ue;jhy;
(mikr;rh; my;yhj VNjDk;
ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;).
2. kj;jpa mikr;ruit ,uh[pdhkh
nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; cs;s murhq;f
kNrhjhf;fshy; ,Ue;jhy; Gjpa
mikr;ruit> FbauRj; jiyth;
me;j kNrhjhf;fspy; xg;Gjy;
mspf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W
MNyhrid toq;Fk;.
jw;fhypf uj;J mjpfhuk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F kNrhjhit
jpUg;gp mDg;gp kWghprPyid
nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy;.
,Ug;gpDk; ehlhSkd;wk; me;j
kNrhjhtpy; VNjDk; khw;wk;
nra;jhNyh my;yJ nra;ahkNyh
kPz;Lk; FabuRj; jiythpd;
xg;GjYf;F mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F
fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; je;Nj
MfNtz;Lk;. ,q;F FbauRj;
jiythpd; uj;J mjpfhuk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; rhjhuz
ngUk;ghd;ikahy; uj;J
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,jpy; gz kNrhjhtpy;
FbauRj;jiyth; ,e;j uj;J
mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;j
KbahJ. gz kNrhjhitg;
nghWj;j tiuapy; FbauRj;
jiyth; xg;Gjy; mspf;fhkNyNa
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ
xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUg;gp
kWghprPyidf;F mDg;g KbahJ.
fhuzk; ,tUila xg;Gjypdhy;
jhd; ,k;kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jhkjg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;
FbauRj; jiyth; kNrhjhit
uj;Jk; nra;ahky; kWghprPyidf;F
jpUg;gpAk; mDg;ghky; vt;tsT
fhyk; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,jw;F
fhyf;nfL VJk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy.
mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,t;tif uj;J
mjpfhuj;jpw;F FbauRj; jiyth;
10 ehl;fSf;Fs; kWghprPyidf;F
mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa muR
Page 9
,e;j jhkjg;gLj;Jk; uj;J
mjpfhuj;jpy; mnkhpf;f FbauRj;
jiytiu tpl ,e;jpa FbauRj;
jiytUf;F kpFe;j mjpfhuk;
cz;L.
khepy rl;lg;Nguitapd; kPJ FbauRj;
jiythpd; uj;J mjpfhuk;:
khepy rl;lg;Nguit ,aw;Wk;
rl;lq;fspd; kPJk; FbauRj;
jiytUf;F uj;J mjpfhuk;
cs;sJ. xU kNrhjh khepy
rl;lrigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
gpd;G MSeh; my;yJ FbauRj;
jiyth; MfpNahhpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;w
gpd;dNu mJ rl;lkhfpwJ.
khepy rl;lrigapy; epiwNtw;wg;
-gl;l kNrhjh MSehpd; xg;Gjy;
ngw;w gpd;G rl;lkhfpwJ. ,q;F
ruj;J 200 d;gb MSeUf;F
ehd;F khw;W mjpfhuq;fs;
cs;sd.
xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;.
xg;Gjy; toq;Ftij epWj;jp
itf;fyhk;.
gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhky;
,Ue;jhy; kWghprPyidf;F
jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;.
FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;gp
itf;fyhk;.
1. mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nghOJ
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSk;
mkh;tpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mtrur; rl;lk; VNjDk; xU mit
mkh;tpy; ,Ue;jhYk;
FbauRj;jiytuhy; ,aw;w KbAk;.
Vnddpy; ,uz;L mitfspy;
epiwNtw;wpdhy; kl;LNk mJ
rl;lkhFk;. ,uz;L mitfSk;
mkh;tpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtrur;
rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhy; mJ
nry;yhjhfptpLk;.
2. jw;Nghija #o;epiy cldbahf
mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;ba
#o;epiy vd;W FbauRj;jiyth;
kdepiwT nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
$g;gh; tof;fpy; (1970) cr;r
ePjpkd;wk; FbauRj; jiyth;
kdepiwT vd;gjid ePjpkd;wk;
Nfs;tp vOg;g KbAk; vd;wJ.
fhuzk; FbauRj; jiyth; mtrur;
rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhfNt ehlhSkd;wf;
$l;lj; njhlhpid KbTf;F
nfhz;L te;jhy; mJ ehlhSkd;w
eilKiwfis kPwpa nrayhFk;
vd;wJ. 1975 y; 38 tJ
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpy;
FbauRj;jiythpd; kdepiwT
,WjpahdJ kw;Wk; mjid
kj;jpa muR
Page 10
ePjpkd;w kW Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j
KbahJ vd;Wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; 1978-y; 44-tJ
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpy;
,J uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;nghOJ
FbauRj; jiythpd; kdepiwT
vd;gJ ePjpkd;w kW Ma;Tf;F
cl;gl;ljhFk;.
3. ,tUila mtrur;rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
mjpfhuk;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;
rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpid Vw;wJ.
Mdhy; ,uz;L epge;jidfs;
cz;L.
mtru rl;lk; vd;gJ
ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lkpaw;Wk;
gphpTfSf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtrur; rl;lj;jpw;F rpy
murpayikg;G tiuaiwfs;
cs;sJ. mtrur; rl;lj;jhy;
mbg;gil chpikfSf;F ve;j
ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glf; $lhJ.
midj;J mtrur; rl;lq;fSNk
ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj; njhlh;
elg;gpy; ,y;yhj nghOJ
nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ.
$l;lj;njhlh; Muk;gpj;jTld;
ehlhSkd;wk; Kd; mtrur; rl;lk;
rkh;gpf;fg;gLk;. ehlhSkd;wk; ,ij
rk;kjpj;jhy; mJ rl;lkhFk;.
xUNtis ve;j eltbf;ifAk;
vLf;ftpy;iy vd;why; MWthuq;
-fspy; ,J fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.
,q;F MW thuq;fs; vd;gJ ,U
mitfSk; $ba Njjp MFk;.
,uz;lhtJ mit jhkjkhf
njhlq;fpdhYk; mj;NjjpiaNa
fzf;fpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
ehlhSkd;wk; ,ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
-tpy;iy vd;W jPh;khdk; nfhz;L
te;jhy;> ,J fhyhtjpahFk;. xU
mtrur; rl;lj;jpd; mjpf gl;r
nray;ehl;fs; MW khjKk;> MW
thuq;fSk; MFk;. MWkhjq;fs;
vd;gJ ,uz;L $l;lj;njhlUf;F
,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp.
FbauRj; jiyth; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
mtrur; rl;lj;jpid jpUk;gg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. mtrur; rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj;
jiythpd; vNjr;rjpfhuk;
fpilahJ. mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd;
MNyhridg;gb nray;gLfpwhh;.
kw;w rl;lq;fisg; Nghd;W
gpd;Njjpapl;l rl;lkhf nry;yf;
$baJ. ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa
rl;lq;fis jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;. thp
rk;kge;jkhd rl;lq;fis nfhz;L
tuyhk;. Mdhy; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tuKbahJ.
kj;jpa muR
Page 11
,j;jifa mtrur; rl;lkpaw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; ,q;fpyhe;jpNyh my;yJ
mnkhpf;fhtpNyh ,y;iy. ,jpy;
mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; neUf;fb epiy
gpuflj;jpw;Fk; ve;jj; njhlh;Gk;
,y;iy.
,Jehs; tiuapy; mtru
rl;lj;jpid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
,aw;wpajw;F ve;j tof;Fk;
cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk; tutpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk; tj;th tof;fpy; (1987)
ePjpkd;wk; $wpajhtJ’ mtrur;
rl;lj;jpy; vt;tpj jpUj;jKk;
,y;yhky; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,aw;wp
rl;lrigapy; epiwNtw;whky;
,Ug;gpd;> mJ murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpid kPwpajhFk;.
FbauRj; jiythpd; kd;dpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk;:
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpy; ruj;J 72 FbauRj;
jiytUf;F kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;
-jpid toq;fpAs;sJ.
1. kj;jpa rl;lj;jpdhy; jz;lid
ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;.
2. ,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;
ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;.
3. kuz jz;lid ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;
FbauRj; jiythpd; kd;dpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ eph;thf mjpfhuk;
,ij vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
toq;Fj; njhlu KbahJ. ,e;j
mjpfhuj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,uz;lhFk;.
ePjpkd;w jtWfisr; rhpnra;jy;
fLikahd jz;lidfspypUe;J
tpyf;F mspj;jy;.
1. kd;dpj;jy;
jz;lidfisAk; Fw;wq;fs;
midj;ijAk; ePf;fptpl;L kd;dpj;jy;
2. jz;lid khw;wk;
kpff;fLikahd jz;lizapypUe;J
vspikahd jz;lidf;F khw;Wjy;
v.fh. kuz jz;lidapypUe;J
fLq;fhty; jz;lidahf Fiwj;J
khw;Wjy;
3. jhkjpj;jy; my;yJ xj;jpitj;jy;
Fw;wthspapd; cly; eyk; FiwT
my;yJ ngz; Fw;wthspapd; fh;g;gk;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
jz;lidia jw;nghOJ
mspf;fhky; rpy fhyk; jhkjpj;jy;
my;yJ xj;jpitj;jy;
4. epWj;jpitj;jy;
jz;lid epiwNtw;Wtij
(Fwpg;ghf kuz jz;lidia)
jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jpitj;jy;. ,J
kj;jpa muR
Page 12
Fw;wthsp FbauRj; jiythplk;
kd;dpj;jy; my;yJ jz;lid
khw;wk; Nfhu trjpahf mikAk;.
,NjNghy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
ruj;J 161 y; MSeh; khepy
rl;lq;fspdhy; jz;bf;fngw;w xU
Fw;wthspia kd;dpf;fyhk;.
jz;lid khw;wk; nra;ayhk;>
jz;lid Fiwg;G nra;ayhk;.
jhkjpj;jhy; my;yJ
xj;jpitf;fyhk; kw;Wk;
epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.
,jdhy; MSehpd; kd;dpf;Fk;
mjpfhukhdJ FbauRj; jiythpd;
kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J
NtWgLfpwJ.
,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jz;lid
ngw;w Fw;wthspia FbauRj;
jiytuhy; kl;LNk kd;dpf;f
KbAk;. MSeuhy; kd;dpf;f
KbahJ.
FabuRj; jiyth; kuzjz;lid
ifjpia kd;dpf;fyhk;. Mdhy;
MSeuhy; mJ KbahJ Mdhy;
MSeh; kuzjz;lid ifjpapd;
jz;lidia Fiwf;fyhk; my;yJ
khw;wyhk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;
FbauRj;jiythpd; epiy
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
ekf;F ehlhSkd;w Kiwapyhd
murhq;fj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jpy;
FbauRj; jiyth; vd;gth;
ngausitapyhd eph;thfj;
jiytuhthh;. cz;ikahd
eph;thfj; jiyth; vd;gJ gpujkh;
jiyikapyhd mikr;rh;fs;
FOthFk;. ,q;F FbauRj; jiyth;
mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd;
MNyhridgbNa jdJ
mjpfhuj;jpid nra;fpwhh;.
ruj;J 53> 74 kw;Wk; 75 Mfpait
FbauRj; jiythpd; epiyia
njspthf tFj;Js;sJ.
ruj;J 53 d;gb kj;jpa eph;thf
mjpfhuk; midj;Jk; FbauRj;
jiythplk; cs;sJ