,e;J rkak; - nie.lk

khztu; tsE}y; ,e;J rkak; juk; - 12

1 www.nie.lk [email protected]

,e;J rkak;

juk; - 12

tsE}y;(2018 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ)

rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kfufk.

i

( RESOURCE BOOK HINDUISM GRADE-12 )

(tsE}y; Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; Njit fUjpNa ,izaj;jsj;jpy;

gjptpl;Ls;Nshk;. ,J KOikahf G+uzkhf;fg;glhj E}y; vd;gij

ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sTk;)

(Draft Copy)



,e;Jrkak;juk; - 12

tsE}y;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2018

ISBN :


nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kùfk.

gjpg;G : Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kùfk.



gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

2007 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;

gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd; Kjy;

ghfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l

Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;

nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;

,uz;lhk;ghfk; 2015 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fy;tp Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ.

,e;jg; gFj;jwpTthj eilKiwapd; fil epiyapy; ,Ue;J cau;epiy tiu

midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf>

fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPz;Lk; ghtpg;gjidf;

Fiwg;gjw ;fhfTk;> ghlj;jpd ; Nehf ;fq;fis kl;Lg ;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>

nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;

fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Mrpupau;fspw;F> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;F

mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL

fisAk; kjpg;gPLfisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L Gjpa tsE}y;fs; E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tsE}y;fs;>

Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl itf;fpd;wJ.

,e;j tsE}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj;

Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk;

Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf; fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa

Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;> ,g;Gjpa tsE}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL

cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;lhsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad; ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.



,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa tsE}y;fs;> Gjpa

ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf; fy;tpapypUe;J

t pLt pj ;J > nraw ; ghLfSld ; $ba khztu ; ikaf ;fy ;t pa pid

eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;

fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

mYty;fs; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> tsE}y;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk; tho;j;Jf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufk.



gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg; gz;gLj;jpg;

Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>

tsE}y;fs; trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapw;

Nru;e;J nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if> etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika

kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; tskhf ,t; tsE}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ

tsE}y;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupit. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis

miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis mz;kpg;gjw;fhff; fw;wy;

Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp

nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij

caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J

nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tsE}y;fs; Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd tsE}y;

vd;gij mwpe;J ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;gpy;> Njrpa epiyg; guPl;rfu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;ngWk;

milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy;

trjp nra;J nfhLg;gtu;fshy; kjpg;gplg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd

gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t; tsE}y; mika Ntz;Lnkdg;

gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

tz fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkdujd Njuu;

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;



tsE}iyg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtf ,e;J rkaj; Jiwapd; Clhf juk; - 12 ,e;J ehfupf

Gjpaghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Kjy; Kiwhaf tsE}y; xd;iwg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpf;F

mwpKfk; nra;J itg;gjpy; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwhk;.

ghlrhiyfspy; rka ghlk; fiyj;Jiwg; ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk;> tho;f;ifapy;

Neubahfg; gq;nfLf;Fk; tplaq;fs; gy mjpy; cs;sd. mjdhw; fiyj;Jiw

khztu;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> vy;yhj; JiwapdUk; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;ijf; fw;f Kd;tu

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F ,e;J rkak; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fspd;> fw;Fk; khztu;fspd;

mu;g;gz rpe;jid> Kaw;rp vd;gd Njit. mt;tifapy; ,g;ghlj;ij khztu;

tpUg;Gld; gapyf;$bajhf Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;Gk;> xj;Jiog;Gk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL

fpd;wJ. ,g;ghlk; guPl;irf;FupaJ kl;Lkd;wp KOtho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd mk;rq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

khztuplk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd fw;ww;

NgWfs;> cj;Njr tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;bfs;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;>

crhj;Jizfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,t; tsE}y; mikfpd;wJ. ,it

ahTk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Ffpd;wd.

vdNt> Mf;fg+u;tkhd Mw;wy;fSf;Fk; Ma;Tr; rpe;jidf;Fk; Vw;wjhd fw;wy; -

nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; g+uz cupik cz;L.

,t; tsE}y;; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fj; JizGuptJld;>

fw;wy; nraw;ghLfs;> Ma;Tfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk;; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> r%fj; jpwd;fs;>

jdpahs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

jpU nghd; n[a&gd;

cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>


Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.



fiyj;jpl;lf; FO

topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

gzpg ;G : - fyhepjp . jpUkjp . [ae;jp FzNrfugzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

- tz. fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkdujd Njuu;gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

,izg;ghf;fk; : jpU nghd; n[a&gd;cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tpla MNyhrid : - Nguhrpupau;. ,uh.it. fdfuj;jpdk;(Xa;T) jkpo;j; Jiw> Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau;. gp. NfhghyfpU\;z Iau;>tho;ehs; Nguhrpupau;;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau;. vk;.Ntjehjd;jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpUkjp. rhe;jp Nfrtd;>jiytu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kl;lf;fsg;G.

- jp ;Ukjp ehr;rpahu; nry;tehafk;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;T)> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- Nguhrpupau; fyhepjp kh.fUzhepjp>fy;tpg; gPlk;> nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) v];. =Kuspjud;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- fyhepjp (jpUkjp) tp. gtNerd;.rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU.v];. KFe;jd;;>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU. v];. ukzuh[h>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk;.

- jpU. vd;. Rguh[;>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;Jehfupfk;>njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> xYtpy;.

- jpU.vd;. thkd;>tpupTiuahsu;> ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw>

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.



vOj;jhsu; FO

cs;thup : - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;cjtp tpupTiuahsu;>


ntspthu p - jpU. ng. Ngupd;guhrhXA;Tngw;w Mrpupau;> kl;lf;fsg;G.

- jpUkjp vk;. rz;Kfjh];>Mrpupau;;> jp;/ ,.fp. r. = NfhNz];tuh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up>

jpUNfhzkiy

- jpU. v];. fkyehjd;;Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

kl;lf;fsg;G Nkw;F.

- jpUkjp. nfsry;ah fhe;j&gd;Mrpupau;> aho;;/rz;bypg;gha; ,eJf; fy;Y}up>

aho;ghzk;.

- jpUkjp . vk;. NguUs;nry;tpMrpupau;> kj;;;/`l;/Vd;gPy;l; jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;>bf;Nfhah> ̀ l;ld;.

. - jpU. v];. Nfhgpehj;>Mrpupau;> jp;/fe;p;/NguhW guNk];tuh kfh tpj;jpahyak;>

fe;jsha;.

- jpUkjp . Mu;.U\he;jd;Mrpupau;> nfh/ ghkd;fil ,uhkfpU\;zh tpj;jpahyak;

nfhOk;G-06

- jpUkjp . vk;. rptFkhud;Mrpupau;> fy;;;/ thfiu jkpo; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> thfiu

.

fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. nghd; n[a&gd;rkaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fs; fy;tpj; Jiw>

ml;ilg;glk; - jpU. rJu kJrq;f

fhupahya cjtp - jpUkjp v];.rp.gpupaju;rdp

- jpUkjp kq;fypfh tp[aujd

- jpU..la]; mkurpq;f



nraw;ghLfs;



1.0 : rkak; vd;gjd; nghUs; tpsf;fKk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;fSk;.

,e;J rkak; Xu; mwpKfk;

rpe;Jejpf;fiuapy; trpj;Jte;jtu;fis ‘rpe;Jf;fs;’ my;yJ

‘,e;Jf;fs;’ vdg; ghurPfUk;> fpNuf;fUk; mioj;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; gpd; gw;wpa

rkaNk ,e;J rkak; vd;W rpy rupj;jpu Mrpupau;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpa ehl;bdupd;

kjNk ,e;J kjk; vdg;nghUs; $WthUk; cz;L. xU ehl;bd; ngauhNyh> xU

Mw;wpd; ngauhNyh ekJ xg;Gau;tw;w kjk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkw;wJ.

mjdhy; ,jd; cz;ikg;nghUis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

,e;J kjk; vd;Dk; ngau; mjd; nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;L te;jjhFk;.

,e;J my;yJ `pe;J vd;w nrhy;iy `pk;+J vdg;gpupf;fyhk;. `k; - `pk;irapy;>

J - Jf;fpg; gtd; vdg;nghUs;gLk;. Xu; capu; ve;jf; fhuzj; jpdhyhtJ tUe;Jtjhf

,Ue;jhy;> mj;Jauj;ijj; jdf;F Vw;gl;l Jaukhff; fUjp mfw;w Kd;tuNtz;Lk;.

mj;jifatNd ,e;J Mthd;. mg;gz;Gkpf;f kf;fisj; nfhz;l kjNk ,e;J kjkhFk;.

md;Ng flTs;. ,iwtd; vy;yh capu; fsplj;Jk; ePq;fhky; tho;fpwhd;. vy;yh

capu;fspd; clk;igNa mtd; Nfhapyhff; nfhz;Ls;shd;. Mjyhy; ve;j capupd;

clYf;Fk; Jd;gk; Neuhtz;zk; mitfsplk; md;G nrYj;jpdhy; mUs; tbtkhfpa

Mz;ltdJ mUs; ngwyhk;. ,jidj; jpU%yu; jk; jpUke;jpuj;jpy;>

“md;Gk; rptKk; ,uz;nld;gu; mwptpyhu;

md;Ng rptkht jhUk; mwpfpyhu;

md;Ng rptkht jhUk; mwpe;jgpd;

md;Ng rptkha; mku;e;jpUe;jhNu’’- vd;fpwhu;.

,e;J kjk; vd;gjw;F “rdhjd ju;kk;’’ vd NtW xU ngaUk; cz;L. ,jw;F

moptpy;yhj mwk; vd;gJ nghUs;. NkYk; ,e;J rkak; KiwNa jpUnewp> mUs;newp

jtnewp> nka;e;newp> rd;khu;f;fk; vd;w gy ngau;fisf; nfhz;lJ. rkak; vd;gjw;Fr;

‘rik’ vd;gJ gFjpaha; clk;ig tsu;g;gjw;F czTg; nghUisr; rikg;gJ

Nghy ,iwtid miltjw;Fg; gf;Ftg;gLj;J tJ ,jd; nghUshFk;.

,e;J rkak; fhyj;jhy; kpfTk; njhd;ik ahdJ. mJ xUfhyj;jpy; cynfq;Fk;

gutp apUe;jJ vd;gijj; jw;fhy etPd GijnghUs; Muha;r;rp Kjypatw;why;

mwpayhk;. gpw rkaq;fs; $Wk; nfhs;iffs; gy ekJ ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Kf;fpa

,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. Mjyhy; cyfpy; cs;s vy;yh kjq;fSf;Fk; jha;r; rkakhf

,e;J rkak; cs;sJ vdf; $wyhk;.



mWtifr; rkaq;fs;

,e;J rkak; KiwNa irtk;> itztk; fhzhgj;ak;> nfskhuk;> rhf;jk;> nrsuk;

vd;W MWtifahfg; gFj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jpU%yu; ,jid “xd;wJ Ng&u; top MW mjw;Fs;’’ vd;W $Wfpwhu;. Kjypy;

irtk;.rptngUkhid KOKjw; flTshf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l rkak; ‘irtk;’ vdg;gl;lJ.

irtj;jpy; gjp> gR> ghrk; vd;Dk; Kg;nghUs; cz;ik kpfTk; tpsf;fkha;

$wg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;iw ,iwtd; capu;> jis vdTk; $Wtu;.

mLj;J tp\;Zit KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;L topgLk; rkak; itztkhFk;.

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jpUKiwfs; gd;dpud;L MFk;.



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ehd;F khu;f;fq;fs;

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Qhd khu;f;fk; vd;gJ$u;ikahd mwpTilatu;fs; ey;yijAk; nfl;lijAk; mwpe;J>vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUg;gijAk;> tpiutpy; mope;J tpLtijAk; rpe;jpj;J czUk; Mw;wy;cilatu;fs;.

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rka epiyrpe;Jntspg; gpuNjr GijnghUl;fs; ,e;J rkar; rhu;GiladthfNt cs;sd.

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fl;blj;jpd; mikg;ig mtjhdpj;j Ma;thsu;fs; ,q;F tho;e;jtu;fs;irtrkar; rhu;Gilatu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy;,iwtdpd; Kd; Ml;ilg; gpbj;jpUg;gjidg; NghyTk;> xU ngz; kz;bapl;l tz;zk;,Uf;f> xUtd; this Xq;FtJ NghyTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kf;fspilNa gypapLjy;Kf;fpa rlq;fhf ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fupa rhd;whf mikfpwJ.,d;iwa ,e;J rkaj;jpy;epyTk; Mya topghl;Lld; njhlu;GilajhfTs;s epNtjd topghl;bid ntspg;gLj;Jk;Mjhuq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. Kj;jpiunahd;wpy; ngz;fs; gilf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisVe;jpathW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. g+irj; jl;Lfs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wikapidf; nfhz;L>nja;tq;fSf;F g+irg; nghUl;fis epNtjdkhfg; gilj;J topgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf;fUJtu;. Kj;jpiufspy; cs;s vOj;J tbtq;fs; gRgjp vd;Dk; ngaiur; Rl;LtjhfNru; N[hd; khu;ry; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

Ez;fiyfs;rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; fhzyhk;. nkh`Q;rjhNuh>

ùg;gh Nghd;w ,lj;Jf; fl;llq;fSk; mf;fhy fl;llf;fiyapd; tsu ; r ; r piamwptjw;F cjTfpd;wd. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; khspif Nghd;w fl;bl mikg;Gfs;> fsQ;rpamiw> ePuhLfpd;w Fsk;> khb tPLfs;> tPLfs; vd;W gy fl;llq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.fl;;llk; xd;W 242 mb ePsKk; 112 mb mfyKk; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ. kioePUf;Fj; jhf;Fg; gpbf;Fk; tz;zk; ntspg;Gwr; Rtu;fSf;F Rl;l nrq;fw;fisg;gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. cl;Gwr;Rtu;fSf;F #isaplg;glhj nrq;fw;fisg;gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. mLf;F khbtPLfSf;F mjd; ghuj;ijj; jhq;Fk; tifapy;eLg;gFjpr; Rtu;fs; jbg;ghf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkh`Q;rjNuh> ùg;gh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW rpw;gtbtq;fSk; mf;fhy rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltd. rpe ;Jntspf; fhyk;rpw;gf;fiy tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjhf gy Ma;thsu; fUJtu;. Nru;. N[hd;. khu;\y;~,e;jpa rpw;gf;fiy ,e;jpahtpw;Nf cupaJ| vd;W $WtjidAk; fhzyhk;. rpe;Jntspkf;fs; rpw;gq;fSf;F ntq;fyk;> gOg;G epwf; fw;fs;> Rz;zf; fw;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpid%yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. rpe;Jntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpw;gq;fSs;ntz;fyj;jpdhyhd eldkhjpd; tbtk;> Mltu; tbtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.ntz;fyj;jpy; thu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s eld khjpd; tbtk; tOtOg;ghfTk; xOq;eldj;jpw;Fj; Njhw;Wtha; Mfyhk;| vd;W kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; fUJfpd;whu;.

Jisfis cilajhff; fhzg;gl;l CJFoy; thrpf;Fk;epiyapy; ,Ue;jjhf mwpQu; khf;Nf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,q;F fpilf;fg; ngw;wkl;ghz;lq;fs; kPJ ghk;Gfs;> kPd;fs;> tl;lq;fs;> rJuq;fs;> ,iyfs; vd;W gycUtq;fs; Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. kl;ghz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tbtq;fs;mf;fhy Xtpaf;fiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wd. Kj;jpiufspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;skpUjq;fk;> jtpy; Nghd;w rhd;Wfs; mf;fhy ,irf; fiy gw;wp mwpa cjTtd.

tho;f;if Kiw

rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjr kf;fs; ehfupfk; cila tho;f;ifia tho;e;jikf;FFwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l GijnghUl; rpd;dq;fNs rhd;whf mikAk;.

rpe;J ntspg; gpuNjr kf;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopyhf thzpgNk ,Ue;jJ. rpe;Jntspapy;

fpilj;j Kj;jpiufs;> kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fUtpfs; Nghd;wit RNkupah> nkhrg;gNjkpah>

vfpg;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wikiaf; nfhz;L rpe;Jntsp kf;fs;

Nkw;$wpa ehl;L kf;fSld; tzpfj; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jdu; vdf; nfhs;tjw;F

,lKz;L. fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> jr;Rj; njhopy;> rpw;gj; njhopy;> iftpidj; njhopy;

vd;gd Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; mk;kf;fs; <Lgl;ldu;. ,q;F fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kjFUtpd;

Milapy;; g+Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $ba rpj;jpuj;ijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. Mz;fs;

Nkyhilfis mzpAk; mstpw;F mf;fhy kf;fs; ehfupfKila tu;fshf tho;e;jdu;vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. kpfg; ngupa efu mikg;igAk; ghJfhg;ghdRw;whliyAk; cila ehfupf tho;itAk; gpd;gw;wpdu;. neUf;fkhd tPl;L mikg;ghy;xUikg;ghlhd r%f mikg;G ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.



njhy;ypaw; rpd;dq;fs;

gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; rKjha tho;tpaYld; neUf;fkhd njhlh;Gilait. gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fshf rkak;> fiy> tho;tpay;> fphpia> ,yf;fpak;> muR> ,iwek;gpf;if

Mfpad mikAk; Nkw;gb gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ,e;J ehfupf tuyhw;wpid

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhd;WfshfNt tpsq;Fk;. tuyhw;W %yq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba

tuyhw;W %yq;fshfTk;> Cfkhd gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpNy

tpQ;Qhd G+h;tkhdjhf mtjhdpf;Fk; KiwapidAk; fhzyhk;. tuz;Kiwaqhd

tpQ;Qhdk; vd;Wk; epiyapy; ,f;nfhs;if Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.

njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; tuyhw;Wj; jlaq;fis mwptjw;fhd

%yr;rhd;WfshfNt cs;sd. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis Gyikahsh;fs; thrpj;J

mwpAk; NghJ gz;ghl;L Nth;fis milahsk; fhzKbAk;. ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;by;

fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisAk; kuGfspd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; mwptjw;f

,J ngupJk; cjTfpd;wJ. njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfspy; G+h;tPf fl;blq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;>

rpd;dq;fs;> cNyhf gbkq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;Gg;gl;laqq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;

nghwpg;Gf;fs; Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;mopahJ fhyk; fhykhf epiyj;J epw;Fk;

njhy;nghUs; rpd;dq;fs; cWjpahd rhd;whjhuq;fs; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. njhy;nghUs;

rhd;Wfspy; mlq;Fk; gl;laq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs;> rhrdq;fs; Mfpad

mopahr; rhd;WfshfNt nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,j;jifa njhy;nghUs; vOj;Jf;fs; Muk;gj;jpy;

,yf;fpa tbtq;fshfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ];t];jp= vd;Wk; nrhy;

kq;fsKz;lhFf vd;Wk; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhf mikfpd;wJ. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

mit vOjg;gl;l fhyk;> mjd; Nehf;fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;L me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;f

jilahf ,Ug;gth;fs; mile;J nfhs;sk; Jd;gq;fSk; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fy;ntl;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Xk; gilf;fpstp vDk; thrfg; gFjpapy; fy;ntl;by;

$wg;gl;ltw;Wf;F khwhd nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLgth;fs; milAk; Jd;gk; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F rpwe;j cjuzkhf jpUf;NfjPr;ru jpUj;jyk; gw;wpa fy;ntl;bid

Fwpg;gplyhk;. jkpo; ehl;by; ghly; ngw;w jyq;fs; jkJ %h;j;jp jy jPh;j;j ngUikiaAk;

Nfhapw; gz;ghLfisAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; vd;Wk; njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfSlhfNt

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. gy;yth;> Nrhoh;> ehaf;fh; gz;bah; tp[aefuh; Kjyhd

murh;fsJ gz;ghl;LfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpj;jdp fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L kuGf;fhd rhrd tbtq;fspy; $Ljyhdit Nfhapw; rhrdq;fshFk;.

Myaj;jpw;f murh;fs; toq;fpa MjuTfis mit Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Mya

epge;jidfs; Mya topghLfis Rl;bf; fhl;bajhy; ,j;njhy; nghUl; rpd;dq;fs;

,e;J rkar; rhu;ghditahf mike;Js;sd. Mya topghLfs; Mya rKjha

njhlh;Gs; vd;git ,f;fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

fy;ntl;Lg; nghwpg;Gf;fisg; NghyNt rpd;dq;fs; nghwpg;Gf;fSk; ,e;J ehfupf

tsh;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. kl;ghz;lk;> [hbfs; vOj;Jf;fs; ghtidf;

fUtpfs; vd;gitAk; gz;ghl;Lr; re;jh;g;gq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. njhy;nghUl;

rpd;dq;fspd; mikg;G> tbtk;> %yk;> ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l

,e;Jg;gz;ghl;bd; fhyfl;l tsh;r;rpia milahsg; gLj;jyhk;. kd;dh;fsJ

ngUikfis $Wk; J}z;fs;> ];jk;gq;fs; vOj;Jf;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ rpw;g

FwpaPLfisAk; myq;fhur; rpd;dq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.



njhy;nghUl;rpd;dq;fspy; mlq;Fk; fl;bl kuGk; mjDld; ,ize;j myq;fhu

tbtq;fSk; ,e;J ehfhpf gz;ghl;bd; gy;tif milahsq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;J

tdthf mike;Js;sd. xt;nthU murh; kugpdh; gpd;gw;wpa jdpj;Jtkhd fiy

tbtq;fs; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fSlhf ntspg;gLk; xt;nthU fhyj;Jf;Fkhd fiy

tbtq;fis eph;zapg;gjpy; njhy;nghUl; rpd;dq;fs; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.

rpe;Jntspg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mfo;tha;T nra;ag;gl;l fl;blq;fs; ,e;jpaf; fl;bl fiyf;F

Mjhukhdit. ngUkz;lgk; tPl;L miwfs; ePuhLk; rhiyfs;> tPjpfs; Kjypad

fl;blf;fiyf;fhd Mjhuq;fshf Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. tl,e;jpahtpd; Nfhapw;

fl;blq;fs; mf;fhy Nfhapy; mikAk; #oiy tpgupg;gJld; ehfughzpapyhd

kio ePh;j;jhf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhd cah; $k;G tbtpdjhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kiyg; ghq;fhd gFjpapy; ehw;rJukhd jsj;ij cilajhd

fl;blq;fSk; rkepyg; gug;gpNy tl;l tbtkhd fl;blq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia

fhzKbfpd;w|J. Nfhapypd; mbg;ghfk; tl;l tbtkhf mike;J fhzg;gLk; J}gp

Ntrughzpf; fiyahFk;. jkpo; ehl;by; jpuhtplghzpf; fiytbtf; Nfhapy;fs;

,e;Jf; Nfhapy; fyhrhuj;jpd; njhy;nghUf; vr;rq;fshf tpsqf;Ffpd;wd.

njhy;nghUs; nghwpg;Gfspy; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fs; gpujhd

mjhuq;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw fhRfs; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLth; ehzag;glq;fs;>

ehza vOj;Jf;fs;> ehzaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;Fk; fhyk; vd;git ,e;J

ehfupf kugpd; cWjpahd tuyhw;Wj; juTfshfr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLfpdl;wd.

ehzaq;fisg; NghyNt rpw;gq;fs; tpf;fpufq;fSk; rhfhtuk; ngw;w tyhw;W

Mtzq;fshFk;. fy;> kuk;> cNyhfk; vd;gtw;iw %ykhf nfhz;L ,r;rpw;gq;fs;

nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpw;g vOj;Jf;fs; rpw;grpj;jpuq;fs; vd;gd NgRk; tuyhWfshfNt

cs;sd. tuyhw;Wj; jlakhf kl;Lkd;wp fiy MSik> fiyurid> ,yf;fpaj;

njhlh;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $bathW njhy; rpw;g tbtq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. nja;tPf

rpw;gk; Mly; rpw;gk; mbahh; rpw;gk; myq;fhu rpw;gk; vd rpw;gf;fiy kuG gy;tifg;

gupzhkk; ngw;Ws;sJ vd $wKbAk;. njhd;ikahd rpw;gq;fNs cyfshtpa

epiyapy; ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;L tbtq;fis giw rhw;Wfpd;wd. ntspehl;lth;fs; ,e;Jg;

gz;ghl;by; Mh;tk; nfhs;tjpy; rpw;gf;fiy ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.



Ntjq;fs;

,e;J ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Ntjk;> Mfkk; vd;gd Kjd; E}y;fs; vdTk; gpukhz

E}y;fs; vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Ntjk; vd;w nrhy; “tpj;| vd;Dk; tpidabapypUe;J

Njhd;wpaJ. mJ mwpT vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk;. mjdhy; Ntjq;fis mwpT E}y; vdf;

nfhs;tu;. Ntjq;fs; ,iwtdhy; mUspr; nra;ag;gl;lit vd;gJ NkNyhu; kuG.

Ntjq;fis tFj;jtu; my;yJ njhFj;jtu; tpahru; Mthu;. tpahru; vd;gJ xU

fhuzg;ngau;. mjw;Fj; njhFg;ghrpupau; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;tu;.tuyhw;W mbg;gilapy;

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; fp.K. 1500 - fp.gp. 600 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wd vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjq;fis vOjhkiw> vOjhf;fpstp> RUjp> kiw>

mngsUN\ak;> Rak;G> Mk;ehak; Kjyhd gy ngau; nfhz;L miog;gu;.

Ntjq;fspd; tif

Muk;gj;jpy; Ntjq;fs; |jpuaP tpj;ah| vd %d;whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld. mit ,Uf;F>

aRu;> rhkk; vd;gdthFk;. gpd;du; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j mju;t NtjKk; ,izf;fg;gl;L>

ehd;fhff; $wg;gl;ld. Ntjq;fs; ehd;F vd;gjdhy; mit rJu;kiw> rJu;Ntjk; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ehy; Ntjq;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; ,Uf;F Ntjk; 10

kz;lyq;fisAk; 1028 #f;jq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 101 rhiffisf; nfhz;l a#u;

Ntjk; fpU~;z a#u;> Rf;fpy a#u; vDk; ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. rhk Ntjk;

1549 ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJld; g+u;tMu;rpfk;> cj;ju Mu;rpfk; vd;Dk; ,U

gpupTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mju;tz Ntjk; 20 fhz;lq;fisAk;> 731 #f;jq;fisAk;>

6000 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ehd;F Ntjq;fSk; ,uz;L fhz;lq;fisAk; ehd;F gFjpfisAk; cilad.

rq;fpij> gpuhkzk;> Muzpafk;> cgepljk; vd;gd ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd. mtw;Ws;

rq;fpij vd;gJ ke;jpuq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. gpuhkzk; vd;gJ Nts;tpf; fpupiafSf;Fupa

tpjpfisf; $Wk;. Muzpafk; vd;gJ thdg;gpu];jDf;Fupa rka mDl;lhdq;fisf;

$Wk;. cgepljk; vd;gJ cz;ikg;nghUs; gw;wpa tprhuizfisf; nfhz;lJ. rq;fpij>

gpuhkzk; vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; fu;k fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;jit. Muzpafk;> cgepljk;

vd;gd Ntjj;jpd; Qhd fhz;lg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;jitahFk;. ,it jtpu Muzpaf;

vd;w gFjpia cghrid fhz;;lk; vd;W miof;Fk; tof;fk; cs;sJ.

Ntjfhy rkaepiy

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa rka epiy gw;wp mwpa cjTfpd;wd.

Ntj fhy kf;fspilNa fhzg;gl;l ,aw;if topghL gw;wp ,it tpgupf;fpd;wd.

,aw;if mk;rq;fNs ehsiltpy; nja;tq;fshf cau;T ngw;wd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gLk;

33 nja;tq;fisAk; mit thOk; ,lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpz;Zyfj; nja;tq;fs;>

,ilAyfj; nja;tq;fs;> kz;Zyfj; nja;tq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

nja;tq;fs; topgLNthUf;F tuq;fis nfhLg;gdthfTk; giftu;fis mopg;

gdthfTk; Ntjq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gl;l nja;tq;fNs gpw;fhy

rka tsu;r;rpapd; nja;tPf ek;gpf;ifapy; gpujhd ,lj;ij ngWfpd;wd. Ntjfhy

kf;fs; nja;tq;fSf;F nra;j topghLfs; kw;Wk; fpupiafs; gw;wp Ntjq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.



Ntjq;fspy; m~;tNkjk;> ,uh[#ak;> th[Ngak;> GU~Nkjk;> ru;tNkjk; Nghd;wNts;tpfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nts;tp topghl;by; GNuhfpjd;>mf;fpdp gfthd;> Nrhkd; vd;Nghu; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jdu;. Nts;tpf; fpupiafspd;NghJXkFz;lk; mikj;jy;> mf;fpdp tsu;j;jy;> jhd]; Jjp ghLjy;> gypapLjy;> jhdk;toq;Fjy;> jl;riz toq;Fjy; Kjyhd fpupiafs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Nts;tpfspd; gpujhdNehf;fk; cyfpay; ,d;gq;fNsahFk;. ePz;l MAs;> Nghupy; ntw;wp> Neha; ePf;fk;Kjyhd cyfpay; ,d;gq;fis mthtp Nts;tpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. rtpj;jpU vDk;Qhapw;Wf; flTSf;Fupa fhaj;jpup ke;jpu nrgk;> tpg+jp jhuzk; gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fspy;fhzyhk;.

Rf;fpy a#u; Ntjk; cUj;jpuDf;Fupa gy jpUehkq;fis E}W Kiw$wp topgLk;rjUj;jpupa topghl;L Kiwiaf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J Ntjfhy topghl;LKiwfSs;,yFthdjhf miktJld;> xU jpUg;GKidahfTk; mikfpwJ. ,irahy; ,iwtidtopgLk; Kiw gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rhk Ntjk; ,iwtopghl;bw;Fupa ,irg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; fpuhkNfa fhdk;> Muz;zpafhdk; vDk; ,Utifg; ghly;fs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ> ,Uf;F Ntjk; \J}a;ikahd,iwtid J}a ghly;fshy; Nghw;WNthkhf| vd;W ,irahy; ,iwtid topgLjy;gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ.

mju;tz Ntjk; rhjhuz kf;fspilNa epytpa khe;jpuPf ek;gpf;iffSf;Fmjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. gpwUf;F jPik jUk; ke;jpuq;fs; ,jpy; mjpfk;fhzg;gbDk; topgLNthidf; Fwpj;J ed;ik jUtdtha; mike;jd. ngs~;bfhzp>MA];ahdp> ];jpuPfu;khzp> uh[fu;khzp Nghd;w gFjpfs; nry;tr; nropg;igAk;> epiwe;jMAisAk; ngz;fspd; RgPl;rk; gw;wpAk;> murdpd; ed;ik gw;wpajhfTk; mike;jit.

Ntjfhy kf;fspd; r%ftho;T

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk;tpgupg;gd. jdpkdpj tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfshfpa gpukr;rupak;> fpUf];;jk;> thdg;gpu];jk;>re;epahrk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfis Ntjq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;cs;s gpuk;krupa #f;jk;> Kdp #f;jk;> jpUkzk; gw;wpa ghly;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkzk;> fztd; kidtp cwT>FLk;g tho;T> fztupd; flikfs; gw;wpAk; mit Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd. fztd; - kidtpvd;Nghiur; Rl;Lk; \jk;gjp| vd;Dk; njhlu; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;sJ. FLk;gj;jiytdpd; flikfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ Nts;tpr; rlq;fpid Mw;WjyhFk;.

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; Clhf> mf;fhy r%ff; fl;likg;G> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;vd;gdtw;iw mwpayhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; epw my;yJ ,d mbg;gilapyhd ,Utifr;r%f mikg;Ng epytpaJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; tYg;ngw;w ehy;tif tUzf; fl;likg;gpd;njhlf;fj;ij ,Uf;F Ntj GU~ #f;jg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;. kfhGU~dpd;clk;gpypUe;J ehy;tUzj;jUk; Njhd;wpajhf GU~ #f;jg; ghly; $WfpwJ. ,Jehd;F tUzk; njhlu;ghf rka mq;fPfhuj;Jld; $wg;gl;l Kjw;gjpthf cs;sJ. ehy;tUzj;jtUs; gpuhkzu; r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ldu;. rjgjg; gpuhkzk;\gpuhkzu;fs; mtdpapy; elkhLk; nja;tq;fs;| vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. Ntl;ly;> Ntl;gpj;jy;>Xjy;> XJtpj;jy; vd;gd gpuhkzu;fspd; Kf;fpa flikfs; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

Ntj fhyr; r%f mikg;gpy; rj;jpupau;fSk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jdu;. Ntjfhy kf;fs; FOf;fshf tho;e;jdu;. mjid mLj;J FOj; jiytu;fs; muru;fshfcau;T ngw;wdu;. muru;fs; khspifapy; trpg;gtu;fshfTk;> cau;e;j Mil Mguzq;fs;mzpgtuhfTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fspd; eyd;fisg; NgZk; tifapy; murdpd;Ml;rp mika Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ. murupd; kFlhgpN~fj;jpd; NghJ\kd;duhfpa ePu; ,d;W Kjy; typNahiuAk; nkypNahiuAk; rkkhf elj;JtPuhf| vd;WGNuhfpjd; Ntz;bf; nfhz;lhd;. murDld; njhlu;Gila rgh> rkpjp Kjyhd epWtdq;fs;gw;wpAk; Ntjq;fs; $wpAs;sd. murdJ md;whlr; nraw;ghLfSld; njhlu;Gciladthf,e;epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.



Ntjq;fspy; jj;Jt rpe;jidfs;

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J nka;apay; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilr; rpe;jidfisAk;nfhz;Ls;sd. guk;nghUs;> Md;kh> gpugQ;rk; kw;Wk; xOf;fk; njhlu;ghd gytplaq;fs; eh]jPa #f;jk;> [k #f;jk;> tUz #f;jk; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; cz;L.,Uf;F Ntjg ghlypy;> ~Vfk; rj; tpg;uh gFjh tje;jp| vd;Dk; njhlu; xU flTs;nfhs;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s eh]jPag; ghlypy;,e;J nka;apaypy; cs;s mj;itjf; Nfhl;ghl;by; typAWj;jg;gLk; xUik thjj;jpd;Muk;gj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpugQ;rk;> Md;kh> upjk; njhlu;ghd rpe;jidfisAk;fhzyhk;. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ak #f;jk;> ,wg;G gw;wpa ghly;fs; Nghd;wgFjpfspy; Md;khtpd; ,wg;Gf;Fg; gpw;gl;l epiy> Md;khtpd; fd;k tpidfs;>tpidfSf;fhd gad;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. gpugQ;r cw;gj;jp> gpugQ;rg;gilg;Gf;F Kw;gl;l epiy> gilg;gpd; %yhjhuk; gw;wpa tplaq;fis ,Uf;FNtjj;jpYs;s eh]jPa #f;jj;jpy; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

,Uf;F Ntjj;jpYs;s tUzd; gw;wpa ghly;fspy; tUk; tUz #f;jk; xOf;fk;gw;wpa rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. upjj;Jf;Fupa nghWg;Gilatd; tUzd;. mjdhy;upj];a Nfhgh vd;w ngau; mtDf;Fz;L. tUzd; cyf xOq;ifg; NgZgtdhfTk;>kdpju;fspd; xOf;fj;ijf; fz;fhzpg;gtdhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;whd;. Ntjq;fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahf mike;j cgeplj;jpy; gpukk;> Md;kh gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;> Kj;jp gw;wpafUj;Jf;fs; tpupthf Muhag;gl;ls;sd. Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs; mf;fhy kf;fspd;jj;Jt rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; mit gpw;fhy nka;apay; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;Kd;Ndhb vd;gu;.

Ntjq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;,e;J rka tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;J ehfupfk;

rhu;e;j ,iw ek;gpf;if> jj;Jt rpe;jidfs;> murpay;> r%ftpaw; rpe;jidfs;Nghd;wtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Ntjq;fs; mjpf nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. Ntjq;fs;,iw rk;ge;jKilaJ vd;gJld;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;if gw;wpawpa cjTk;Kf;fpakhd ,yf;fpa %ykhfTk; mikfpd;wd. Ntjq;fis ,iwE}y;> nja;tPfE}y;>Kjd;E}y; vd;W $Wk; kuG ,tw;Wld; njhlu;Gilad. ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa mWtifr;rkaq;fSk; itjPf rkaq;fs; vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wik ,e;J rkag;gpupTfSf;Fk; Ntjq;fSf;Fk; cs;s neUf;fj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; itjPf kuGfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gy Njhd;Wtjw;F Ntjq;fs;gpukhzkha; mike;jd. ehy;tif Mr;rpuk epiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Ntjq;fNsmbg;gilahFk;. jUk rhj;jpuq;fs;> jUk#j;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;Nghd;wtw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Ntjq;fSf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L. ,iwtidj; Jjpj;Jg;ghba Kjy; Jjpg; ghly;fshf Ntjg; ghly;fs; cs;sd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Jjpg;ghly;fSf;F Ntjq;fNs Kd;Ndhb. ehad;khu; ghly;fs;> Mo;thu; ghRuq;fs;,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;W. ~Ntj newp jioj;Njhq;f....| vd;gd Nghd;w ghly;fs;Ntj kugpd; tsu;r;rpia vLj;Jiuf;Fk;. Mo;thu; ghly;fspy; - ~mkuNthuq;fkhJk; NtjNkhu; ehd; Nkhjp| - vd njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thu; ghLfpd;whu;.

,e;J jj;Jtj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpapYk; Ntjq;fs; gq;fspj;Js;sd. RUjpg;gpukhzk; vd;w tifapy; ,e;J jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Ntjq;fs; mbg;gilahfmike;jd. gpuk #j;jpuk; Kjyhd jj;Jt E}y;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp> mj;Jitjk;Kjw;nfhz;L Njhd;wpa nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fspd;gq;fspg;G kpfTk; gpujhdkhdJ.



Mfkk;

,e;J rka kugpy; Ntjq;fs; Mfkq;fs; vd;gd Kjd; E}y;fs; vd;W nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Mfkq;fs; ,e;J rakj;jpd; rpwg;G E}y;fs; vd;WNghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Mfk ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; mWtif newpfspd;tsu;r;rpapYk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.

Mfkk; vd;gjpYs;s M vd;gJ ghrj;ijAk;> f vd;gJ gRitAk;> f -gjpiaAk; Rl;b> irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; Kg;nghUs; cz;ikia tpsf;Fk; E}y; vd;WnghUs; $wg;gLfpwJ. Mfkk; vd;gjpy; cs;s M - rptQhdk;> f - Nkhl;rk;> k -kyehrk; vd;gdtw;iwr; Rl;b Md;khtpw;F kyj;ij ehrk; gz;zp> rptQhdj;ijcjpg;gpj;J Nkhl;rj;ij ey;FtJ vd;W nghUs;gLfpd;wJ.

rpthfkq;fspd; Njhw;wKk; njhifAk;rpthfkq;fisr; rptNd mUspdhu; vd;gJ irt rkaj;jtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.

khzpf;fthrf Rthkpfs; ~kd;Dkhkiy kNfe;jpukjdpy; nrhd;d Mfkk;.....| vdTk;~Mfkkhfp mz;zpg;ghd; jhs; tho;f......| vdTk; $Wfpwhu;. ~NtjNkh lhfkk;nka;ahk; ,iwtd;E}y;|> ~mz;zy; mUspy; mUSk; rpthfkk;......| vd tUk; jpUke;jpughly; tupfSk; ,t;Tz;ikiaj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,iwtdpd; Ie;J Kfq;fspy;,Ue;J ,Ugj;njl;L Mfkq;fSk; Njhd;wpajhf mtw;wpd; cgNjr tupirf; fpukk;%Wg;gLfpwJ. mJ gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

- rj;jpNahrhj Kfk;- fhkpfk;> Nahfjk;> rpe;jpak;> fhuzk;> m[pjk;- thkNjt Kfk; - jPg;jk;> #\;kk;> rf];uk;> mk;Rkk;> Rg;uNgjk;- mNfhu Kfk; - tp[ak;> epr;thrk;> Rthak;Gtk;> mdpyk;> tPuk;- jj;GU\ Kfk; - nusutk;> kFlk;> tpkyk;> re;jpu\;hdk;> tpk;gk;- <rhd Kfk; - GNuhjfPjk;> yypjk;> rpj;jk;> re;jhdk;> rHNthl;rk;>

fhuhNk];tuk;> fpuzk;> thJsk;,e;jtifapy; Mfkq;fs; cgNjrpf;fg;gl;l Qhd FU guk;giu rjhrpt %Hj;jp -mde;jNjtH - =fz;l Uj;jpuH - jpUee;jp NjtH - rdw;FkhuH - KdptHfs; -khdplHfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

Mfkq;fs; Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wit vd;gJ tuyhw;WMrpupau;fspd; fUj;J mjhtJ fp.gp. 6k; E}w;whz;il ,Wjp vy;iyahf; nfhz;Lmjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mfkq;fs; mUsg;gl;ljhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

rpthfkq;fSs; %yhfkq;fs; fhkpfk; Kjy; thJsk; <whf ,Ugj;njl;L.,it rptNgjk; $Wgit -10> cUj;jpuNgjk; - 18 vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rq;fpij>ghftjrhj;jpuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; itzt Mfkq;fs; 108 Mfkq;fs;. vd;W$Wtu;. itzt Mfkq;fis itfhrd kuG> ghQ;ruhj;jpu kuG> vd ,uz;lhff;$Wtu;. itfhrdk; itjpf up\pahd tpfhz]; vd;gtuhy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itxNu jj;Jtq;fisf; nfhz;lit. itzt Mfkq;fSs; rf];jparq;fpij> <];turq;fpij> fhrpg rq;fpij> mdpUj;jrq;fpij Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.rf;jp topghl;bd; rpwg;igf; $Wk; rhf;j Mfkq;fs; je;jpuq;fs; vdTk; miog;gu;.,it 77 MFk;. ,tw;Ws; kfhepUthzje;jpuk;> jpupGuufrpak;> fhkfyh tpyhrk;rhujh jpyfk; Kjyhdit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rhf;j je;jpuq;fSs; Rg Mfkq;fs;>j\;zhrhuk; (tyJ) vdg;gLk; 05 Mfkq;fs; Qhdk;> Nkh\j;jpw;fhd topiag;gw;wpf; $Wtd. nfsy Mfkq;fs;> thkhrhuk; (,lJ) vdg;gLk; 64 Mfkq;fs;ke;jpu tpj;ij> ,lf;fuhd topghL gw;wpf; $Wtd. kprpu Mfkq;fs; vdg;gLk; 08 -Mfkq;fSk; ,UtifAk; fye;J tpsq;Ftd.

rpthfkq;fs; xt;ntd;Wk; fu;k fhz;lk;> Qhd fhz;lk; vd;Dk; ,UngUkgpupTfis cilad. ,tw;Ws; fu;k fhz;lk; nray; (fpupia) rhu;e;j tplaq;fisAk;>Qhd fhz;lk; mwptpay; rhu;e;j jj;jtf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; $Wtdthf cs;sd.



rpthfkq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rupah ghjk;> fpupah ghjk;> Nahf ghjk;> Qhd ghjk;

vd;Dk; ehd;F gpupTfis cilad. mitahtd:

1. rupah ghjk;- gpuhar;rpj;j tpjp> gtpj;jpu tpjp> Mya mikg;G tpjp> Rw;W

gpufhuk;> NfhGuk;> gupghyfu; mikg;G ckhkNfRtuu; ,yf;fzk;> rptypq;f

,yf;fzk;.

2. fpupah ghjk;-ke;jpuk;> cw;rtk;> epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa> fhkpa fpupiafs;>

rptrpd;dq;fis mzpAk; Kiw.

3. Nahf ghjk;- ml;lhq;f Nahfk;> ml;lkhrpj;jpfs;> MWtif Mjhuq;fs;.

4. Qhd ghjk;- Kg;nghUs; cz;ik> Gtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;.

Qhdghjk; Mfkhe;jk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mya epUkhzKk; jpUTUt mikg;Gk;

rpthfkq;fs; flTs;> Md;kh> flTs; topghL> Md;khf;fs; Mw;Wk; tpidfs;>

irt rka tho;f;if> Mya mikg;G> Myaf; fpupiafs;> rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidfs;

vd;W irtnewprhu; gy tplaq;fisf; $WfpwJ. irthfkq;fs; irt kf;fspd;

Md;kPf tho;it Myaq;fis ikakhff;nfhz;L $Wfpd;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.

Mya topghl;ilAk;> rka mDl;lhdq;fisAk; tpjpfshf tpsf;Ftjdhy;

rpthfkq;fSf;F rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. midj;J kf;fSk; Md;k

tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w tifapNyNa Mfkq;fs; Mya topghl;il tFj;Jf;

$Wfpd;wd. Ntjq;fs; $Wk; mf;fpdp topghLk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F Vw;Gila

cUt topghLk; rpthfkq;fspy; ,izTWfpd;wd.

rpthfkq;fs; Myak; mikf;Fk; ,lk;> Mya mikg;G> Myaj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;>

mit mika Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;> mtw;wpd; msitg;gpukhzq;fs;> Nfhapw; fpupiafs;>

Mya mDl;lhdq;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis tpjpfshf tpgupf;fpd;wd. rpthyaj;jpy;

,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fUtiw> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuf; Nfhapy;fs;> gpufhuq;fs;

kw;Wk; NfhGuk;> tpkhdk; vd;gd mika Ntz;ba tpjpfs; gw;wp ,tw;wpy; cz;L.

Myak; xd;wpy; mika Ntz;ba gpufhuq;fs; gw;wp fhkpf Mfkk; ~gpufhuyl;rz

tpjpg;glyk;| vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpgupf;fpwJ. Myaj;jpy; vj;jpirapy; vt;ntt; %Hj;jq;fs;

mikaNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> fpof;fpy; #upad;> njw;fpy;

\z;Kfd;> Nkw;fpy; tp\;Z> tlNkw;fpy; JHf;if> tlf;fpy; rg;jkhjH> tlfpof;fpy;

rptd;> njd;Nkw;fpy; Iadhu; vDk; epiyapy; mika Ntz;Lnkd tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhkpfhkj;jpy; Mya mikg;G> Myaj;ij mikf;fj; jFe;j ,lk;> gupthu

Njtijfs;> gpufhuq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

kdpjd; xUtd; jiuapNy Neuhf gLj;jpUg;gJ Nghd;w mikg;gpy; Mfk

Kiwg;gb mike;j Myaq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ~N\j;uk; ruPug; g;u];jhuk;| vd;g

jw;F mikthf kdpj clYf;Fk; Mya mikg;gpw;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njhlu;G

$wg;gLfpwJ.

fHg;gf;fpufk; - jiyAk;

mHj;jkz;lgk; - fOj;ijAk;

kfhkz;lgk; - khHigAk;

ahfrhiy - ehbiaAk;

NfhGuk; - ghjj;ijAk;

czj;Jfpd;wd. jpU%yUk; ~cs;sk;ngUq; Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak;> ts;sw;

gpuhzhuf;;F tha;f; NfhGu thapy; ......| vd;W $Wfpwhu;. mjhtJ clYf;Fk;

Myaj;jpw;Fk; cs;s kpfTk; njhu;gpidg; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhu;. ~fhaNk Nfhapyhf...|

vdtUk; ghlYk; Nkw;Fwpj;j tplaj;Jld; njhlu;Gilajhf miktijf;

fhzyhk;.



rpthfkq;fs; Mya mikg;gpD}lhf jpUTUt topghl;il tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

rptypq;fj; jpUNkdp> mu;j;jehuP];tuu;> ,ypq;Nfhw;gtu;> fq;fhjuu;> jl;rzh%u;j;jp Nghd;w

25 %u;j;jp Ngjq;fis mikf;f Ntz;ba tpjpfis Mfkq;fNs tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

jpUTUtq;fis nrJf;Ftjw;Fupa fUq;fy;iyj; njupT nra;jy; gw;wp rpthfkq;fs;

~rpyh guPl;rzk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; $Wfpd;wd. jpUTUtq;fspd; gq;f mikjpfs;>

mq;fyl;rzk;> mtw;wpd; msTg; gpukhzk;> Mil Mguzk; vd;gd gw;wpAk; mtw;wpy;

cz;L. fhkpf> fhuz Mfkq;fspy; rpw;gq;fs;> jpUTUtq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhd

EZf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; cj;jufhuzhfkj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fspd; msTg; gpukhzq;fs;

gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rf;fpu ePjp - ~jpUTUtq;fs; mstpy; kpfpDk; FiwapDk;

eyKilad my;y| vd;fpwJ. jpUTUtq;fspd; gpujpkhyl;rzj;jpy; Mfkg; gpukhzk;

Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. rpw;gq;fs;> Myaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mikf;fpd;w

];jgjpfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba jFjpfs;> gpd;gw;wNtz;ba epakq;fs; vd;git

gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd.

Myaf; fpupiafSk; mDl;lhdq;fSk;midj;J kf;fspd; Md;k <Nlw;wk; rpthfkq;fspd; capu; ehjkhf cs;sJ.

rpthfkq;fs; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij milAk; tifapy; jpUTUt mikg;igAk; mitrhu;e;j fpupia KiwfisAk; tFj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. Mfkk; $Wk; cUt topghl;bd;mbg;gilapy;~xU ehkk; Xu; cUtk; xd;Wkpyhu ;f ;F Mapuk ; jpUehkk; ghbnjs;Nszk; nfhl;lhNk| vd;Dk; kzpthrfupd; thf;F mikfpwJ. rpthfkq;fs;$Wk; fpupia Kiwfs; jpUf;NfhapiyAk; jpUTUtq;fisAk; i k a k h f f ;nfhz;lit. epj;jpa fpupia iekpj;jpa fpupia> fhkpf fpupia> g p ujhdkhdit.epj;jpa fpupiafs; 3> 6> 12 Ntisfspy; ,lk;ngWjy; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhapypy; eilngWk; iekpj;jpa fpupiafis rpthfkq;fs; fu;\zk;> gpujpl;il>cw;rtk;> gpuhar;rpj;jk; vDk; ehd;F gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sd.

fu;\zk; - Myak; mikg;gjw;Fupa ,lj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;.gpujpl;il - Myaj;jpy; jpUTUtq;fis gpujpl;il(epWTjy;) nra;jy;.cw;rtk; - Myaj;jpy; tUlnkhU Kiw ,lk; ngWk; jpUtpohgpuhar;rpj;jk; - Mya fpupiafspd;NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Fw;w eptu;j;jpapd;

nghUl;L Mw;wg;gLk; fpupiaNfhapy;fspy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;ba fpupiafs;> mtw;iw Mw;Wk; tpjpfs;> g+irapd;mq;fq;fs;> ke;jpu cr;rhldk;> epNtjdg; nghUs;fs; ahfq;fs;> ahfrhiy> Nkilfs;>ahf Fz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;iffs;> G+i[apd; jd;ik> fhyk;> mgpN\fk; nra;Ak;Kiw> myq;fhuk;> g+ir mikg;G> N\hl] cgrhuq;fs;> tPjpAyh> cw;rtq;fs;vd;gd gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wd. rpthfkq;fspy; tUk; g+[h tpjpg;glyk;> ke;jpuhtjhug;glyk; Nghd;w gpupTfs; Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;lit.

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Gduhtu;j;jdkhFk;. ePz;lehs; fpupia eilngwhj Nfhtpypy; fpupia Mw;Wk; nghUl;Lnra;ag;gLtJ Mtu;j;jdk; vdTk; Myaj;jpy; epfOk; Mrhuf; Fiwfis eptu;j;jnra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; nra;ag;gLtJ me;jupjk; vdTk; Fwpgplg;gLfpwJ.

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gLfpd;wd.- Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G E}y;fs; vd;w tifapy;> irt Mfkq;fis rpthfkq;fs;

vd;Wk; itzt Mfkq;fis rq;fpijfs; vd;Wk; rhf;j Mfkq;fisje;jpuq;fs; vdTk;miog;gu;.

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- ,e;Jf;fspd; fpupia kuGfis newpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mfkq;fs; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

- Mfkq;fs; ,iw topghl;il fpupia newp %yk; topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.,f;fpupia newpia vLj;Jf; $Wk; E}Ny gj;jjpfs; MFk;.

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,jpfhrq;fs;

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kfhghujKk; ,e;J rkag; gz;ghLk;.

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,uhkhazk; Fwpg;gpLk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL

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tPo;r;rpAw;wJ.

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gw;wpf; $Wfpd;whu;. Re;juh; Njhoik czh;Tld; rptid topgl;likf;F “gpj;jhgpiw #b.......” vDk; ghly; Mjhukhf cs;sJ. kzpthrfupd; jpUthrfg; ghly;fs;

Qhdkhh;f;fj;ij tpsf;Fgitaha; cs;sd.



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gQ;rhl;ru ke;jpuk; XJjy; Nghd;wtw;iw irt gf;jp ,af;fj;jpdu; filg;gpbj;jdu;.

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fijfisf; $wpdu;. Mbg; ghb topghL nra;jdu;. md;G newp topghl;by;

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mtjhdpf;fyhk;



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jdpaurhf Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhh;fs;. Nrho kd;du;fs; gy;yth;fisg; Nghyd;wp

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ngwg;gl;l nry;tq;fs; Kjyhdtw;why; nghUshjhuj;jpy; tsk; ngWtjw;F mtu;fspd;

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FNyhj;Jq;fd; KjyhNdhupd; fhyj;jpYk; typik ngw;w murhf Nrhouhl;rp tpsq;fpw;W.

gy;ytu; fhy irt ehad;khh;fshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l irt rka gf;jp kuG

jkpof r%fj;jpy; njhlh;e;J epiy ngw;wJ. Mya topghl;by; mth;fs; fhl;ba

<LghLk; gf;jpg; ghly;fs; %ykhf tsh;j;njLf;fg;gl;l gz;ghl;L czh;Tk; jkpofj;jpy

njhlh;e;J epiy ngw;wikf;F Nrhoh; fhyg; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; jf;f rhd;W. Nrho

kd;dh;fspd; epiyahd Ml;rp mjpfhuk;> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l murpay; mikjp> murdJk;

kf;fsJk; irt rka <LghL ehl;by; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gd Nrhoh;fhy

gz;ghl;L tsh;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jd. me;jtifapy Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy

irt rka gz;ghl;lk;rq;fsha; gpujpgypf;Fk;. ntt;NtW epiyg;gl;l fhg;gpaq;fSk;

rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd gpd;Gyk; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

gy;yth; fhy Gyth;fs; jkJ ghly;fspy; ifahz;l nghUs;kuG> nra;As; kuG

vd;gdtw;wpd; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rp epiyia Nrhoh; fhy fhtpaq;fspy fhzyhk;.

gy;yth; fhyg; mbatu;fs; jkJ ghly;fis mfty;> ntz;gh> tQ;rp> fyp vDk;

ehd;F tifg; ghtpdq;fSf;Fk; ,lkhd jhopir> Jiw tpUj;jk; vDk; %tifg;

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vd;gjhy; mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ ghly;fis mUspdhh;. ntz;ghtpy; ,Ue;J

Njhd;wpa fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw vDk; ahg;gpy; ghz;bf; Nfhit jpUf;Nfhitahh;

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eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,ir jkpOf;Fupa nra;As; tiffs; ,aw;wkpohfpa

fhtpaq;fSf;Fk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;likia Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy fhzyhk;.

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fhy ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf fhtpaq;fSf;F fUg;nghUshf mike;jd. Nrhoh;

fhyj;J fhtpa kuigj; njhlf;fp itj;j jpUj;jf;f Njtu; rkz rkar; rpe;jidfis

nghUs; kughff; nfhz;L rPtf rpe;jhkzp vDk; fhtpajijg; ghbdhh;. jkpopy

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rhh;e;jit. vdpDk; uh[uh[dpd; Ml;rpNahL ,e;J kuG jOtpa fhtpaq;fs Njhw;wk;

ngwyhapd. fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $wk; jz;b Mrpupah; xUtidg;



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nray;fisAk; $WtJld; ehw;nghUs; ,d;gk; gag;gjhf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;W

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guhzk; fk;guhkhazk; Kjyhd Ngupyf;fpaq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. fhtpaq;fSf;F

kughf mike;j cyfpay; rhh; tplaq;fs; iftplg;gl;L Md;kPfk; rhh;e;j tplaq;fis

cs;slf;fpajhf Nkw;Fwpj;j fhtpaq;fs vOr;rp ngw;wd.

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nka; fz;l rhj;jpuq;fspd; cUthf;fkhFk;. mJtiu fhyKk; Njhd;wpa rk];fpUj>

jkpo;nkhop rhh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,e;J nka;apay; fUj;Jf;fs; tpupe;J fplg;gijf;

fhzyhk;. mt;thwhd jj;Jt fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;ghf irt rpj;jhe;j rpe;jidf;fisf;

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#o;epiyfs; ,jw;fhd gpd;Gyj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jd.

fp.gp 10k; 11k; E}w;whz;Lfspy Muk;gpj;j re;jhd guk;giu kunghd;wpD}lhf irt

rpj;jhe;jf; Nfhl;ghL KOik ngw;wijf; fhzyhk;. jkpo ehl;il ikag;gLj;jpa

Gwr; re;jhd guk;giu mfr; re;jhd guk;giuAld; ,izTgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;tpizg;G irtrpj;jhe;j guk;giuapd; nja;tPf epiyg;gl;l njhlh;igGk; tl,e;jpa

gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaj;Jldhd jkpofj;jpd; cwitAk; fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.

me;j tifapy mfr;re;jhd guk;giuapd; topapy; Njhd;wpa nka;fz;lhh;> mUze;jp

rpthr;rhupahh;> kdthrq;fle;jNjth;> ckhgjp rpthr;rhupahh vd;Nghuhy; mUsg;gl;l

14 nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs; irt rpj;jhe;jf Nfhl;ghl;il msitg; gpukhzq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy tpsf;Ffpd;wd.



tp[a efu ehaf;fu; fhyKk; jpUthtLJiw MjPdKk;

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,];yhkpa gilnaLg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;il fhg;gjpy; tpj;jpah jPh;j;jklk;> tpj;ahuz;a klk;> ghRgj klk; vd;gd Kf;fpa gq;if tfpj;jd. mj;NjhLjkpofj;Nj MjPdq;fs; irtrka tsh;r;rpf;F njhz;lhw;Wk; xU epWtdkhftpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpNy jpUthtLJiw MjPdk;> jUkGu MjPdk;> jpUg;gide;jhs;MjPdk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

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fapyha guk;giuapw; rptQhd Nghjnewpfhl;Lk; nts;is

gapy;tha;ik nka;fz;lhd; re;jjjpf;Nfhu;nkQ;Qhd ghE thfpf;

FapyhUk; ngopw;wpUth tLJiwtho;FU ekr;rptha Njtd;

rapyhj; kugiuNahd; wpU kuG ePôpjiof; fhNjh

,g;ghly;fs; jpUthtLJiwahjPd tuyhW $wg;gLfpd;wJ.



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mk;gythz Njrpfh;> jl;rzh%h;j;jp Njrpfh; tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. ,jd; fpis klq;fshf

136 cs;sJ.

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gpuge;jq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

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nghOJ cjTjy; vd;gd r%fg;gzpfshf mike;jd.

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nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fs; ahTk; Muhag;gl;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ>



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gzpfshf mike;Js;sd.

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Nghe;jUsh tLJiw tho; ekr;rpthaidg; Gfo;thk;”

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= gQ;rhf;fu Njrpfh; MjPdk; vDk; ngauhy; toq;fg;ngWk;.

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khrpyhkzp vDk; mg;ngaiuNa jP\h ehkkhfr; #l;b mUspdhh;.

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mjw;F Njrpfh; grpjPUf vd cyfhunkhop $wpr; nrd;whh; vd;Wk; tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ.



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toq;fg;gl;ld.



mWtifr; rka newpfs; - mwpKfk;

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,e;J kjj;jpd; Mzp Ntuhff; fUjg;gLk; Ntjq;fSk;cgepljq;Fk; flTs; xUtNu vd;Dk; fUj;ij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; jpU%yupd;jpUke;jpuk; vd;Dk; nja;tj; jkpo; E}y; “xd;Nw FyKk; xUtNd NjtDk; ed;Nwepidkpd; ekdpy;iy” vd;W giw rhw;Wfpd;wJ. xUehkk; XUUtk; xd;Wkpy;yhjguk;nghUs; - flTs; - cynfyhk; czu;e;J Xjw;F mupatdhfpa ,iwtd; ehk;topghL nra;tjw;fhf NtW NtW tbtq;fisj; jhq;fpr; rptdhfTk;> jpUkhyhfTk;>rf;jpahfTk;> tpehafuhfTk;>KUfdhfTk;> R+upadhfTk; tUfpd;whd; vd;W ,e;Jrka E}y;fs; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.



cUt topghl;by; KO ek;gpf;if nfhz;lJ ,e;J rkak;. flTsupd;jpUTUtq;fSf;F Vw;g toghl;L newpKiwfisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpa Mjprq;fuu;Nkw;fz;l MWtifr; rkaq;fis epWtp mtw;wpw;Fj; jdpj;jdpg; ngaupl;L mioj;jhu;.

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“xd;wJ Ng&u;> topahW mjw;Fs;>vd;wJ Nghy ,UKr; rkaKk;

ed;wpJ jPjpJ vd;Wiu ahsu;fs;Fd;W Fiuj;njO ehianahj; jhu;fNs’

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gw;wpj; jdpj; jdpahf ,dpg; ghu;f;f Kay;Nthk;.



fh(f)zhgj;jpak; - tpehafu; topghL

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rhf;jk; - rf;jp topghL

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KUfg;ngUkhd; tbtk; xU jpUKfKk; ehd;FiffSlDk; ,Ug;gJz;L. MWKfKk; gd;dpU ifAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; tbtKk;cz;L> fpof;F> njw;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> Nky;> fPo; vd;Dk; jpirfNs MWKfq;fs;.,iwtd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; epiwe;jpUg;gtd; vd;gjd; milahsNk ,J> ,iwikf;Fzq;fshfpa Kw;Wzu;T> vy;iyaw;w ,d;gk;> ,aw;ifawpT> jd;taKilik>NguUs;>Nguhw;wy; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpFwpNa MWKfk; vd;ghUk; cz;L. mfr;rkaq;fs;MWk; Gwr; rkaq;fs; MWNk gd;dpU iffs;. KUfDf;Fupa MAjk; Nty;. ,Jgue;J> tpupe;J> Mo;e;J> mfd;W ,Uf;Fk; Qhdj;jpd; milahsk;. KUfDf;F,Ukidtpau;. nja;tahid> ts;sp ,tu;fspy; ts;sp Mu;tk; (,r;ir) vd;gjd;milahsk;. nja;tahid> nraypd; (fpupiaapd;) milahsk;. vdNt> xUnraiyr; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT(knowledge)> Mu;tk;( interest)> nray;( action) vd;gjd; milahsNk Nty;. ts;sp> nja;tahidAld; ,Uf;Fk; KUfj;jpUTUtk; .KUfDf;Fupa nfhb Nfhopf;nfhb. ,J ehj jj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.mtdJ thfdk; kapy;. ,J tpe;J jj;Jtj;ij tpsk;Gk;. “ehj tpe;J fyhjpeNkh ek”vd;ghu; mUzfpupahu;.

KUfd; R+ugd;kdhfpa muf;fid mopg;gjw;fhfr; rptngUkhd;new;wpf; fz;zpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhff; fe;jGuhzk; $Wk;. vdNt KUfidr;rptdhfNt mWKfr; rptdhfNt fUjp topgLtu; irtu;. Njtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk;tpistpj;j R+ugd;kd;> mtd; jk;gpauhfpa rpq;fKfd;> jhufd; Mfpa %tUk; capu;fs;>,iwtid mila tplhJ jil nra;Ak; Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia Mfpatw;wpd;mwpFwp vd;Wk;> ,tu;fis KUfd; ntd;wJ ,j;jilfis Qhdhrpupadhfpa flTs;ntd;wjw;F milahsk; vd;Wk; $Wtu; mwpQu;.

KUff; flTSf;Fupa %yke;jpukhfr; rutzgt vd;Dk;MnwOj;J ke;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gu;. ehzw;Gy; nrwpe;J fhLNghy; R+o;e;j ngha;ifapy;Njhd;wpatd; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ekf;Fkhuha vd;gijAk; > KUfh vd;gijAk;mtDf;Fupa %yke;jpuq;fshfr; nrhy;YtJk; cz;L.

KUfDf;Fupa tpohf;fs; ijg;G+rk;> rpj;jpuh ngsu;zkp>jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> fe;ju;r\;b Kjypait. KUfDf;F md;gu;fs; fhtb vLj;Jr;nry;tu;. nfskhu rkaj;jpw;Fupa klkhff; nfskhu klhyak; vd;w xU epWtdk;jkpofj;jpy; Nfhak;Gj;J}upy; cs;sJ.

tpehafiu ,ilA+Wfis ePf;Fk; flTshff; fUJtJNghy; KUff; flTiskdf;Fog;gj;ij ePf;fp czikj; njspitj; jUk;QhdFUthff; fUJfpd;wdu;.KUfid tpehafupd; jk;gpahfTk; rptd; rf;jpapd; Foe;ijahfTk; jpUkhYf;FkUkfdhfTk; fUjpr; rq;fuu; fz;l Vida rka newpfSld; nfskhuj;ij,izj;Jg; nghJik fhz;gJk; cz;L.

KUfNd nre;jpy; Kjy;tNd khNahd;kUfNd<rd; kfNd- xUifKfd;jk;gpNa epd;Dila jz;ilf;fhy; vg;nghOJk;

ek;gpNa ifnjhONtd; ehd; (ef;fPuu;)



ehad;khu;fs;> rpj;ju;fs; tpsf;fk;

irtnewp> md;Gnewp vdg; giwrhw;wpatu;fs; gf;ju;fNs. itjpf rkak;

kPz;Lk; xUKiw jd; xsp Fd;wp> rupahjgb jplkhd mbg;gilapy; epWtpatu;fs;.

,iwtdpd; gf;jp nts;sj;jpy; Mo;e;jtu;fNs gf;ju;fs;. ,tu;fs; ehad;khu;> Mo;thu;fs;

Mtu;. ,iwtdplj;jpy; <LghL nfhz;L> mfq;Fioe;J> neQ;rkhfpa jpiuapy;

mtiug; gw;wpa vz;zq;fis mopahky; jPl;b itj;J ~ehd;“ vd;Dk; nrUf;if

mWg; ghu;fshapd; flTspd; jpUtUs; jhdhf te;J va;Jk; vd;gNj gf;ju;fs;

nfhs;ifahFk;.

,tu;fshy; kiwgl;Lf; fple;j xU Ngupd;g thapy; jpBnud;W jpwe;J kf;fs;

Kd;G epd;wJ. mt;thapYf;Fs; Eiotjw;F E}Yzu;T Ntz;lhk;! nrhy;td;ik

Ntz;lhk;! nry;tk; Ntz;lhk;! fhl;Lf;Fk; kiyf;Fk; Xl Ntz;lhk;@ ,iwtd;

khl;L ,ilawhj Ntl;ifAk;> vg;nghUisAk; mtd; tbtkhff; fhZk; fhl;rpg;

NgWk; NghJkhdit. mtu;fs; jhk; ngw;w Ngupd;gj;ij kiwf;fhJ> kf;fSf;F

thup toq;fpdu;. cyf ,ay;GfisAk;> ,aw;if vopiyAk; mtu;fs; kWf;fTk;

,y;iy. kwf;fTk; ,y;iy. Ik;g+jq;fspYk;> NgRfpd;w nrhy;ypYk;> vz;Zfpd;w

vz;zq;fspYk; flTs; fye;Js;shu; vd;gij typAWj;jp vz;zk;> nray; Mfpatw;wpy;

J}a;ik Ntz;Lk; vd kf;fSf;F vLj;Njhjpdu;.

gf;jpg; ghly;fshy; irtj;ijAk;> it\;ztj;ijAk; tsu;j;Js;sdu;.

Mo;thu;fs; kf;fNshL kf;fshf tho;e;J> kf;fs; xOf;fj;ij tsu;j;Jk; jpUkhyplk;

md;igg; ngUf;fpAk; itztj;ij tsu;j;Js;sdu;. rpj;ju;fs; vd;Nghu; rptngUkhdpd;

jpUtUs; Nehf;fpidg; ngw;wtu;fs;. rkaq;fle;j rkur ed;dpiyapy; epw;Nghu;.

rpj;jj;ij ,iwQhdj;jpy; itj;J topghL nra;jtu;fs; rpj;ju;fshtu;. ~rpj;ju;

rptj;ijf; fz;ltu; - rPUld; Rj;jh Rj;jj;Js; Njha;e;Jk; Njhahjtu;| vd;W rpj;ju;fspd;

ngUik Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhzhahkj;jpd; %yk; rpj;jk; xLq;fp topghL nra;Ak;

epiyNa rpj;ju; topghlhf mikfpd;wJ. ,iw czu;NthL tho;gtNu rpj;ju;.

rpj;ju;fs; vd;gtu; ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; %yk; vz; tif Nahfq;fisf; filg; gpbg;gtu;fs;.

ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; iftug; ngw;wtu;fs;. rpj;ju;fs; rka vy;iyfisf; fle;J

irtrpj;jhe;jk;> mwf;Nfhl;ghL> Qhdk; Kjypatw;iw tsu;j;jtu;fs;. Md;khu;j;j

topghl;ilr; rpj;ju;fs; mwpKfk; nra;jhu;fs;. rpj;ju;fs; rKjhaj;Jld; Nru;e;Jk;

NruhkYk; jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPu; Nghy; tho;e;jhu;fs;. gw;ww;w kdepiyAld;

tho;e;j rpj;ju;fs; jkpo;nkhop czu;Tld; jkJ ghly;fisg; ghbdu;.

jkpo; ehl;Lr; rpj;ju;fs; gjpndz;ku;. rpj;Jf;fspy; ty;ytu;fs; rpj;ju;fs;.

,tu;fs; ml;lkh rpj;jpfspw; ifNju;e;jtu;fs; rpj;ju;fs; rhjp rka Mrhuf;

fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;ltu;fs;. Nahf khu;f;fj;jpy; ty;ytu;fshd rpj;ju;fs;

me;newp epd;W gy rpj;jpfisg; ngw;wdu;. rpj;ju;fs; iff;nfhz;l Nahfkhu;f;fk;

thrpNahfk; vdg;gLk;. thrpnad;gJ Rthrk;> thrpia mlf;fp Mz;ltu;fs; cliy

jplkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; ePz;lehs; tho;tjw;Fk; rpj;ju;fs; itj;jpaj; Jiwapy;

Muha;r;rp nra;J fz;lwpe;j Kiw rpj;j itj;jpak; vdg;gLk;.



rkaFutu; ehy;tUk; mtu;fsJ gzpfSk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;j %u;j;jp ehadhu;

tho;f;if tuyhW

Njthu KjypfSs; Kjd;ikahdtuhf tpsq;FgtH. rPHfhopg; gjpapy;me;jzH Fyj;jpy; fTzpaH Nfhj;jpuj;jpy; rptghjtpUijaUf;Fk; gftjpmk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jtH. %d;whtJ tajpy; cikak;ikahuhy; Qhdg;ghy;Cl;lg;ngw;W Qhdrk;ge;jH MdtH. ,tuJ mOif Ntjnewpapd; gutYf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.irtnewpapid tsHr;rp ngwr; nra;jJ. mbahH kuG ca;tile;jJ.

Nrhots ehl;by; rPHfhopg; gjpapy; me;jzH kugpy; fTzpa Nfhj;jpuj;jpy;rptghjtpUijaUf;Fk; ,irQhdpaUf;Fk; kfthfg; gpwe;jtH. %d;W tajpy;je;ijahH ePuhlr; nry;Yk; NghJ jhDk; cld;nrd;W gbj;Jiwapy; %o;fp epd;W

ePuhba je;ijiaf; fhzhJ “mk;ikNa mg;gh” vd;W mOJmuw;wpaNghJ jhAkhd

jahgud; jd; NjtpAld; vOe;jUsp cz;zhKiyak;ikahy; nghw;fpz;zj;jpy;Qhdg;ghy; cz;Zk; NgWilj;jtH. %d;W tajpy; Njthuj; Njd; je;jtH.

mg;gH ngUkhDld; ,ize;J rkag; gzp Kd;ndLj;jhH.mw;Gjq;fisnra;J ,iwngUik cyfwpar; nra;jhH.

rka r%fg; gzpfs;

jpUf;Nfhyf;fhtpy; <rid iffshy; jhskpl;L ghbaNghJ><rd;Ie;njOj;J nghwpj;j ,U nghw;whsq;fis mUspdhH. jpy;iy Kjypa jpUg;gjpfistopgl;L jpUney;thapy; muj;Jiwia mile;jNghJ ,iwtdhy;> Kj;Jr;rptpif>Fil> rpd;dk; Mfpait fpilf;fg;ngw;whH.

jkpo;ehl;bYs;s jpUg;ghyhr;rpukk; nrd;W mt; ,iwtid topgl;Lnfhy;ypkotd; kfspd; Kayfd; vDk; Nehia Nghf;fpdhH. jpUr;nrq;Fd;W}upy;gdpNehahy; thba kf;fspd; thl;lk; fz;L mt;t+Hg; ngUkhid jpUtbtzq;fpmtHfspd; Jauk; Jilj;jhH. gpd;>ghz;bf;nfhLKb Kjypa gjpfisg; ghb gl;Br;ruk;te;jile;jNghJ rk;ge;jiu KJNtzpy; ntg;gk; jhf;f> Kf;fl;ngUkhd; mtUf;FKj;Jg;ge;jH mspj;jhH. gpd; jpUthtLJiwg; ngUkhidg; ghb jd; je;ijahHNts;tp nra;tjw;fhfg; nghw;fpop ngw;whH. jpUkUfypy; ghk;G jPz;b capupoe;jtzpfdpd; kfspd; Jd;gk; ePq;f ,iwtidg; ghb tzpfid capHg;gpj;jhH.jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gQ;rj;ijg; NghHf;f ,iwtdplk; gbf;fhR ngw;whH. jpUkiwf;fhl;by; kiwf;fjT milf;fg; ghbdhH.

kJiuf;Fr; nry;y rFdq;fs; rupahf ,y;iy vd;W jLj;j NghJ>

NfhSk; ehSk; jPaNtDk; ,iwtdbahHfSf;F mit ey;yNt vd;W “NtAW

Njhspgq;fd;” vdj; njhlq;Fk; NfhsW jpUg;gjpfk; ghbdhH. gpd;dH kJiuak;gjpapy;

Mythaid ,iwQ;rp rkzHfis mdy;thjk;> Gdy;thjq;fspy; ntd;W irtrkaj;ij ep&gpj;jhH. ntg;G Nehahy; Jbj;j $d;ghz;baid jpUePw;Wg; gjpfk;ghb ca;ar;nra;jhH. nfhs;sk;G+J}upy; Xlj;ij fl;ltpo;j;J mbahHfis mjpy;Vw;wpf; nfhz;L jpUg;gjpfk; ghb fiuailar; nra;jhH. Nghjpkq;ifapy; Gj;jHfisthjpy; ntd;whH. jpUNthj;J}upy; Mz; gidfis ngz; gidfshf;fpdhH. fhQ;rpfhshj;jp Mfpa jyq;fisj; juprpj;J kapiy nrd;W mq;F vYk;GUtpy; fple;jG+k;ghitiag; ngz;zhf;fpdhH. ey;Y}Hg; ngUkzf; Nfhapypy; jpUkzf; Nfhyj;NjhLNrhjpAl; fye;jhH.



Njthug; gjpfq;fs;

gd;dpU jpUKiwfSs; Qhdrk;ge;jupd; ghly;fs; Kjy; %d;WjpUKiwfSs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,tH ghbaUspatw;Ws; jw;NghJ fpilf;ff;$bajhfTs;s nkhj;jj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs; 384. mtw;Ws; 4158 ghly;fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd.mtw;Ws; Kjyhk; jpUKiwAs; 136 gjpfq;fSk; 1469 ghly;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.el;lghil> jf;fuhfk;> goe;jf;fuhfk;> jf;Nfrp> FwpQ;rp> tpahof;FwpQ;rp> Nkfuhff;

FwpQ;rp Mfpa 7 gz;fSk; “aho;%up” vDk; xU gjpfKk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

,uz;lhk; jpUKiwAs; 122 gjpfq;fSk; 1331 Njthug; ghly;fSk;,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,it 90 rptj;jyq;fisg; Nghw;wpg; ghLtd. ,e;jsk;> rPfhkuk;>fhe;jhuk;> gpae;ijf;fhe;jhuk;> xl;luhfk;> nrt;top Mfpa MW gz;fs; ,j; jpUKiwapy;gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gy jyq;fspd; ngaHfisAk; ,izj;Jg;ghba N\j;jpuf;Nfhit>,uhkhazf; Fwpg;Gila Gs;spUf;F NtSu; gjpfk;> jpUePw;Wg;gjpfk;> NfhsWjpUg;gjpfk; Kjyhd rpwg;G tha;e;j gjpfq;fis cs;slf;fpa jpUKiw MFk;.

%d;whk; jpUKiwAs; 126 gjpfq;fSk; 1358 Njthug; gDty;fSk;,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fhe;jhu gQ;rkk;> nfhy;yp> nfhy;ypf;nfsthzk;> nfsrpfk;> gQ;rkk;>rhjhup> gok;gQ;Ruk;> GwePHik> me;jhspf; FwpQ;rp Mfpa xd;gJ gz;fspy;njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUthtLJiwapy; rptgpuhdplj;jpypUe;J Mapuk; nghd;thq;fpa

NghJ Qhdrk;ge;jH ghbaUspa “,lupDe; jsupDk;..” vdj; njhlq;Fk; gjpfk;>

gQ;rhf;fuj; jpUg;gjpfk; vd;gtw;iwAk; nfhz;lJ.

Qhdrk;ge;jupd; %d;whk; jpUKiwf;F mzpNrHg;gitahf mikAk;

jpUg;gjpfq;fshf> kJiuapy; kq;ifaw;furpahUf;F ek;gpf;if Cl;bg; ghba “khdpNdH

tpop khjuha;..” vdj; njhlq;Fk; gjpfk;> “fhjyhfpf; frpe;J..” vdj; njhlq;Fk;

ekr;rpthaj; jpUg;gjpfk;> “tho;f me;jzH thdtH..” vDk; jpUg;ghRuk;> jpUtpiltha;

jyj;Jf; fy;ntl;bypUe;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l “kwpahH fuj;J ve;ij..” vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. mt;thNw %d;whk; jpUKiwapy; jpU,Uf;Fws;> jpUtpuhfk;> jpUKf;fhy;>ehybNky;itg;G> $lw;rJf;fk;><ub> jpU,akfk;> khiykhw;W Kjypa Gjpaahg;Gf;fspy; mike;j gjpfq;fisAk; ,j; jpUKiwapy; fhzKbtJ rpwg;ghFk;.

,tuJ gjpfq;fspy; vl;lhk; ghl;by; ,uhtzd; ifiykiy ngaHj;jtuyhWk;> xd;gjhk; ghl;by; gpuk;kh tp\;Z mbKb Njba tuyhWk;> gj;jhk;ghl;by; rkziu thjpy; ntd;w nra;jpiaAk; $Wfpd;whH.

jyahj;jpiu

jyq;fs; NjhWk; ahj ;j piu nrd;W jpUg ;ghly ; ghbdhH.NrhoehL>nfhq;FehL> ghz;behL> eLehL> njhz;ilehL vq;fpYk; nrd;W gukidg;ghbg; gzpnra;jhH. ,tuJ jyg;gazq;fspy; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghzUk; ,ize;Jgps;isj;jkpo; ghb aho; ,irj;J te;jhH.

thjq;fs;

rkziuAk; Gj;jiuAk; vjpHj;J mtHjk; rkaq;fs; ngha;r;rkaq;fs; vd;gijAk;>irtNk Nkyhd rkak; vd;gijAk; ep&gpf;f thjq;fspy; <Lgl;lhH. mdy;thjk;>Gdy;thjq;fspy; <Lgl;lNjhL %thapuk; rkziu fONtw;wr; nra;jhH.



r ptrpd;d ngUik

jpUePW>cUj;jpuhf;fk;> gQ;rhl;ruk; vd;gtw;wpd; ngUikia vLj;Jg; ghbdhH.

“ke;jpukhtJ ePW”

“..ehjd; ehkk; ekr;rpthaNt”

irt ehw;ghjq;fSs; ,iwtid je;ijahfTk; jd;id kfdhfTk; fUjprw;Gj;jpu khHf;fj;jpy; epd;W rhkPg Kf;jp epiyia vLj;JzHj;jpdhH.

r%f Nehf;F

,iwtopghl;lhy; kz;zpy; ey;ytz;zk; thoyhk;fiyjj;Jt tsHr;rp,aw;if moF> ,iw Mw;wiy czur; nra;jy;

Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfs;> flTl; nfhs;if gw;wpf; $wy;

rptgpuhd; mUspdhy; mw;Gjq;fisAk; epfo;j;jpdhH. “rilah

naDkhy;...” vDk; gjpfk; ghb ,we;j tzpfid capHngw;nwor; nra;jhH.

jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gbf;fhRngw;whH. jpUkiwf; fhl;by; Ntjq;fshy; g+rpj;Jmilf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nfhapy; fjitj; jpUehTf;furH jpwg;gpf;f> rk;ge;jH mij kPz;Lk;%lr; nra;jhH. etf;Nfhs;fSk; rptdbahHfSf;F jPq;Ftpistpf;fhJ vd;W ciuj;J

“NtAWNjhsp gq;fd;..” vDk; NfhsW jpUg;gjpfk; ghb ep&gpj;jhH. kJiuapNy

mdy;thjk;> Gdy;thjk; nra;J mkzHfis ntd;W irtj;jpd; ngUikapid

epiyehl;bdhH. “kl;bl;l Gd;idak; fhdy;..” vDk; gjpfk; ghb ,we;J

rhk;gyha;g;Nghd g+k;ghitapd; vYk;ig kPz;Lk; ngz;ZUf; nfhsr; nra;jhH.



jpUehTf;furH

tho;f;if tuyhW

jpUKidg;ghb ehl;bNy jpUth%upy; NtshsH Fyj;jpy; FWf;ifaHFbapy; te;j GfodhH khjpdpahH jk;gjpfspd; kfdhf mtjupj;jhH. ,tuJ,sikg;ngaH kUs;ePf;fpahH. rkz rkaj;jpy; jiyikngw;W jUkNrdH vd;wngaUk; mile;jhH. jpUtjpifapy; #iyNeha; te;J Jbj;J rptgpuhid,uq;fpepd;wNghJ ,iwtdhy; ehTf;furH vdg; ngaHngw;whH. jpUQhdrk;ge;juhy;

“mg;gH” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH.

jk; FLk;gj;jpy; epfo;e;j ,wg;Gf;fshy; epiyahik czHe;J> mwk;gyGupe;J> nka;g;nghUs; ehl;lq; nfhz;L tpsq;fpa kUs;ePf;fpahH> nfhy;yhikkiwe;JiwAk; rkz rkaj;ij rhHe;J jUkNrduhfp tpsq;fpdhH. jkf;ifahHjpyftjpahH ,iwtid ,iwQ;rp Ntz;l mjdhy; #iyNeha;f;F cs;shfpdhH.<w;wpy; jkf;ifahiu mZfp jpUePW ngw;W Neha;ePq;fg; ngw;whH. irtrkj;ijr;rhHe;jhH.

“gy;Yiur; rkz NuhNl

gygy fhy nky;yhk;

nrhy;ypa nryT nra;Njd;..”

vd;W rkzNuhL jhk; jkJ fhyj;ij tPz;nryT nra;jij Nehfpd;whH.

rkzH J}z;Ljyhy;> ePw;wiwapy; ,ly;> eQ;#l;lg;ngwy;> kjahidnfhz;L Vtg;gly;> fy;NyhL fl;b flypy; ,ly; Mfpa nrhy;nyhzhj; Jd;gq;fismDgtpj;J <rd; mUshy; mtw;iw ca;e;J rptk; ngUf;Fk; njhz;bid njhlq;fpdhH.ifapy; cothuKk;>nka;apy; jpUePWk; nfhz;L rptj;njhz;L Gupaj; njhlq;fpdhH.

jpUQhdrk;ge;juhy; “mg;gH” vd mioj;Jg; Nghw;wg;ngw;whH. ,iwtid Ntz;b

mtdJ jpUtb #l;lg;ngw;whH. #y,lgf; Fwpfisj; jupj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.mbahHfSld; jyq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W gjpfj; njhz;L Gupe;jhH. rptngUkhd;ifyhaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fhl;rp fhz tpUk;gp tlehL nrd;W ifiykiy VwKide;j NghJ rptdUshy; jpUk;gyile;J jpUitahw;wpy; ifiyf; fhl;rpiaf;fz;lhH. jpUg;Gf*upy; ,Ue;jNghJ> cothuk; ,l;l ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; nghd;Dk;kzpAk; nghype;J Njhd;wf; fz;L mtw;iw cothuj;jhy; Ve;jpg; nghw;fky thtpAs;Gf tPrpdhH. mfg; gw;Wk;> Gwg;gw;Wk; mw;W tpsq;fpdhH. vz;gj;njhU Mz;Lfs;

tho;e;J rpj;jpiur; rja ed;dhspy; “mz;zyhH Nrtbf;fPo” mkHe;jhH.

,iwtid jd; v[khddhff; nfhz;L jd;id mtd; mbikahff;fUjp tho;e;jhH. jhrkhHf;f newpapy; epd;W rhNyhf Kf;jpepiyia mile;jhH.,tuJ ghly;fspy; foptpuf;fk; kpFe;J tUtJ fhzj;jf;fJ.

njhz;lH FyNk njhOFyk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; jkJ gzpfisKd;ndLj;jhH. MTupj;J jpd;WoYk; GiyauhfpDk; fq;ifiar; rilapw; jupj;Jepw;Fk;rptdbahuhfpw; mtNu ehk; tzq;f Ntz;ba flTs; vd;W rptdbahH Nkd;ikiarpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpdhH. ahkhHf;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk; vd;W jkJnfhs;ifapy; cWjpgl epd;W <ridj; njhOJgutpdhH.



cothuj; njhz;L rpukjhdg; gzpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jhH.

“cothuj; njhz;lH” vdg; Gfog;gLfpwhH.

gf;jpg+Htkhd topghl;il Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whH. “ryk;g+nthL J}gk;..”

vd;Dk; ghly; rupiaiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

mg;gupd; Kaw;rpahYk; mtuJ gf;jp ituhf;fpaj;jhYk; irtrkaj;jpd;Nkd;ikia mwpe;J nfhz;l kNfe;jputHkd; irt rkaj;jtdhf kjk;khwpdhd;.ghlypGj;jpuj;jpypUe;j rkzg; gs;spfis ,bj;jhd;. jpUtjpifapy; mopahj

nghUl;fshy; Md “Fzgu<r;ruj;ij” mikg;gpj;jhd;.

,tuJ mw;Gjq;fshf

ePw;wiwapy; VO ehl;fs; rkzuhy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;L NrjNkw;glhky;capHgpioj;J te;jhH.

rkzHfs; nfhLj;j eQ;R fye;j ghw;Nrhw;iw cz;L capH gpioj;jhH.

rkzH tpLj;j nfhiy ahid mg;giu tyk; te;J tzq;fpaik

fy;NyhL fl;b flypy; Nghlg;gl;l NghjpYk; jhohky; kpje;J capHgpioj;jhH.

rptgpuhdplj;jpy; gbf;fhR ngw;W gQ;rk; jPHj;jik

Ntjhuzpaj;jpy; jpUkiwf;fjT jpwf;fg; ghbaik

mg;g+jpabfspd; kfd; %j;j jpUehTf;fuR ghk;G tple; jPz;b ,we;jNghJ Njthuk;ghb capHg;gpj;jJ.

nghjpr;NrhW ngw;wik

fhrpf;F mg;ghy; cs;s xU jlhfj;jpy; %o;fp jpUitahw;wpy; xU thtpapd; Nky;Njhd;wpf; fiuNawpaik.

mg;gH 49>000 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shH. mit 4> 5>6Mk; jpUKiwahf njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpy jhs mikg;gpidr; NrHe;jjhff;Fwpg;gpLtH. ,t;thW jhs mikg;Gld; ghlg;gl;litia gz;zhq;fg; ghly;fs;vd;W $WtH. mt;thW jhs mikg;Gld; ,y;yhjtw;iw Rj;jhq;fg; ghly;fs; vd;Wk;$WtH. mt;tifapy; jpUj;jhz;lfk;> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUf;FWe;njhif MfpaitRj;jhq;fg; ghly; tif rhHe;jitahFk;. jhz;lfk; ghba fhuzj;jhy; jhz;lfNte;jHvd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whH.

mg;gupd; ghly;fspy; ehd;fhk; jpUKiwapy; mike;j ghly;fs; mtuJ,irj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghly;fshf mikfpd;wd. mtw;wpy;> nfhy;yp> fhe;jhuk;>gpae;ijf; fhe;jhuk;> rhjhup> fhe;jhu gQ;rkk;> goe;jf;fuhfk;> gok;gQ;Ruk;> ,e;jsk;>rPfhkuk;> FwpQ;rp Mfpa gj;J gz;fisf; fhzyhk;.



Re;juHtuyhW

jpUf;ifyhaj;jpy; MyhyRe;juH vd;gtH rptngUkhDf;F mZf;fj;njhz;luhf ,Ue;jhH. cikak;ikf;F njhz;L GupAk; fkypdp> mdpe;jpij vDk;

,U ngz;fspd; kPJk; MyhyRe;juUf;F fhjy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,iwtDk;> “njd;dhl;by;gpwe;J mt; ,UtNuhLk; ,d;gk; EfUthahf. cupa fhyj;jpy; ck;ik

jLj;jhl;nfhs;Nthk;” vd;W Mizapl;lhH. me;jtifapy; jkpo;ehl;by; jpUKidg;ghbehl;by; jpUehtY}upy; gpwe;jhH. fkypdp guitahuhf jpUth&upYk;>mdpe;jpijahHrq;fpyp ehr;rpahuhf jpUnthw;wpa+upYk; gpwe;jdH.

Re;juH ek;gpah&uH vDk; ,aw;ngaUld; eurpq;fKidahH vDk;murdhy; tsHf;fg;gl;lhH.Gj;J}upy; tho;e;j rlq;ftp rpthr;rhupahupd; kfisj; jpUkzk;nra;tjw;F Vw;ghlhfp ,Ue;j NghJ> rptgpuhd; fpog;gpuhkzuhf te;J jpUkzj;ijj;jLj;J Re;juiu Ml;nfhz;lhH.

rka r%fg; gpd;dzpNjthug; gjpfk; ghbaik

,iwtid gpj;jh vd;W tir ghbajhy; “gpj;jh” vd;Nw ghLk;gb gzpf;fg;gl;lhH.

“gpj;jh gpiw#b..” vdg; ghbdhH.,tuJ gjpfq;fs; VohtJ jpUKiwapy; mlq;Ffpd;wd. 100 gjpfq;fSk;

1026 mUl;ghly;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 17 gz;fspy; ghbAs;shH. jpUj;njhz;lh;njhif vDk; mbahH tuyhW $Wk; E}y; Fwpj;jw;FupaJ. ,tuJ ghly;fs;,yf;fpa vopy;> fw;gid tsk;> gf;jpf; fdpT kpf;fit. ,iwtd; xUtNd Nghw;wpg;Gfoj; jf;ftd; vd;gij>

“jk;ikNa Gfo;e;J ,r;ir NgrpDk;rhHtpDk; njhz;lH jUfpyhg;

ngha;ik ahsiug; ghlhNj ve;ij”

mw;Gjq;fs;jpUtjpifapy; ,iwtDila jpUtbjPl;ir ngw;whH. jpUth&upy; ,iwtidNjhodhfNt ngw;whH. jpUth&upy; guitahiuAk;> jpUnthw;wpa+upy; rq;fpypahiuAk;kzf;f ,iwtidNa Jizf; nfhz;lhH. ,iwtidNa tPLfs; NjhWk; nrd;Wgpr;ir Vw;W czT gilf;f itj;jik> guitapd; Cly; jPHf;fj; J}J nry;yr;nrd;wik. Kjiy tha;g; ghyfid gjpfk; ghb kPl;lik>

r%f rkur kdg;ghq;F

“jpy;iy tho; me;jzHjk; mbahHf;F kbNad;” vdj; njhlq;fp ntt;NtW rhjp>Fyj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfshfpa rptdbahHfs; midtHf;Fk; jhd; mbatd; vd;Wjd;id vspikg;gLj;jpf; $wpa jd;ik.

rfkhHf;f newpjk;gpuhd; Njhodhf ,iwtidNa Njhod; vd;fpd;w ngUk; NgW ngw;wtH. rfkhHf;f newpapy; epd;W tho;e;J fhl;batH.

Ntjhfkf; fUj;J

“ehd;kiw mq;fk; Xjpa ehtd; ”

“ew;wth cid ehd; kwf;fpDk;

nrhy;Yk; eh ekr;rp thaNt ”

“tOf;fp tPopDk; jpUg;ngaH my;yhy;

kw;W ehd; mwpNad; kW khw;wk; ”

“md;dk; itFk; taw; godj;J mzp

M&uhid kwf;fYk; MNk ”

Mbr;Rthjp ehspy; ,iwNrhjpapy; fye;jhH.



kzpthrfH

tho;f;if tuyhW

kzpthrfH njd;dpe;jpahtpd; ghz;b ehl;bNy kJiuapd; tlfpof;Nfgd;dpuz;L iky; njhiytpy;> itifejpf; fiuapykHe;j jpUthjt+upNy> mkhj;jpaHkugpNy> rk;GghjrupjUf;Fk; - rptQhdtjpf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jtH. ,tuJ ,aw;ngaHthjt+uH vd;gH. mupNfrup my;yJ mupku;j;jdd; vd;Dk; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; fhyj;jtHvd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbtjdhy;> nghJtpy; ,tH fp.gp 09k; E}w;whz;ilr;NrHe;jtH vd KbTnra;fpd;wdH.

mupkHj;jd ghz;ba kd;ddpd; murit mikr;ruhfg; gzpGupe;jtH.njd;dtd; gpukuhad; vd;w gl;lg;ngaiuAk; ngw;wtH. caHe;j gjtp> nry;tk;midj;Jk; ,Ue;Jk; ,it tho;tpd; ,Wjp Nehf;fky;y vd;gij czHe;J irtrpj;jhe;jj;ij Muha;e;J rpt topghl;il gpd;gw;wpatH. kd;ddpd; Mizg;gb Fjpiuthq;fr; nrd;w thjt+uH jpUg;ngUe;JiwapNy FUe;ij ku epoypy; FUtbtj;ijfz;L jd; flik kwe;J rptg;gzpapy; <Lgl;lhH. Fjpiu te;JNruhjjhy; murd;Xiy mDg;g jhd; te;j flikia kwe;J tpl;lij czHe;j kzpthrfUf;FMtzp %yehspy; Fjpiu tUk; vd;W ,iwtNd mUs;$w kd;dDf;Fk; njuptpj;jhH.cupa ehspYk; Fjpiu tuhikahy; Mj;jpukile;j kd;dd; kd;dd; kzpthrfiufLk; jz;lidf;Fs;shf;fpaNjhL muRg; gzj;ij nfhs;isabj;j Fw;wKk;RkHj;jg;gl;lJ. mt;Ntis ,iwtd; fhl;bYs;s eupfis gupfshf;fp gupNkyofuhfghz;behL nrd;whH. murd; Mr;rupag;gl;Lf; nfhs;s md;wpuNt gupfs; kPz;Lk;eupfshf khwp njhOtj;jpypUe;j Fjpiufis fbj;Jf; Fjwp Cisapl;L Xlj;njhlq;fpd. kPz;Lk; Mj;jpukile;j kd;dd; kzpthrfiu itifahw;W RLkzypy;epWj;jp new;wpapy; fy; Vw;wpdhd;. kdk; tUe;jpa kzpthrfiu fhg;ghw;w ,iwtd;itif Mw;iw ngUf;nfLf;fr; nra;jhH. jhNd $ypahshfp gpl;Lf;F kz;Rke;jhH.kd;ddplk; gpuk;gbAk; gl;lhH. me;j mb kd;dd; cl;gl rfyUf;Fk; tpOe;jJ.murDk; jd; jtiw czHe;J thjT+uuplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;L kPz;Lk; mikr;rHgjtpia Vw;ff; $w kzpthrfUk; mij kWj;Jtpl;lhH. rpjk;guk; Myaj;jpw;nrd;W jpUthrfk; ghlj; njhlq;fpdhH. mq;F NtjpaH Nghy ,Ue;j rptgpuhd; ,tH

ghbaij Vl;by; vOjpaNjhL “thjt+ud; ciuf;f mofpa rpw;wk;gyKilahd;

vOjpaJ” vd;W xg;gKk; ,l;lhH. ghit ghba thapdhy; NfhitAk; ghlf;Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhH.

rka r%fg; gzp

- murit mikr;rdhfg; gzpGupe;j NghjpYk; irtj;jpd; ghy; ngUk; gf;jpnfhz;L jpUg;ngUe;Jiw rpthyaj;jpy; irtj; njhz;L Guptjpy; nghUs;fs;vy;yhk; toq;fpaik.

- mikr;Rg; gjtpiaAk; Jwe;J rkag; gzpfspy; <Lgl;lik.mw;Gjq;fs; Gupe;jik

- Cikg; ngz;izg; Ngr itj;jik- ,iwtidNa Fjpiu tpahghupahf tur;nra;jik- ,iwtidNa gpl;Lf;F kz;Rkf;Fk; $ypahshf tur;nra;jik- ,iwtidNa gpuk;gb thq;fr; nra;jik- ,iwtidNa jd; ghl;bid Vl;by; vOjr; nra;jik -

jpUthrfk;>jpUf;NfhitahH ghbaik



jj;Jt tsHr;rpapy; gq;fspg;G

jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhH xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhH vDk; tifapy;caHe;j jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpa ghly;fs;. irt rpj;jhe;j Cw;Wf;fsha;tpsq;Ftd. Kg;nghUs; cz;ik> jj;Jt tpsf;fk; vd;gtw;iw vLj;jpak;Ggit.Md;k tprhuk;> Md;k tpLjiy gw;wpg; NgRgit.

,iwtdpd; ,ay;Gfs;

“ nka;ah tpkyh..”

“ Ntjq;fs; Iah vd Xq;fp Mo;e;J mfd;w Ez;zpaNd..”

“ Mf;Ftha; fhg;gha; mopg;gha; mfpynkyhk;..”

“ Nghf;Fk; tuTk; GzHTk; ,y;yhg; Gz;zpaNd..”

“ fhz;gupa NgnuhspNa..”

“ ghrkhk; gw;wWj;Jg; ghupf;Fk; MupaNd..”

“ fwe;jghy; fd;dnyhL nea;fye;jhw; Nghy rpwe;jbahH rpe;jidAs; NjD}wp

epd;W..”

mbahHf;F mUs; nra;Ak; jpwk;

kzpthrfUf;fhf FjpiutPudhf te;jik> gpl;Lf;F kz;Rke;jik> gpuk;gbgl;lik> Vl;by; vOjpitj;jik..

irt rpj;jhe;j fUj;Jf;fs;

“ MjpaNd me;jk; eLthfp my;yhNd..”

“ Kf;jpnewp awpahj %Hf;fnuhL Kay;Ntid..”

“ Gy;yhfpg; g+lhfpg; GOthfp” vy;yhg; gpwg;Gk; gpwe;jpioj;Njd; vd;ngUkhd;..”

“ mtdUshNy mtd;jhs; tzq;fp..”

Kk;kyq;fs;> fd;kk;> kWgpwg;G> Kf;jp> Qhdk; gw;wpa Nghjidfs;

khzpf;fthrfupd; r%f Nehf;fpid tpsf;Fjy;

jiyikj;Jtk;> nja;t ek;gpf;if

mj;jid Jd;gq;fs; te;Jw;w NghjpYk; rptrpe;jid jtpu Ntnwhd;Wk; vz;zhjik.

Qhdnewpapy; epd;wkzpthrfH Mdpkhj kf el;rj;jpuj;jpNy rptrhAr;rpa Kf;jpmile;jhH.



Mo;thh;fSk; mth;fsJ gzpfSk;

jpUkhypd; kq;fs fy;ahz Fzq;fspy; jk;ik Mo;j;jpath;fNs Mo;thh;fshth;.

Mo;thh;fs; gd;dpUth;. ,th;fs; rq;fkUtpa fhy ,Wjp fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wth;fshth;. ,th;fspy; ngha;ifaho;thh; G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh; MfpNahh;

Kjyho;thh;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fNs rq;fkUtpa fhy ,Wjp gFjpapy;

tho;e;jth;fshtu; Vida xd;gJ Mo;thh;fSk; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; itzt gf;jp

newpapid tsh;j;jth;fshth;.

gd;dpU Mo;thh;fSk; mth;fs; ghba gpuge;jq;fSk; tUkhW

Mo;thh;fs; ghba E}y;fs;

ngha;ifaho;thh; Kjy; jpUte;jhjp

G+jj;jho;thu; ,uz;lhe; jpUte;jhjp

Ngaho;thh; %d;whe; jpUte;jhjp

jpUg;ghzzho;thh; mkydhjpgpuhd;

jpUkpiraho;thh; jpUr;re;jtpUj;jk;> ehd;Kfd;>

jpUte;jhjp

ek;kho;thh; jpUthrpupak;> jpUtpUj;jk;> ngupa

jpUte;jhjp> jpUtha;nkhop

kJuftpaho;thh; fz;zpEz; rpWjhk;G

ngupaho;thh; ngupaho;thh; jpUnkhop> jpUg;gy;yhz;L

Mz;lhs; ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop> jpUg;ghit

jpUkq;if Mo;thh; ngupa jpUkly;> rpwpa jpUkly;>

jpUf;FWe; jhz;lfk;> jpUneLe;

jhz;ltk;> jpUntO $w;wwpf;if> ngupa

jpUnkhop

njhz;lub nghbaho;thh; jpUg;gs;sp naOr;rp> jpUkly;

FyNrfug; Mo;thh; ngUkhs; jpUnkhop

tp\;Z kPJ Mo;thh;fs; ghba ghRuq;fs; ehyhapuk; Mlq;fpAs;sjhy; me;J}y;

ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}iy Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j

=kj; ehj Kdpth; njhFj;jhh;. ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jj; njhFg;G muR MjuTld;

eilngwtpy;iy. Mq;fhq;Nf Vl;Lr; Rtbfspy; ,Ue;jtw;iwAk; tha;nkhop topahf

toq;fp te;jtw;iwAk; =kj; ehjKdpth; njhFj;jhh;.

,irapy; ty;ytuhfpa ,th; Mo;thh;fspd; ghRuq;fis Kjyhapuk;> ngupa jpUnkhop>

,aw;gh> jpUtha; nkhop vd ehd;F gFjpfshf tFj;jNjhL mtw;wpw;F ,irAk;

mikj;jhh;. miuah; NritiaAk; ,tNu Muk;gpj;J itj;jhh;.miuau; Nrit

vd;gJ ghRuq;fis mbahh;fs; ,irNahL ghbAk; MbAk; ,iwtid kfpo;tpg;gjhd

gf;jpr; NritahFk;. ,d;Wk; jpUtuq;fk; Kjypa tp\;Z Nfhapy;fspy; miuau;

Nrit eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

irtk;> itztk; eypTw;W rkzk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;j fhyg;gFjpapNy kf;fis

kPz;Lk; jkJ rkaj;ij jOtr; nra;tjw;fhf jkJ rkaj;jpd; rpwg;gpidAk;

cd;dj jd;ikapidAk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtq;fisAk; kpf vdpikahd nkhop

eilapy tpsf;fp ghlg;gl;l E}y; ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jkhFk;. ,iwtid ehk;



nkd;gf;jp %yk; milayhk; vd typAWj;jp ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtid cwthf

nfhz;L topgLk; Kiwapid Mo;thh;fspd; tho;tpYk; ghly;fspYk; fhzf;$bajhf

cs;sJ.

ek;kho;thh;

jpUkhiyg; Nghw;Wfpd;w ek;kho;thh; mtjupj;j jpUehL kJiuiaj; jiyefuhff;

nfhz;l ghz;b ehL MFk;. ghz;b ehl;by; jpUf;FufhT+upy; itfhrpj; jpq;fspy;

fhupahh; cila eq;fiahUf;F jpUf;FWq;Fb ngUkhd; mUshy; kfthf mtjhuk;

nra;jtNu =rlNfhgh;. ,tUf;F khwd;> jpUf;$h;ek;gp> mUs;khwd; njd;duq;fd;>

jpUehtPWila gpuhd; Kjypa jpUehkq;fs; toq;fyhapw;W.

gps;isg; gUtj;jpNY ghy cz;zhkYk;> mokhYk; fz; jpwthkYk; ,Ue;jJ xh;

mw;Gjr; nrayhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ngw;NwhUf;F Jd;gk; je;jJ kpfTk; tUj;jKw;w

epiyapy; Foe;ijia vLj;Jr; nrd;W khwd; vDk; jpUehkj;ij #l;b mUs;GupAkhW

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mjid czu;e;j ek;kho;thh; mq;Fs;s Gspa kuj;jbapy; 16 Mz;Lfs; epl;il

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,Ue;jhh;. ek;kho;thh; ghba ghly;fs; gpd;tUk; cl;nghUis nghz;ljhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

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100 ghly;fis nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; cyff; flbypUe;J tpLgly; njhlh;ghd fUj;Jf;fs;.

jpUthrpupak;

,J 7 Mrpupa ghf;fshy; MdJ. ,iwtd; mUl; Fzq;fisg; gukhde;jk;nghypa

mwptpj;J ghbAs;shh;. ,jpy; ruzhftp Kiw tw;GWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ngupa jpUte;jhjp

87 gjpfq;fis nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; gukhde;jj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; Miug; ngUf;fj;moF>

ijg; ghbAs;shh;.

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>

27 gjpfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; ,iwtd; jdf;F mUs; nra;jikia gw;wp

ghbAs;shh;.

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35 jpUj;jyq;fisg; ghb ,iwaUisg; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,tUila ghly;fspy; gpuk;k

#j;jpu fUj;JfSk; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wd.



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ghRuq;fspy; tPLNgw;wpid gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;

tPLkpd; Kw;wTk; tPL nra;J ck;Kapu;

tPLil ahdpil tPL nra;kpNd

ngupaho;thu;

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KFe;ju; gJik vd;gtu;fSf;F ngUkhdpd; mUshy; fUlho;thupy; mk;rkha;

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ngupahh; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

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vd;gdthFk;. ghz;ba kd;dd;> ngupaho;thh; Gytu;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiytuhf tpsq;fpa

fhuzj;jhy; mtiu efu;tyk; mioj;J te;jhd;. mt;thW mioj;J tUfpd;w

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gae;J ahid kPjpUe;j kzpfis vLj;J> jhskhff;nfhz;L gy;yhz;L

; gy;yhz;L vd;W kq;fshrdk; ghbdhh;.

gy;yhz;L gy;yhz;L gy;yhapuj; jhz;L



gyNfhb E}whapuk;

ky;yhz;l jpz;Njhd; kzptz;zh cd;

Nrtb nrt;tp jpUf;fhg;G

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ngUe;jif

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ifailf; fhAk; fOj;Jf;Fg; G+nzhL fhJf;Ff; Fz;lyKk;

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moF mtidj; njhl;bypl;L jhyhl;Ljy;> mk;Gypia mioj;jy; Nghd;witfs;

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cs;sd.gjpfk; vd;gJ itzt kuGg;gb jpUnkhop vdg;gLk;.

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nra;J ghbAs;shh;. gpd;tUk; ghlypy; jhAs;s mDgtj;ij ghLfpwhh;.

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tz;zpg; gy nra;jpg; ghb vq;Fj; jpupahNk

fz;Zf; fpdhaidf; fhd jupilf; fz;wpd; gpd;

vz;zpw; (F) mupahidg; Nghf;fpNdd; vy;Ny ghtNk

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tp\;Zitr; rpj;jj;jhy; cilatuhf tho;f;ifia njhlq;fpa ,th; 85 Mz;Lfs;

tho;e;J tp\;Z uj;jj;jhy; ciwgtuhf Kjpu;r;rp ngw;whu;.

Mz;lhs;

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rJu;;j;jpapNy mtjupj;J> mtuhy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L tsu;f;fg;gl;ltu; = Mz;lhs;;.

,tuig; G+khNjtpapd; mk;rkha;mtjupj;jth; vd;W thdtu;fs; nfhs;tu;. ,f;

Foe;ijf;F Nfhij vDk; ngau; #l;b tsu;j;J te;jhh;. ,th; fw;gdh rf;jpiaAk;

ftpij ,aw;Wk; rf;jpiaAk; ,ay;ghfNt ngw;wpUe;jhh;.

Foe;ijg; gUtk; njhl;L fz;zgpuhNd jk; kzthsd; vd;W cs;sj;jhy; cWjp

G+z;L ve;NeuKk; mtidNa epide;J Jjpj;J cUfp te;j = Mz;lhs; jk;

je;ijahu; mg;ngUkhDf;Fr; #l;Ltjw;nfdf; fl;b itf;Fk; khiyia mtu; mwpahJ

jhk; mzpe;J moF ghu;g;ghu;. xU ehs; ngupaho;thh; ngUkhDf;Fr; #l;l Ntz;ba

khiyapid Mz;lhs; #bapUg;gijf; fz;L mtiuf; fbe;jhh;. ,iwtdpd; khy

toq;Fj; jpUj; njhz;Lf;F Kl;Lg;ghL Neu;e;jijapl;L kdk; tUe;jpdhh;. md;wpuT

,iwtd; Mo;thupd; fdtpNy Njhd;wp Mz;lhs; #bf; nfhLj;j khiyNa vdf;F

kpfTk; cfe;jJ. Mjyhy; mts; #ba khiyiaNa vkf;Fr; rhj;J vd;W ciuj;jUs

Mz;lhspd; gf;jpia tpae;J Mo;thu; mt;thNw nra;J te;jhh;. md;W njhlf;fk;

Mz;lhSf;Fr; #b nfhLj;j ehr;rpahu; vd;W jpUehkk; mikayhapw;W.

,th; tp\;Zit epidj;J kdKUfp ghba ghly;fs; jpUg;ghit kw;Wk; ehr;rpahh;

jpUnkhop vd;gdthFk;. ,tuJ ghly;fspy; tp\;Z jhk; nfhz;l fhjy; ,ay;Ng



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gy gFjpifisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g; gpuge;jk; mQ;Qhdj;jhy; Mo;e;J fplf;Fk;

Md;khf;fSf;F Qhdk; Cl;b ,iwtDld; fye;J Ngupd;gk; mDgtpf;f nra;tij

tpsf;FtJ. mj;Jld; mu;j;j gQ;rkhd <Rtu nrh&gj;ijAk; (1-5) Md;k

nrhUgj;ijAk; (6-15) gftjp nrh&gj;ijAk; (16-20) Md;khf;fisAk; ifaw;W

ePf;Fk; epiyAk; cghakhfpa gpugf;jpAk; (21-25) tPLNgW milAk; epiyAk;(26-30)

czh;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Mz;lhspd; jpUg;ghitahdJ khzpf;fthrf Rthkpfspd; jpUntk;ghitNahL

xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;LNk ghit Nehd;ig mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lit. fd;dpg;

ngz;fspd; Nehd;ghFk;. khjq;fspw; rpwe;j khu;fop (khjq;fspy; ehd; khu;fopahNtd;

- gftj;fPij) khjj;jpw; ghit Nehd;G ,lk;ngWk;.

Mz;lhspd; jpUg;ghit> fd;dpg;ngz;fs;> jpUkhypd; re;epjpia mile;J mtidj;

JapnyOg;gpj; jkJ Ntz;LNfhs;fis Kd;itg;gjhf mike;jpUg;gNjhL> ghit

Nehd;ig mEl;bf;Fk; tifAk; rpwg;ghfj; jpUg;ghitapy; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. mjNdhL

cyFf;nfy;yhk; jiytid vOe;J te;J fhupak; MuhAk;gb Ntz;LjYk;> khu;fop

khjj;J mjpfhiyg; nghOjpd; tUzidfSk; moFk; gf;jpf; fdpTk; kpf;fd.

khupkiy KioQ;rpy; kd;dpf; fple;Jwq;Fk;

rPupa rpq;fk; mwpTw;Wj; jPtpopj;J

Ntup kaph; nghq;f vg;ghl;Lk; Ngu;j;Jjwp

%up epkpu;e;J KOq;fpg; Gwg;gl;Lg;

NghjUkhg; NghNyeP G+itg;G+td; tz;zhcd;

Nfhapy; epd;W ,q;qNd Nghe;jUspf; Nfhg;Gila

rPupa rpq;fhrdj;jpUe;J ahk; te;j

fhupa khuha;j; jUsNyh nuk;ghtha;.

Mz;lhspd; ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop 143 ghRuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Mz;lhs; tp\;Zitj;

jd;Dila fhjydhff; nfhz;L kJu ghtidapy ghLk; Kiwapy ,e;E}y;

mike;Js;sJ. ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopapy; thuzkhapDk; vDk; gFjp kpfTk;

rpwg;GilaJ. ,g;gFjpapy; cs;slq;Fk; ghly;fs; Mz;lhs; jdJ fdtpy; jpUkhiy

kzk; nra;Ak; Kiwapid jdJ Njhopfsplk; $WtJ Nghd;W ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehd; gpwe;jjd; Fwpf;Nfhs; jpUkhiy jpUkzk; Kbg;gNj vd jdJ Njhopfsplk;

$Wfpwhh;. gpd;tUk; ghly; mjid typAWj;JfpwJ.

thuzkhapuk; #o tyk; nra;J

ehuz ek;gp fplf;fpd;whd; vd;W vjph;

G+uz nghw;Flk; itj;J Gwnkq;Fk;

Njhuzk; ehl;l fdh fz;Nld; Njhop ! ehd;

vd jdJ ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopahy; thuzkhapuk; vDk; gFjpapy; ghly;fis

tpz;zg;gpj;jhu;.



3.2 mDG+jp Xu; mwpKfk;

mDG+jp vd;gJ ,iwtidf; fz;l mDgtj;jpy; G+upg;gJ MFk;. mjhtJ kdpj

epiykhw;wj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l gy;NtW mDgtq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> Kiwahd

gapw;rpfs;> Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa xU nrad;Kiwahy; cz;lhFk; kdpj

epiykhw;wkhFk;. ,jid ,d;DnkhU tifapy; $Wtjhdhy; kdpj kdj;jpd;

epiyfs; kw;Wk; mrhjhuz mDgtq;fSld; ,ize;j xU Md;kPf epiy

vdf;$wyhk;.

mDG+jp gw;wp Evelyn Underhill (<t;ypd; md;lfpy;) vd;gtu; Md;kPf tho;f;if gw;wpa

fiy ,y;yJ mwptpay;jhd; mDG+jp vdf;$Wfpd;whu;. ,jid NkYk; mtu;

tpgupf;ifapy; KOikahd xU gutr epiy Nehf;fpa Mj;khtpd; cs;shu;e;j

Nghf;fpd; xU ntspg;ghL mDG+jp vd;fpd;whu;. Mccl lenon (nkf; nydd;) mDG+jp

gw;wp tpsf;Fk; NghJ mDG+jpia (Ultimate Truth) ,Wjp cz;ik vdf; $Wfpd;whu;.

mjhtJ ,Wjp cz;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd;w tpNrl kdk;

rhu; epiyfs; jhd; mDG+jp vd;fpd;whu;. Blake more (tpsf;Nkhu;) Jennett

(n[dl;) Nghd;Nwhu; mDG+jp gw;wpf; $Wifapy; ,iwtDld; Neubj; njhlu;G

nfhs;fpd;w Xu; mDgtk; vdf;$Wfpd;wdu;.

mDG+jp gw;wp mfuhjpfSk; gy;NtW tpahf;fpahdq;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,t;tifapy;

Merriam webster vd;Dk; mfuhjp Md;kPf cz;ik gw;wpa mwpit topghl;bd; Clhf

my;yJ Mo;e;j rpe;jidapd; ClhfNt mila KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifahy; vOe;j

xU rka nraw;ghL mDG+jp vdf;$Wfpd;wJ. mDG+jpia ,iw mDgtQhdk; vd

nre;jkpo; mfuhjp $Wfpd;wJ. jhNd czu;e;J ngw;wpLk; mwpT (Experiential wisdom)

mDG+jp vd eu;kjhtpd; jkpo; mfuhjp jUk; tpsf;fkhFk;. mwpT> GydDgtq;fis

(Sense Experience) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L czu;e;J ngWk; mwpT mDg+jp vd

f;upahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp $Wfpd;wJ. kJiuj; jkpog; Ngufuhjp mDG+jpia

rpe;jid> gpukhzq;fis nfhz;lwpe;j mwpT (rhjd rJl;lak;) vdf;$Wfpd;wJ.

Mf> mDG+jp vd;gJ Md;kh ,iwtDld; If;fpag;gl;L> mDgtpj;J ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

mDgt mwpT vd xUthW tiuaWj;Jf; $wyhk;.



mDG+jp ngWtjw;fhd jhfk;:

khzpf;fthrfH mDG+jp epiy ngw;w xU Qhdp. mtUila mDgtq;fis jpUthrfj;jpy;

njspthfr; Rl;bAs;shH. mjd; %yk; xU Md;kh ngwf;$ba mDG+jpf;fhd mDgtj;ij

ntspg;gLj;jpdhH. mDG+jp epiyia ngWtjw;F Kd; mtH kdk; mjw;F Vq;Ffpd;w

jd;ikapid Kjypy; Fwpg;gpLtJ jFk;.

“ fhZk; MW fhNzd; cd;id

me;ehs; fz;NlDk;

ghNz Ngrp vd; jd;idg;

gLj;jnjd;d guQ;Nrhjp

MNz ngz;Nz Mu; mKNj

mj;jh nrj;Nj NghapNdd;

Vz; ehz; ,y;yh ehapNdd;

vd;nfhz;L vONfd; vk;khNd” (jpUr;rjfk; Mde;j gutrk;:88)

mjhtJ> guQ;NrhjpNa> MNz> ngz;Nz> Mu; mKNj> kj;jh> vk;khNd> cd;id

milAk; khu;f;fj;ij ehd; fz;bNyd;. md;W cd;idf; fz;l gpd; ehd; tPz;

Ngr;Rg;Ngrp xU eyidAk; mile;jpNyd;. nrj;Jg;Nghd epiyapy; ,g;nghOJ ,Uf;fpNwd;.

vdJ fPo;ikiaf; Fwpj;J ehd; ntl;fg;gltpy;iy. Nky;epiy miltjw;fhd Mw;wy;

vd;dplj;jpy; ,y;iy ehd; vg;gb ca;Ntd; vdf;Nfl;fpd;whu;. jhd; mDG+jpiag; ngWk;

tiu Xakhl;Nld; vDk; njhdp ,jd; %yk; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.

mDG+jpf;fhd jil:

mDG+jp epiyiag; ngwj;Jbf;Fk; kzpthrfH mij jhd; ngWtjw;F jilahf

,Ue;j fhuzpfisAk; $Wfpd;whH. rpthde;jg; Ngwhfpa mDG+jpiag; ngWtjw;F

rhjfd; xUtDf;F gy jilfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. khzpf;fthrfu; mDG+jpia Nehf;fpa

gazj;jpw;Fk; ,j;jifanjhU epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sij mtuJ ghly;fs; thapyhf

mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Md;kh nka;Azu;itg; ngWtjw;F kyq;fs; ngUe;jilahf cs;sd

vd;gJ rpj;jhe;jk;. ,j;jija kyq;fisg; Nghf;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk nka;Azu;thfpa

mDG+jp epiyia va;j KbAk; vd;gJ mDG+jp epiyia va;jpa khzpf;fthrfuJ

jpUthrfg;ghly;fs; thapyhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

“ ghrkhk; gw;wWj;J ghupf;Fk; MupaNd

Ner mUs;Gupe;J neQ;rpy; tQ;rq; nflg;”



vd tUk; rptGuhz mbfs; ghrkhfpa gw;Wf;fs; ePq;fpdhy; neQ;rpy; cs;sKj;jpf;Fj;jilahd tQ;rk; nfLk; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mj;Jld;mr;Nrhg;gjpfj;jpy; ‘ rpj;j kyk; mWtpj;J’ vdg;ghLfpd;wikAk; <z;L Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.,j;jifa kyq;fSld; $ba epiyia fpo; epiy> Nftyepiy> Jd;gepiy vd;nwy;yhk;khzpf;fthrfu; ghLfpd;whu;. ,jid gpugQ;r gw;Wjy; vdTk; miof;fyhk;.

,j;jifa gpugQ;rg; gw;WjYf;F fhkk; vd;Dk; Neha; mbg;gilahf miktJkhzpf;fthrfupd; ghly;fspy; njspthfpd;wJ.

“ nropfpd;w jPg;GF tpl;bypd;

rpd;nkhop ahupy;gd;dhs;

tOfpd;w vd;id tpLjpfz;……” (ePj;jy; tpz;zg;.109)

,j;jifa gpugQ;r gw;Wjypy; ,Ue;J tpLgLtjw;Fupa cghaj;jpidAk; jpUthrfk;jUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Mo;e;j gpuhu;j;jid> $u;ikahd mwpT> Ez;Zzu;T KjypadgpugQ;r ghrj;jpdpd;W tpLgLtjw;F cw;wNjhu; cghakhFk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ik;nghwpfshy; fl;Lz;l epiyapy; mDG+jpiag; ngwtpayhJ. Ik;nghwpfSf;F trg;gl;lxUtd; ,iw If;fpaj;jpypUe;J mg;ghw; nry;fpd;whd;. ,jid

“ khWgl;L mQ;nrd;id tQ;rpg;g”

vDk; ghly; tupfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

mDG+jp ngw;w czHT:

,t;thwhd jilfisAk; jhz;b mDG+jp epiyiag; ngWk; mbfs; mDG+jpapdhy;ngw;w czHTfis $Wk; NghJ>

“ <rNd vd; vk;khNd

ve;ij ngUkhd; vd;gpwtp

ehrNd ehd; ahJk; xd;W

my;yhg; nghy;yh eha; Md

ePrNdid Mz;lha;f;F……..”(jpUr;rjfk; mDNghfRj;jp 51)

cly; czu;tpdhy; CwpapUg;gtd; ePrd;. khzpf;fthrfu; jd;id ePrd; vdf;$Wfpd;whu;.,e;epiyapy; ,Ue;J jd;id guNghjk; milag;ngw;wtd; Mf;fpdha;. guNghjkhfpamDG+jp epiyapy; ehd; gpwg;G ,wg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J ePq;fg;ngw;Ws;Nsd; vd;gij

czuKbfpd;wJ vdg;ghLfpd;whu;.



khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUr;rjfj;jpy; mDNghf Rj;jp vd;Dk; gjpfj;jpy; mDG+jp gw;wpafUj;jhoq;fisf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. mDgtRj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhtJ Mj;k Rj;jpahFk;.mDgtRj;jp mDNghf Rj;jpahf epiykhw;wk; milfpd;wJ. njspe;j kdepiyf;FxUtiu ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ. njspthd kdk; mwpthf gupzkpf;fpd;wJ. mwpNthLGwg;nghUs;fis Efu;tJ mDgt Rj;jp gpd;du; mitahtw;iwAk; rpt&gkhff; fz;LMde;jk; miltJ mDNghf Rj;jpahFk;. ,JNt mDG+jp epiy vd;gJ JzpG.

mDG+jpapy; jhd; gpwg;G>,wg;G mw;w Mj;k nrh&gk; vd;gjij mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;vdTk; ,iwtd; je;jUspa rptQhdj;ij thf;fhy; tpsf;f KbahJ vdTk; $WtijmtuJ ghly; tupfshy; mwpaKbAk;.

“ Nfl;L Muk; mwpahjd; NfL xd;W ,y;yhd; fpis ,yhd; NfshNj vy;yhk; Nfl;lhd; ehl;lhu;fs; tpopj;jpUg;g Qhyj;Js;Ns ehapDf;Fj; jtpR ,l;L ehapNdw;Nf fhl;lhjhd; vy;yhk; fhl;bg; gpd;Dk; Nfshjd vy;yhk; Nfl;gpj;J vd;id kPl;NlAk; gpwthky; fhj;J Ml;nfhz;lhd; vk;ngUkhd; nra;jpl;l tpr;ir jhNd”(jpUr;rjfk;.Rl;lWj;jy; 28)

mDG+jp mile;j Md;kh ,iw gw;wp:

mDG+jp epiy mile;j Md;kh ,iwtid Nehf;Fk; tpjk; nka;Q;Qhd czHTldhFk;.mt;TzHTld; jhd; vt;thW ,iwtid czHe;Njd; vd;gjid khzpf;fthrfHvLj;Jiuf;Fk; NghJ> gpufpUjpapd; gpwg;gplq;fspy; vy;yhk; jiyik jhq;Ffpd;wtd;>cyfg;nghUl;fs; vy;yhk; ,tdplNk xLq;Ffpd;wd> ,iwtd; gy tbtq;fisvLf;fty;yhd;> tuq;fis nfhLf;fty;yhd;> Nghw;Wjw;F mupatd;> gpufhrkhdtd;vdg;ghLfpd;whu;.

“ Nghw;wp ,g; Gtdk; ePu; jPf; fhy; xL thdk; Mdha; Nghw;wp vt;capu;f;Fk; Njhw;wk; Mfp eP Njhw;wk; ,y;yha; Nghw;wp vy;yh capu;fSf;Fk; <W Ma; <W,d;ik Mdha;

Nghw;wp Ik;Gyd;fs; epd;idg;

Gzu;fpyhg; Gzu;f;ifahNd”(NkyJ fhUz;aj;jpw;fpuq;fy; 70)

irtrka Futu;fspy; khzpf;fthrfu; epd;w newp Qhdnewp MFk;. $u;j;j nka;Qhdk;

mtUf;F rhAr;rpak; vd;Dk; Kj;jpiaf; nfhLj;jJ. cyfpay; gw;wpy; jpisj;jpUe;j

fhuzj;jpdhy; mtu; mile;j Jd;gq;fisAk;> mtw;wpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;F jhd; ifahz;l

cghaq;fisAk; mtw;wpD}lhf ngw;Wf;nfhz;l rpthde;jkhfpa mDG+jp epiyiaAk;

jkJ jpUthrfg;gDty;fs; thapyhf ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH.



rpj;ju;fs;

rpj;jh; ,dk; ePz;l fhykhf cyfpy; Nt&d;wp tpOJ gug;gp tUfpd;wJ. “%yd;

kugpy; te;j ehd; xU rpj;jd;” vd ghujp jd;id ngUikg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. fhyk;

NjhWk; Vw;gl;l gjpTfspy; rpj;jh;fspd; rpe;jidg;gjpTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,yq;ifapy;

rpj;jh; kugpy; te;j rptNahfr;rpj;jh; ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lky;y mnkupf;fh Nghd;w gy

ehLfspYk; Ngrg;gLk; ngUk; rpj;juhthh;.`tha; MjPd rj;FU rptha Rg;gpukzpa

Rthkpfspd; fhyj;jpy; 1998,y; ,UgJ ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,yq;if tho; kf;fspd;

kdjpy; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa xU Md;kPf QhdpahfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;. mwptpay;

tsu;r;rp >Ntfkhd tho;f;ifr; #oy;> ehfupfkhw;;wk; Nghd;wtw;why ;khDltho;tpd;

khw;wq;fs; gy Njhd;wpAs;sd .,jdhy; ,d;iwf;F kdf;Fog;gk;> rQ;ryq;fs; tho;tpay

;gpur;ridfs;> ftiyfs; #o;e;Js;sd. ,j;jifa epiyapy; topghLfSk;>

rptnjhz;LfSk; vj;jifa eyd;fisj; jUfpd;wJ vd;gjid rka uPjpahfTk;>

rKjha uPjpahfTk; gy njhz;Lfisr; nra;Js;sNahfRthkpfspd; rptnjhz;Lfs;

rka mD];lhdq;fSld; $bait.

rpj;jh;fsJ ,ay;Gfs;

rpj;jHfis “mwptd;” vd;Wk; “epiwnkhopkhe;jH”vd;Wk; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk;.

“mtpHrilKdptH”vd;fpwJGwehD}W. rpj;jHvd;wthHj;ijrpj;jpapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ.

Md;kPfj;jpYk;>mwptpay; rhjidfspYk; KOikAw;wepiyjhd; rpj;jp. rpj;jk;

vd;gJGj;jp>kdk;.rpj;jp “Gj;jpahy; Mfpwfhhpak;. vdNt rpj;jH Gj;jpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpatH

rpj;jp ngw;wtH rpj;jH. rpj;jHfis Md;kPfg; Gul;rpahsHfs; vd;Wnrhy;tJk; cz;L.

flTSf;Fr; rkkha;g; Nghw;wp tzq;fg;gl;ldH. kdpjhpy; Nkk;gl;ltHfs;. jt> Nahf>

Qhd epiyfle;jtHfs;.

,iwtDf;F xg;ghf vz;zg;gl;l ,tHfs; clk;ig tsHj;J> capiu tsHf;Fk;

cghak; mwpe;jtHfs;. “rhfhf;fiy” mwpe;jtHfs;. Md;kpfj;jpy; caHe;j ,lk;

mtHfSilaJ. mw;Gjq;fs; epfo;j;JtJkl;Lk; my;y Nguhde;jkhd ,iwtDld;

,uz;lwf; fyg;gijNajkJNehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;. mtHfSf;Ff; fhZk;

,lnky;yhk; flTspd; Njhw;wk; njhpAk;. rpj;jhpd; rpe;ij vjw;fhfTk;> vg;NghJk;>

vt;tplj;Jk; fyq;Ftjpy;iy. Xhplj;jpy; epiyahf ,Ug;gJfpilahJ. cynfq;Fk;

ahj;jpiu nra;thHfs;. mtHfis elkhLk; nja;tk; vdyhk;. kf;fSf;F ed;ik

nra;tNj mtHfsJgazNehf;fk;. jk;ikNaek;gp ,Uf;Fk; gf;;jHfspd; Jd;gq;fisr;

rpj;jHfs; jhNkVw;Wf; nfhs;thHfs; my;yJ jkJmUs; %yk; mtw;iw Kw;Wk;

Nghf;fptpLthHfs;. mtHfisj; Njbr; nrd;W ed;iknra;Ak; gue;jkdk;> thHj;ij>

];ghprk; NghyNt mtHfSila ghHitf;Fk; typik cz;L.



,th;fs;; mDgtk;> Mw;wy; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,iwaUs; ,Ue;J .caHe;j

rpe;jid cilatHfs;. Vspa tho;f;ifKiw mtHfSilaJ. mjdhy;jhd;

mtHfSila thf;F gypj;jJ> fhhparpj;jpapy; mtHfshy; ngUk; Gfo; ngwKbe;jJ.

xUnghUis ,d;ndhUnghUshfkhw;WtJ (Transulstantiation) cUkhWtJk;

rpj;jHrhjidapy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. ,tHfs; jkJ ty;yikahy; nghUl;fis

cUthf;fTk;> tutiof;fTk; nra;thHfs;. mtHfSf;F ,J vspanray;. jkJ

cs;sj;jpy; vz;Zk; vijAk; mtHfshy; nra;a ,aYk;. capUs;sdtw;iwAk; mtHfs;

jkJrf;jpahy; tutiog;gH. capuw;wkdpjclYf;FcapHnfhLg;gH. gilj;jy;

,tHfSf;Ff; ifte;jfiy .capHg; nghUisg; gilg;gJ> capuw;w nghUis

cz;lhf;FtJ> capuw;w my;yJ capHnghUis Ntnwhd;whf khw;WtJ vd nra;a

ty;ytHfs; jd;id mwptJ Md;kPfk; vd;ghHfs;. rpj;jHfisg; nghWj;jtiu jd;id

mwpe;jNjhL me;j tpz;izAk; ,e;j kz;izAk; mwpe;J njspe;jhHfs;. jhq;fs;

fz;L njspe;j cz;ikfis ekf;fhf tpl;Lr; nrd;whHfs;.

rpj;jHfs; fz;Zf;FcyfNk rf;jpapd; tpahgfk;. Ntjthf;fpacz;ikiaguntspapy;

epWtpitj;jdH.rpj;jHfs;.”mz;lj;Jf;Fxj;jnjy;yhk;gpz;lj;Jf;Fk;xf;Fk;”gpz;lj;J

Mj;khthfTs;sJjhNd mz;lj;J Mj;khthfpamtd; vd;w NgUz;ik Ghpe;jjhy; jhd;

rpj;jHfs; ghh;f;Fk; nghUspy; ,iwNavd;wNehf;Frpj;jHfSilaJ. tpe;ijfs; epiwe;jJ

jhd; tho;f;if. thOq;fhyj;jpy; mtHfs; jd;dykw;W tho gofpf; nfhz;ltHfs;.;

rpj;jHfs; MNuhf;fpakhd mwnewp tho;f;if tho;e;jtHfs;. mtHfs; tho;f;if

tprpj;jpukhdJ.rhjp Ngjj;ijf; fle;j me;j Nahfpfs;> cyfpy; cs;s mj;jid

capHfSf;F ey;tho;T tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpuahir nfhz;ltHfs;.



gjpndz; rpj;ju;fs; - mwpKfk;

rpj;jh; kuG> rpj;jh; jj;Jtk;> rpj;jh; topghL> rpj;jh; rkak; vd;gij ,e;J rka

kugpy; xU jdpj;Jtkhd newpahf miktijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. rpj;jh; vd;Dk;

nrhy; rpj; vd;Dk; rk];fpUjr; nrhy;ybapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. rpj;jh; rptj;ij

fz;lth; vd ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. rpj;jh;fis epiwnkhop

khe;jh; vd;Wk; mwpAk; Mh;tKilath;fs; vd;Wk; gythW tpupj;Jiug;gh;. rpj;

vd;Dk; nrhy; mwpT vd;Dk; nghUis jUtjhFk;. rpj;ij cilath; rpj;J

iftug; ngw;wth; rpj;jh; vd;gJ nka;Qhd mwpT iftug; ngw;wth; vd;gij ,J

Fwpf;Fk;.

rpj;jh; rptj;ij fz;lth; - rPUld;

Rj;jh Rj;jj;Js; Neha;e;Jk; Njhahjth; - Kj;ju;

Kj;jh; vdtUk; ghlyb ,t;Tyfpy; tho;e;jhYk; cyfpaypy; xd;wpg; NghfhJ Kj;jp

epiy ngw;wth;fshf rpj;jh;fs; tho;thh;fs; vd;gJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjdhNyNa rpj;jh; rka newp kuG topahd rka newpia tpl NtWgl;l jhf

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. rpj;jh; vd;Nghh; rpj;jpiftug; ngw;wtuhth;. rpj;jh;fspd; %yj;jtuhf

jpU%yh; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whh;. rpj;jh;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd rka newpapid cilath;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp jdpj;Jtkhd r%ff; nfhs;ifapduhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;. rpj;jh; jk;

Njhw;wj;ij ,j;jifaJ vd tiuaiw nra;a KbahJ. Foe;ijfspd; nraw;ghLfis

cilatuhfTk; tprh; gpbj;jth; Nghd;Wk;> Qhdpfs; Nghd;Wk; gy;tif

Njhw;wg;ghLfis cilatuhth;. MapDk; $Ltpl;L $L ghAk; Mw;wYiilatuhfTk;

tUzpf;fg;gLth;. Mj;kPfgyk;> Mj;kPf rf;jpAilatuhfTk; rpj;jh;fs; tpsq;Fthh;fs;.

rpj;jh; vd;Nghh; ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; iftug; ngw;wth;fshth;. rpj;jh;fsJ ,ay;ig

,t;tl;lkh rpj;jpfSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ml;lkh rpj;jpf; nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilahf

miktJ ml;lhq;f Nahff; nfhs;ifahFk;. ml;lhq;f Nahfj;jpy; ,akk;> epakk;>

Mrdk;> gpuhzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk; jhuiz jpahdk; rkhjp vd;gd mlq;Fk;.

mJ Nghd;Nw ml;lkhrpj;jpf; nfhs;ifAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ml;lkhrpj;jpapy;

mzpkh - mZitg;Nghy; kdij rpwpjhf;fy;

kfpkh - kiyiag; Nghy; ngupjhf;fy;

,yFkh - fhw;iwg; Nghy; kdij Nyrhf itj;jy;

fupkh - nghd;Nghy; ghukhfp xsph;jy;

tpahg;gp - vy;yhtw;iwAk; jd;Ds; mlf;Fjy;

trpj;Jtk; - rfyijAk; jk;trg;gLj;jy;

gpufhkpak; - $Ltpl;L $Lgha;jy;

<rhj;Jtk; - tpUk;gpaij nra;J Kbf;Fk; jpwd;

vd;gdthFk;. rpj;jh; kuG Guhjd fhyk; njhl;L tsh;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;

Kd;Ndhbahf mfj;jpah; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J jkpo; ehl;by; jpU%yUk;

mtuJ jpUke;jpug; ghly;fSk; rpj;jh; kugpd; mbg;gilfis ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf

mikfpd;wd. rpj;jh;fspy; jkpo; ehl;Lr; rpj;jh; kuG rpwg;ghdjhFk;. mth;fspy;

jpU%yh;> ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh;> ,ilf;fhl;Lr; rpj;jh;> mfg;Nga;r;rpj;jh; Fjk;igr; rpj;jh;

KjypNahh; gpujhdkhdth;fs;.



rpj;jh;fs; vdg;gLNthh; rpj;jj;ij rptd;ghy; itj;jth;fs; vdTk; tUzpf;fg;gLth;.

rpj;jh; rptj;ij epidj;J epidj;J rpt tbtk; ngw;wth;. Mjyhy; eiujpiu %g;G

rhf;fhL Kjypatw;iw mth;fs; miltjpy;iy vd jpU tp. fy;ahzRe;judhh;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

rpj;jh; rkanewp

gpuhzhahkj;jpd; %yk; rpj;jj;ij xLf;fp topghL nra;Ak; epiyNa rpj;jh; topghL

vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vl;L Nahf khu;f;fk; jw;fhy thOk; fiyg; gapw;rpahf

,dkj Ngjk; fle;j epiyapy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,iw czu;Tld;

tho;gtNu rpj;juhthh;. rpj;jh; kugpdu; rka vy;iyfis jj;Jt epiyAld;

njhlh;GgLj;jp Qhdkhh;f;fj;Jld; ,izj;jth;fshthh;. mjdhNy rpj;jh; ghly;fis

Qhdf; Nfhit vdTk; Fwpg;gpLth;. rpj;jh; rkak; Md;khh;j;j topghl;Lld;

njhlh;GilaJ. gw;ww;w kdepiyAld; thOk; gf;Ftk; mth;fsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Qhdepiy ngw;Nwhh; ,ay;ig rptQhd rpj;jpahupd; gpd;tUk; ghly; rpwg;ghf

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Qhykjpy; Qhd epl;il cilNahh;f;F ed;ikAld;

jPikapy;iy ehLtJ njhd;wpy;iy.

vd;Dk mg;ghlybapy; Qhd rpj;jp iftug; ngw;Nwhh; ed;ik jPikiag; gpupj;Jg;

ghu;f;f khl;lhh;. Mrhghr ehl;lk; ,y;yhjth; xOf;fk;> jtk;> tpujk; Mr;rpuktho;T

thohjth; Mztj;ij mlf;fpath; jpahdj;jpYk; <Lglkhl;lhh; FytupiriaAk;

fzf;nfLf;f khl;lhh;. Mly; ghlYld; tho;gth; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

jhkiu ,iyf; jz;zPh; Nghy rfj;njhL $b tho;thh;. vd;Wk; Qhd rpj;jh; kuG

gw;wp ,yf;fpaq;fs; tUzpf;fpd;wd. Mapdk; kdpj Neag; gz;G kpf;fth;fshf

rpj;jh;fs; tpsq;fpdhh;fs;.

cyfpaypy; tho;e;jhYk; cyfpaypd; %o;fpg; Nghfh epiy ,th;fsJ ghly;fspD]lhf

ntspg;gLk;. rpj;jh; rkak; ,e;J rka newpapDs; cs;slf;fg;gl;lhYk; mjpy;

,Ue;J NtWgl;l GJikahd rkanewp vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpU%yUk; jpUke;jpuKk;

jpU%yh; fp.gp. 5Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jth; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tuJ E}y;

jpUke;jpuk; 9 Mfkq;fis jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;Jg; ghlg;gl;ljhy; jkpohfk E}y;

vdg; Gfog;gl;lJ. jpU%yh; jpUf;ifyhrkuig mbnahw;wpj; Njhd;wpath;. jpUf;ifyhr

kuG> rptkuG> ee;jp kuG vDk; ,U gpupit cilajhfk;. jpUee;jp Njtiu

FUthf nfhz;L jpU%yh; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,sikapy;

Re;juehjd; vd;Dk; ngaUld; tpsq;fpdhh;. %yd; vd;Dk; ,iladJ kuzpj;j

clypy; $Ltpl;L $Lgha;e;J tho;e;J fhl;bath;. jpUthtLJiwapy; Nahf epl;il

$b rpj;juhf rpwg;G ngw;wth;. ,tUila rka newpr; rpe;jidfs; kuGtop rka

newpr; rpe;jidfis tpl Nt|Wgl;ljhFk;. md;Ng rkaj;jpd; mbg;gilahf vLj;Jf;

fhl;bath;. flTisg; Nghw;W mNjNghy; kdpjidAk; Nghw;W vd;Wk;

nfhs;ifAilath; xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifAilath; xd;W

fz;Bh; cyFf;nfhU nja;tk; vd;Dk; xUik thj ,iwf; nfhs;ifiag; gug;gpath;.



kdpj Neag;gz;G mtuJ ghly;fspy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; r%f

ey;ypzf;fk; gw;wpAk; jk; E}y;fspy; tpupthf vLj;Jf;$wpath;. md;Glik>

midtUf;Fk; ,d;gtho;T r%frkj;Jtk; xUflTl; Nfhl;ghL kdpj ika thjk;

tpUe;Njhk;gy; ,d;nrhy; ciuj;jy; FUitg;Nghw;wy ngw;Nwhug; Nghw;Wjy; Nghd;w

nra;aj;jf;fit. nra;aj;jfhjit vd;Dk; xOq;fpy; rkak; r%fk; rhh;e;j nre;newpia

typAWj;jpdhh; rpj;jh; kuGf;F cl;gl;lthW rpttopghl;Lld njhlh;gila

topghLfisAk; ,izj;jhh;. mj;Jld; ,ak epakf; nfhs;iff;F ,zq;f tpjpj;jtw;iw

nra;jYk; tpyf;fpatw;iw xopj;jYk; ,tuJ NghjidfspD}lhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpU%yUila Nghjidfspy; tho;tpay; Kiwikfs; $l;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ahth;f;Fkhk; ,iwth;f;F xU gr;rpiy

ahth;f;Fk; Mk; gRTf;F Xh; thAiw

ahth;f;Fkhk; cz;Zk; Nghj Xh;ifg;gpb

ahth;f;Fkkhk; gpwh;f;F ,d;DiujhNd......

vd;gJ caph;fs; kPjhd fUiziz Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Mir mWkpd;fs;> Mir mWkpd;fs; vd;W Gydlf;f Nghjidia jpU%yh;

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ngupNahiu topglYk; nghWikapy; cah; tho;tpay; jh;kk; vdg;

Nghjpj;jhh;. ahk; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngWf ,t;itafk; vd;Dk; fUj;Jf;F mika

cyf ,d;gq;fSf;Fhf Ntz;Lk; Nghf;F jpUke;jpug; ghly;fspy; vLj;Jf;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUke;jpu E}y; ghly;fis mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; xt;nthU

mj;jpahaKk; gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. Ntjhe;j

njspthk; irtrpj;jhe;jk; vDk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; ghq;Fk; ,e;E}y; %yk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

Kjyhk; je;jpuk;

fhuz Mfkg; nghUis cilaJ. Kg;nghUs; cz;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; cly;

epiyahikiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,uz;lhe; je;jpuk;

,iwtdJ mUl;rpwg;G Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtk;> Guhzf;fijfis cs;slf;fpa.

mbKbNjba fijAk; tuyhWk; ,jpy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

%d;whk; je;jpuk;

mllhq;f Nahfk; ml;lkhrpj;jpfshf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J tPuhfkj;jpd;

rhuhk;rkhFk;. Nahfk; %yk; rkhjpailAk; topKiwfis ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ehd;fhk; je;jpuk;

rpe;jpa Mfkj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. jpUite;njOj;jpd; ngUik gQ;rhl;ru nrgk;

ey;tpidg;gad; mjd; ngWNgWfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ie;jhk; je;jpuk;

thJs Mfkj;jpd; rhukhFk;. irtrkag;gpupTfs; rpj;jhe;j irtk; irtehw;ghjk;

ehd;tif Kj;jp vd;git ,jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzk; 1 vspa ey;jPgk; ,ly; kyu; nfha;jy; vspjpd; nkOfy;

mJJ}h;jy;.... vd;gJ rupia newpiaAk;

cjhuzk; 2 G+rpj;jy;> thrpj;jy;> Nghw;wply;> nrgpj;jply; Mrw;w ew;wtk;

tha;ik mOf;fpd;ik

vd;Dk; ghlYk; ehw;ghjr; rpwg;ig Rl;bf;fhl;Lgit.



Mwhk; je;jpuk;

tpahks Mfkj;jpd; fUg;nghUshFk;. ,jpy; FUjuprdk; FUtpd; jpUtbg;NgW>

jpUePw;wpd; khz;G vd;git $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“njspT FUtpd; jpUNkdp fhz;ly;

njspT FUtpd; jpUehkk; nrg;gy;

njspT FUtpd; jpUthu;j;ij Nfl;ly;

njspT FUcU rpe;jpj;jy; jhNd”vd;Dk; ghlyb ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

Vohk; je;jpuk;

NjtpfhNyhj;jpu Mfkj;jpd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. ,jpy; rptypq;f tbtk; khNfRu G+ir>

FU G+irtpjpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

vl;lhk; je;jpuk;

Rg;gpuNghj Mfk fUj;jhFk;. irtrpj;jhe;j mwpthuha;r;rpapay; Nfhl;ghLfs;

,tw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. gjp> gR> ghrk; Kg;nghUs; cz;ik ,ay;G jj;Jtkrp

vd;Dk; kfhthf;fpa tpsf;fk; vd;git $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

“gjp gR ghrk; vdg; gfh; %d;wpy; gjpapidg; Nghy; gR ghrk; mehjp”.... vd;Dk;

ghlypd; rpwg;G $wg;gLk;.

xd;gjhk; je;jpuk;

kFlhfkj;jpd; rhukhFk;. eluhrg; ngUkhdpd; jpUf;$j;Jj; juprdk; ,jpy;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; Kf;jpnewp> Kf;jpf;fhd khh;f;fk;> Kf;jpailaile;Njhh;

,ay;G vd;gdTk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thW Mfkj;jpd; rhukhfTk; rpj;jhe;jg; nghUspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; Ngupyf;fpakhf jpUke;jpuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.



<oj;Jr; rpj;ju;fs; - mwpKfk;

rpj;ju;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy; jkpou;fSf;F ed;F mwpKfkhd nrhy;. rpj;ju;fs; xg;gw;wMw;wYilatu;fshfTk;> ngUk; fUizahsu;fshfTk; kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. rpj;ju;fs;vd;w nrhy;Yf;F gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Nahfpfs;> rpj;ju;fs;> Kdptu;fs;> up\pfs; vd;W miof;fg; gLgtu;fs; midtUk;xU $l;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; Nghy xU khia epytpdhYk;> ,tu;fspy; nghJthf%d;W tifahNdhu; cs;sdu;.

jk;Kd;Nd fplf;Fk; nja;tf; Fwpg;igf; fz;L mjd;gbNa ele;J Md;kPfmDgtq;fisg; ngw;W kw;wtu;fisj; jk;kplk; mZfnthl;lhJ kw;wtu;fspd;ghu;itf;F Vsdkhff; fhl;rp mspg;ghu;fs;.

mizj;Japu;fSk; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjp mjp jPtpu Mj;k rhjidfs;nra;J fpilf;Fk; Md;kPf mDgtq;fs;> nja;tf; Fwpg;Gfs; ahtw;iwAk; Qhyj;jpw;Fntspapl;L kiwe;J tpLthu;fs;.

,tu;fs; kw;wtu;fisj; jq;fsplk; mZftpLthu;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;mDgtq;fisNah Kd;NdWk; topKiwfisNah gpwF ntspaplkhl;lhu;fs;. khwhfneUq;fp ,Ug;gtu;fspd; Fiwfisj; jq;fspd; Mj;k rf;jpahy; Nghf;fptpLthu;fs;.

rpj;ju;fs; vd;why; rpj;ij cilatu;fs; (mjhtJ mwpT gilj;jtu;fs;) vd;WnghUs;.

rpj; vd;why; mwpT my;yJ moptpy;yhjJ vd;W nghUs;.

flTis rj; - rpj; - Mde;jk; vdf; $Wtu;. “ rj;” vd;why; “ vd;Wk; cs;sJ” vd;W

nghUs;. “ rpj;J” vd;why; NguwpT vd;W nghUs;. “ Mde;jk; vd;why;” Ngupd;gk;

vd;W nghUs;. NguwpTg; ngUk; nghUshd flTis czu;j;Jk; “ rpj;” vd;Dk;

nrhy;iy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L “ rpj;J”> “ rpj;jd” vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

“ flTisf; fhz Kay;gtd; gf;jd;.

fz;L njspe;jtd; rpj;jd;”

vd;Dk; Njtuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s tupfs; rpj;ju;fs; ahu; vd;gijj; njspthftpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

rpj;ju;fis milahsg;gLj;JtNjh> tiuaWg;gNjh fbdk;. Vndd;why;> xt;nthUtupd;jdpj;JtKk;> kuig kPwpa Nghf;FNk rpj;ju;fspd; tiutpyf;fzk;. jug;gLj;jYf;Nfh>tifg;gLj;jYf;Nfh vspjpy; rpj;ju;fs; cl;gLtjpy;iy. vdpDk; ekJ R+oypy;>tuyhw;wpy; rpj;ju;fs; vd;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. rpj;ju;fs; ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;lxU rf;jpia nfhz;ltu;fs;. ,tu;fspd; kUj;Jt> fzpj> ,urthj> jj;Jt> ,yf;fpa>Mj;kPf <LghLfs; kw;Wk; ntspg;ghLfs; ,tu;fspd; cyfhAj gz;ig vLj;Jf;$Wfpd;wd.



rpj;juhtjw;F Kjw;gb jd;idAk;> ,e;j cyifAk;> ,aw;ifiaAk; gw;wp KOikahfmwpe;J nfhs;tjhFk;. ,ijj; jhd; jpU%yUk;

“ jd;id mwpaj; jdf;nfhU Nfby;iy; jd;id mwpahky; jhNd nfLfpd;whd;;

jd;id mwpAk; mwpit mwpe;jgpd; jd;idNa mu;r;rpf;fj; jhdp Ue;jhNd!” vd;W

nrhy;fpwhu;.

rpj;ju;fs; rpj;jj;ij mlf;fp> jhq;fSk; rptkha;> ,iwaha; tPw;wpUf;Fk; mstpw;Frf;jp gilj;jtu;fs;. epidj;jij> epidj;jthW nra;Ak; Mw;wy; kpf;ftu;fs;.,aw;ifia ntd;wtu;fs;. rhjp> rkak;> rhj;jpuk;> rlq;Ffs; kPwpa cyf Nehf;F>nghJ ,y;yw> Jwtw tho;Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;l tho;T Kiwfs;> tpe;ijahdnray;fs;> gl;lwpT jkpo;> rPupa Muha;r;rp Mfpa mk;rq;fs; nfhz;ltu;fs;.

tpsf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy;> rpj;ju;fs; ml;lkhrpj;jpfSk; iftug;ngw;wtu;fs;.

mZitg; Nghyr; rpwpjhjy; -mzpkhNkUitg; Nghy ngupjhjy; - kfpkhfhw;Wg; Nghy Nyrhjy; - ,yFkhghd; Nghy gSthjy; - fupkhvy;yhtw;iwAk; MSjy; - g;uhg;jpvy;yhtw;iwAk; trg;gLj;jy; - trpj;Jtk;$L tpl;L $L gha;jy; - gpuhfhkpak;tpUk;gpaij vy;yhk; nra;J Kbj;J mDgtpj;jy; - <rj;Jtk;vd;W vl;L tifg; ngUk; NgWfis m\;lkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gu;.

rpj;ju;fs; rptkakha; tho;e;jpUe;jhYk;> mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l kjj;Jf;Nfh> nkhopf;Nfh>,dj;jpw;Nfh nrhe;jkhdtu;fs; ,y;iy. rpj;ju;fSf;F kdpju;fsplk; ve;j vjpu;ghu;g;Gk;,y;iy. mtu;fs; typAWj;JtJ cz;ik> Neu;ik> fUiz> md;G> J}a;ikahdtho;f;if kl;LNk.

,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahu;?mtid milAk; khu;f;fk; vd;d?gpwtpj; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLgLtJ vg;gb?gpuk;kk; vd;gJ vd;d?,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; kdpjd; vd;dthfpd;whd;?cyfpw;F mbg;gilahfTk;> capu;fspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F MjhukhfTk; ,Ug;gJ vJ?cly; jj;Jtq;fs;> capu;f; $Wfs; - mtw;wpd; ,ufrpaq;fs;>,wthky; ,Uf;f> czT cz;zhky; ,Uf;f vd;d top,urthjk;> fhafy;gk;> Kg;G+> %ypif ,ufrpaq;fs;> ml;lkhrpj;jpfs;>Nahfk;>Qhdk;> ke;jpuk;> je;jpuk;>Nrhjplk;> jd;dwpT> [Ptd;Kf;jp> gutho;f;if>Njtijfs; vd midj;jpidAk; gy Mz;Lfs; jtk; nra;J> gy gpwtpfs; vLj;J>$Ltpl;Lf; $L gha;e;J mDgtg;G+u;tkhf Muha;e;J ghu;j;jtu;fs;. czu;e;jtu;fs;.

rpj;ju;fis Gytu;fs;> gz;lhuq;fs;> gz;bju;fs;> rd;dpahrpfs;> Mo;thu;fs;>

ehad;khu;fs;> XJthu;fs;> fiyQu;fs;> ftpQu;fs;> muru;fs;> kwtu;fs;>

Mf;fu;fs;>Gyikahsu;fs;> mwptpayhsu;fs;> nghJ kf;fs; MfpNahuplk; ,Ue;J

NtWgLj;jp milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.

rpj;ju;fspd; kuig> Nfhapy; topghL> rhjpa mikg;ig typAWj;Jk; irt kugpy;

,Ue;Jk;> cliyAk; thOk;NghJ Kf;jpiaAk; Kd;epWj;jhky; “ Mj;kd;”> rk;rhuk;

Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fis Kd;epWj;Jk; Ntjhe;j kugpy; ,Ue;Jk; NtWgLj;jpg;

ghu;f;fyhk;.



rpj;ju;fs; kpfTk; vspa tho;if tho;gtu;fs;. ,ijj; jhd; gl;bdj;jhu;

“ cLj;Jtjw;F xU Nfhtzk;> cwq;Ftjw;Fg; Gwj;jpz;;iz> cz;gjw;F fha;fdpfs;>

mUe;Jtjw;Fk; Fspg;gjw;Fk; Mw;W ePu”

vd;W fPo;f;fz;l ghly; %yk; ekf;Fj; njuptpf;fpd;whu;. ,tu; NkYk;

nka;Qhdk; czu;e;j rpj;ju;fis

“ Nga; Nghy; jpupe;J> gpzk; Nghy; fple;J> ,l;l gpr;ir vy;yhk; eha; Nghy

mUe;jp> ey;y kq;fau;fis vy;yhk; jha; Nghy fUJk; jd;ikau;” vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

“ cilf;Nfh tzk; cz;L

cwq;fg;Gwj; jpz;izAz;L cztpq;F

milfha; ,iyAz;L mUe;jz;zPUz;L...”

rpj;ju;fs; ngha; Ntlk; Nghlhjtu;fs;> Ntljhupfisr; rhLgtu;fs;> ahUf;Fk;

mlq;fhky; jpupgtu;fs;. rpj;ju;fs; kf;fNshL kf;fshf fye;jpUe;jhYk; mtu;fSila

rpj;jk; kl;Lk; vg;NghJk; “ rptk;” vd;Dk; Guhzj;jpy; xd;wpapUf;Fk;. rpj;ju;fs;

clyhy; ,t;Tyfpy; ,Ue;jhYk; rpe;jidahy; rptNyhfj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. NkYk;

,tu;fs; Gspak; goKk; XLk; Nghy cyfpaypy; xl;bAk; xl;lhkYk; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.

,jdhy; jhd; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; rpj;ju;fisg; gpj;ju;fs; vd;Wk;> gpj;ju;fis rpj;ju;fs;

vd;Wk; khw;wp epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

rpj;ju;fs; vy;yhUf;Fk; Kjy;tuha;> Mjp rpj;ju; ahnud Njbdhy;......> rptNd Kjy;

rpj;ju; vd;W re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp $wptplyhk;. ,ij gy ghly;fs; vLj;jf;

fhl;lha;r; nrhy;fpwJ.

rpj;ju;fspy; gjpndl;Lr; rpj;ju;fs; cs;sdu;. ,jid rpj;ju;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l gjpndz;

Ngu; kl;LNk vd;Wf; nfhs;shky;> xt;nthUj; Jiwf;Fk; gjpndl;L rpj;ju;fs; vd;W

nghUs; nfhz;lhy; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j gjpndz; rpj;ju;fs;> kz;zpy; gpwe;j

capupdq;fspy; kpf cau;e;j capupdkhd kdpj ,dj;NjhL cwTf; nfhz;L

cUthf;fpa tpe;J top thupRfs; etNfhb rpj;ju;fs;> etehj rpj;ju;fs;> Qhdrpj;ju;fs;>

jt rpj;ju;fs;> Xk rpj;ju;fs;> Xf rpj;ju;fs;> ahf rpj;ju;fs;> af;Q rpj;ju;fs;…. vd;W

48 tifg; gLfpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fsy;yhky; gy tifg;gl;l FUtopr; rpj;ju;fSk; cUthf;fg;

gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;.

<oj;J rpj;ju;fs;

jkpofj;jpd; rpj;ju;fisg; NghyNt <oj;J rpj;j guk;giu vd xd;W ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

,tu;fs; fhyj;jhy; gpe;jpatu;fs;. r%f mikg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpatu;fsha; ,Ue;jjhy;>

,tu;fs; Fwpj;j ngupjhd Fwpg;Gfs; VJk; ekf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy.

Nahfpfs;> rpj;ju;fs;> Kdptu;fs;> up\pfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLNthu; vy;NyhUk; xU

$l;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fNs. ,tu;fspy; %tifapdu; cs;sdu;.

jk;Ks;Ns fplf;Fk; nja;tf; Fwpg;igf; fz;L mjd;gbNa ele;J Md;kpf

mDgtq;fisg; ngw;W kw;wtu;fisj; jk;kplk;mDfnthl;lhJ kw;wtu;fspd; ghu;itf;F

Vsdkhf fhl;rp mspg;ghu;fs;.

midj;J capu;fSk; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjp mjp jPtpu Mj;k rhjidfs;

nra;J fpilf;Fk; Md;kpf mDgtq;fs;> nja;tf; Fwpg;Gfs; ahtw;iwAk; Qhyj;jpw;F

ntspapl;L kiwe;J tpLthu;fs;.



,tu;fs; kw;wtu;fisj; jq;fsplk; mZftplthu;fs;. mdhy; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;

mDgtq;fisNah Kd;NdWk; topKiwfisNah gpwF ntspaplkhl;lhu;fs;. khwhf

neUq;fp ,Ug;gtu;fspd; Fiwfisj; jq;fspd; Mj;k rf;jpahy; Nghf;fp tpLthu;fs;.

,tu;fs; nra;j mw;Gjq;fisAk; nrhy;ypaitfisAk; mg;gFjp kf;fs; thdhug;

Gfo;thu;fs;.

,iwAzu;T ngw;wtu;fs;> ,iwtid mila ,iwtop nrd;wtu;fs;> ,iw juprdk;

ngw;wtu;fs;> ,iwtNdhL fye;jtu;fs; vd;w epiyapy; Mj;k Qhdpfs;

czug;gLfpwhu;fs;.

rpj;ju;fs; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F rpj;jp ngw;wtu;fs; vd;gJ nghUs;. mjhtJ tPL NgW

mile;jtu;fs; vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,e;j cly; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj Kf;jp mile;jtu;fis

[Ptd; Kj;ju;fs; vd;W miog;gu;. rpj;jd; tho;T vd;gJ KUfg; ngUkhdJ Nfhtpy;.

jkpofj;jpy; jpUthtpdd;Fbf;F Kw;fhyj;jpy; rpj;jd; tho;T vd;W ngau; ,Ue;jJ.

jpU KUfhw;Wg; gil ciuapy; jpUthtpdd; Fbiag; gw;wp $Wkplj;jpy;

er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; “rpj;jd; tho;ntd;W nrhy;Yfpd;w Cu; Kw;fhyj;J Mtpdd;Fb

vd;W ngau; ngw;wnjd;Wkhk;. mJ rpj;jd; tho;T ,y;ye;NjhWk; %d;nwupAilj;J

vd;W xsitahu; $wpajdhy; czu;f” vd;W $Wfpwhu;. vy;yhk; ty;y rpj;jdhf

rpt ngUkhd; jpUtpisahly; Gupfpd;whu; vd;W Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

flTisg; fhz Kay;fpd;wtu;fisg; gf;ju;fs; vd;Wk;> fz;L njspe;jtu;fisr;

rpj;ju;fs; vd;Wk; Njthuk; NtW gpupj;Jf; $Wk;. rpj;ju;fSf;Fr; rhjp rka Ngjk;

vJTk; ,y;iy. mtu;fs; vy;yhk; capu;fspYk; ,iwtid juprpj;jtu;fs;. ml;lkh

rpj;jpfisg; ngw;wtu;fs; gjpnzd;ku; vd;gu;. mtu;fis NkNy Fwpg;gpl;LNshk;.

,tu;fs; ahtUk; ghuj ehl;ilg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;ltu;fu;fs;. fhyj;jhy; kpf

kpf Ke;jpatu;fs;.

<oj;jpNyAk; ,j;jifa rpj;ju;fs; tho;e;Js;shu;fs; vd;gij tuyhw;W uPjpahfTk;

fu;z guk;giuf; fijfs; %ykhfTk; mwpaf; fplf;fpd;wJ. ,Ny%upahf; fz;lk;

,Ue;j fhyj;jpNy mjhtJ ,e;J rKj;jpuk; jiug; gug;ghf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNy

<oKk; ghuj ehLk; xd;W Nru;e;J ,Ue;jd vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy;

vz;gj;Jehd;F rpj;ju;fs; ,Ue;jjhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.

“epye; njhl;Lg; Gfhu;; thdNkwhu;; tpyq;fpU Ke;ePu; fhypw; nry;yhu;”

vd FWe;njhif %d;W rpj;jpfisf; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jidf; nfhz;L rq;f fhyj;jpYk;

rpj;ju;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;W vz;z ,lKz;L.

<oj;jpNy gjpndl;lhk;> gj;njhd;gjhk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;LfspNy tho;e;j xU

rpyUila tho;if tuyhWfs; jhd; ekf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.



<oj;Jr; rpj;ju;fs; - mwpKfk;

rpj;jhidf;Fl;b Rthkpfs;

rpj;jhidf;Fl;b mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; ,uhkehjGuj;jpd; rpw;wurupd; kfdhf mtjupj;jhu;.

,tuJ ,sikg; ngau; ‘Nfhtpe;jrhkp’ MFk;. ,t;uhr;rpaj;jpy; Vw;gl;lgaq;fuj;

njhw;WNehapdhy; jdpahfTk;> FLk;gj;JlDk; gyu; khz;ldu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;

,U kfhd;fs; NehapidjhNk Vw;W gzpahw;wyhapdu;. ,g;GJikapid mwpe;j

rpw;wurd; kfhd;fis mioj;J cgrhuk; nra;a vz;zk; nfhz;L> jdJ kfdplk;

kfhd;fis mioj;JtUkhW gzpj;jhd;. je;ijapd; gzpg;gpid Vw;Wcld; Gwg;gl;l

Nfhtpe;jrhkp ,y;ynky;yhk; Njb miye;J xu; Fbirapy; fz;L ,Utupd; ghjq;fspy;

tPo;e;J tzq;fpepd;whu;.

kfhd;fs; Nfhtpe;j rhkpia fl;baizj;J Mrptoq;fpdu;. cs;sk; Jwtwj;jpid

ehbajhy; kfhd;fSld; ,ize;J NehAw;w kf;fSf;F gzpahw;wyhdhu;. G+u;tPfj;

njhlu;G <ok; Nehf;fp <u;e;jpOf;f J}j;Jf;Fb nrd;W fg;gypy; tUtjw;fhd rPl;bidg;

ngWtjw;F md;gu; xUtiu mDg;gpitj;jdu;. ,UtUf;F kl;LNk gpuahzr; rPl;L

fpilj;jjpdhy; Nfhtpe;jrhkpia mf;fiuapy; tpl;Ltpl;L ,U kfhd;fSk; fg;gy;

Vwp nfhOk;G JiwKfj;ij nrd;wile;jNghJ $bepd;w kf;fs; $l;lj;jpDs;

Nfhtpe;jrhkp epw;gij fz;Zw;W jq;fs; rPldplk; nghjpe;jpUe;j gf;Ftepiyapid

Kd;dNu czu;e;jpUe;jjpdhy; Mr;rupaj;jpidfhl;bf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,r;nra;if

%yk; rpj;juhf gupzkpj;jhu;fs;.

1920,d; Kw;gFjpapypUe;J <oj;jpd; %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; elkhbj;jpUe;J

gpj;jdhfTk;>NgadhfTk;>Nfypgz;Ztjw;FupatuhfTk; jd;id ntspf;fhl;b>

cs;sd;Gld; jd;id ehbtUk; md;gu;fspd; kNdhepiyf; Nfw;g mUSiufs;>

mw;Gjq;fs; %yk; kf;fis top elj;jpatu; [Ptrpj;ju; rpj;jhidf;Fl;bRthkpfs;

MFk;. Rthkpfs; fhiujPtpy; jdf;nfd Mr;rpukk; mikj;J jq;fpapUe;jhu;fs;.

eilahfTk;> khl;Ltz;bfspYk; Rthkpfis juprpg;gjw;F tUgtu;fs; ‘fhT’fspy;

czTg; nghUl;fisAk;> gpupakhd gz;lq;fisAk; fhzpf; ifahf toq;Fthu;fs;.

mit midj;Jk; jd;id ehbtUk; mbahu;fSf;;F gfpu;e;jspg;ghu;fs;.

Rthkp mtu;fs; Mlhj rpj;Nj ,y;iy vd;fpd;w mstpw;F gy ,lq;fspy; jdJ

rpj;Jtpisahl;il MbapUf;fpd;whu;fs;. mtw;Ws; rpy‘fjpu;fhkj;jpy; KUfg;ngUkhdy;

mkpu;jj;Jspfpilf;fg; ngw;wik> rhz;Nlh rq;fujhi] ,Uk;gurdhf Gfo; g+f;fr;

nra;jik> flypd; Nkyhy; ele;j mjprak;> fy;Kid re;jpapypUe;J fjpu;fhkj;jpy;

jPg;gpbj;j jpiur;rPiyia mizj;j ngUe;jif> fjpu;fhkj; jpUtpohf; fhl;rpia

jdJ cs;sq;ifapy; fhz;gpj;j kfhd;>

eQ;RCl;lg;gl;Lk;> jPapl;L vupj;jNghJk; kPz;Lk; vOe;Jepd;W rpj;jhba rpj;ju; mtu;fs;

‘1951Mk; Mz;L Mbj;jpq;fs; Rthjp el;rj;jpujpdj;jd;W rkhjp epiyia va;jpdhu;fs;’.

,r;nra;jpapid Nfs;tpAw;w gf;jmbahu;fs; ehyhjpirfspypUe;Jk; fhiujPT

Mr;rpukj;jpy; xd;W $bdu;. ‘rpj;ju; Nrthrq;fk;’ mikf;fg;gl;L rkhjp itg;gjw;fhd

xOq;Ffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.



jhd; rkhjpahdgpd; ‘jdJ mbtapw;wpypUe;J ,uj;jk; ngUFnkd;Wk; mjd; gpd;dNu

rkhjp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Vw;fdNt Rthkp mtu;fs; $wpapUe;jhu;fs;. Rthkp

mtu;fs; $wpapUe;jjpw;fika %d;whk; ehs; mbtapw;wpypUe;J ,uj;jk; ngUfpaJ.

xUahu; fdgupkhzj;jpy; Fopaikj;J ehd;fhk; ehs; gf;ju;fspd; MuhjidAld;

Rthkp mtu;fs; ‘rkhjp’ itf;fg;gl;lhu;.

nghJkf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l epUthf rigapduhy; rkhjp Myak; top

elj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. ,r;rig tUlhtUlk; kPsikf;fg;gLtJ toikahFk;. 1985>

1987> 1990 fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l td;nray; fhuzkhf ,t;thyak; Nrjkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

2004Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Mopg;Nguiy mdu;j;jhy; md;djhdklk;> fhspak;kd;>

KUfd;> gps;isahu; Myaq;fs; cl;gl Rw;Wkjpy;> mirTs;s midj;JclikfSk;

Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;nghOJ ,t;thyak; nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld;;

Gduikf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ.

[Ptrpj;ju; rpj;jhidf;Fl;b Rthkp mtu;fspd; FU G+irAk;> md;djhdKk; tUle;NjhUk;

jkpOf;F Mbj;jpq;fs; Rthjp el;rj;ju jpdj;jd;W gagf;jpAld; FUtUshy; rpwg;ghf

eilngWfpd;wJ. cs;Su;> ntspA+u; md;gu;fs; ,j;jpdj;jpy; epiwe;J fhzg;gLtu;.

,t;thyaj;jpy; mwnewp tFg;G> nts;spfpoikNjhWk; $l;Lg; gpuhu;j;jid>

tpNrljpdq;fspy; g+irfSk; eilngw;WtUfpd;wJ. Rthkpfs; rkhjp miltjw;F

Kd;du; Mba rpj;Jf;fs; Nghy; rkhjpepiy mile;j gpd;dUk; ,t;tplj;jpy; rpj;Jf;fs;

Njhd;wpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

“%u;j;jp rpwpjhdhYk; fPu;j;jpngupJ”



rptNahf Rthkpfs;

Nahfu; Rthkpfs; rpj ;jkugpy; te;jNghJk; ,tu; rpj ;juhf kl;Lkd;wp>gf;juhfTk;>rptnjhz;ldhfTk; kf;fNshL kf;fshf tho;e;J rptnjhz;bidmikjpahf Mw;wp jd; xspf; flhl;rj;ijg; gha;r;rptpl;L nrd;w kfhd;. ,tuplk;kpfTk; cd;djkhd gpwu; czu;Tfisf; fz;lwpAk; rf;jp ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %yk; gymd;gu;fspd; tho;Tf;F topfhl;bahfTk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shu;.gpnwsdpvd;w Mq;fpNyau; ,tiu “ePu; xU nja;tPf kdpju;” (you are a god-fearing man) vd;WFwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.Nahfu; Rthkpfs; ehd; re;jpj;j khngUk; Mj;kPfj; jiytu; vd;W= jpf;fpup gz;lh jp];]ehaf;f fhupajuprp> ,yz;ld; Gj;jtpfhiu vOjpa fl;Liu,jid czu;j;Jk;.

,tuJ tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gbg;NghUf;F nka; rpypu;f;Fk;> gagf;jp Vw;gLk;>flTs; ek;gpf;if $Lk;. rfkhdplu;fis vt;thW Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; Vd;gpwe;Njhk; - vd;d nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,e;j cyfj;jpy; vj;jifa njhz;bidMw;w Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gy tplaq;fSf;F mUikahd tplaq;fs;vkf;F fpilf;Fk;.

rptnjhz;bw;F J}z;LNfhy;fsha;mike;j E}y;fSk; mEgtq;fSk;

Nahfu; Rthkpfs; Ntjq;fs;> Mfkq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;> gftj;fPij> jpUKiwfs;>xsitahu; ghly;fs;> jpUf;Fu;Md;> tptpypa trdq;fs; (xU rpytw;iwAk;) Nghd;wgy E}y;fisf; fw;wNjhL;> jdJ FUthd nry;yg;gh Rthkpfsplk; Neubahf ngw;wmEgtq;fSk;> tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;nghopTfis Nfl;likAk;(Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;gy jlitfs; “ tplak; ngupJ NeuNkh FWfpaJ” (The subject is large but thetime is short) vd;W md;gu;fSf;Ff; $wpAs;shu;. ,f;fUj;J Nahfu; RthkpfSf;Fk;Qhd ehl;lj;ijAk; mjd;%yk; rptnjhz;bid Mw;Wk; nraypidAk;Vw;gLj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; kdijj; njhl;bUf;fpd;wd vd;gij ,tuJ tho;f;iftuyhWfspd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ,j;jifa ,e;Jkj gy E}y;fSk;>mEgtq;fSk;Rthkpfis rptnjhz;bid Mw;Wjw;F J}z;Ljyhf mike;jd. xU jlitRthkpfisr; #o;e;j jpUf;$l;lkhdJ>

“ njhz;lu;fhs; J}rpnry;yPu; gf;ju;fhs; #og;NghfPu;Xz;bwy; NahfpfNs Nguzp ce;jPu;fs;jpz;bww; rpj;ju;fNs filf;$io nrd;kpd;fs;mz;lu;eh lhs;Nthk; ehk; my;yw;gil thuhNk” (jpUthrfk;)

vd;w tifapy; njhz;lu;fs;> gf;ju;fs;>Nahfpau;> rpj;ju;fs;> Qhdpfs; midtiuAk;Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L ,t;Tyif rptNyhfkhff; fhzr;nra;Ak; Kidg;NghL rptnjhz;bNy<Lgl;lhu;. mj;Jld; ,tuJ jpUtha;nkhopfs; ew;rpe;jid vDk; E}YUtk; ngw;wJ.

rptnjhz;L - nrhy; tpsf;fKk;>rpwg;Gk;.

rptnjhz;il ,U tifg;gLj;JNthh; Md;Nwhh;.1.rptDf;F Mw;Wk; njhz;L.2.rptdpd;mbahu;fSf;F Mw;Wk; njhz;L.

,iwtd; ekJ nray;fis vy;yhk; cldpUe;J mwpfpwhu; vDk; mDgtj;jpd;%yk; md;Ngrptk; (vy;Nyhuplj;Jk; md;gha; ,U)vd epidj;J jkJ njhz;bidNkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. ‘ehq;fs; rptdbahu;fs;. vq;fSf;F xU FiwTkpy;iy. rptnjhz;Lnra;tNj vq;fs; njhopy;. mjw;fhfNt ehq;fs; G+kpapy; thOfpNwhk;. #upad; jdJflikiar; nra;fpwJ. re;jpud; jdJ flikiar; nra;fpwJ. mit VjhapDk;gad; fUJfpd;wdth? mJ Nghy; ePAk; gad; fUjhJ flikiar; nra;’’ vd;whu;.,g;Ngu;g;gl;l rptnjhz;bidNa Rthkpfs; kf;fSf;F Cl;bAs;shu;.



Njtu;fSk; mRuu;fSk; fpd;duu;> fpk;GUlu;> tpj;ahjuu;fSk; mg;gbNa njhz;lhw;wptUfpd;wdu;. midj;Jk; rptd; nray;>mtdd;wp mZTk; mirahJ. ehk; ,oe;JNghtJnkhd;Wkpy;iy. Mjhakhf;fpf; nfhs;tJk; xd;Wkpy;iy. ,Ue;jgbNa,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. cau;T> jho;T ,d;wp vy;yh capu;fSf;Fk; gzp nra;tNj kf;fs;flik vd;Wk; Nghjpj;J> “ rptnjhz;L nra;jy; nrfj;jpy; rupia’’ vd;whu;.

“ gzpjiyf; nfhs;sy; ghupdpy; ,d;gk;gzp gad; fUjh jhw;wpl ypd;gk;gzp Kad;whw;wp Kw;Wjy; ,d;gk;”

vd;w tifapy; mtupd; gzpfs; mike;jJ.“ mz;l gpz;lnkq;Fk;mJntdf; fz;L njhz;L nra;tJ jFjp”

vd;w ghlybfs; thapyhf “vy;yhk; rpt&gk; - ahTk; rptnjhz;lhw;Wfpd;wd.ahDk; vd; njhz;ilr; nra;fpd;Nwd;”. ahu; ahUf;F ve;nje;j NtiynfhLf;fg;gLfpwNjh mJ Mz;ltDf;F fhzpf;if vd;w csg;ghq;Fld; nra;tNjrptnjhz;L vd;fpwhu;.gftj;fPij “flikia nra;> gyid vjpu;ghuhNj” vd;W$wpAs;sjw;fpzq;f nraw;gl;ltu; Rthkpfs;.

gzpia Kbg;gij tpl gzpnra;Ak; kdg;ghq;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;ghu;. rptnjhz;ld;epiyaj;jpy; - Xu; md;gu; jdpahf jiu> jpahd kz;lgk;> jpz;iz> Guhz kz;lgk;vd;gtw;iwAk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jpaNghJ Rthkpfs;> “Ntiyapy; khsg;glhJ” vd;whh;.Ntiyiag; G+uzkhf;FtjpYk;tpl> jd;id G+uzdhf;Ftjw;F Ntiyia xUrhjfkhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj Rthkpapd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.

,d;W rpyu; gpioahf rk;ghjpj;j Nkhrbg;gzk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L Myaq;fisf;fl;Ljy; Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;fpd;wdh;. ,it rptnjhz;ly;y njhz;bd;kiwtpy; fuTil neQ;rk; xspe;jpUf;Fkhapd; mJ fs;sj; njhz;lhfp tpLk;vd;fpwhu;. mtjhdkha;f; Nfl;L mjd;gb jdJ njhz;Lfis Kd;ndLj;jhu;. jhd;FUtpdhy; Ml;nfhz;l Kiwia Nty;tUk; ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

‘,UtUe; Njbf; fhzhj ,iwtd; vd;Nghy; cUj;jhq;fp,zq;fp natUk; tzq;Fk; ey;iyapy; ,d;dhd; ,tndd;d…’

vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

‘FUgud; mbapid Vj;Jjy; ,d;gk;…’FUgud; ruz;Gff; $bLk; ,d;gNk..’

vd;w ghlypy; FUtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.Nrhy;gup gpuGtpd;kfd; ‘re;jRthkp’ vd;gtu; kdr; rhe;jpia Njbr; nrd;W ,Wjpapy; Rthkpaplk;Mj;kQhdj;ijg; ngw;wNjhL re;jRthkp vd;w jPl;rhehkj;jiAk; ngw;whu;. vdNt Nahfu;Rthkpfs; %yk; FUrPl cwTk; tsu;e;jJ.

‘gzpjiyf; nfhs;sy; ghupdp ypd;gk;’gzpgad; fUjh jhw;wpl ypd;gk;gzpKad; whw;wp Kw;Ww ypd;gk;gzpnayhQ; rptgzp ahf;fpl ypd;gNk’ghku kf;fl; gzpnray; ,d;gk;Njhkw mtu;tho; Tau;j;Jjy; ,d;gk;..’

vd;W rptnjhz;bd; kfpik gw;wp Rthkpfs; ew;rpe;jidapNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.



rptnjhz;ld; - nrhy; tpsf;fk;

20Mk; E}w;whz;by; vk;ktNuhL tho;e;J rptnjhz;L Gupe;j Nahfh; Rthkpfs.;kdk;> thf;F> fhak; vd;w %d;wpdhYk; rptnjhz;Lfis Mw;wp te;j

RthkpfNsrptnjhz;ld; vd;gjw;F tiutpyf;fzk; nrhy;fpwhh;. “ rptnjhz;ld;

vd;why; rptDf;F mbatd;. rpt njhz;ld; nra;Ak; njhopnyy;yhk; rptDf;Fg;G+irahFk;. rptk; nra;Ak; njhopYf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;J njhopy; Gupgtd;

rptnjhz;ld;” .

kw;iwaJ jhd; nra;Ak; gzp midj;ijAk; rptrf;jpf;nfd;W mu;g;gzpg;gtd;rptnjhz;ld.; xUtd; fUkk; nra;Ak; NghJ gad;fUjhJ nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JGJf;fUj;jy;y. gftj;fPij ,ijNa $WfpwJ. eP tsu;e;j gpd; ,e;E}iyg; gbj;Jgad; miltha; vd ek;G. nray; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,iwtDf;Nf fhzpf;ifahf;Fk;Nahfk; Gupgtu; mtu;. xU nraiy Cjpak; fUjpr; nra;Ak; NghJ mJnjhopyhfpd;wJ. mjidNa jd;dykpd;wpg; gpwu; eyq;fUjpr; nra;Ak;NghJ mJNtnjhz;lhfpd;wJ. mjid> tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp ep\;fhkpakhf> ,iw mu;g;gzkhf;Fk;NghJ NahfkhfpwJ. ,JNt fu;k NahfkhFk;. vdNt njhopy;NtW> njhz;LNtW>Nahfk;NtW vd;fpwhu;.,jid czh;e;jtd; rptnjhz;ld; vd;fpwhh;.

,tu; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s gzpfisg; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ ,tu; xU rpj;juh? Qhdpah?Nahfpah vd vz;zj;Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Rthkpfspd; kw;nwhU Njhw;wNk rptnjhz;ld;vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,tu; rptnjhz;bidr; rptdbahiu cgrupg;gJ NghyNtnra;Jte;Js;shu;. rptnjhz;bid Nghw;w Ntz;baJk; vkJ flik vd;fpwhu;.,jid ew;rpe;jidapy;

“ rptnewp tOthr; rptnjhz;l ndd;gtd;gUtU lj;Jg; gd;Dkhu; fopkjp ”vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

rptnjhz;L Mw;WtNj rptdbahu;fspd; njhopy;Rthkpfs; cyfj;jpw;F >cyfk; ca;a tpl;Lr; nrd;w gzpfis ,uz;L tifahfehk; Nehf;fyhk;.

1 . rkauPjpapy; Nkw;nfhz;l rptnjhz;Lfs;2 . rKjha uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhz;l rptnjhz;Lfs;.

rka uPjpahd rptnjhz;Lfs;

rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fis cUthf;fpaik

jdJ gzpfisr; nrt;tNd nra;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk;>

kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fis epWtpdhu;. .“Rk;kh ,Ue;J nfhz;L

nray; nra;jy;” ,tuJ Nfhl;ghL.ifapy; xU rjf; fhRk; itj;jpUf;f khl;lhu;.Mdhy; ngUQ; nrytpy; rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fs; cUthfpd. ahTk; mtu;kfpikahNy ele;Njwpd. jpUj;njhz;L nra;Nthu;fSf;F ngUk; rd;khdkspj;Jr;rpwg;Gr; nra;jy; Ntz;LnkdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,t;thwhf mtu; jdJ epiyaj;jpy;gy gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.jhdj;jpy; rpwe;jJ fy;tpj;jhdk;vd;whu;. mjdpYk; rpwe;jJ nrhu;zjhdk;. ,tw;wpYk; rpwe;jJ t];jpu jhdk; vd;W$wp jdJ Ntl;biaf; nfhLj;j Mj;kPf Qhdp. ,r;nray; Rthkpapd; njhz;Lkdg;ghd;ikapd; cr;rj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.



rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpD}lhf Rthkpfs; Qhdjhdk;> tpj;;jpahjhdk; Nghd;wtw;iwNkw;fhz;lhu;. mjhtJ twpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;F cjtp nra;jJ> Nkw;gbg;Ggbf;f tpUk;Gk; khztu;fisAk; ntspehL nrd;W fy;tpfw;Fk; tha;g;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLj;Js;sJ. rptnjhz;ld; epiyak; grpj;NjhUf;;F grpahwTk; fUkk; Mw;wpaJ.Fwpg;ghf khje;NjhWk; tUk; Mapypa ehs;> jpUthjpiu> rptuhj;jpup Kjyha tpohehs;fspy;; md;djhdk; toq;fg;gLk;Kiwia cUthf;fpa kfh Qhdp. rptnjhz;ld;epiyaj;jpw;F tUk; midtiuAk; tuNtw;W cgrupf;Fk; tof;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ.aho;g;ghzj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l khztu; ,y;yj;jpw;F Kjy; Kjy; ed;nfhilfistoq;fpa Qhdp.

jhd; itj;jpUe;j fhir vy;NyhUf;Fk; gq;fpl;L jhd; xU rjNkDk; itj;jpUf;fkhl;lhu;. Rthkpapd; gw;ww;w gzpahf rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;ij mikj;jik tpsq;FfpwJ.MapDk; me;epiyak; jdJ vd;w gw;W vg;NghJk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy.Rthkpfs; epWtpa rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fspy; irt rka Kiwg;gb ,f;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;jpatopghl;LKiwfs; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. mtu; vOj;Jf;fspYk; rptnjhz;ld; ,jopYk;,f;Nfhl;ghL typAWj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

jpUKiw tFg;Gf;fs;rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpD}lhf rkatpohf;fs;> irtrpe;jhe;j> Ntjhe;j> Guhz>jpUKiw tFg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpwg;Gw elj;jp te;Js;shu;. jhz;lfk; ghLtjpy;ty;ytiu jpUj;jhz;lfk; ghLkhWk;> gz;zpir ghlf;$batu;fis Njthuk;>jpUthrfk;; ghLkhWk;>; jkJ epiyaj;jpy; cs;s gf;ju;fisAk; VidNahiuAk;

ghLk;gb J}z;Lthh;. jkJ epiyaj;jpy; ntspapl;l “ irtj;jpUKiwj;jpul;L’’ vDk;E}ypYs;s ghly;fs; Rthkpfs; ghbaitahFk;.

Guhzgldk;

rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpy; Guhzkz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;L Guhzg;gbg;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;jpdhu;. Guhzq;fisf; Nfhapy;fspYk;> klq;fspYk;xOq;fhfg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> fe;jGuhzj;ij xOq;fhfg; gbj;J te;jhy;Jd;gq;fs; kiwAk; vd;Wk;> $wp mtw;iw njhlu;e;J nra;Jk; te;jhu;. kfhrptuhj;jpupjpdj;ij tUle;NjhWk; Vw;ghLfs; nra;J elj;jpaNjhL> md;iwa jpdk;> Guhzgldk;XJtJk; rpwg;ghfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; vDk; %d;W irtGuhzq;fSs; xd;W epiwTw;wJk; ,d;ndhd;W vDk;xOq;fpy; Mz;L KOtJk; gbf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jpUthjpiu ehisxl;ba gj;J ehs;fspYk; jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzg; gbg;Gk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mj;Jld;rptGuhzj;ij ,yq;if KOtJk; gutr; nra;J irtrkaj;Jf;Fg; GjpanjhUkyu;r;rpiaf; nfhLj;j ngUik RthkpfSf;FupaJ. ehs;NjhWk; khiyNtisapy;rptGuhzk; Xjg;gl;L te;jJ. jk;kplk; tUk; md;gu; gyuplk; xUehisf;nfhUKiwrptGuhzk; Xjp thUq;fs;. mJ xd;Nw NghJk; vd;whu;.

rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fisf; fw;wy;rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fisr; irtu;fs; Kiwahff; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Rthkpfspd;tpUg;G. ,jw;fhf rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpy; rpj;jhe;jk; njhlu;ghd gy fl;LiufisvOjp ntspapl;lhu;. rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ftjw;F xU J}Jf;FOit,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gpaikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Nfhapy; njhz;Lfs;Nfhapy; njhz;Lfs; vd;w tifapy; nfhOk;Gj;Jiw Mr;rpukj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;sNfhapw; G+e;Njhl;lj;jpw;F ePu; Cw;Wjy;> Mr;rpuk Kw;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;iwf;jhkhfNt nra;J cyf kf;fSf;F Kd;Djhuzkhdhh;. xUrkak; Nahf Rthkpfs;nfhOk;Gj;Jiw Mr;rpukj;jpy; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fisf; $l;bj; J}a;ikg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy; jd;id re;jpf;f te;j ntspA+u;f; fhuu;fsplk;; nra;Ak;NghJmfr;Rj;jKk; ePq;f topNaw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.



ghjahj;jpiufis Nkw;nfhz;lik

rptnjhz;lu;fs; midtUk; xd;W jpuz;L ghjahj;jpiufis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;toprikj;Jf; nfhLj;jtu; RthkpfNs. Mz;LNjhWk; elhj;jpa ghjahj;jpiu mtu;nra;j fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w khw;wq;fSs; xd;whFk;. 23.9.62- 22-10.62 tiuahd xUjpq;fspy; Ie;J ghjahj;jpiufs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;ld. ,J rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;ijikakhff; nfhz;Nl Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ahj;jpiuapd; Kjw;nghUshfj; jpUtb jpfo;e;jJ.,jd; NghJ mtu;fs; grp> jhfk; Nghd;wtw;iw nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy. ghjahj;jpiunry;Yk;NghJ Gydlf;fk; Vw;gl;L xt;nthUtupd; rpe;ijAk; rptd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gl;Lfhzg;gLk;. mbatu;fs; gyu; jkJ tho;tpy; mikjpailtjw;F Rthkpfspd;rpe;jidfisNs topNfhypaJ. ,J Nahfh; Rthkpfspd; jdJ rpe;jidapD}lhfNkw;nfhz;l rptnjhz;nldyhk;.

jpahdg; gapw;rpfs;jpahd kz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;L jpahdg; gapw;rpfSk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jd.

“rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpw; NruPu;

jpahdQ; nra;Jfilj; NjwPu;”

vd;W Rthkpfs; jpahdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; $wpdhu;. fpspnehr;rpapy;Ntiy ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Xa;T Neuj;ij jpahdj;jpNy fopj;jikAk;> kw;iwatu;fs;epj;jpiu nra;Ak;NghJ> Rthkpfs; neLNeuk; jpahdj;jpy; <Lgl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mtu; mUspa ew;rpe;jidg; ghly;fs;> jj;Jtj; jsj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;sNjhL>gy mwq;fisAk; $Wk; mw E}yhfTk; gf;jpjUk; Njhj;jpu E}yhfTk; Nahfk;$Ltjw;Fupa Nahf E}yhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.

r%f uPjpahd rptnjhz;Lfs;

rPupatho;f;if KiwxUtd; mjpfhiyapy; epj;jpiu tpl;L vOk;g Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; mg;nghOJ jhd;gpuk;k K$u;j;j Neuk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.,J xUtDf;F ngUk;Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ vd;whh;.flTis Ie;njOj;Njhjp topgly; Ntz;Lk;.

“Vj;Jf nghd;db” vdj; jiyg;gpl;L>

“vOf GyUKd; Vj;Jf nghd;dbnjhOJ tzq;Ff J}ePwzpf

gOjpy; Ie;njOj;Jk; gd;Df gd;Kiw”

vdf; $wpAs;shu;.Mdhy; ,d;W rpyu; mjpfkhf J}q;Ffpd;wdu;. mjpfkhf

rhg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Rthkpfs; “ epj;jpiuapYk;> cztpYk; kpjkhapU“ vd;fpwhu;.

1. tho;f;ifapy; jpahdk; nra;jy;.

tho;f;ifapy; jpahdk; nra;tjdhy; Vw;gLk; kfpik gw;wp md;gu;fSf;F vLj;Jf;$wpdhu;. xUrkak; Rthkpfs; jpahdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Xu; md;gu; mtiu juprpf;fte;J nghWikahf fhj;jpUe;J> mtiu tpOe;J tzq;fpdu;. mg;NghJ jpahdj;jpy;,Ue;j Rthkpfs;jpBnud gyj;j rj;jj;Jld; Rthkp gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;. ‘Bloodyfool, this is not an altar; are you worshipping me or are you worshipping your self? Do youthink that you can find god by worshipping another?’ vd;WNfl;Ltpl;L mtuJ ,jaj;jpw;FNeuhf Rl;bf; fhl;b‘Look it is here! It is here!’ vd;WnjspTgLj;jpdhu;.



,jid jdJ ew;rpe;jidapy;> “cd;Ds;Ns nja;tPfj; jd;ikia czu;. ePNacdf;Fj; jiytd;. ePNa cd;id elj;Jgtd;. ePNa cyfj;jpw;Fr; rf;fuhjpgjp.,e;jj; J}a vz;zj;ij kwe;jhy; ,wg;Gg; gpwg;ghfpa rKj;jpuj;jpy; fple;Jjpf;FKf;Fg;gLtha;. vOe;jpU> tpopj;Jf;nfhs;> cd;id ,dpnahd;Wk; ntw;wpnaLf;fKbahJ. tpsf;F vupa Ntz;Lkhapd; jpupAk; vz;nzAk; Ntz;Lk;. eP gpufhrkilaNtz;bdhy; Xk;> jj;> rj;> vd czu;r;rpNahL gpuhu;j;jid nra;“ vd;W md;gu;fSf;Ff;$wpAs;sikAk; xU kdpjid tsg;gLj;Jk; tifapYk; Rthkpfspd; njhz;Lfs;,lk;ngw;Ws;ikiaf; fhzyhk;.

kd;Dap nuy;yhk; kfpo;e;jply; ,d;gk;vd;Dapu; Nghyit Xk;gply; ,d;gk;,d;Dap upitnayh kpiwtd; tbntdcd;dpLk; nka;Azu; Tw;wpl ypd;gNk..

ahtUk; rpt&gk;. rptnjhz;bid Mw;Wk; NghJ ehk; ahtUk; rpt&gk; vd;wepiy cUthFk;.

flikNa topghL.

ghlrhiy Ntisapy; jd;id juprpf;f te;j Mrpupau;fis fz;bj;jhu;. mtu;fsplk;“ fe;jGuhzk; gbg;gjhapDk; flikia myl;r pak; nra;a Ntz;lhk;”vd;whu;.je;ijf;F cjtp nra;ahj ike;jd; xUtd; jd;id tPo;e;J tzq;f te;jNghJKjypy; “ Ngha; cd; ngw;Nwhiuf; Fk;gpL” vdf; $wpajD}lhf rptnjhz;Lvd;gJ rptdbahu;fis kl;Lk; topgLtjy;y ngw;Nwhu;fis topgLtNj rpwg;ghdJvd;gjid czu;j;jpa Mj;kQhdp.

ngz;fs; jhk; thOk; tPL xU Nfhapy; vd;gij czu;e;J mtw;iw J}a;ikahfg;Ngz Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Xh; md;gh; fopg;giw> fOTk; Xiriamtjhdpj;J “ mJ rpt G+ir“ vd;whu;.

ghlrhiy khzthpilNa ey;nyz;zq;fis tsh;j;jy;ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; ,U igad;fs; xNu tFg;gpy; gbj;jdu;. xUtd; ed;whfgbg;ghd;> MapDk; Fiwe;j Gs;spfisNa ngWthd;. kw;wtd; Fiwthfgbg;ghd;>Mdhy; mjpf Gs;spfisg; ngWthd;. mjpf Gs;spfisg; ngWgtd; Rthkpfspd;thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;L xOFgtd;. ,J Kjy; khztDf;F nghwhikia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.vdpDk; mtid> Rthkpfs; jpUj;jpdhh;. “ Mir> nghwhik> Nfhgk; ,tw;iwvy;yhk; jtpu;j;jhy; ePAk; mjpf Gs;spfidg; ngwyhk;“ vd;W $wpdhu;.

Nahfu; Rthkpfspd; mUikahd cgNjrk;> “ ahu; vd;d jPik nra;jhYk; nra;al;Lk;>xd;Wf;Fk; mQ;rhNj. kw;wtu; cdf;F jPikAk; nra;a KbAk;. ed;ikAk; nra;aKbAk; eP nra;j tpidg;gad;fspd;gb vy;yhk; ed;ikngWk;. eP xUtUf;Fj; NjbjPtpid nra;ahNj. eP nra;tdtw;iw rptnjhz;L vd epidj;Jf; nfhz;L nra;. ePRk;kh ,U. flTisj; jpahdp. flTs; cdf;Fj; Njitahditnay;yhk; jUthu;”,t;thW Rthkpfs; rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd gy mwf;fUj;Jf;fisg; Nghjpj;Js;shu;

xUtiug; gw;wp Fiw $w vkf;F cupikapy;iy

xU md;gu; gyupd; Fiw epiwfisg; Ngrpdhu;. ,it vy;yhk; nysfPfk;. cz;ikapy;xUtiug;gw;wp Fiw $w vkf;F cupikapy;iy. vkJ tpidg;gaDf;Nfw;wgbtho;fpd;Nwhk;. ehk; vy;Nyhuplj;Jk; rptidAk;> rptdplj;Jk; vy;NyhiuAk; fhzg;gof Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.

“vy;NyhiuAk; kPrdplj;jpNy fz;bllh>vy;Nyhuplj;jpYk; kPridf; fz;bllh”

vd;W ghbAs;sik ,jidj; njspthf;Fk.; “eP cd; topapy; el> cd; fhypy; epy;>cd; rf;jpapy; ek;gpf;if cs;stdha; ,U. cd; Mj;khtpd; Fuiyf;Nfs;.,iwtDila rhk;gpuhr;rpak; cd;DSz;L.” vd;fpwhu;.,t;thwhd thf;Ffs; vy;yhk;khztuplj;Jk; nrd;wila Ntz;Lk;.



Neha; jPu;j;jy;

rptnjhz;Lg; gzpfspy; md;gu;fspd; Neha; ePf;FjiyAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rpy tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

1. lhf;lu; FUrhkp vd;gtu; Neha;tha;g;;gl;L ,Ue;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtuJgps;isfis NfhsW gjpfj;ijg; gbj;JtUk;gb $wpdhu;. gps;isfs; xOq;fhfmjidg; gbf;fhikahy; Neha; jPutpy;iy. gpd; jhNk nrd;W NfhsW gjpfj;ijg;ghb jPuhj Nehapid jPu;j;J itj;jhu;.

2. jpU.NtYg;gps;is vd;gtupd; Nehapidf; Fzg;gLj;j “ rpjk;gu juprdk;

ghu;’’ vd;Wf; $wp xU fhiyj; J}f;fpr; rpifia tpupj;J 5 epkplq;fs; $j;jhb

mtuJ NehapidAk; Nghf;fpdhu;.

3. ru; Jiurhkp vd;gtu; vyprngj; kfhuhzpapd; KbR+l;L tpohTf;F Nghtjw;FVw;ghLfs; nra;jNghJ mtUf;F RftPdk; Vw;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtUf;fhfjhNd kUe;Jfis mUe;jp mtuJ Nehapidf; Fzg;gLj;jp mtiu ntspehLnry;y itj;jik Nghd;w nray;fs; Rthkpapd; gue;j kdg;ghq;fpidAk;> jd;capiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhJ rptnjhz;bid nra;Js;sikapidAk; fhl;LfpwJ.

6. kio nga;tpj;jik

td;dpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; kionga;ahJ tptrhak; ghjpg;gile;jpUe;jijf; fz;lkf;fs;kio nga;atpy;iy vd Vf;fk; nfhz;L Rthkpfsplk; nrd;wdu;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;Rthkp>

“ ey;ykio nga;ahNjh ehL rpwthNjh

vy;ytUk; ,d;Gw;W thohNuh - ey;Y}uhd;Mrdha; te;Nj mbNaid Mz;Lnfhz;lhd;

NgrhD G+jpnad; NgW”

Vd;w ew;rpe;jidg; ghliyg; ghuhazQ; nra;J kioapy;yhf; Fiwapid jPu;j;Jitj;jhu;.

1. kJtpyf;F

,tuJ gzpfspy; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf tpsq;FtJ kJtpyf;F. ,g; gof;fj;jpdhy;gy FLk;gq;fs; rPuopTfis vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ. ,tw;wpid Neubahff; fz;l Rthkpfs;08.03.1952,y; rp.FUrhkp jiyikapy; ,yq;if kJtpyf;Fr; rigapid ];jhgpj;jdu;.,r;rig Rthkpfspd; fl;lisg;gb nraw;gl;L te;jNjhL ,jw;Fg; gz cjtpNjitg;gl;lJ.,jw;fhf rptnjhz;ld; md;gu;fs; khjk; xU &gha; tPjk; cjTk;gbAk; Ntz;lg;gl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.,jd; Kaw;rpahy; gy rhuhaf; filfs;%lg;gl;ld. Nahfu; Rthkpfs; kf;fis mopf;Fk; ,k; kJtpid mopf;Fk; njhz;bidrpt njhz;lhfNt fUjpdhu;.



2. .tptrha tpUj;jp

tptrha tpUj;jpf;Fg; Nghl;l jpl;lk; nrq;fyb rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;NjhL Nru;e;Nj,t; tptrhaj;jpw;fhd gz;iz epWtg;gl;lJ. ,g; gz;izapd; Nehf;fq;fs;: epyj;jpd;rj;ijf; nfLf;fhj Kiwapy; vt;tsT czTw;gj;jp nra;ayhNkh mt;tsT czitcw;gj;jp nra;tNj vd ,jw;F Nahfu; Rthkpfspd; rPluhd Nrhy;gup gpuGtpd;kfNd nghWg;ghapUe;J ,r; rptnjhz;bid Mw;wpdhu;.;. ,jid jdJ ew;rpe;jidg;ghl;by; $wpAs;shu;.

“ ..tUNkh tWikg; gpzp khe;jPu; - fUJtPu;

fhaj;ijj; Njw;wf; flTs; jpUtbapy;

Neaj;ij itg;gPu; epiwe;J”

vd;W ghbAs;sjd; %yk; kw;wtuJ czTg; grpiag; Nghf;fpdhu;. mj;Jld; 1930Mk;Mz;L fe;jtdf; flit vDk; gpurpj;jpngw;w KUfd; NfhapYf;F mUfpYs;sfhzpapy; Njhl;lk; nra;tjw;F top tFj;jhu;fs;.

3. rptnjhz;lhf nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpfs;

Nahfu; Rthkpfs>;; mLj;j thupRfspd; gad;ghl;bidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L xUrptnjhz;lhfNt nkhopngau;g;Gg; gzpfisr; nra;Js;shu;. ru; N[hd; T+l;nwhg;vOjpa Fz;lypdp rf;jp (Serpent Power by sir john woodrofe) clk;gpd; ehbfs;> thAf;fs;>MW Mjhuq;fs; gw;wpg; NgRk; rpwg;ghd E}y;. ,e; E}ypid jkpopy; nkhopngau;j;jhu;.

tpNtfhde;jupd; rPluhd mnyf;rhz;lu; vOjpa “ In the hours of Meditation”vDk; E}iy

“ jpahd fhyk;” vDk; ehkj;NjhL 1925Mk; Mz;by; nkhopngau;j;J ntspapl;lhu;.

mj;Jld; 1955Mk; Mz;by; “ tpNtfhde;j Rthkpfspd; nrhw;nghopTfspd; rhuk;”

vd;w E}iyAk;; rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;jpD}lhf ntspapl;lhu;.

4. ,dk;> rhjp> rkak; ghuhJ rptnjhz;L

rptnjhz;L nra;Ak;NghJ> ,dk;>rhjp> rkak; ghu;f;f KbahJ. gzf;fhud;> twpatd;ghu;f;f $lhJ vd;W $wpa Nahfu; Rthkpfs; rpq;fstu;> jkpou; vd;w NtWghLfisg;ghu;f;fhJ midtUf;Fk; rk njhz;bidNa Gupe;Js;shu;. ,jid

“ rpq;fstu; vq;fsJ nry;tk;> ,e;j”.

jkpoUk; vq;fsJ nry;tk;”

ahtUQ; rkndd Tzu;e;jpl ypd;gk;

ahtUQ; rNfhju nud;gJ kpd;gk;..”

vd;W ghb jkpoiug;Nghy; rpq;fstiuAk; jk;ktuhfNt epidj;jhu;. mj;Jld; jk;kplk;

MWjy; Ntz;b te;j xU fpwp];jtuplk; “Mz;ltd; jpUtb Ntz;bf;nfhz;lhy;

vd;Wk; MWjy; cz;lhFk;” vdf; $wpAs;sik mtuJ rka xw;Wikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.

rptnjhz;bd; gyd;

“rptnjhz;L nra;thu;f;Fr; rhe;jk; nghWikAz;L

rptnjhz;L nra;thu;f;Fj; jpupfhy Tzu;r;rpAz;Lrptnjhz;L nra;thu;f;Fj; jPagpzp Nehapy;iy

rptnjhz;L nra;thu;fs; nja;tNk Nghy;thu;”

vd;W jdJ ew;rpe;jidapy; rptnjhz;L Mw;wpdhy; fpilf;fg;ngWk; gyd;fisf;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.



rkaKk;> tho;f;ifAk;

rkak; ,d;Wk; tho;f;ifAld; ,izatpy;iy. ,d;W njhopEl;gj;jpd; tpisthy;rkag; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjdhy; vd;d gad; vd;fpwhu;fs;. rkaj;jpd; %yk; jhd;kdg;ghq;F khw;wk; tUtij ahu; mwpthu;? cgeplj kfhthf;fpakhd (jj;Jtk;m]p> mfk; gpuk;k]p> Nrhfk; m]p) ,J njupe;jhy; ahu; ahiuAk; ntWf;fKbahJ. Ruz;l Tk; KbahJ. vdNt ,J Nghy; Nahfu; RthkpfSk; nja;tj;ijkdpjuplj;jpy; fhz; vd;fpwhu;.

Nahfu;Rthkpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;; kf;fSf;F nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; - nrd;wilahjpUg;gJjhd; gpur;rpid.,d;iwa cyfj;jpNy ehk; Nghl;b> nghwhik> gopf;Fg;gop.vq;Fk;vjpu;ghu;g;G>vjpYk; vjpu;ghu;g;G XUth; Xu; cjtpiar; nra;Jtpl;L ,d;Ndhu;

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; jdf;F cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lk;” vd vjpu;ghu;g;gu;. mt;thW

nra;atpy;iynad;why; nghwhik> tQ;rk;>rpyNtis mtuJ njhlu;igNa Jz;bg;gu;my;yJ J}w;Wthu;.,t;thwhd cyfj;jpw;F mupa nghf;fp\q;fis Nahfu; Rthkpfs;tpl;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fpwhu;. ehk; nra;Ak; xt;nthU nraYf;Fk; gad; cz;L. epA+l;ldpd;tpjpAk; mijj;jhd; nrhy;fpwJ. mijj;jhd; jhd; RthkpfSk; rptnjhz;lha;nra;Ak; NghJ flTs; cdf;Fj; Njitahdnty;yhk; nra;thu; vd;fpwhu;.

KbTiu

,t;thwhf Rthkpfs; jdJ tho;ehs; KOtijAk; rptnjhz;Lfs; nra;tjw;Nfmu;g;gzpj;jNjhL> rpj;ju; vd;w kuGf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W kf;fNshL kf;fshf tho;e;Jkf;fs; kdjpy; Md;kPf QhdpahfTk; ,lk;gpbj;Js;shu;. NahfRthkpfspd; md;gu;fs;mtu; fhl;ba topapy; epd;W> jhk; thOk; ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; rptnjhz;lhw;wp

tUfpd;wdu;. “ ,q;F ehd; xU FiwAk; itf;ftpy;iy” vdj; jpUtha; kyu;e;J

rptnjhz;L Mw;WtNj rptdbahu;fspd; njhopy; vd;gij czu;j;jpa Md;kPf Qhdpahfj;jpfo;e;j Nahfh; Rthkpfs; 1964Mk; Mz;L jkJ rptnjhz;il epiwTwr;nra;jhu;. Nahfh;Rthkpfs; jk; Md;khit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJld; vk;KilaMd;kpfg; ghHitiaAk; tprhyg;gLj;jpAs;shh; vd;gij mLj;j thupRfSf;F njhptpj;J

tsu;f;f Ntz;ba jhu;kPf nghWg;G vk;ikr;rhu;e;jJ.



filapw;Rthkpfs;

,yq;ifr; rpj;ju; guk;giuapd; Muk;gkhf mwpag;gLgtu; filapw;Rthkpfshthu;.,tu; Mjpfilehjd; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;. xU mUl;guk;giuf;F %y tpj;jpl;lFU Kjy;tuhfTk; tpsq;Ffpwhu;. <oj;Jr; rpj;ju;fSs; Kjd;ikahdtuhfTk;> NahfGU\uhfTk; jpfo;gtu; filapw;Rthkp. mtUila gpwg;G> ngw;Nwhu; gw;wpa vt;tpjjfty;;fSk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wpy. ,e;jpahtpd; fu;dhlfh khepyj;jpypUe;J te;jtuhfmwpag;gLfpd;whu;. Kw;gpwg;Gj; njhlu;Gfis mwpe;jtuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. Mq;fpyk;>fd;dlk;> jkpo; nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wtuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. cau; ePjpkd;wePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;wpa ,tu; Fw;wthspf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpj;jNtis “,e;jf;Fw;wthspf;F jz;liz toq;f ehd; ahu;?” vDk; tpdh mtUs; vOe;jijaLj;Jgjtpiaj; Jwe;jhu;. Rj;jhde;j ghujpapd; Kjd;ikr;rPluhf tpsq;fpa ,tUf;FRj;jhde;j ghujpahuhy; “Kj;jpahde;jh” vDk; jPl;rh ehkk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpah INuhg;gpau; Ml;rpapy; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; rkaj;jpYk;eyptile;jpUe;jJ.

,yq;iff;fhd Md;kPfg; gazk;

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Gdpj ,lq;fspy; xd;whf tz;zhu;gz;iz jpfo;e;jJ. ,t;tplj;jpy;itj;jP];tud; Nfhapy;> fjpNurd; Nfhapy;> rptnjhz;ld; epiyak;> ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up>itj;jP];tud; tpj;jpahyak; vdg;gy Nfhapy;fSk;> r%f epWtdq;fSk;Njhd;wpaNjhL> jkpo; nkhopAk;> rkaKk; nropg;Gw;wpUe;j gpuNjrKkhFk;. gyE}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng NahfpfsJk;> Gdpju;fsJk; fhw;jlk; gjpe;j ,lkhfTk;jpfo;fpd;wJ.

ituKj;Jr; nrl;bahu; vd;w aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nru;e;j tzpfNu Kj;jpahde;jhthf,Ue;j filapw; Rthkpfis ,yq;iff;F miog;gpj;jtuhthu;. fg;gy; %ykhf,yq;ifte;jile;j Kj;jpahde;ju; Kjypy; kz;ilj;jPtpy; jq;fpapUe;jhu;.fhy;eilahf aho;ghzk; te;jile;J jq;fpapUe;j ,lNk ngupafilahFk;. ,jd;fhuzkhf filapw;Rthkpfs; vDk; ngaiug; ngw;whu;. filapw; Rthkpfspd;Njhw;wj;ij Foe;ijNtw; Rthkpfs;

“ngupafilehjd; gpj;jd; jpUf;Nfhyk;

Fupatz;zr; rPiy fUe;Njhyhd rhy;it

Jupah jPjg;nghl;Lj; Jyq;f eilnkl;Lr;

ruahawpe;Njj;jpj; jioj;jhl;gLtPNu” vd;w ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

jha; ehlhd ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Nra;; ehlhd ,yq;iff;F te;J ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;Mj;kPfg; gzp Gupe;jtNu filapw;Rthkpahthu;.

nrl;bahu; fe;jRthkp Nfhapypy; jkJ FUehjid jdf;Fj; je;jUs Ntz;Lk; vd,iwtidg; gpuhj;jpj;J tPL jpUk;gpf;nfhz;bUf;ifapy;> mj;jUzNk FUehju;nrl;bahupd; tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;W cztUe;jp Kbf;f nrl;bahu; jhd; Fk;gpl;l gaidifNahNl fz;L FUtUSk; rPlu; md;Gk; fye;J nfhz;ld. nrl;bahu; cly;nghUs;>Mtp %d;iwAk; FUehjDf;F jj;jk; nra;jhu;. mj;jUkrhjdk; ,d;W fe;ju;klj;jpy;

md;drj;jpuk; vd;w ngaNuhL tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.



rhjidfs;

jha; ehl;bw;fhfTk; FUguk;giuia cUthf;fpa ,tu; <oj;jpYk; Fwpg;ghfaho;g;ghzj;jpd; ehw;ghfq;fspYk; ,tUf;nfd;W FUguk;giuia cUthf;fpdhu;.mtu;fSf;F;.Mj;kPf Qhdk;> FUgf;jp> vd;gtw;iw mUspaJld; tho;f;ifapDilaFwpf;Nfhs;fs;> Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wpAk; ,iwabatu;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.,t;thwhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; Nritfis Mw;Wtjpy; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.nry;yg;gh Rthkp> Foe;ijNtw; Rthkpfis rPlu;fshf Mf;fpdhu;.

rhjpNgjk; ghuhl;lhky; ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; gy.

Rthkpf;F md;gu;fs; kJ> khkprk; tpUj;jspj;jtplj;J mtw;iwAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

,tu pd ; nraw ; ghLfs ; g pj ;jidg ; Nghyike ;j pUe ;jikahy ; ,tiukdeykUj;Jtkidf;F mDg;Gk; Kfkhf rpiwapypl;l Ntis kWehNs rpiwapypUe;JntspNawp ntspNa jpupe;jhu;.

filapw; Rthkpfs; jkJ ,Wjpf;fhyj;ij tz;zhu; gz;izapy; ePuhtpabapy;fopj;jhu;.

rpUq;Nfup klj;jpd; jiytuhftpUe;j mw;GjQhd rpj;ju; = eurpk;kghujpahu;.Mj;krpj;jpfs; iftug;ngw;w ,tu; gy QhdpfisAk;> NahfpfisAk;> rpj;ju;fisAk;>rPtd; Kj;ju;fisAk; rpU\;bf;ff; $batu;. jdJ rPldhd = rr;rpjhde;jrpthmgpet eurpk;kUld; Cu;fs; NjhWk; tp[aq;fs; nra;jtu;. ,j;jifa jUzj;jpNyNajhd; ePjpgjp Rthkp Kj;jpahde;juhdhu;.

mtUila Gifg;glk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,d;wpUf;fpd;w jpUTUtg;glk; mtUilaxUnjhz;lupdhy; tiuag;gl;ljhFk;. mjpy; mtUila cUtikg;ghdJ gue;jNjhs;fSk;> ePz;l fuq;fSkhf Kfj;jpy; xspkakhf Gd;difAlDk; ePz;l %f;FlDk;fhl;rpjUfpd;whu;.

mw;Gjq;fs;

,tiug; gpj;jdhff; fUjp rpiwapypl;l NghJ mtu; jdJ rpj;jhy; rpiwia tpl;LkWehs; jpwe;Jghu;j;j Ntis mq;F mtupy;iy.mtNu gioagb ntspapy; jpupe;jhu;.,jdhy; efu;fhtyu;fSk; gf;jp nfhz;nlhOfyhapdu;. mtu;fspy; xUtNurhu;[dhftpUe;j rpd;dj;jk;gpahtu;. ,tNu rhu;[d; Rthkpfshdhu;.

jk;ik mile;j nka;abahu;fsplk; rhjpNgjk;> cau;Tjho;T> nry;tu; twpatu;vd;w tpj;jpahrk; ghuhJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; fUizfhl;b> mtu;fsJ cly; Neha;f;Fk;csNehf;Fk; tWikf;Fk; gupfhuk; nra;aNt mbatu; $l;lk; ngUfpaJ.

Viofspd; ,y;yq;fl;Fk; vOe;jUSkhW miog;Gf;fs; mjpfupf;fNt RthkpAk;nrd;W mtu;fs; jhk; gupkhWk; kr;rk;> kJ vd;gtw;iw mspj;jNtis tpUg;G>ntWg;gw;w Rthkpfs; mtw;iwAk; Vw;wUspdhu;. ,k;Kiw itjPfu;fspilNaFNuhjj;ij cz;Lgz;zpaJ. RthkpfNsh mtu;fisAk; mg;gd; jLj;jhl;nfhz;ljd;ik mw;Gjj;jpd; mw;GjkhFk; vd;whu;. ,tupd; rPluhd nry;yg;gh RthkpfSf;NfMr;rupaj;ij cz;Lgz;z FUitg; gupNrhjpf;f rhuha Nghj;jiy kiwj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpwhu;. filapw; RthkpNah Kw;Wkwpe;jtuha; ePAk; tpUe;jspf;f tpUk;gptpl;lhah? vLj;J jpw ePAk; ehDk; ,q;fpUf;Fk; md;gu;fSk; vy;NyhUk; Fbg;Nghk;vd;whuhk;. eLf;fj;Jld; nry;yg;gh Rthkpfs; vLj;Jj; jpwf;fNt jpuhtfk; KOtJk;Mtpahf khwpf; fhw;NwhL fye;J tpl;ljhk;. FUehjiu fz;zPuhy; fOtp ey;Y}u;Njubf;Fr; nrd;whuhk;.



ngupafilapy; ngupa Glitf;filf;fhuu; jPghtsp jpdj;jpy; Rthkpf;F tpiyAau;e;jgl;lhil xd;iw mzptpj;J thridfs; g+rp kfpo RthkpfSk; mtuJ topghLfisVw;gJNghy; ebj;J> mt;topNa nrd;w jPz;lhr;rhjpaid mtrukhf jdjUNfmioj;J gl;lhilia mDf;Fj; Njhspy; Nghl;L “Kw;gpwg;gpNy Neghs uhrh ePNgh” vd topaDg;gpdhu;.

Rthkpfs; kz;ilj;jPTf;Fk; Ngha;tUk; gof;fKilatu;. flYf;Fr; nrd;w kPdtd;jpUk;ghikahy; mtdJ kidtp mOjFuy; Nfl;L mq;F nrd;w Rthkpfs;gidkl;ilia vLj;J ts;sk; typg;gJNghy; nra;J tpl;L kl;ilia vwpe;Jnrd;whuhk;. kPdtd; tPL jpUk;gp epyk; fpswg;gl;bUg;gijg; ghu;j;J kidtpaplk;tpdht “cd;Dila igj;jpak; $j;jhbaJ” vd;W $w vd;dg;gd; mq;Nf ts;sk;typj;jkhjpup ,Ue;jJ. ,q;NfAk; ,g;gbah? vd;W fz;zPu; jJk;gpdhdhk; kPdtd;.

ngupafilg;gFjpapy; cs;s rpy filfSf;Fs; nrd;W fhrpy; ifapl;Lmf;filfhuu;fSf;F Nahfk; gz;zr;nra;thu;. tprud; Nghy; Xbr; nrd;W ifapy;cs;s fhir tPrp mij Foe;ijfs; nghWf;Ftijg; ghu;j;J Mde;j eldKk;nra;thuhk;.

,t;tPjpapNy Rthkpf;Fg; gzpGupAk; fe;ijahr; nrl;bahupd; FLk;gkpUe;jJ.mtu;fSf;F fhyg;Nghf;fpy; fLk; e\;lk; Vw;gl;L tWikg;gl;l NghJ Rthkpfs;E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd mbatu;fSld; mtu; tPLfSf;Fr; nry;y mtu;fSk; jhypiatpw;W tpUj;jspj;jdu;. kWehs; jdpNa nrd;W ,Uk;gpid nfhz;Ltur;nrhy;yp mjidngl;bapy; itf;Fk;gb nry;ypr;nrd;wpUf;fpwhu;. ,t;tpUk;gp jq;fkhf khwpapUe;jjhk;.

,t;thW gy mw;Gjq;fs; Gupe;j Rthkpfs; jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ePuhtpabapNyxU FbirapNy jq;fpapUe;J rkhjpAkile;jhu;. mq;;F xU rkhjpf; NfhapYk;fl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.



itFe;j Rthkpfs;

fp.gp 1809Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhbahd Fkup khtl;lj;jpy; jhkiuf;Fsk;

vDk; rpw;W}upy; nghd;Dehlhu;> ntapyhs; jk;gjpaUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. jho;j;jg;gl;l

rhjpahff; fUjg;gLk; rhzhu; ,dj;jpNy Viof;FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j mf;Foe;ijf;F

Kb#Lk; ngUkhd; vdg; ngau; #l;bdhu;fs;. MapDk; Nky;rhjpapdupd; J}z;Ljyhy;

mg;gFjpia Mz;l jpUtpjhq;$u; kd;dd; vjpu;j;jjhy; Foe;ijapd; ngau; Kj;Jf;Fl;b

vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.

mfpyj;jpul;L vDk; E}y; itFe;jRthkpapd; gpwg;Gg;gw;wpf;; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mf;Foe;ij

,we;J gpwe ;jjhfTk;> me;j rlj;jpDs; rk;g +u ;zj; Njtdpd; Md;kh

GFj;jg;gl;lg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mq;F ele;j vijANk ngw;Nwhu;fs;

mwpatpy;iy. Foe;ij rykw;wpUe;jikia kl;LNk mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. Kj;Jf;Fl;b

nja;tPfj;jpNy Mu;tKila Foe;ijahf tsu;e;J tp\;Z gf;jdhdhd;. ,sk;guhaj;jpy;

mtu;> jdJ tPl;bNyNa tp\;ZTf;F xU gPlk; mikj;J topgl;ljhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

mtu; jdJ 17MtJ tajpy; jpUkhyk;khs; vDk; kq;ifia kze;J.

gidj;njhopypYk; tptrhaj;jpYk; <Lgl;L tho;e;J te;jhu;.

,Ugj;jpnuz;lhtJ tajpNy Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,UtUlq;fshf mtjpAw;wNtis

Kj;Jf;Fl;bapd; jhahupd; fdtpy; ehuhazd; Njhd;wp khrpkhjk; jpUr;nre;J}u;

KUfd; Nfhapypy; elf;Fk; tpohtpw;F tUk;gb $wpdhu;. xU njhl;bypy; Rw;wj;jhu;

Kj;Jf;Fl;bia Rke;J nry;y> flyUfpy; nrd;wJk; mtu; ,wq;fp Ntfkhf flYf;Fs;

nrd;whu;. mjd;gpd; jpUk;gptutpy;iy. %d;W ehl;fspd; gpd;dNu itFe;ju; flypypUe;J

ntspg;gl;lhu;. ,jidf;fz;L mtiu Xb mizf;f Kw;gl jhahuplk; “ehd; cq;fs;

kfdpy;iy. fypia mopf;fte;j ehuhazd;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jid

“Mz;lhapuj;J vl;L Kd;Nd md;id vdNt ePapUe;jha;

$z;lhk; vl;lhk; khrpapNy Fzkha; ehuhazu; kftha;

rhd;Nwhu; fjpfs; ngw;wplNt ju;kFz;lk; gpwe;J nthU

Fd;whf;Filf;Fs; murhsf; nfhz;Nl NghNwd; fz;bU eP”

vDk; ghlypy; fhzyhk;. jd;id Mj;kPfg; gzpf;Fs; <LgLj;jpa Rthkpfs; MW

Mz;Lfs; jtkpUe;jhu;.

itFe;j Rthkpapd; gzpfs;

jParf;jpfis xLf;Fjy;; - ,tuJ Nga;fspd; vupg;igg; gw;wp mfpyjpul;L mk;khid

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. itFe;j mtjhuj;jpd; %yk; khdplu; clk;gpy; ,Ue;j midj;Jg;

Nga;fSk; vupf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

ke;jpu je;jpu Kiwfis kPsg;ngWjy; - kiyauru;fs;> fhzpf;fhuhu;fspd; ke;jpuje;jpu

thfl Kiwfis kPsg;ngw;wpUf;fpd;whu;. ,jid

“ngha;apy;iy grhrpy;iy gpy;ypapd; tpidfspy;iy

neha;apy;iy NehTkpy;iy nehd;gyj; Jd;gkpy;iy

njha;tpy;iy ,iwfspy;iy RUl;Lk; khQhykpy;iy

ikapy;iy cyfj;NjhNu thOk; xU epidthyd;whu;”



ehl;Lkf;fspd; Neha;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.

rhjpNtWghbd;wp xNu Fsj;jpy; Fspf;fg; Nghjpj;jhu;. rkge;jpapy; cz;gijAk;

vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; rkge;jp itFe;jRthkpapd; rkagPlq;fspNy

epWtg;gl;lJ. jho;j;jg;gl;ltiu ,iwapay; uPjpahfTk;> rKjha uPjpahfTk; ntFthfj;

Njw;wpj; ijupakspj;jhu;.

fypAfj;ij mopj;J Ngupd;g epiyahd ju;kj;ij tUtpj;J rhd;NwhUf;F epj;jpa

tho;tspf;fg; Nghtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. “jhof;fplg;ghiu jw;fhg;gNj ju;kk;” vDk;

Nfhl;ghl;bidNa Mjhukhff;nfhz;L Nrit nra;jtu;. ,jdhy; kf;fs; ,tiu

Rakupahij nfhz;ltuhf> khdk; cilatuhf> mr;rkw;wtuhf tbtg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

,tu; MW Mz;Lfs; fLe;jtk; Gupe;jjd; fhuzkhf midj;Jk; xd;whjy; vDk;

Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpdhu;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL mj;Jtpjf;Nfhl;ghl;il xj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

,tUila rkar; rpd;dkhf xU Rliuj;jhq;Fk; jhkiu tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 1008,jo;

nfhz;l jhkiu. ,jpy; cs;s Rlu; Md;khitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. jhkiu rf];lhur;

rf;fuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

,tuJ xUikf;Nfhl;ghl;L rkaj;jpy; %d;W rl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ.

1.kDePjk;- rKjhaj;jpy; jdpkdpjdpd; flikfs;

2.,uhkePjk; - Ml;rp GupAk; kd;dDf;fhd flikfs;

3.nja;tePjk; - ,iwapay; rl;lq;fs; > kw;Wk; flikfs;

,tuJ rkag;ghu;it tUzhr;rpuk ju;kk;> cyfj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd

epuhfupf;fpd;wJ.

E}y;fs;

1.mfpyj;jpul;L – Kjd;ikg; Gdpj E}y;. ,e;E}y; itFz;lupd; rPlu;fSs; Kjd;ikr;

rPluhd mupNfhghy rPlupdhy; vOj;J tbtk; ngw;wJ.

2. mUs; E}y;- ,uz;lhk; epiyg; Gdpj E}y;

3. tpQ;iQaUsy;

4. jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; jpUf;fy;ahz ,fiz (jj;Jtk; njhz;Z}w;whW>

ju;kf;Nfhl;ghL> kWgpwg;G)

rkhjp

itFe;j Rthkpfs; 1851Mk; Mz;L A+d; khjk; jpq;fl;fpoik rkhjpaile;jhu;.

,tuJ mtjhu cly; jw;NghJ Rthkpj; Njhg;Gg; gjpapy; gs;spaiwahf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy;

kz;ziwapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



,e;Jf; Nfhapw; fl;llf; fiy - mwpKfk;

,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fspy; Ez;fiyfs; rpwg;G ngw;W tUfpd;wd. fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf;

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;J kjk; nry;thf;F vk;%jhijNahuplk; ,Ue;J tUtJ

cz;ikNa. vk;Kd;Ndhhpd; topghl;bw;Fupa ,lkhf Nfhapy; jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,iwtdpd;

Md;kh Kj;jp milAk; nghUl;L ,iwtd; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; NfhapyhFk;.

,f;Nfhapy;fspy; fiy vd;gJ efKk; rijAk; gpize;J ,Ug;gJ Nghy; jpfo;tJ

ngUikf;Fupa rpwg;ghFk;.

fiy vd;gJ fyh vDk; rk];fpUj nrhy;ypd; jkpo;tbtkhFk;. fl;bl rpw;g Xtpaq;fs;

fl;Gyf; fiyahfTk; ,ireld ,yf;fpaq;fs; mitfhw;Wf;fiyfshfTk; fl;Gy

tbtq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itfspd; rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fspd; kj;jpapy;

rpwg;Gf;Fupa xd;whf jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,e;Ez;fiyfspy; ,ir eldk; ehlfk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> fl;llf;fiy> ,yf;fpak;

vd;gd rpwg;Gf;Fupait MFk;. ,itfs; Nfhapy;fspd; Rth;fs; J}z;fs;> NfhGuq;fs;>

tpkhdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ,jd; rpwg;gpiz czh;e;J nfhs;syhk;.

Nfhapy; ,y;yh Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;f ,zq;f fiyfSk; kf;fs;

tho; gpuNjrq;fspy; CLUtpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhapy;fspd; mikg;gpid nfhz;l fl;llf;fiyia Nehf;Fkplj;J mq;F fu;g;gfpUfk;

,jd; Nkw;$iu> tpkhdk;> ];J}gp ,jw;F Kd; fpof;F Nehf;fp thry; Kd; kfh

kz;lgk;> fUitwiaAk; kfh kz;lgj;ijAk; ,izj;J mu;j;j kz;lgk; Nfhapiyr;

Rw;wp gy miwfs; ,t;tiwfspd; tupir Rth;fs; NfhapYf;Fk;> RtUf;fk; ,ilapy;

tPjp Nfhguk; ,tw;iw tpl gy kz;lgq;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fp.gp 8 E}w;whz;by;

,Ue;Nj fw;Nfhapy;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. Mdhy; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,Ue;Nj fl;llf;fiy

rpwg;G ngw;wikf;F gy Mjhuq;fs; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wd.

,e;Jf; fiyahdJ ,e;J jj;Jtk; Mf;fj;jpwd;> mofpay;> kdkfpo;r;rp ntspg;ghL

vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahfff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjdhy; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; J}z;fSk; J}z;fspd; vz;zpf;iffSk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; J}z;fspd; rpw;g Ntiyfspy; rpq;f cUtq;fs; jhkiufs; vd;gd

nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,itfspy; rJu tbtkhfNth> Iq;Nfhz> gjpdhWNfhz>

mWNfhz tbtpdjfNth mikf;fg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;FupajhFk;.

fiy mDgtk; Mj;kPf mDgtk; xNu mDgtj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk; vd;gjpid

czh;j;j ,iwtdpd; cUtj;jpUNkdpfis jpUTU mikj;J Nfhapy;fspy; itj;J

topghL nra;tJ irt Mfkq;fspy; $wg;gLtJ rpwg;Gf;Fhpa mk;rkhFk;. ,j;

jpUTUtq;fs; kuj;jpdhYk;> rhe;jpdhYk; ntq;fyj;jpdhYk; fw;fspdhYk;

mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rj;jpidNa czh;j;Jfpd;wJ vdyhk;.



NkYk; rptdpd; gy;NtW %h;j;jq;fs; ,ypq;Nfhw;gth;> re;jpuNrfuh;> eluhrh;> gpr;rhldhh;>

jl;rpzh%h;j;jp> fy;ahz Re;juh; Nghd;w nja;t tbtq;fs; fiyapd; rpwg;ig

ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ.

,tw;iw tpl tpkhdq;fspYk; NfhGuq;fspYk; ,iwtdJ mw;Gjq;fs;

jpUtpishaly;fis rpj;jhpf;Fk; gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. NkYk; Nrhoh;fs;

Nfhtpy;fspy; ntz;fyj;jpdhYk; fy;yhYk; mikf;fg;gl;l gy rpw;gq;fs; ,lk;

ngWfpwJ. ,jpy; rpwg;Gg; ngWtJ elrhuhpd; tbtkhFk;. cjhuzkhf rpjk;guk;

Fk;gNfhzk; Nfhapypy; ,lk;ngWk; rpw;gq;fs; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jit MFk;.

Nfhapy;fspy; ,iwtdpd; tbtq;fs; epd;W mku;e;j fple;j epiyapy; mikf;fg;gLk;

tbtq;fs; Nfhap;y;fspd; rpw;gf;fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

fyhNahfp Mde;jFkhu$thkp mth;fs; fiy cUthf;fk; vd;gJ J}a csr;nraw;ghL

vdr; rkaj;jpw;Fk; fiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;ig ntspf;fhl;baik Nfhapy;fspd;

tsh;r;rp ngw;w Xtpaf;fiyfspy; ,Ue;J njhpatUfpd;wJ. rpw;gj;jpid Mjhukhff;

nfhz;L Xtpak; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ rpwg;Gf;FupajhFk;.

rpw;g E}y;fSk; Mfkq;fSk; jpUTUtq;fSf;F jPl;l Ntz;ba epwq;fis $Wfpd;wd.

Nfhapw; $iufspYk; Rth;fspYk; J}z;fspYk; Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fhQ;rp

ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;|> jQ;irg; ngUq;Nahapy; Rth;fspy; gioa RtNuhtpaq;fSk;

jQ;rg; nghpa Nfhapw; fUtiwapd; gpd;Gwr; Rth;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk;

rpwg;Gf;FupaitahFk;. NkYk; rptd; Re;juij jLj;jhl; nfhz;l epfo;r;rp Xtpakhf

jPl;lg;gl;likAk; rpwg;G ngw;w tplakhFk;.

NkYk; jpUehTf;furh; capuhtzk; ,Ue;J cw;WNehf;fp cs;sf;fpspapy; cUntOjp

vd;W ghLtJ fiyfs; cs xUikg;ghl;ilAk; G+uz mikjpiaAk; Md;kPf

,d;gj;ijAk; jUtijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy ,irf;fiyAk; eldf;fiyAk;

rpwg;G ngWfpd;wJ.

Mfkk; $Wk; topghl;by; fPjk; thj;jpak;> epUj;jpak; vDk; %d;Wk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

,it %d;Wk; ,iwtid topgl tFf;fg;gl;l KiwahFk;. Ez;fiyfisg; Ngzg;

jpUf;Nfhapy; topghL cWJizahff; fhzg;gLtJ fiyapd; rpwg;Gf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhFk;.

NkYk; thj;jpaq;fs; mgpN\fq;fspd; NghJk; Muhjidfspd; NghJk; kj;jsk;>

Nksk;> jhsk;> rq;F> Foy;> ehjRuk; Nfhd;wd kPl;lg;gl;ld. ,it flTsh;

jpUTUtq;fNshL Nfhapy;fspy; rpj;jupj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jpy; rptd; cLf;ifAk;

ehujh; jk;GuhTk;> ru];tjp tPizAk;> fz;zd; Gy;yhq;Foy; rq;F nfhz;L

tpsq;FtJ ,irf;fiyapd; kfj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Myaq;fspy; ,irf;fiy rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jij mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. mq;F fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy; rKj;jpu Fg;jd; tPw;wp|Ue;J

tPizthrpg;gJ Nghd;w epiy ,f;f;hyj;jpy; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid

czu Kbaf; $bajhFk;. NkYk; ehad;khh;fs; gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpid

,ir %yk; Nfhapy;fspy; tsh;j;Jr; nrd;wdu;. ,jpy; Re;juh; Vopiraha; ,irg;gadha;

vd;Wk; mg;gh; Xirxyp vyhk; Mdha; vdTk; ghbAs;sJ ,f;fiyapd; rpwg;gpid

typAWj;JfpwJ.



kdpj cs;sj;ijf; jd;takhf;fp ,iwrpe;jidapy; nry;tNj fiy vd;Wk; fiy

xU Nahf rhjdk; vd;Wk; fiy jd;dykpy;yhj cyffj;jpw;F xUtiu mioj;Jr;

nry;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; jpUthTf;furh; mupa NjdpDk; ,dpa Njthuq;fis

jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghbf;fspj;jhh; vd;Wk; rk;ge;jUk; ,irg; Gytuhfp kpsph;e;jhh;.

,th; ghba ghf;fis ahopy; mikj;Jj; jyq;fs; NjhWk; ghb te;jth; jpUePyfz;l

aho;g;ghzh; Mth;. gz;Zk; gjNkOk; gyNthirj; jkpoitAk; vd;W Qhd rk;ge;ju;

ghbaikAk; gy;yt muru; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njd;dpe;jpa Nfhtpy;fspy; Njthuk;

ghlg;gl;bUg;gJk; ,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,itgw;wp %d;whk;

ee;jptu;kd; fhyj;J jpUty;yk; fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Nrhog; ngUkd;dh; fhyj;jpYk; Nfhapy;fspy; ,irf; fiy rpwg;Gw;Wf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfq;fs;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUntk;ghit> jpUg;ghit>

jpUj;jhz;lfk; Mfpad Nfhapy;fspy; ghlg;gl;ljhf fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wd.

gpugQ;rg; gilg;G ehjhe;j eldj;jpd; %yk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. eldk; Ie;njhopy;

jj;JtkhFk;. ,ir kdij ,irtpf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ. ,irahy; topgLtJ

,iwQhdj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.

,e;j tifapy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpYk; Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gjpfk;

XJk; tof;fj;ijAk; Kiwg;gLj;jpdhd; vd;Wk; ,uhruhNrr;ruk; Nfhtpypy; jpUg;gjpfk;

Xj Ik;gjpd;khiu epakpj;jhd; vd;Wk; NkYk; Nrhoh; fhy fy;ntl;bd; gb Njthuk;

XJgth;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;a Njthu ehafh; vDk; mYtyh; epakpf;fg; ngw;wpUe;jJ

,irf; fiyapd; rpwg;gpid czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.

NkYk; ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpYk; mUzfpupehjh; ,aw;wpa ghly;fSk; ,irf;fiyf;Fupa

Mjhuq;fhsFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpd; Nfhapy;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;l J}z;fs; fUq;fhyp Nghy;

fUik epwkhdit. vz;nza; G+rpdhy Nghy; gsgsg;G jd;ik cilaJ. NkYk;

caukhd J}z;fs; ,f;fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; $Wg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;

,f ;fhyj ;j py ; ahop > Fjpiu Nghd ;w tpyq;Ffspd ; tbtk; r pw ;gkhf

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fhy J}z;fspd; cauk; 18 mb cauk; tiuAk; mike;J

,Ug;gJ ,f;fhyf; Nfhapy; fiy rpwg;Gg; ngWk; tifapid mwpaf;$bajhf

cs;sJ. rq;fPj J}z;fSk; mlq;Fk;

,t;thwhf Ez;fiyfspd; nry;thf;F gy;yt> Nrho> ehaf;fu; fhyq;fspd; ngw;W

tUtjidAk; mitgw;wpa mwpKf ciuapidAk; Nky; cs;sthW $wyhk;.



fl;llf;fiyfhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy; fl;llf;fiy

njd;dpe;jpaf; fl;llf;fiy tsu;r;rpapy; cd;dj ,lj;ij ngWtJ gy;ytu;fhy

fl;llf;fiy vdyhk;. ,jpy; %d;W tsu;r;rpf;fl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit

Fif> ujk;> fw;wsp Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshFk;. ,jpy; ,uh[rpk;kdhy;

gpd;gw;w ghzpahfpa fw;wsp Kiwf; Nfhapypy; Kjyplk; ngWtJ fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjh;

NfhapyhFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpd; fl;llf;fiy mk;rj;jpid gpd;tUkhW Nehf;FNthk;.

,uh[rpk;khdy; fl;lg;gl;l fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhapy; fiy tdg;Gila ngupa

fw;wsp vdr; rhrdq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhapypy; njd;dpe;jpa jpuhtplf;

fl;llf;fiyapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fshd tpkhdk;> kz;lgq;fs;> gupthuj; Njth;Nfhl;lk;>

Rw;whiy> NfhGuk;> gpufhuk; Mfpa ahTk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,f;Nfhapypd; fUtiwapy; 16 gl;il nfhz;l ,ypq;fk; cs;sJ. fu;g;gf;fpufjijr;

Rw;wp tUtjw;F ghij mikg;G cz;L. fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gf;fk; jtpu;e;j

Vida %d;W jpirfspYk; cs;s gf;fr; Rth;fspd; eLtpYk; NjtNfhl;lk;

,ize;jpUg;gJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

tpkhdk; gy js mikg;GilaJ. mJ cs;Nehf;fpa rupTld; NkNy Xq;fpnaOk;

ghq;fpy; fiy tdg;Gld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehw;rJu tbtpyhd mjd; jsq;fspYk;

khlq;fspYk; Guhzf;fijia tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fSk; rpfuj;jpd; NkNy J}gpAk;

cz;L. jkpofj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ rhe;jhu mikg;Gila tpkhdj;ijAk;

mq;f tpkhdq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ ,t;thyakhFk;.

,t;thyaj;jpy; 50f;F Nkw;gl;l Jiz tpkhdq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLth;. NkYk;

mjpfkhd rpw;gq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s NfhapYk; ,JthFk;. ,J Mfk Kiwf;fika

mikf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpd; tpkhdj;jpy; yjhj jpyfk;> yjhtpUl;rfk;>

FQ;rpjghjk; Nghd;w fu;z tbtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

NkYk; ,t;thyaj;jpd; jpUr;Rw;whiyiar; Rw;wp 58 rpwpa NjtNfhl;lq;fs; cz;L.

gy;ytu; fhyf; Nfhapy;fSs; mstpw; ngupaJk; fiy tdg;G kpf;fJ ,t;thyaNk

MFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpid fhQ;rpGuj;Jg; ngupa fw;wsp vd gpw;whyr; rhrdq;fs;

tu;zpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; mbj;jsk; fUq;fy;ypdhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

khky;yGuj;J ju;kuhr ujj;ij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;l tpkhdKk; fu;g;gfpufKk;

,t;thyaj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,t;thyaj;jpd; Rw;whiyapd; Rtu;fspNy Nrhk];fe;jh;>

mur Fyj;jthpd; Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk; fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpYk; gupthuj;Njth; Nfhl;lq;fspYk; rptdpd; jhz;ltf; Nfhyq;fs;

ehl;ba rh];jpu gpukhzq;fSf;F Vw;g mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;WNkhh; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

NfhGuk;> fu;g;gf;fpufk;>kz;lgk; gpufhur; Rth;fspNy tpf;fpufq;fisg; gpujpl;il

nra;tjw;fhd miwfs; nfhz;l ,uhrrpk;kd; ghzpf; Nfhapy;fs; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;J

gpw;fhyf; Nfhapw; fl;llf; fiyf;nfy;yhk; topfhl;bd.

ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy; gy;ytuJ rpw;gf; fiyia cyFf;F mwptpf;f vOe;j

rpw;gf;fiyf;$lk; vdyhk; vd;gJ mJ gw;wpa ,uhr khzpf;fdhupd; fzpg;gPL.



“ fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjy; Nfhapypy; xU Gwk; rptngUkhdpd; jpUeldf; NfhyKk;

gpukd;> fiykfs;> jpUky;> jpUkfs; mtiu tzq;Fk; NfhyKkhf tbj;j rpw;gq;fs;

tdg;G tha;e;jit’’ . ,tw;NwhL Mlyofdpd; Ch;j;Jt jhz;lt tbtq;fSk; cs.

ee;jp> rptfzq;fs;> rptdhUld; jhD; Nrh;e;j MLtdtha; mike;jdTk; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$Wg;gLfpd;wJ>

,jd; Kd; Nfhapypy; 4 1/2 mb caur; rptypq;fKk;> Rtupw; rptDk; ckhNjtpAk;

mku;e;Js;s NfhyKk; mofhfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Rw;Wr;Rth;fspy; gy tif

eldf; Nfhyq;fSk; rpw;gq;fshf tbf;fg;gl;Lr; Rit czu;Tf;F tpUe;jhfpd;wd.

NkYk; ,uh[rpk;kdpd; Nfhapy;fspy; nghJthf vl;L my;yJ gjpdhW gl;ilfs;

rptypq;fq;fSk; mtw;wpd; gpd;dzpapy; Nrhkh];fe;jh; gbtKk; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ

rpwg;ghFk;. ,itahtpDk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpw;g mikg;G xt;nthU J}zpd; mbapYk;

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpq;f cUtq;fs; vd;fpwhh;. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh NkYk; ,t;thyaj;jpy;

ahoptbtk; nfhz;l J}z;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

,t;thyaj;jpd; Rth;fspd; ,Ujs mikg;G cila tpkhdq;fis Rw;wp tu mike;jik

fw;wsp Nfhapypd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpy; jpUr;Rw;W tpkhdk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; gpuk;kh ,e;jpu tbtq;fs; fy;ahz Re;juh;> ypq;Nfhw;gth;> ituth;>

ckhkNf];tuh;> nfsup gpurhjh; G+jfzq;fs; vd gyTk; fz; fth; rpw;ghkhf

tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkYk; ,t;thyaj;jpd; ,irg;ghzh;fs; fiyQh;fspd; iffspy; Foy; tPiz> KoT

vDk; ,irf; fUtpfSld; rpw;gkhf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,t;thya Rtupy; gy;yt

kd;dupd; tho;f;if tuyhWk; rpw;gkhf cz;L. NkYk; ahop> rpk;kk; Nghd;w tpyq;fb

J}z;fs; Guhzf;fijfis rpj;jupf;Fk; rpw;g J}z;fs; vd rpw;gj;jhy; G+Nyhf

ifyhak; vd tu;zpf;fk; mstpw;F ,f;Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs; mike;jpUg;gij fiyawpQh;

Rl;bf;fhl;b cs;shh;.

kz;lg tUzid- uq;fgjhij murpapd; ngauhy; kz;lgk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ

etuq;fkhd kz;lgk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhf ,uh[rpk;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l fhQ;rp ifyhr ehjh; Myaj;jpd; fl;ll rpw;g

mk;rq;fis mwpaf; $bajhf cs;sJ.



rpw;gf; fiy - mwpKfk;

khky;yGuj;J rpw;gf;fiy

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gf;jp newpf; fhykhf tpsq;Fk; fp.gp 6 E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk;

fp.gp 9k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; fl;llk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak;> ,ir>

eldk; Nghd;w fiyfs; tsh;r;rp ngw;whYk; fl;llf;fiyf;F nkU$l;ba fiyahf

tpsq;FtJ rpw;gf;fiyNa MFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy irtitzt kWkyu;r;rpapy; rpw;gf;fiy

rpwg;Gg; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,f;fhy kd;dh;fs; jq;fspd; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fis

Myaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;Nl ntspf;fhl;bdh; vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; gy. Kjyhk;

eurpk;kdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l khky;yGuk; rpw;gj;jpw;Nf rpwg;G tha;e;j Myakhf

jpfo;fpd;wd.

khky;yGu fhQ;rp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,J flw;fiuia mz;ba xU tprhykhd

jyk;. mfj;jpah; Nghd;w kfh up\pfspd; mbr;RtLgl;l ,lk;. rpw;gf;fiyapy;

ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;w rpw;gpfshy; cUthf;fg;ngw;w Gdpj Njt jyk; ,J kJiu

khefhpypUe;J 30 iky; J}uj;jpYs;sJ. fp.gp. 6K; E}w;whz;by; G+jj;jho;thh; ,q;Nf

gpwe;jhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy khky;yguk; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fp ,Ue;jJ. kfhghujf; fhl;rpfs;

,j;jyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fshf tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; xU ngupa fUq;fy; Fd;W mjd;

gf;fq;fspy; xU MW mq;Nf QhdpfSk; rpup\pfSk; ePuhLfpwhh;fs;. rpy

Myaq;fSKz;L. ,q;F mUr;Rdd; jtk; ,Uf;Fk; jtepiy xU fy;ypy;

nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; iftz;zk; kpf;f rpw;gpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhh;fs; . ,aw;ifNahL

xd;wpa epiyg;ghL ,f;fhy rpw;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. fy;ypy; kpUfq;fisr nrJf;fp

,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. xU Fuq;F ,d;ndhU Fuq;fpd; jiyapd; Ngd; ghh;g;gJ Nghd;Wk;

XNu fw;Fd;wpy; ngupa ahid xd;W nrJf;fg;gl;L mjd; tapw;wpd; fPo; xU Fl;bahid

,Nj Nghd;W xU ngupa ee;jp> ehfq;fs;> ePupd; #oy; Nghd;w rpw;gq;fs; ,itfs;

vy;yhk; ,aw;ifapd; Njhw;wg; nghyptpidf; fhl;Ltdthf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

khky;y Guj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s kiy jspfs; kuj;jpy; ,ujjij nrJf;FtJ

Nghy ghiwfisf; NkNy ,Ue;J fPohf nrJf;fp mikf;fg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ehfuk; jpuhtplf; fiyg;ghzpfis gpujp gypj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

NkYk; khky;y guj;jpy; xd;gJ ujq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mit

jUkujk;> tPkujk;> rfhNjt ujk;> mu;r;Rd ujk;> nfhw;wit ujk;> tlf;Fg;gplhup

ujk;> njw;Fg;gplhup ujk;> tiyahd; Fl;il ujk; vDk; ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; ju;kuh[ ujk; khky;yGuf; Nfhapy;fSs; jdpj;Jtk; cilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYk; ,j; ujk; vy;yh ujq;fspYk; cauk; cilaJ. mJ 40 mb cauk; 3 js

tpkhdk; cilaJ. ,jpy; rpt %h;j;jq;fs gy rpw;gkhf cs;sJ. jl;rzh%h;j;jp>

jpupGuhe;jfh; Mfpad gpujhdkhdit.

NkYk; %d;W jsq;fis cila ju;kuh[ ujj;jpd; %d;W jsq;fspYk; ,e;J

rkar; rhh;Gila gy rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; jh;kuh[ ujk; rpw;gf;

fiyf; fsQ;rpak; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; ujj;jpy; gpd; fhy;fspy; epd;W

Kd;dq; fhy;fis J}f;fp jiyahy; J}z;fis jhq;fp epw;fk; tpyq;F cUtk;

rpw;gkhf cz;L. jkpo; ehl;bd; KjyhtJ eluhr rpw;gk; ju;kuhr ujj;jpy; cz;L.

,t;thyaj;jpy; ,d;ndhU gFjpapy; kfp\hRuku;j;jdp Fif cz;L. ,q;Nf nfhy;yhj



MAjq;fisj; jhq;fpa vl;Lf; fuq;fSld; kfplhRu kh;j;jpdpahfpa Jh;f;if rpq;fj;jpd;

kpJ MNuhfzpj;jpUf;fpwhs;. vjpNu vUikj; jiyAld; Xh; mRud; Jh;f;ifapdpd;Wk;

tpLgl cUz;L gpuz;L Kaw;rpf;fpwhd;. Ju;f;if kpfTk; gaq;fukhfj;

Njhw;wkspf;fpwhd;. kfplhRud; vDk; mRud; tjk; nra;ag;gLfpw fhl;rp vjpNu

kfhtp];Z fhj;jw; flTs; MjpNrldpd; Japy; nfhs;fpwhh;. mtuJ ehgpf;

fkyj;jpdpd;Wk; gpukd; Njhd;Wfpwhh;. vjpupy; gpusa fhyj;jpy; mkpo;e;j G+Nyhfj;ij

tp];Z kPl;nlLf;fpwhh;. ,itfs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhf Rth;fspy; rpj;jupf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.

Nkw;gb $wg;gl;l vl;L ujq;fspYk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; vy;iyg; Gwkhf kiyf;fy;iy

File;J nrJf;fg;gl;l gQ;r ghz;lth; ujq;fs; rpwg;Gilajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,jpy; ehd;F xNu tupirapy; jUkd;> tPkd;> rfhNjtDf;FupajhfTk; mika

,itfSf;nfjpNu mUr;Rdd;ujKk; ,il eLtpy; jpnugij ujKk; cz;L. ,f;fhy

khky;y Gu ujq;fis Nehf;fk; NghJ ,f;fhy rpw;gp vt;tsT kf;fis Mr;rupa

%l;lf;$ba tifapy; czh;T G+h;tkhf nrJf;fpdhd; vd;gJ ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,itfs; jhd; gpd;G Ju;f;if> tp];Z> rptd;> fNzrd;> Rg;gpukzpad; MfpNahh;fs;

re;epjpahf tpsq;fpapUf;fyhk; vd;gJ rpyuJ mgpg;gpuhak;.

,jpy; jpnusgjpapd; ujk; Nkw;F Nehf;fpAs;sJ. mjd; thapypy; ,U ngz;fs;

fhty; Gupfpd;wdh; mth;fspd; ifay; tpy;Yk; kOtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cs;Ns

xU jhkiug; G+tpy; jpnusgjp Jh;f;if epd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;. Kd;ghf tlf;F

Nehf;fp xU rpq;fk; epw;fpwJ.

mUr;Rdd; ujk; ,uz;L khlq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,q;Nf rpj;jpuq;fs; epiwe;J

J}z;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,ujj;jpy; 4 tpkhdk; cilaJ. ,jpy; rpt tbtk;

rpw;gkhf cs;sJ. jUku; ujNk kpfTk; gUkdhdJ. ,J rpw;gf;fiy kpFe;jJ.

,uz;L khlq;fs; cs;sd. %d;W miwfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. epy kl;lj;jpy;

xd;Wk; khbapy; ,uz;LKs;sd. ,d;Dk; gytpjtpjkhd rpw;gq;fslq;fpa fy;yhyhd

rpj;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. midj;Jk; cs;sij ftuf; $ba tifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jpy; ju;kuh[ ujk; Gj;j tpfhiu mikg;ig gpd;gw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

NkYk; khky;yGuf; flw;fiuf; Nfhapy; ghJfhg;gw;w jpwe;j ntspapy; epw;gjhfTk;

fly; ePupypUe;J tUk; cg;Gf; fhw;whYk; fhw;wpy; tUk; kzyhYk; ,d;Wk;

rpijtilahJ ,Ug;gJ gy;yth; fhy fl;Lkhd Ntiyapd; cWjpg;ghl;ilf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,f;Nfhapiy [yradk; vd jw;NghJ miof;fpd;wdh;.

khky;y Gu ujf; Nfhapy;fs; Vfjs tpkhdk;> J}q;fhid khl tpkhdk; nfhz;lit.

gy;yth; fhyj;jpd; gpujhd JiwKfkhf fhzg;gLtJ khky;y GuNkahFk;. ,q;F

NkYk; tdg;G kpf;f rpw;gq;fSk; J}z;fSk;> mizTj; J}z;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW gQ;r ghz;lt ujk; fiy tdg;G kpf;fitahFk;. ,q;Fs;s

rpw;gq;fs; capNuhl;lKs;sjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

khky;yGu Fiff; Nfhapw; rpw;gk;



khky;yGuj;jpd; Fiff; Nfhapypd; Muk;g fl;lk; kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;jpNy

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ. Fiffis File;J mikf;fg;gl;l Filtiuf;

Nfhapy;fspy; fUtiw> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> Kfg;G kz;lgk; vd;gtw;iwAk; gpujhd

thapiyAak; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jd; Kfg;G kz;lgj;jpy; 7 mb cauKk; 1 mb

mfyKq; nfhz;l J}z;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

Filtiuapd; fUtiwfspy; ,iwtbtq;fs; fhztpy;iy. ,iwtbtq;fs; Rij

my;yJ kuj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; njhlhr;rpNa

kz;lgq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;fl;lkhFk;. ,jpy; Kjyhk; eurpk;kd; fhyj;jpNyNa mjpfkhd

kz;lgq;fs; fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; ,jpy; jpup%h;j;jp kz;lgk;> ju;kuh[ kz;lgk;>

khky;yGuk; Nghd;wit ahFk;.

gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; nghJthf ,k;kz;lgq;fspy; 7 mb cauKs;s J}z; epiufs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; Nkw;GwKk; mbg;GwKk; rJu tbtikg;igAk; eLg;gFjp

vz;Nfhz mikg;igAk;nfhz;ld. Nkw;gFjpapy; Fk;gKk; jhkiug; nkhl;Lk;

njhq;FtJ Nghy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. J}z;fspy; mbapy; rpq;fq;fs; ,lk; gpbf;Fk;

NghJ J}z;fspd; ghuj;ij rpq;fq;fs; jhq;fpf ;nfhs;tJ Nghy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ

rpwe;j fiy eaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.



Xtpaf; fiy - mwpKfk;

jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy;

Mafiyfs; mWgj;J ehd;fpDs; xd;whf tpsq;FtJ Xtpaf;fiy. ,e;Jf;fsplk;

,iw czu;tpid ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk; Ez;fSs; mjhtJ fl;blk;> rpw;gk;> eldk;>

,ir> Xtpak; vd;gtw;Ws; fiy mopahJ vd;gjid vLj;Jf; fhl;LtJ Xtpaf;

fiyNa MFk;. ,it ,e;Jf;fspy; rka> r%f tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kjyplk; tfpg;gJ ,f;fiyNa MFk;. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

,e;jpahtpy; rpwg;G ngw;W tpsq;Fk; fiy ,JNt. Xtpaq;fs; tho;f;ifNahL

njhlh;Gila tplaq;fisAk; ,aw;if fhl;rpfspd; mk;rq;fspidAk; rkar; rhh;Gila

tplaq;fisAk; nfhz;l xU gz;ghl;L Nfhyq;fisf; gpujp gypj;Jf; fhl;Lk; rhjdkhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Xtpaq;fs; fy;yhjhuiuAk; mwpar; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ngw;wit.

Xtpaf;fiy gPlq;fspy; njd;dpe;jpa Xtpaq;fspy; Nrhoh; fhy jQ;rhT+h; mjhtJ

jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; rpwg;G tha;e;jitahf kpspu;fpwJ. ,it ,f;fhy kd;ddhd

,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; fiyg;gilg;ig rpj;jupj;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

njd;dhl;by; rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaq;fl;Fg; gpd; Njhw;wk; ngw;witNa Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy;

cUthd jQ;irg; ngUq;Nfhapy; Xtpak; ngUk; Gfo; tha;e;jnthd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

,J fp.gp 10k; E}w;whz;by; ,uh[uh[Nrhodhy; fl;lg;ngw;wjhFk;. ,q;Fs;s rptypq;fk;

ee;jp Mfpad kpfTk; ngupajhFk;. ee;jp jdpf;fy;yhy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J

tp[aefu fhy rpw;gkhFk;. ,e; ee;jp 20 mb ePsKk; 8 mb mfyKilaJ.

,t;thya tpkhdk; kpfTk; caukhdJ. 13 jsq;fisAk; 216 mb

cauj;ijAKilaJ. ,J cj;jk tpkhdk; vdg; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. tpkhdj;jpy; cs;s

gpuk;k je;jpuf; fy; 26 mb rJuKk; 80 njhd; epiwAk; nfhz;lJ. ,f;fy;iy

cauj;jpw;F cau;j;jpaJ Mr;rupag;glj;jf;fJ. tpkhdj;jpYk; fhZk; NfhGuq;fspYk;

El;gkhd rpw;gq;fisf; fhzyhk;. eldf; fiyapy; fuzq;fs; 108 Mf ,Uf;Fk;

nfhOJ ,q;Nf 81 fuzq;fs; mofhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; muh;j;jkz;lgk;>

kfhkz;lgk;> ee;jpahd gPlk; ,itaidj;Jk; 500 mb ePlKk; 250 mb mfyKk;

nfhz;lJ.

NkYk; fp.gp 11k; E}w;whz;by; jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif mUspr; nra;j

Re;juh; ,iwtdhy; jLj;jhl;nfhs;sg;ngw;w tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpAk; Re;juUk; NrukhDk;

jpUf;fapiy nry;Yk; fhl;rpAk; kpfTk; mofhd Xtpaq;fshf jPl;lg; gl;Ls;sd.

rptngUkhd; fpoNtjpauhf te;J Re;juh; jpUkzj;ij mw;Gjg;go Mtzq;fhl;bj;

jilnra;j tuyhw;iw czh;j;Jk; Xtpak; kdijf; ftuf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,t;thya kzp kz;lgj;jpy; kzj;jpw;F te;j kiwatu;fs;

kzkfd; xU ifapw; FilAk; kw;nwhU ifapy; Re;juh; ghl;ldhh; tiue;J

nfhLj;jjhff; $wg;gl;l mbikg;gj;jpuKk; nfhz;l fpoNtjpah; (rptngUkhd;)

MfpNahh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. jhk; mbik vd;gijf Nfl;lTld; Re;juh; tpag;Gk;

rPw;wKk; nfhz;lhu; vd;gij mtuJ Kfj;Njhw;wk; ed;F czh;j;JfpwJ. mtu;fl;Fg;

gpd;Gwk; xU Nfhtpy; Xtpakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uh[uh[Nrhod; mikj;j jQ;irf; Nfhapypd; fUitiw

cs;spl;l cl;gpufhukhdJ Xtpaf; $lkhf tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thyaj;jpd;

Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; jpUf;fapiyf; fhl;rpia czh;j;JfpwJ. rptngUkhd; Gypj;Njhy;

kPJ mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. Rw;wpYk; fzq;fSk;> Kdpth;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;.



kJiukPdhl;rpak;kd; Myak; - Xtpaf;fiy

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Xtpaf;fiyg; gPlq;fshf gy;yt ghz;bah; fhyj;jpd; rpj;jd;d

thrYk;> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; jQ;rhT+Uk;> ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy;kJiuAk; jpfo;e;jd.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kJiu khefuk; xU rpwe;j gpujhd efukhFk;. kJiuia

Mz;lth;fs; ghz;bah;fs;. ,th;fs; ghz;lth;fspd; topj; Njhd;wy;fs; vd

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. mUr;Rdd; jPu;j;j ahj;jpiu te;j nghOJ kJiuf;F te;jhndd;Wk;

ghz;bah; Fyg;ngz; rpj;jpuhq;fijiaj; jpUkzk; nra;jhnudTk; kfhghujk;

njuptpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; kJiu kpffpf mikjpahd efuk; vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.

kJiuia ghz;bah;fSk; Nrhoh;fSk; ehaf;fu;fSk; ,];yhkpah;fSk;

gpupj;jhdpah;fSk; Mz;L te;Js;sdh;.

kJiu khefupd; kj;jpapy kpfTk; ngupa NfhapyhfTk; fk;gPukhfTk; tpsq;FtJ

kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapy; ,jDld; ,iz Myakhf Re;jNurh; Myak; cs;sJ.

,t;thyak; 847 mb mfyKk; 800 mb ePskhd Rw;W kjpiyf; nfhz;lJ. ,q;Nf

gd;dpnuz;L NghGuq;fs; cs;sd. ehw;GwKs;s NfhGuq;fs; thdshtpad. njd;jpirf;

NfhGuk; mjpAau;e;jJ. ,jd; cauk; 152 mbahFk;. Nkw;F Gw NfhGuj;jpNy

Guhzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Njt kdpj cUtq;fshyhd rpw;gq;fs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mehjpahd Myak; Nghu;f; fhuzq;fshYk;> NtW fhuzq;fshYk; (,aw;if)

rpijTw;wpUf;f fp.gp 15k; E}w;whz;by; tp];tehj ehaf;fu; Gduikg;Gr; nra;jhh;.

ehk; ,d;W ghh;f;Fk; Myak; tp];tehj ehaf;fuhy; Gduikg;Gr; nra;j MyakhFk;.

gpd;te;j muru;fSk; rpy jpUj;jq;fis nra;Js;sdu;. jpuhtpl fiyia mwpa

tpUk;Ggth;fSf;F ,e;j Myak; Xh; Kd; cjhuzkhFk;. ,t;thyakhdJ Xh;

rpw;gf; $lkhfTk;> Xtpaf;fiyapd; rpwg;gplkhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.

tho;f;ifapd; xj;jpirthd taJila Xl;lj;ij eldk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. eldj;jpd;

gbkq;fis Xtpar; Rtu;fspYk;> J}z;fspYk;> NfhGuq;fspYk; jPl;bf;

fhz;gpj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. Nfhapy; kz;lg tpjhdj;jpy; rptngUkhDila mWgj;J

ehd;F jpUtpisahly;fSk; moFwj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

,q;Nf rq;f fhyj;ijr; Rl;Lk; nghw;whkiuf; Fsk; xd;Wz;L. mf;Fsj;jpw;F

mUNf cs;s CQ;ry; kz;lgj;jpd; $iuapy; kPdhl;rpapd; jpf; tp[aKk;> kPdhl;rp

- Re;jNu];tuh; jpUkzf; fhl;rpAk; ftpDwj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid thDyfj;jpYs;s

Njtu;fSk; G+Nyhf kf;fSk; fspf;Fk; tz;zk; cs;sJ. jpUkzf; fhl;rpapy;

,ilapy; uhzp kq;fk;khTk; jstha; eurg;igaUk; fz;Lfspf;Fk; fhl;rp xd;iwAk;

Xtpad; jPl;bAs;shd;.

NkYk; kPdhl;rpak;kdplkpUe;J xUth; nrq;Nfhiy thq;Fk; fhl;rpAk; mq;F

jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ml;ljpf;F ghyfUld; kPdhl;rp Nghu; nra;Ak; fhl;rpAk;

rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapw; Rth;fs;kPJ gy Xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapw; Rth;fs; kPJs;s Xtpaq;fspy; ehaf;fu; fhy kf;fSila

cil> $e;jy; xg;gid> mzp tiffs;> cil tiffis fhzyhk;.



tpf;fpuff; fiy - mwpKfk;

eluh[u;

irt rka kugpy; rptDf;F 25 %u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;

Nrhkh];fe;ju;> jl;rpzh%u;j;jp> ypq;Nfhw;gtu;> mu;j;jehuP];;tuh;> eluh[u; Kjyhd

%u;j;jp Ngjq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,t;tbtq;fis tpf;fpufq;fshf mikf;Fk;

kuG fhzg;gLtjdhy; tpf;fpuff; fiy tsu;r;rpapy; ,t;tbtq;fs; mjpf gq;fspg;G

nra;Js;sd. ,tw;Ws; irt rka> irtrpj;jhe;j> fiyj;Jt uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWk; eluh[ tbtk; tuyhw;W uPjpapy; njhy;nghUl;fspYk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;

Gfog;gl;l tbtkhf tpsq;fpd;wJ.

eluh[ tbtk; ehl;ba fyh jj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;jJ kl;Lkd;wp>

Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;JlDk; njhlu;Gilajhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Njthug; ghly;fspYk;>

irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; eluh[g; ngUkhdpd; gpujpkhyl;rz

tUzidfSk;> jj;Jthu;j;j rpe;jidfSk; 25 rpt %u;j;jq;Ss; eluh[ tbtj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,e;J rka rhj;jpu E}y;fSs; rptdpd; gytifj; jhz;ltq;fs; gw;wpf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thwhd rpt jhz;ltq;fshf:

fhspfh jhz;ltk; - gilj;jiyAk;

nfsup jhz;ltk; - fhj;jiyAk;

rq;fhu jhz;ltk - mopj;jiyAk;

Cu;j;Jt jhz;ltk; - mUsiyAk;

czu;j;Jtjhf jj;Jt tpsf;fk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;Wf;F mg;ghy; rptdJ

Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fkhf miktNj rptdpd; Mde;jj; jhz;ltkhFk;.

,jdhy; Mde;jj; jhz;ltj;ij gQ;r fpUj;jpa eldk; vdTk; $Wtu;.

jpUehTf;furu; eluhrupd; Njhw;wg; nghypT gw;wpg;ghba ghRuk; eluhr

tbtj;jpd; gpujpkh yl;rz fyhjj;Jt Nfhl;ghl;bid vLj;jf;fhl;Ltjhf

mikfpwJ.

Fdpj;j GUtKk; nfht;itr;

nrt;thapy; Fkpz; rpug;Gk;

gdpj;j rilAk; gtsk; Nghy;

Nkdpapy; ghy; ntz;zPWk;

,dpj;j Kila vLj;j nghw;ghjk;

fhzg; ngw;why;

kdpj;j gpwtpAk; Ntz;LtNj

,e;j khepyj;Nj

vDk; ghly; eluhr tbtj;jpd; tUzidahf miktjidf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[upd; gpujpkhyl;rzk;

Mfkq;fs;> rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; Kjyhd E}y;fspy; eluh[upd;

gpujpkhyl;rzk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;E}y;fspy; eluh[

tbtj;jpd; gq;f mikjpfs;> msitg; gpukhzq;fs;> mq;fyl;rzq;fs;>

Milmzpfyd;fs;> MAjq;fs; kw;Wk; mit czu;j;Jk; jj;Jthu;j;j cz;ikfs;

Kjyhd tplaq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. rkgq;fk;> mgq;fk;> mjpgq;fk; vDk; %tifg;

gq;f mikjpfSs; gy tisTfisAila mjpgq;f (jpupgq;fk;) mikjpapy;

eluh[ tbtj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



,iw topghl;bw;Fupa tpf;fpufq;fis mikg;gjw;Fupa msTg;gpukhzq;fs;

gw;wp rpw;g rhj;jpuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mit mq;Fyg; gpukhzq;fshff ;$wg;gL

fpd;wd. me;jtifapy; eluh[ tbtkhdJ cj;jk jrjhy gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk;>

Kayfd; rJu;jhyg; gpukhzj;jpw;fikaTk; mikf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tsTg;

gpukhzq;fSf;fika fy;ypy; tiuag;gLk; NfhLfs; #j;jpuq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

eluh[ tbtj ;j pd ; cWg ;Gf ;fs py ; msTg ;g p ukhzq;fs ; g pd ;tUkhW

tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

eluh[ tbtk; Vida rpt %u;j;jq;fisg; Nghhyd;wp eu;j;jd epiyf;Fupa

mq;f yl;rzq;fis nfhz;ljhf mikAk;. eluh[upd; jpUKb rlhghukhf

mike;J ,UGwKk; jpUthrpAld; ,ize;jthW mike;jpUf;Fk;. jpUKfk;;

Gd;KWtYld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. ehd;F fuq;fSs; ,lJ Nkw;fuk; mf;fpdpia

Ve;jpathW ,Uf;f> ,lJ fPo;fuk; mga fukhff; fhzg;gLk;. tyJ Nkw;fuj;jpy;

cLf;ifAk; tyJ fPo; fuj;jpuj;jpy;..... vd;gdTk; ,lkn;gWk;. tyJ fhy; gPlj;jpd;

kPJ Kayfd; kPJ Cd;wpathW ,Uf;f> ,lJ fhy; tyg;Gwk; Nehf;fp cau;j;jpagb

FQ;rpj ghjkhff; fhl;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. eluh[upd; jpUtbapd; fPo; ,lk;ngWk;

Kayfd; ,U fuq;fs; ghk;G khiyAld; mika Ntz;Lk;. eluh[iur; #o

jPr;RlUld; $ba jpUthrp mikAnkd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

eluh[ tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Milfs;> mzpfyd;fs; njhlu;ghd

tplq;fSk; rhj;jpu E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiyapy; gpiwr;re;jpud;> ngz;

cUtpy; fq;if KjyhdTk;> fOj;jpy; ghk;G khiy> Kj;J khiy> vUf;fk;G+

khiy KjyhdTk;> fhJfspy; Fz;lyq;fSk;> khu;gpy; G+ZYk; Mguzkhf

mikAk;. Gypj;Njhiy Milahff; nfhz;l eluh[upd; fhy;fis tPuf;foy;fs;

myq;fupf;Fk;.

eluh[ tbtk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtq;fs;

rpt tbtq;fSs; xd;whfpa eluh[ tbtk; irt rpj;jhe;j> mwptpay; rpe;jidfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; $wg;gLk; gjp> gR> ghrk;

Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila gy rpe;jidfis jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l tbtkhf mJ

tpsq;FfpwJ. nka;fz;l rhj;jpuq;fSs; xd;whfpa cz;ik tpsf;fk;

~Njhw;wk; Jbajdpy; NjhAe;jpjp mikg;gpy;

rhw;wpapLk; mq;fpapNy rq;fhuk; - Cw;wkhk;

Cd;W kyu;g;gjj;jpy; cw;w jpNuhjk; Kj;jp

ehd;w kyu;g;gjj;Nj ehL|

vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; gjpAld; njhlu;Gila Ie;njhopy; jj;Jtj;jpd; FwpaPlhf

mikAk; tpjk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ eluh[ tbtj;jpYs;s

cLf;if Ve;jpa fuk; - (rpU\;b) gilj;jiyAk;

mgafuk; - (jpjp ) fhj;jiyAk;

jP Ve;jpa fuk;; - (rq;fhuk;) mopj;jiyAk;

Cd;wpa jpUtb - (jpNuhgtk;) kiwj;jiyAk;

J}f;fpa jpUtb - (mEf;fpufk;) mUsiyAk;

czu;j;Jtjhfj; jj;Jtj; njhlu;G $wg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf irt rpj;jhe;j rhj;jpuq;fspy;

$wg;gLk; ~jhliyNghy; $bait...| vd;gJk;> ~mauh md;gpd; mud;foy; nrYNk|

vDk; ghlYk; ,iwtdpd; mUsy; njhopy; %yk; Md;kh ,iwtdpd; jpUtbapy;

,izjYld; njhlu;GgLtjidf; fhzyhk;



irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; Md;k tpLjiyf;Fupa rhjdkhf $wg;gLtdtw;Ws; ekrptha ke;jpuk; gpujhdkhdJ jpUtUl;gad; Ie;njOj;jUs;epiy vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy; jpUite;njOj;jpd; ngUikiag; NgRfpwJ. jpUtUl;gadpy; ~Njhw;wk; Jbrpfuk; rpf;fdth tPRfuk;............| vDk; ghlypy; eluh[ tbtk; #f;Fk gQ;rhl;rukhfpa rpthaek vDk; rpfuhjp gQ;rhl;ruj;jpd; milahskhf mikfpd;wik$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; ];J}y gQ;rhl;rukhfpa ekrptha vDk; efuhjpgQ;rhl;ru ke;jpu cghridAld; njhlu;Gilajhf mikfpd;wJ. mjhtJ

e - jpUtbk - jpUtapWrp - jpUj;Njhs;th - jpUKfk;a - jpUKb

vd;W eluh[ tbtj;jpw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; jpUite;njOj;jpw;Fk; cs;snjhlu;G $wg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[ tbtj;jpy; rptd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Milfs;> Mguzq;fs;> kw;Wk; mtu;Ve;jpAs;s MAjq;fs; Kjyhd mk;rq;fSk; gy cz;ikfis czu;j;Jfpd;wd.me;jtifapy;

Kayfd; - Mztj;jhy; fl;Lz;l Md;khitAk;ghk;G - Mztj;ijAk;Gypj;Njhy; - Nfhgj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtd; vd;gijAk;Kf;fz;fs; - ,r;rh rf;jp> fpupah rf;jp> Qhdrf;jpiaAk;tPuf;foy; - gy tpidfs; gpwtpj; Jd;gj;ij ePf;FtijAk;gtsepw Nkdp - rptdpd; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikiaAk;ehd;F jpUf;fuk; - vy;iyapy;yh Mw;wiyAk;new;wpf;fz; - capu;fspd; Jd;gq;fisg; Gd;KWtyhy; ePf;FtijAk;rlhKb - Qhdj;ijAk;gpiw - NguoifAk;jpUePW - guhrf;jpiaAk;#yk; - Kr;rf;jpiaAk;Nfhlup - Nguhw;wiyAk;

czu;j;jtjhf mj;jifa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs; mikfpd;wd. eluh[iur; #oTs;sjpUthrp Xq;fhuj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk;> mj;jpUthrpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Rlu;fs; ekrpthak;vd;gjpYs;s vOj;Jf;fisr; Rl;LtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,j;jpUthrp Md;khthdJghr Qhdj;ij tpl;L gjp Qhdj;ij miltjd; %yNk Kj;jpiag; ngwKbAk;vd;gij Rl;LtjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. cz;ik tpsf;fk;

~Xq;fuNk ew;wpUthrp cw;wmjdpy;ePq;fh vOj;Nj epiw Rluhk;| vd;gjd; %yk; jpUthrp jpUite;njOj;jpdJk;>

mjd; Rlu;fs; mjd; ml;ruq;fspDk; milahskhf mikfpd;wik $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. eluh[ tbtk; - tuhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

jkpofj;jpd; irt rka tuhw;wpy; eluh[ tbtj;pw;F gpujhd ,lKz;L.rq;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rptd; Mba nfhLnfhl;b> ghz;Luq;fk;> fghyk; Kjyhdeldq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; rq;fkUtpa fhy,yf;fpaq;fspNyNa rptdpd; eldk; njhlu;ghd njspthd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahupd; jpUthyk;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfj;jpy; ,e;eldk; gw;wpf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;

~fhLk; flYk; kiyAk; kz;Zk;tpz;Zk; #o mdy; ifNae;jp MLk; mutk;Gaq;fd; vq;fs; mg;gd; ,lk;jpUthyq;fhNl|

vd;W mfpy mz;l ruhruq;fSk; ,iza rptd; eldk; Gupe;jikiag;ghLfpwhu;.



jkpofj;jpy; KjyhtJ eluh[ tbtk; jUkuh[ ujj;jpy; rpw;gkhf

,lk;ngWfpwJ. thjgpr; rhSf;fpau; fhyj;J thjhgpf; Fiff; Nfhapypy; 16 fuq;fSld;

$ba eluh[ tbtk; rpw;gkhfTz;L. ,it fw;rpw;gq;fshf mika Nrhou;

fhyj;jpNyNa cNyhfq;fspYk; kz;zpYk; eluh[ tbtq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

,it ntz;fyg; (cNyhfg;) gbkq;fshfTk;> kl;fyg; gbkq;fshfTk; mike;jd.

Nrho muru;fspd; mur rpd;dkhfTk;> rka rpd;dkhfTk; eluh[ tbtk; tpsq;fpaJ.

Nrhou;fhy rhrdk; xd;wpy;

~ghjhjp Nfrhe;jk; xU KoNk ehy;tpuy;

miu cruj;J ,uz;L jpUf;if cilatuhf

fdkhf vOe;jUsptpj;j ngupa ngUkhs;...|

vd;W eluh[upd; cNyhf thu;g;GKiwapd; gpujpkhyl;rzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jQ;ir>

fq;ifnfhz;l NrhNo];tuk;> rpjk;guk; Kjyhd ,lj;J eluh[ ntz;fyg; gbkq;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. kJiu kPdhl;rp Re;jNu];tuh; Nfhapypy; fhy;khwp MLk; epiyapyhd

eluh[ tbtj;ijf; fhzyhk;.

eluh[ tbtj;jpd; fiy> jj;Jt> mwptpay; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wp gy mwpQu;fSk;

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. fyhNahfp Mde;jFkhuRthkp gpugQ;r ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;

eluh[ eldj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s njhlu;G gw;wp mwptpay;G+u;tkhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

eluh[ tbtk; czu;j;Jk; jj;Jtk; fhy Njr tu;j;jkhdq;fisf; fle;jJ vd;W

mtu; $Wfpwhu;. Nky;ehl;bduhfpa fkpy;Rgpynty; vd;gtu; eluh[ tbtj;jpd; rpwg;ig

tpae;J $wpAs;shu;. H.C.ngy; vd;gtu; nghyeWitf;fhy eluh[ gbkq;fs; gw;wpa

Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu;. nghyeWitapy; mUfpy; rptfhkRe;jup mikAk;

tz;zkhd eluh[ gbkk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUthrpAlDk;> mt;thW mikahj

tifapYkhd eluh[ tbtq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Myaq;fspy; eilngWk

eNlru; mgpNrfk; ,iw topghl;by; gpujhdkhdJ. tUlj;jpy; MW khjq;fSf;F

xUKiw eilngWk; ,g;G+irapy; eluh[Uf;F tpNrl fpupiafs; ,lk;ngWk; tof;fk;

cs;sJ. rpwg;ghf rpjk;guj;jpy; jpUntk;ghitapd;NghJ eilngWk; ~M&j;uh juprdk;|

kpfTk; gf;jp G+u;tkhdJ.



rz;Kf tbtk;

,e;J rka newpfSs; nfskhuk; KUff; flTis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

KUff; flTspd; gpujp khyl;rzq;fspy; gjpdhW tif tbtq;fs; vLj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. rutzgtd;> fe;jRthkp> fhh;j;jpNfad;> rz;Kffd;> ghyRg;ukzpad;

vdg;gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLtu;. KUf tbtq;fspNy rz;Kf tbtNk guj;Jt

tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ];fe;j Guhzj;jpNy rptngUkhdpd; new;wpf; fz;zpy;

,Ue;J MW jPg;nghwpfshf vOe;J MWKfkhfpa tbtNk rz;Kf tbtkhFk;.

rutzgtNd rz;KfNjNth vDk; Jjp Kjd;ikahdJ. rz;|Kf tbtk;

MWKf tbtpidNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ. rz; (\l;) vd;gJ MW vdTk; Kfk; vd;gJ

KUftbtq;fisAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Mfpa E}y;fspy; rz;Kf tbtk; gw;wpf;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. rq;f ,yf;fpakhfpa jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy;>

%tpU KfDk; Kiw etpd; nwOfypd;....... vDk; ghly; tupfs; (104 thp)

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rz;Kf tbtk; gw;wp tpghpf;fk; NghJ jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil gpd;tUkhW

th;zpf;fpd;wJ. (100 - 104 thpfs;)

gy;fjph; gug;gpaJ Nghy; mUs; xsp toq;Fk; xU Kfk;.

md;gUf;F tuk; nfhLf;Fk; xU Kfk;.

NtjNts;tp nra;J topgLNthh;f;f mUSk; xU Kfk;.

cyfnkq;fk; tpahgpj;j njhU Kfk;.

giftiu xLf;Fk; xU Kfk;.

Fwts;spahfpa jiytpAld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; xU Kfk;.

vd;W th;zpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rz;Kf tbtk; vd;gJ gpuk tbtkhfff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

mJNt gpw;fhy KUf Njhj;jpuq;fspy;

mUtKk; cUtkhfp mehjpaha; gytha;

xd;wha; gpukkha; epd;w Nrhjpg;gpok;G

vdg; Gfo;e;J ghlg;gl;lJ. ,jDld; gd;dpU fuj;jj;JtKk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy;

vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpo; E}yhfpa rpyg;gjpfhuk; “ mWKfr; nrt;Nts; mzpjpfo; Nfhapy;”vd;Wk; Fwpg;G rz;KfDf;Ff; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jikia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

nfskhu topghl;bw;Fhpa Mfkkhfpa Fkhujj;jpuj;jpNy “ rz;Kf]; jhufhe;jf.....”vd;Dk; Jjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

KUff;flTspd; rz;Kf tbtk; gw;wpa NkYk; xU tpahf;fpahdj;ij

Fkhuje;jpuk; Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. jhufhRutjj;Jld; njhlh;Gilajhf rz;KfNjt

tbtk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk;. jhufhRutjk; nra;j ngU tbtkhf rz;Kf tbtk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fe;jGuhzg; ghlypy;

“ MWkhKfj;J ts;sy;............”“ MWkhKfj;J mz;zy;.................”“ MWkhKfg;gpuhd;.................” vd;Dk; tu;zidfs; rz;Kfg; ngUkhdpd;

tu;zidfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ mbahh;fs; mUs; Ntz;Lk; tbtkhfTk;>

mbahh;fSf;F mUs; toq;Fk; tbtkhfTk; rz;Kf jpUg;ngU tbtk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

fe;jh; mEG+jpg; ghlypNy NjNth rptrq;fuNd vd;|W KUff; flTs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whh;.

KUf tbtk; KUff; flTs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. KUf tbtk; KUff; flTs; vd;Wk;>

fe;j tbtk; fe;jRthkp vd;Wk; $wg;gl rz;Kf tbtk; rz;KfNjNth vd;W

gpuhh;j;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fe;juDG+jpg; ghlypNY

“ NfhNt Fwkpd; nfhbNjhd; GzUk;

NjNt rptrq;fu NjrpfNd ” vd;W rz;Kf tbit th;zpf;Fk; ghq;F

mUzfphpehjuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.



gpujpkhyl;rzk;MWKfq;fs;gd;dpUNjhs;fs;gd;dpU iffs;Nty;kapy;thfdk;gy;NtW MAjq;fSk;> Njhw;wg;nghypT khWghLfSk; $wg;gLfpd;wd.

rz;Kf jj;Jtk;

jpUttjhuj; jj;Jtk;cyfk; ed;ikailAk; nghUl;L gQ;rG+jj;jpD}lhf ,iwtd; gbg;gbahf ntspg;gl;lhh;.ntsp> fhw;W> fdy;> Gdy;> kz; ,tw;wpd; topNa Njhw;wk; ngWfpwhh;. mjhtJrptdpd; fz;fspypUe;J Gwg;gl;l Ngnuhspr; Rlh; thdj;jpy; epd;W fhw;wpd; ifGFe;J> jPiar; nrd;wile;J> fq;ifahfpa ePhpy; jto;e;J epyj;jpy; va;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghff;$wpd; Qhdhf;fpdpapy; mUtkhf Njhd;wpa Qhdhf;fpdp fUizg;ngha;ifapy;cUthkhf nghype;jJ.

rz;Kfd; Mz;kfd; (rptdplkpUe;J Njhw;wk; ngwy;) gukhd;kh MzhfTk;>mijj; Njbr;nrd;W mila Ntz;ba [Pthd;kh ngz;zhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w,e;J kuGg;gb> rz;Kfd; gpukkhf Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

jj;Jtk;guNk];tudpd; ntspj;njhpAk; Kfq;fs; ]j;Nah[hjk;> thkNjtk;> jj;GU\k;<rhdk;> mNfhuk;. guk Qhdpah; cs;Nehf;Ff;F kl;Lk; Gyg;gLk; cs;Kfk; mNjhKfk;.

MWKfj;jj;Jtk;rpt %h;j;jpf;Fhpa MW mUl;FzKk; MWKfkhjy;.

Kw;wwpTtuk;gpy; ,d;gKilik,ay;ghfNt ghrq;fspypUe;J ePq;Fjy;Kbtpyhw;wYilikNguUSilikjd;taKilik

gd;dpU NjhSk; gd;dpU capnuOj;Jf;fshff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Nty; - Qhd rf;jpjpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; gd;dpUifj;jj;Jtk;

1Mk; if - Kdpth;fisj; jhq;fpaJ.2Mk; if - ,Lg;gpy; nghUe;jpaJ3Mk; if - njhil kPJ itj;jJ4Mk; if - mq;Frk; gpbj;jJ5Mk; if - NtyhAjk; - Qhdkhh;f;fk;6Mk; if - Nflak; Ve;jpaJ7Mk; if - Nky; cah;e;j if8Mk; if - kzp xypf;Fk; if9Mk; if - kio nfhLf;Fk; if10Mk; if- ngz;fSf;F khiy #l;b mUSk; if



Myaq;fspy; rz;Kf tbtk;rz;Kf tbtj;Jld; njhlh;Gilajhf miktJ rz;Kf juprdkhFk;. kapiy

fghyPr;ruk; Nfhapypd; njd;gpufhuj;jpNy gpujpkhyl;rz epiyapy; gpujp\;il

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUr;nre;J}hpy; khrpkhj jpUtpohtpYk; Mtzpj; jpUtpohtpYk;

rz;KfgtdpAk; rz;Kf jhprdKk; ngUtpohthf mikAk;. mj;jpUtpoh fhyq;fspy;

7k; 8k; ehs; jpUtpohf; fhyj;jpy; rz;Kf juprd tpoh fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gilj;jy;>

fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; vd;Dk; Kj;njhopYf;fhd tpohthf mikfpd;wJ. rz;Kfjuprd

tpohtpy;

1. rj;jpNah[hj ke;jpu &g jpUTU - gl;lhil mzpe;j tbtpYk;

2. thkNjt ke;jpu &g jpUTU - ePyepw kQ;rj;jpy; mkh;e;jthWk;

3. mNfhu ke;jpu &g jpUTU - jq;fr; rg;guj;jpy; fhl;rp jUtjhAk;

4. jw;GU\ke;jpu &g jpUTU - nts;isg; gl;L mzpe;j tbtpYk;

5. <rhd ke;jpu jpUTU - gr;ir epwg;gl;lhil mzpe;j epiyapYk;

fhl;rp jUtJ rz;Kf juprdj;jpd; rpwg;G

mk;rq;fshFk;. Fkhu je;jpuj;jpNy $wg;gl;lthW “ rz;Kf]; jhufhe;jf’’ vdf;$wg ;gLtJ jhufhRuid tjk ; nra ;J rz;Kfju prdk ; ngWtijf ;

Fwpf;Fk;.,yq;ifapy; kz;^h; KUfd; Myaj;jpy; “ rz;Kf]; jhufhe;jf’’ vd;Dk;

epiyapy; rz;Kfjuprdk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf miktJ jpUr;nre;J}h;

Guhz gldNkahFk;.ghk;ggdbfSk; rz;Kf];Jjp gw;wpAk; rz;Kf ftrk; gw;wpAk;

ghba ghly;fs; gpujhdkhdit. ghk;gdbfs; 6666ghlybfis cUthf;fpdhh;.

rz;Kf gjNa eNkh ekf

]z;kj gjNa eNkh ekf..

vdj; Jjpj;jhh;. rz;Kfj; jpUTUtk; rz;kjq;fSf;Fk; gug;gpukkhf

miktJ ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.



gQ;rKf tpehafu;

,e;J rka kugpy; KOKjw; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Xu; mk;rkhf tpehafu; tbtk; mikfpwJ.

rpt topghl;L kugpy; gQ;rKf kuG gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. rptdJ Ie;J

jpUKfq;fshf mNfhuk;> thkNjtk;> rj;Nahrhjk;> jw;GUlk;> <rhdk; vd;gd

mikfpd;wd. rptd; jd; Ie;J Kfq;fspypUe;Nj ,Ugj;njl;L Mfkq;fisAk;

mUspdhu;. rptid Ie;J Kfj;jpddhf Nehf;FtJ NghyNt tpehaf topghl;bYk;

gQ;r Kf tpehafu; tbtk; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ.

tpehafu;> Nkyhd guNk];tu tbtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;l NghJ mtu; Ie;J

Kfq;fisf; nfhz;ltuhf fhl;rpaspj;jhf tpehaf Guhzk; $WfpwJ. ,jdhy;

mtu; gQ;rKf tpehafu; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. tpehafu; jd;Ds; vy;yhj;

nja;tq;fspd; mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sik gw;wp rka E}y;fs; $Wfpwd;wd.

tpehafu; tbtj;jpd;:

ehgp – gpuk &gj;ijAk;

Kfk; - tp];Z &gj;ijAk;

fz; - rpt &gj;ijAk;

,lJ ghfk; - rj;jp &gj;ijAk;

tyJ ghfk; - #upa &gj;ijAk;

czj;Jfpd;wJ. vdpDk; rptDf;Fk; fzgjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G kpfTk;

neUf;fkhdJ. rptDk; fzgjpAk; Kf;fz;zd; vd miof;fg;gLtJld;> Rak;G

ypq;fg; gps;isahu;> khkhq;NfRtug; gps;isahu; Kjyhd ngau;fSk; rptd; -

tpehaf ,izg;gpf;Fr; rhd;W.tpehafg; ngUkhid> fzgjp rpthde;jk; vd;W

miof;Fk; kuGKz;L.

rpt tpf;fpuf ,yl;rzq;fisAk;> tpehafupd; gpujpkh yl;rzq;fisAk; fye;j

tifapy; gQ;rKf tpehafupd; gpujpkh yl;rzk; mikfpd;wJ. gQ;rKf tpehaf

tbtk; Ie;J jpUKfq;fisAk;> gj;J jpUf;fuq;fuisAk; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.

Mrd epiyapy; mku;e;J> ,lJ fhy; njhq;fpa epiyapYk;> tyJ fhy; Mrdj;jpy;

kbj;jthWk; ,t;tbtk; mikAk;. jiyapy; fuz;l kFlk; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;

gQ;rKf tpehafu; tbtk; rfy Mil Mguq;fzisAilatuhf mikf;fg;gLjy;.

];jhdf epiyapYk; gQ;rKf tpehafu; tbtk; mikAk;. mt;thW mikAk;

tbtk; cw;rt %u;j;jpahf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rptDila Ie;J Kfq;fSld; gj;Jf; fuq;fisAilatuhf gQ;r Kf tpehafu;

tbtk; mikTWfpwJ. gQ;rKf fzgjpapd; gj;Jj;jpUf; fuq;fSk; tykpUe;J ,lkhf

jpup#yk;> kO> ths;> tr;rpuhAjk;> mf;fpdp> mgak;> ghrk;> kzp> ru;g;gk;> mq;Frk;

vDk; tifapyhd mq;f ,yl;rzj;ijf; nfhz;like;J mbatu;fSf;F

mUs;ghypf;pd;whu;.

fe;jGuhzj;jpd;; ‘jpfl rf;fu nrk;Kfk; Ie;Jshd;….| vd tUk; fhg;Gr; nra;Aspy;fzgjp Ie;J Kfj;ijAilatdhff; $wg;gLfpwhu;. gQ;rKf tpehafupd; tbtk;

gy jj;Jt cz;ikfSld; njhlu;GgLfpwJ. irt rpj;jhe;jk; $Wk; gjpapd; Ie;njhopy;

jj;Jtj;ij czu;j;Jtjhf mtuJ Ie;J Kfq;fSk; mikfpd;wd. irt

rkaj;jpw;Fk; tpehaf topghl;bw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig gQ;rKf tpehaf tbtk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. aho;ghzk; jpUney;Ntyp goq;fpzw;wb tPufj;jp tpehafu; Mya

kNfhw;trj;jpd; NghJ gQ;rKf tpehafu; tbtk; cw;rt %u;j;jpahf tPjpAyh tUk;

tof;fk; cs;sJ.



,irf;fiy - mwpKfk;

gz;zpir

goe;jkpo; ,ir vd;gJ jkpohpd; kuG topahd kpfg; gioikahd ,irr; nry;tkhFk;.

,e;jpa ,ir tuyhw;wpNyNa ,uhf jhsj;Jld; mikg;G>tifr; Ruq;fisf; nfhz;l

Nksq;fs; 40k; gifr; Ruq;fs; ,y;yhj Nksq;fs; 32k; ,d;W fh;ehlf ,irapy;

ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,tw;wpw;nfy;yyhk; Kd;Ndhbahf ,Uj;jiy Njthug;

gz;fs;. vz;zw;w ,uhfq;fSf;F Njthug; gz;fNs MjhukhapUe;jd.

Vopirapd; jkpo;g;ngah; Vopirapd; tlnkhopg;ngah;

Fuy; rl;rk;

Jj;jk; up\gk;

iff;fpyap fhe;jhuk;

cio kj;jpkk;

,sp gQ;rkk;

tpshp ijtjk;

jhuk; ep\hjk;

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; - Ie;J epyq;fSf;Fk; gz; ,Ue;jijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. GwtQ;rpg;

ghly;fs; ghzh;fs; fhe;jhuk;> Nguhjpuk;> nrk;ghit Mfpa gz;fspy; ghbdh;.

gupghly;..... GwehD}W - FwpQ;rpg;ghh;> kUjg;gd; nry;topg;ghzp> tpshpg;gz;> gw;wpf;

$Wfpd;wJ.

rpwe;j gz;zpirf; fUtp - aho;

FoypdpJ ahopdpJ vd;g

gz;zikah ahopd; fPo;g;ghly;

nghpjhd;dh vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

nrt;top aho; ghz; kzNd....

ghiy aho; ghz; kfNd..... gz; ghba ,irf;fiyQh;fSk;; cs;sdu;

gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk;

mg;gh;> rk;ge;jh;> Re;juh;> kzpthrfh; Kjy; %th; gy gjpfq;fisj; jkpo;g; gz;zpirapy;

ghbapUf;fpd;wdh;. Njthug;gz;fs; kf;fspilNa Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jikia

,uh[uh[Nrhoh; Kjy; jkpof Nfhtpy;fspy; ,tw;iw Kiwg;gb Xj XJthh;fis

epakpj;jdh;.

j pUehTf ;furh ; mUspa jk po ;g ; gj pfkhd Njthuj ;j py ; 21 gz;fs ;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. rpyh; 24 vd;Wk; rpyh; 27 vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdh;.

gz;ndd;gJ ,irapd; mbg;gil tbtq;fspy; xd;W Kiwg;gb ,ir tbtq;fis

tifg;gLj;jp mt;nthypfshy; gy;NtW ,irg; Nghf;FfSld; cs;sj;jpy; Xh; czh;T

Xq;f mikf;fg;gLtJ gz;. ,irnahypf; $Wfs; Ruk; vd;wk; euk;G vd;Wk toq;fg;gLk;.

2500 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf gz;zpir jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. njhd;W

njhl;L ,Ue;JtUk; Kj;jkpo; vd;gjpy; ,Ue;j ,irj; jkpo; jhd; gz;zpir.

jw;fhyj;jpy njd;dpe;jpa fh;dhlf ,ir > ,e;J];jhdp ,irfspy; toq;Fk; ,uhfq;fs;

vd;gJ gz;zpw;F Vwj;jhs ,izahd Xh; tbtk;. Njthug; gz;fspy; gz;Kiwfspy;

Rkhh; 1000 Mz;Lfshfg; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. cyfpNyNa jhsj;NjhLk;

gz;NzhLk; MonghUs; nghjpe;j ,ire;j ,irg;ghly;fshf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd

ghly;fs; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;Ls;sJ.



%th; gz;zikj;Jg; ghba ghly;fs; 9295 ghly;fshFk;. cyfpy; NtW ve;j

nkhopapYk; ;,ir ,t;thW tsh;e;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f ,y;iy. Njthug; ghly;fs;

toptopaha; tUk; goe;jkpoh; ,irapd; gz;ghl;by; tsh;e;j xd;W. fp.K 200 - fp.gp

200,y; vOe;j rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gz;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cz;L.

rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpy; gz;fs; gw;wp tphpthd fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L. ,q;F gz;fs;

kpa cah;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ld. gz;fs; nkhj;jk; 103 vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

Njthuj;jpy; jpUKiwapy; 24 gz;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gz; ,uhfk; Njthuk;

el;lghil ehl;il ej;jhh; gil

,e;jsk; ehjehkf;fphpah Kd;dpa fiyg;nghUs;

jf;fuhfk; fhk;Nghjp kilapy; thio

Ie;jpizf;Fhpa Mz;fSk; mjw;Fhpa fhyKk; epyj;ij Ie;jhf .......... Ie;J

epyq;fSf;Fk; gz;zikj;J gz;zpirg;gjw;Fhpa nkhopiaAk; tiuaiw

nra;Js;sdh;.



4.2 ehl;lhu; fiyfs;

ehl;lhu; fiyfs; mwpKfk;

,aw;ifg; nghUl;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kf;fis fspg;gilar; nra;Ak;

fiyfNs ehl;lhh; fiyfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid ehl;Lg;Gw fiyfs; vdTk;

miog;gh;. ehl;Lg;Gw fiyfs; fpuhkGw kf;fspd; tho;tpaNyhL gpd;dpg;

gpize;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,it jpUtpohf;fspYk;> rlq;FfspYk; epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspd; mofpay; czu;Tfspd; ntspg;ghlhf ,f;fiyfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e; ehl;lhh; fiyfs; %d;W tifg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd

1. rkak; rhu; fiy

2. r%fk; rhh; fiy

3. njhopy; rhh; fiy vd;gdthFk;.

ehl;Lg;Gw fiyfshdJ r%f tho;f;if> flTs; ek;gpf;if gof;ftof;fq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw ntspf;fhl;Lk; jd;ikAilajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fiyfshdJ

Mfkk; rhuhj rpw;g rh];jpu Mfk tpj;pf;fikthd Myaq;fspy; epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

ehl;lhh; fiyfshd $j;J> fufk;> fhtb vd;gd vkJ rka mbg;gilapyhd

fijfis cs;slf;fpajhfNt Mlg;gLfpd;wd.

2.1.1 $j;J

ehl;lhh; fiyfSs; kpfTk; goikahdJK; %j;j fiyfspy; xd;whfTk; $j;Jf;fiy

Kf;fpak; ngWfpwJ. rq;ffhyk; njhl;Nl jkpoh;fspilNa ,f;fiy kuG

,Ue;Js;sikia ehk; Mjhuq;fSlhf mwpa KbfpwJ. rq;f fhyj;jpy; $j;jpid

MLk; Xu; r%f gpuptpdh; tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; $j;jh; vdg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSf;f

r%fj;jpy; kpFe;j kjpg;Gk; nry;thf;Fk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; $j;jh; tpwypah; mwpth; fz;Nlhh;..... vd Gwj;jpid $Wfpd;wJ.

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpYk; $j;Jf;fiy rpwg;G ngw;wpUe;;jJ. rq;fkUtpa fhy $j;jhdJ>

Fuitf; $j;J vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; - khjtpapd; 11 tif Mly;fs;

gy;yth; fhyj;jpYk; $j;Jf;fiy rpwg;G ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,iwtd;

$j;Jf;fSf;nfy;yhk; jiytd; vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhd;.

cjhuzk; jpy;iyapy; $j;jNd njd;ghz;b ehl;lhNd - jpUthrfk;

$j;Jf;fspd; tiffs;

$j;J nghJthf ,Utifg;gLk; mitahtd

1. mff; $j;J - murUf;fhf Mlg;gLtJ

2. Gwf;$j;J - gpwUf;fhf Mlg;gLtJ

ehlfk;> ehl;bak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; $j;J vd;Nw miof;fg;gl;lJ.

,yq;ifapy; $j;Jf;fiy> fij jOtpa Ml;lj;Jld; njhlu;G cilajhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G> aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb

$j;Jf;fSk; kd;dhupy; tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F $j;Jf;fSk; kiyafj;jpy; fhkd;

$j;Jf;fSk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w $j;Jfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.



$j;jpd; nghUs; kuG

$j;J rka mbg;gilapyhd fijfis cs;slf;fpajhfNt Mlg;gLfpd;wd. tlNkhb>

njd;Nkhb $j;Jfspy; kfhghujk;> ,uhkhazk;> fe;jGuhzk; Kjypa ,jpfhu

Guhzf; fijfs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sd.

cjhuzk; kfhghujk; - mu;r;Rdd; jtk;

,uhkhazk; - thyp tij

fe;jGuhzk; - ts;sp jpUkzk;

NkYk; ,jpfhr Guhzq;fspd; fpisf;fijfSk; $j;Jf;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

cjhuzk; fizahop - ,uhkhazk;

NkYk; vkJ ehad;khu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhWfSk; $j;Jf;fspd; cs;slf;fkhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; rpWnjhz;lh; tuyhW.

mt;thNw Guhzf; fijfSk; $j;Jf;fspd; cs;slf;fkhf cs;sd.

cjhuzk; fhkd; $j;J

kiyafj; jkpohpd; ghuk;gupa fiyfSs; xd;whd fhkd; $j;J rptdJ Guhzf;

fijapid ikag;gLj;jp Mlg;gLfpdw;J. Kf;fpa fjhghj;jpuq;fshd kd;kjd;> ujp

Ntlk; jhq;fp Mlg;gLk;. fhkd; $j;J fijapd; gb rptd; jf;fdJ jtj;ij mopj;j

gpd;dh; ngUq; Nfhgj;NjhL ,kakiyapy; jtkpUf;fpwhh;. mjdhy; NjtNyhfk;

mtjpAWfpd;wJ. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; Njth;fs; vd;d nra;tJ vd;W jtpf;ifapy; ,e;jpud;

rptDila jtj;ijf; fiyf;fr; nra;Ak; gb kd;kjDf;F J}Njhiy mDg;Gfpd;whh;.

,e;jpudpd; fl;lisia Vw;W kd;kjDk; rptdJ jtj;ij fiyj;jjdhy; rptdpd;

rpdj;jpdhy; kd;kjd; kbfpwhd;. ujp rptdplk; mOJ Gyk;gp vd;Dila fztdpd;

nraYf;F tUe;jp fztid capu;g;gpf;FkhW gzpf;fpwhs;. %d;whtJ ehs; rptd;

kd;kjDf;F caph; nfhLg;gjhf IjPfk; cs;sJ. kd;kjd; jdJ jtiw vz;zp

rptdplk; kd;dpg;G Nfl;fpwhh;. rq;f fhy fypj;njhifapYk; rq;fkUfpa fhy

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; fhkd; $j;J Mlg;gl;ljhf tuyhW rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.

tlNkhbf; $j;jpw;fhd xg;gidfs;

- Mz;fSf;Fupa KbG+Kbahff; fhzg;gLk;

- nfhLf;F fl;bapUg;ghu;

- cly; KOtJk; nts;is epwk; (khj;J)ngslh; G+rpapUg;gu;.

- Vw;Fk; ghj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;g xg;gid mikAk;

- fhypy; ryq;if fl;b> ifapy; ghukw;w ,Nyrhd MAjk; Vw;jpapUg;ghh;.

- ,Nyrhd cil mzpe;jpUg;ghu;.

- ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fNs ngz;fshf xg;gid nra;J $j;jhLthu;.

njd;Nkhbf; $j;jpw;fhd xg;gidfs;

- Mz;fSf;F murKb (uh[fpuPlk; ) mzpthh;

- ghukhd fug;G cLg;G mzptu;

- cly; KOtJk; nts;is epwk; (khj;J) ngslh; G+rpapUg;gh;

- fhypy; ryq;if fl;bapUg;gh;

- ghuq; $ba MAjk; jhq;fpapUg;gh;

- ,jpYk; Mz;fNs ngz;fshf xg;gid nra;J nfhs;th;.



fhkd; $j;jpw;fhd xg;gidfs;

- ghukhd fug;G cLg;G mzptu;

- cly; KOtJk; kQ;rs;> nts;is> gr;ir (mupjhuk;) ngsTlu;

G+rpapUg;ghu;. ujp - kQ;rs;> kd;kjd; - gr;ir

- fhypy; ryq;if fl;bapUg;gh;

- ,jpYk; Mz;fNs ngz;fshf xg;gid nra;J nfhs;thu;.

$j;Jf;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs;

- kj;jsk;

- ry;yhup

- cLf;if

- giw Nksk;

- ehj];tuk;

$j;jpd; r%f> rka Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Mya Kd;wypy; tl;lf;fsup mikj;J rka rk;ge;jkhd $j;Jf;fis MLtjdhy;

kf;fspilNa gf;jpAzu;T> fiyAzu;T tpUj;jpailAk; Nghjidfs; (gbg;gpidfs;)

fpilf;Fk;.

cjhuzk; fk;rd; tjk; vd;w $j;jpy; fk;rdpd; Mztk; flTs; gf;jpf;F Kd;dhy;

nry;Ygbaw;wjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; Ntshz;ik mWtilf;fhyk;

epiwtile;jJk; $j;Jg;gofp> muq;Nfw;wj;jpw;fhf cwtpdh;fSf;F miog;G tpLg;gu;.

mj;Jld; $j;jpy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; ngau;fshy; fjhghj;jpuk; jhq;fpatu;fd;

ajhu;j;j tho;tpYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

cjhuzk;

jUkh; rz;Kfk;

tPkd; rptypq;fk;

ujp Njtd;

fhtb Ml;lk;fh+mb vd;gJ fhthfr; Rkf;fg;gLk; (KUfg;ngUkhdpd;)jpUtb vd;gjhfk;. fh

vd;gJ ,U GwKk; njhq;fk; Rik> fhtbahl;lk; vd;gJ fhtb Ml;lk; vDk; ,U

nrhw;fspd; Nru;f;ifahy; cUthdJ. fhtb vd;gJ Ml;lj;jpw;fhd fUtp vd;gjhy;>

,t;thl;lj;jpd; ngau; mjw;fhd fUtpapd; mbahf vOe;jJ vdyhk;. fhtb vDk;

nrhy; fhTjb vd;gJ kUtp cUthdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Rik fhTgtu;fs;

,yFthf Rkg;gjw;fhf xU ePz;l jbapd; ,U KidfspYk; Rikfisj; njhq;f

tpl;L mj;jbapd; eLg;gFjp Njhspy; ,Uf;FkhW itj;J Rke;J nry;tu;. fhTtjw;fhd

jb vd;Dk;nghUs; gl ,j;jbiaf; fhTjb vd miog;gh;.

fhtb Ml;lk; Njhw;wg; gpd;dzp

fhtbapd; Njhw;wk; rpe;J rkntsp fhyj;jpy; cUthfp ,Uf;fyhnkd rhd;W

fpilf;fpwJ. rpe;Jtpy; fpilj;j rpj;jpu tbt vOj;Jf;fspy; fhtb vLg;gij Nghd;Nw

Njhw;wKk; cs;sJ. NkYk; fhtb Njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jk; fij xd;W cz;L. cjhuzk;

,Lk;gd; fij



fhtb mikg;G Kiw

fhtb ngUk;ghYk; tpy; tisT Nghd;W mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

tpy; tistpd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fisAk; jbnahd;W njhlh;G gLj;Jk;

fhtbapd; ,U gf;fq;fSk; kapy; ,wfhy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;

mj;Jld; ryq;ifAk; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

Njitahd nghUl;fs;

- FWe;jb

- Nty;

- ryq;iffs;

- kapypwFfs;

- tisf;ff;$ba jbfs;

- Jzp

- KUfdpd; rpwpa glk;

fhtb Ml;lj;jpd; tiffs;

- ghw;fhtb

- gd;dPh;f;fhtb

- jhdpaf;fhtb

- G];gf; fhtb

- gwitf; fhtb

- gof; fhtb

- ru;g;gf; fhtb

- J}f;Ff; fhtb

,it mtw;wpd; nraw;ghl;bw;fika khWgLk;. mtw;wpd; mikg;Gf; Nfw;g mit 3

tifahfg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1. Mde;jf; fhtb - vy;NyhuhYk; Mlg;gLk;

2. Jyhf; fhtb - Jyh Nghd;w tbtj;jpd; Nky; njhq;fp MLk; fhtb

(gwitf; fhtb)

3. Ks;Sf; fhtb - Ks;Sf;Fj;jp MLk; fhtb

fhtb Ml;lj;jpw;F gad;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs;

- giwNksk;

- cLf;if

- ry;yhup

- ehj];tuk;

- xj;jy;

- jhsq;fs;

- jtpy;

- gk;ig

- jKf;F

- cWkp

re;j ,irapy; fhtb Mlg;gLk;

fhtb Ml;lj;jpd; NghJ gy ghly;fis ghLtJ kughFk; ,g;ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

KUfidj; Jjpg;gdthfNt cs;sd. mit gpuNjrj;Jf;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgl;Lk;

xd;W gl;Lk; mikAk;.



Mya topghLk; fhtb Ml;lKk;

rpwg;ghf KUf topghl;Lld; njhlh;GilaJ. KUf topghl;Lld; fhtbahl;lk;

,ize;J tsh;tjw;F r%fg; gpd;Gyk; cz;L. fhtb ve;j tajpduhYk; Mlf;$bajhf

,Uf;Fk;. KUfidf; Foe;ijahf Fkudhf> tpUj;jdhf gy;NtW tPr;Rf;fshy;

fhZk; njhd;kk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhtb Ml;lj;jpd; NghJ KUfid Foe;ijahf>

Fkudhf> tpUj;jdhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jp MLth;.

fhtbapd; myq;fhug; nghUl;fs; Fwpf;Fk; jj;Jtq;fs;

Nty; - Mo;e;J> mfd;W Ez;zpa flTl; nfhs;if. nfl;ltiu mopj;J ey;Nyhiuf;

fhg;ghw;Wjy;. kapw;Njhif- gpuztkhfpa Xq;fhuk; kapypwFfs; - Mztk ;

mopahky; typFd;wp> kygupghf khf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;. (#ud; Mztk; mlq;fp

kapyhdik) fhtb vLg;gtu; - Md ;kh - Mztk ; > fd ;kk ; Kjyhd

ghrq;fspdpd;Wk; tpLgl;L Md;kPf tpLjiyia ehLjy;.

topghl;L Kiw - jd;idj;jhNd Jd;GWj;jp Md;kPf tpLjiyiag; ngwy;. td;gf;jp

rka r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kdpjh; jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;g Jauq;fs; ePq;f gy;NtW nja;tq;fs; kPJ ghrk;;

ek;gpf;if itj;J fhtb vLg;gh;. fhtb vLj;jy; nkd;gf;jpapidAk;> td; gf;jpapidAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk; ghy; fhtb - nkd;gf;jp> Ks;Sf;fhtb - td;gf;jp. fhtb vLg;gth; jdJ

gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL kd mikjpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. <oj;jpy;

,e;Jf;fSk; ngsj;ju;fSk; fjpu;fhk KUfd; kPJ fhtb vLj;J topgLtij fhzyhk;.

fufhl;lk;

fufhl;lk; vd;gjd nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk;

myq;fupf;fg;gl;l nrk;ig my;yJ gpj;jisapyhd Flj;ij Ml;lf;fhuh; jiyapy;

itj;Jf; nfhz;L> Nksg;gpd;dzpf;F Vw;wthW Flk; fPNo tpohjthW MLk; Ml;lk;

fufhl;lk; MFk;. fufk; Gdpj ePh; jhq;Fk; Flk;> fkz;lyk;> Flk;> Fk;gk;> nrk;ghl;lk;>

G+q;Flk;> G+k;ge;jy;> fuff;$j;J vdg;gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fufhl;lk; vkJ gz;ilj; jkpoh; tuyhw;W fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;J te;Js;sikia

vk;khy; mwpa KbfpwJ.

cjhuzk; njhy;fhg;gpak; - fufq; ftpo;e;j fhtpupg;ghiu> E}Ny fufk;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fufhl;lkhdJ Flf;$j;J vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. fypj;njhif> GwehD}W>

rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;w E}y;fspy; fufk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzk; fypj;njhif - cwpj;jho;e;j fufKk;

fufk; MLtjd; Nehf;fk;

xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; kpf;f gaj;JlDk; gf;jp rpuj;ijAlDk; jha; flTshd

khupak;kid topgLtJ tof;fk;. tpohf;fhyq;fspYk; gQ;rk;> tul;rp te;j NghjpYk;>

nfhs;is Neha;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mjpy; epd;W kPSk; nghUl;L khupak;kd; kPJk;

mk;kd; kPJk; fufk; vLg;gu;.fufhl;lkhdJ muq;fpy; Mlg;gLk; Mya Kd;wypYk;>

mWtil tpohf; fhyq;fspYk; fufk; itj;J MLtu;.



fufj;jpd; mikg;Gk; Ml;lf;fhuupd; xg;gidAk;

rf;jp fufk; mikg;gjw;F nrk;G> jz;zPh;> Ntg;gpiy> E}y; muspg;G+> njd;dk;G+

KjyhditAk; fpsp> md;dk;> Gwh Nghd;w jf;fg;gwit cUtq;fSk; NjitahFk;.

rf;jp fufk; mikg;gjw;fF Njh;e;njLj;j nrk;gpy; jz;zPh; vLj;J> Fk;gj;jpd; eLNt

Njq;fha; itj;J mjidr; Rw;wp Ntg;gpiy itg;gh;. mj;Jld; muspg;G+> njd;dk;G+

Nghd;wtw;why; myq;fupj;J nrk;Gg; gFjpapy; guptl;lk; fl;Ltu;. fuff; Fk;gj;jpd;

Nky; fpsp> md;dk;> Gwh Nghd;w jf;ifg; gwit cUtk; ,Uf;Fk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;

khjtp Mba 11 tif Mly;fSk; Flf;$j;J vd;w fiy fufhl;lj;ij xj;jJ.

fufj;jpw;Fupa xg;gid> Nfhapypd; Gwkhd my;yJ kiwthd ,lj;jpy; itj;Jr;

nra;ag;gLk;.

fufhl;lk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

1. nja;t topghl;lLd; njhlh;GilaJ. - rf;jp fufk;> mk;kd; fufk;

(muprpahy; epug;gg;gLtJ)

2. njhopy; KiwAld; njhlh;GilaJ. - Ml;lf; fufk; (kz;zhy;

epug;gg;gLtJ)

rf;jp fufk; topghl;Lr; rlq;Fld; gpupf;f Kbahj Xh; mq;fkhFk;. fufk; J}f;Fk;

Kd; fLikahd tpujk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fufk; gf;jpAld; Mlg;gLNk jtpu

ghu;itahsh;fis ftUtjw;fhf Mlg;gLtjpy;iy. fufhl;lf; fhuh;fSf;F

topghl;Lld; njhlh;Gila> nja;tr; rhh;Gila xg;gidfs; nra;ag;gLk;. fufk;

MLNthiuj nja;t rf;jp ngw;wtuhff; fUjp kf;fs; mth;fis topgLth;. fufk;

fPNo tpohky; ,Uf;f nja;t rf;jpNa fhuzk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdh;. fufk; MLNthh;

fufhl;l kugpid gpd;gw;Wtjhy; kpFe;j ftdkhf ,Ug;gu;.

Ml;lf;fhuupd; xg;gid - MLNthupd; Njhw;wk;

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; Mz;fs; kl;LNk ,t;thl;lj;jpid Mbdh;. Mz;fs; ngz;fs;

Nghy; Ntlkpl;L fufkhbdh;. Mdhy; ,d;W Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; ,UghyhUk;

MLfpd;wdh;. Ml;lf;fhuh;fspy; ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSk; xg;gidg; nghUl;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jth;. Kfg;ngsTlh;> cjl;Lr;rhak;> re;jdk; Kjypad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ngz;fs; jiyKbia ,Wff; fl;bf; nfhz;l ,ul;ilg; gpd;dy; my;yJ nfhz;il

Nghl;Lf; nfhs;th;. jiyapy G+f;fisr #b ,Ug;gh;. Koq;fhy; tiu ghthil>

khu;Gf;fr;ir> ,Lg;Gg;gl;b vd;gd mzpe;jpUg;ghu;. fhy;fspy; rjq;if fl;bapUg;ghu;.

Mz;fs; jhWghr;rp fl;b> clk;gpy; re;jdk; G+rp> fhy;fspy; rjq;if fl;b MLtu;.

ifapy; Ntg;gpiy> kQ;rl;gl;L> fhtp epwr; Nriyfs; mzpth;. tpG+jp> cUj;jpuhf;fk;

Nghd;w rptrpd;dq;fisAk; jupj;jpUg;gu;.

fufhl;lj;jpw;f ,uz;L ehj];tuq;fs; xU xj;jy;> jhsk;> gk;ig> jOf;F> jtpy;>

Foy;> giw> cLf;F Kjyhd thj;jpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thj;jpaq;fspd;

cjtpahy; vOg;gg;gLk; ieahz;b Nksk; ,jw;Fg; gpd;dzpahfj; jpfOk;. fufk;

MLNthu; jiyapy; fufj;Jld; ehj NtWghLfSf;Nfw;g jd; clypd; ghtq;fisAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;.

tul;rp epyTk; fhyq;fspy; kioj; nja;tkhd khupak;kd; topghL eilngWk;.

mf;fhyq;fspy; khupak;kd; jhyhl;Lg; ghlYk; ,lk;ngWk;. mr;re;jg;g;gj;jpy; fufk;

vLj;J MLtu;. mj;NjhL ntg;gj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; NehapypUe;J jq;fis fhg;ghw;wp

nfhs;sTk; khupak;kid Ntz;b fufnkLj;J MLtu;.



,t;thW fufhl;lkhdJ Nfhapy; tpoh epfo;r;rpfspd; jd;ikapid nghWj;J mikAk;.

cjhuzk; kNfhw;rtk;

Neh;j;jpf;fld;

tpNrl Njit (kio Ntz;b> Neha;ePf;fk;)

,e;jpahtpy; jkpofj;jpy; jQ;rhT+h;> jpUr;rp> kJiu> Nryk;> rptfq;if> jpUney;Ntyp>

J}j;Jf;Fb> fd;dpahFkup> ,uhkehjGu khtl;lq;fspy; fufk; Mlg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy> mk;ghiw> Ky;iyj;jPT> aho;g;ghzk;>

kd;dhh;> kiyafk; Kjypa gpuNjrq;fspy; fufk; Mlg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk; fufhl;lkhdJ Neu;j;jpf;flid epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L> rhjp NtWghbd;wp

xOf;fj;JlDk;> gf;jpAlDk; Mlg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fiyahdJ ehl;lhh; tof;fhw;wpYk;>

Mfkk; rhh; topghl;L KiwapYk; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mNj Ntisapy; rpw;g

rhj;jpu Mfkk; rhuhj ehl;lhh; nja;tq;fis Nghw;Wfpd;w tpohf;fspy; kpFjpahf

epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tre;jd; $j;Jk; Nfhyhl;lKk;

tre;jd; Ml;lk; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpapd;nghUs; tre;j fhyj;jpy Mlg;gLtJ vd;gjhFk;.

,t;tre;jd; $j;J

gps;isahh; tre;jd;

mDkhu; tre;jd;

mk;kd; gs;S tre;jd; vd tifg;gLfpd;wJ.

tre;jd; $j;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; jU ,lk;ngWk;. mjid jU fl;bak; $Wjy; vd;gu;.

mjhtJ fl;bak; $Wgth; fhypy; ryq;iff; fl;b> tlNkhb my;yJ njd;Nkhb

$j;Jf;fSf;Fupa cilazpe;J jUg; ghb Mb tUth;. jiuapy; caukhfTk;

tl;lkhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;l Nkilapy; tre;jd; $j;J MLNthu; tl;lkhf epd;W

MLth;. tl;lkhf fapW fl;b mjw;Fs; Nkilaikj;J> ntspNa ghu;itahsh;fs;

Rw;wptu mku;e;jpUe;J ghu;f;ff; $bajhf ,f; $j;J Mlg;gLk;.

tre;jd; $j;jhdJ KUfd; Myaq;fspYk;> fz;zfpak;kd; khupak;kd; Myaq;fspYk;

(Mya Kd;wypy;) Mlg;gLk;. Mya Kd;wypy; ,t; tre;jd; $j;J Mlg;gLk;

Ntisapy; gf;jp NkyPl;lhy; mbath; my;yJ ghu;itahsh;fs; gutrkilthh;.

,t;tre;jd; $j;Jf;fs; ,jpfhr fijfis mbg;gilahf itj;Jf;nfhz;L

Mlg;gLfpd;wd.

,t;tre;jd; $j;jhdJ rka kw;Wk; r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w fiyahfTk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fz;zfp topghl;by; nfhk;G Kwp tpisahl;bd; NghJk; tre;jd;

$j;J Mlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;$j;jpy; tUk; tre;juhrd; vDk; ghj;jpuk; jdf;fhfTk;

gpwUf;fhfTk; fz;zfpak;kidAk; gj;jpufhspak;kidAk; Ntz;LtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

jhFk;. Nfhapypy; Mlg;gLk; tre;jd; $j;J gf;jp> moF Nghjid Mfpaitfis

cl;nghUshff; nfhz;L Mlg;gLfpd;wJ.



Nfhyhl;lk;Nfhyhl;lk; vd;gJ epwq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;l Nfhy;fisf; nfhz;L jhsj;jpw;fk; ,irf;Fk;

Vw;wthW jl;b MLtjhy; Nfhyhl;lk; vd;W ,f;fiy ngah; ngw;Ws;sJ. tpisahl;L>

Nfspf;if vd;w mstpNy kl;Lky;yhky; ngz;fSf;F clw;gapw;rp jUk; tha;g;ghfTk;

,J gad;gLfpwJ. Fk;kpiag; NghyNt vy;yhg; ngz;fSk; taJ NtWghbd;wp

fye;J nfhs;thh;fs;.

ghu;tjp Njtpahh; $l jd;Dila jhjpfspd; Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; ngupJk; gad; mile;jjhf

fij nrhy;tJz;L. Njtu;fSf;Fk;> mRuh;fSf;Fk; (ge;jhRudp) ele;j Nghhpy;

Njth;fs; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> ghu;tjpNjtpahiu xd;gJ ehl;fs; Crp

Kidapy; epd;W fLk; jtk; nra;jjdhy; mtuJ Kfk; fUikaile;J Nfhukhfp

cf;fpuj;ij ckpo;e;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. guNk];tuhdy; $l me;jf; fUik epwj;ij

khw;wKbatpy;iy. Njtu;fshy; $l ghu;tjpNjtpahu milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s

Kbatpy;iy. ghh;tjp Njtpapd; jhjpfs; (Njhopfs;) tUj;jKw;W ee;jpNf];tuDf;F

Kd;dhy; Nfhyhl;lk; Mbj; jq;fs; Njtpf;Fg; gioa epiyia Njbj;ju Kad;whh;fs;.

mth;fs; eldk; Ml Ml ghu;tjp Njtpapd; Kfk; kPz;Lk; Mj;kPfg; nghypTk;

fUik ePq;fp moF ngw;wJ. Kbtpy; ghh;tjp rptid mile;jhh;. vdNt jhd;

ahj;jpiu tpohf;fhyj;jpy; MLk; Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; grtd; my;yJ ee;jpNf];tuDf;F

Kjyplk; jug;gLfpd;wJ.

Nfhyhl;lk;> gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;lk;> Nfhyhl;lf;Fk;kp vd ,t;thl;lk; %d;W tifg;gLfpwJ.

vl;L Kjy; gj;J mq;Fy ePsKk; Kf;fhy; mq;Fy fdKk; nfhz;l mofhf

,iof;fg; ngw;Wj; jpuz;l xU KidapypUe;J kWKid FWfpr; nrd;W KbAk;.

xt;nthU tUk; ,uz;L Nfhy;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. ghlg;gLfpd;w ghlypd; re;jj;jpw;F

,irf;Fk; Vw;wgb jq;fs; xU iffspYKs;s Nfhy;fis xd;Nwhnlhd;W jl;b xyp

vOg;gp tl;l Nghf;fpy; Rw;wpf; nfhz;Nl MLtJ Nfhyhl;lkhFk;.

Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; gpd;dy; Nfhyhl;lk; ghu;f;f kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. gy tz;zj;

JzpfisNah my;yJ fapw;iwNah cj;juj;jpypUe;J njhq;ftpl;L mjid

eldkzpfs; ,lJ iff;Nfhypy; fl;b mth;fs; mirTfisr; nra;Ak; NghJ

nkJthff; fapWfs; my;yJ tz;zj; Jzpfs; Xh; mofpa gpd;dyhf gpd;dg;gLk;.

gpwF Mba Kiwapd; Neh; vjpu; Kiwapy; Mbg; gpd;dy; mtpo;f;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F

fpU\;z yPiy gw;wpa ghly;fs; ,irf;fg;gLk;. MLk; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;

tz;z Mil myq;fhuq;fs; nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. Mjp fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fSk;

murrig ehafu;fSk; ,f;fiyf;F kpFe;j MjuT mspj;Js;sdh;.

Mya topghLfspy; jpUthjpiu ehdspd; NghJk; fz;zd; gpwe;j ehspYk; Nfhyhl;lk;

Mlg;gLfpd;wJ. Mah;ghbf; Nfhgpah;fs; fpU\;zidr Rw;wp jhz;lt yh];a eldk;

Mbahf $wg;gLfpwJ. ,d;W $l ,e;jpahtpd; uh[];jhd; gFjhg; ngz;fs; ,U

ePz;l Nfhy;fSld; jz;bah]; eldk; kpfTk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. Xzk; gz;bif

fhyq;fspYk;> fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL fhyq;fspYk; Nfhyhl;lk; epfo;j;Jk; gz;G

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; Nfhapy; tpohf;fis ikag;gLj;jpNa ,f;fiy Mlg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; ,d;W nghJ tpohf;fspYk;> muq;FfspYk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhyhl;lj;jpd;

NghJ moF> gf;jp> ,urid vd;gd ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy;

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mLj;jjhf jpuhtpl topghl;L KiwfSs; xd;whd rpt topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J>,J <oj;jpd; kpfg; gioa topghLfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy;kd;dh;fs; #bapUe;j ngah;fs; ,j;jifa topghL ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whfcs;sJ. tp[adpd; gpd; Ml;rp nra;j gz;L thR Njtdpd; gjpndhU gps;isfSs;xUtd; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fpapUe;jhd;. gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; khkd;khh;fspy;xUtdpd; ngah; ‘fphpfz;l rpt’ MFk;. gz;Lfhga kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; muR fl;bNywpatd;‘Klrpt’ Mthd;. Njtek;gpajP]dpd; rNfhjuh;fspy; xUtd; ‘kfhrpt’ vd;w ngaiuj;jhq;fpAs;shd;. jhJtk;rk; fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp> NrUthtpy Mfpa,lq;fis Mz;l rpw;wurh;fs; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fp epd;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

ghspE}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;j Nghy; gPhp]; vd;gth;”tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Fmjpf fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapw; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fdTk; KO ,e;jpahtpd;topghl;bw;FhpadTkhfpa Ie;J rpthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itahtd kfhjPh;j;jj;jpw;Fmz;ikapy; cs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> Kj;J rpyhgj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jKd;dP;Rtuk;> khNjhl;lj;jpw;fUfpYs;s jz;Nl];tuk;> nghpa nfhl;bahuf; FlhTf;Fvjpuhf cs;s jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwf;F mz;ikapYs;s eFNy];tukvd;gdthk;.



ehfh;fs; xUNghJk; kdpj th;f;fj;jpduhf ghspE}y;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf,th;fs; rhjhuzkhfg; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpid cilath;fshfTk; epyj;jpd; fPo; thOk;mkhD\;ah ;fshfTNk r pj ;j ph pf ;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sdh ; . NrUthtpytpw ;Fk ; ehftzf;fj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s njhlh;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpNy ,g;gFjpapy;fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j Gj;jh; rpiyfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.,j;jifa rpiyfspy; Gj;jhpd; jiykPJ ehf ghk;gpdJ glk; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.,J Gj;jh; ehfj;jhy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpdwhh; vd;w nra;jpia czh;j;Jtjha; mike;Js;sJ.gpd;dh; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fhpa epiyapy; ehf topghL tpsq;fpaijAk;>ngsj;jj;jhy; ehf topghL Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mLj;jjhf jpuhtpl topghl;L KiwfSs; xd;whd rpt topghL gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J>,J <oj;jpd; kpfg; gioa topghLfSs; xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy;kd;dh;fs; #bapUe;j ngah;fs; ,j;jifa topghL ,lk;ngw;wikf;Fr; rhd;whfcs;sJ. tp[adpd; gpd; Ml;rp nra;j gz;L thR Njtdpd; gjpndhU gps;isfSs;xUtd; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fpapUe;jhd;. gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; khkd;khh;fspy;xUtdpd; ngah; ‘fphpfz;l rpt’ MFk;. gz;Lfhga kd;dDf;Fg; gpd; muR fl;bNywpatd;‘Klrpt’ Mthd;. Njtek;gpajP]dpd; rNfhjuh;fspy; xUtd; ‘kfhrpt’ vd;w ngaiuj;jhq;fpAs;shd;. jhJtk;rk; fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;by; fy;ahzp> NrUthtpy Mfpa,lq;fis Mz;l rpw;wurh;fs; ‘rpt’ vd;w ngaiuj; jhq;fp epd;wijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

ghspE}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;j Nghy; gPhp]; vd;gth;”tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Fmjpf fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapw; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fdTk; KO ,e;jpahtpd;topghl;bw;FhpadTkhfpa Ie;J rpthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itahtd kfhjPh;j;jj;jpw;Fmz;ikapy; cs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> Kj;J rpyhgj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jKd;dP;Rtuk;> khNjhl;lj;jpw;fUfpYs;s jz;Nl];tuk;> nghpa nfhl;bahuf; FlhTf;Fvjpuhf cs;s jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwf;F mz;ikapYs;s eFNy];tuk;

ghspE}y;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;j Nghy; gPhp]; vd;gth;”tp[ad; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;Fmjpf fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,yq;ifapw; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sj;jf;fdTk; KO ,e;jpahtpd;topghl;bw;FhpadTkhfpa Ie;J rpthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,itahtd kfhjPh;j;jj;jpw;Fmz;ikapy; cs;s jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> Kj;J rpyhgj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jKd;dP;Rtuk;> khNjhl;lj;jpw;fUfpYs;s jz;Nl];tuk;> nghpa nfhl;bahuf; FlhTf;Fvjpuhf cs;s jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> fhq;Nfrd; Jiwf;F mz;ikapYs;s eFNy];tuk;vd;gitahFk;. ,it ntWk; Gfo;r;rp my;y” vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJ gz;ilf;fhyj;jpNyNarpt topghL epytpapUe;jJ vd;gij Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

kfhNrdd; Nghd;w kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mDuhjGuk;> khNjhl;lk;> Vufhtpy;>Nfhfh;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; topgl;l rpthyaq;fis mopj;Nj kfhNrd kd;dd;mt;tplq;fspy; ngsj;j Myaq;fisf; fl;bajhf kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ.

<oj;Jg; gpuhkpf; fy;ntl;by; ]pt(rpt) vd;w ngah; cs;sNjhL rptjj;j> rptuf;;;\pj>rptFj;j> rptghypj> rptjhr Nghd;w milnkhopfs; ,tw;NwhL ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJk;kw;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhf rpt topghl;NlhL njhlh;Gilajhfngah;fs; fhzg;gLtjpypUe;Jk; rpt Myaq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L ngsj;j tpfhiufs;fl;lg;gl;lik gw;wp ghsp E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpapypUe;Jk; <oj;jpy; rpt topghL,lk;ngw;Ws;sik cWjpahfpd;wJ.



,yq;ifapYs;s ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fsJ tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;

jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;

jy tuyhWNfJ topgl;ljhy;> ,g; ngau; ngw;wJ. Re;juu;> rk;ge;ju; ,UtUk; ,uhNkRuj;jpy;,Ue;jthW> ,g; gjpiag; ghbdu;. ,j; jyk; <o ehl;by; khNjhl;l efupy; ghyhtpMw;wq;fiuapy; cs;sJ.

miktplk;

jpU%yu; rptG+kp vd;W rpwg;gpj;Jf;$Wk; ,yq;ifapd; tlNky; ghfj;jpy; kd;dhu;khtl;lk; cs;sJ. mq;F khe;ij vd;Dk; gpuptpNy ghyhtpj; jPu;j;jf; fiuapNyjpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;Dk; rptj;jyk; mike;Js;sJ. Guhjd fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;vd;gJ Myaj;ijAk; khNjhl;lk; vd;gJ mJ mike;Js;s ,lj;ijAk; Fwpj;jd.,f;fhyj;jpNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;gJ NfhapYf;Fk; mJ mike;Js;s ,lj;Jf;Fk;nghJthd ngauhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NfJ <rid topgl;l jyk; vd;Dk; fhuzk; gw;wp,f;Nfhapy; jpU vd;Dk; milnkhopNahL jpUf;NfjPruk; vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ.

,yq;ifapNy jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; vd;Dk; ,uz;L jyq;fs; kl;LNkNjthug; ghly; ngw;w rpwg;gpid cilad. jpUf;NfjPr;ruehju; kPJ jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;Njthuj; jpUg;gjpfk; ghbAs;shu;. ,uhNkr;ruj;ij topglr;nry;Yk; mbahu;fs; xUfhyj;jpw; flypd; mf;fiuapy; epd;W jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J mz;ziyj; njhOjdu;.mjw;Fr; rhd;whfj; jpUQhdrk;ge;j%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk; Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhiuAk;$wyhk;.

gz;ila tuyhW

kad; vd;gtd; Njtjr;rd;. kfhJtl;lh vd;gtd; mtDila jikad;. ,tu;fs;epUkhzpj;j jyk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; vd;gJ kuGf; fij. kadpd; kfSk; ,uhtzdpd;kidtpAkhfpa kz;Nlhjup ,j;jyj;ij topgl;lhs;. jPu;j;j ahj;jpiu nra;j mUr;Rdd;,jid topgl;lhnddj; jl;rpzifyha Guhzk; $Wfpd;wJ. tpraDld; ,yq;iff;Fte;j cgjp];]d; vd;Dk; gpuhkzd; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jpw; G+ir nra;jhd; vd kfhtk;rk;Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,af;fu;fSk; ehfu;fSk; ,yq;ifapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfshtu;. ,uhtzd;,af;fu; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtd;. mtd; rptgf;jd; vd;gJ tuyhW. ehfu;fSk;jpUf;NfjPr ;ruj;ij topgl;ljw;Fr; rhd;whf ehfehju; vd;nwhU ngau;jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjUf;F ,d;dKk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.

njhykp vd;Dk; GtpapaywpQu; fp gp 2k; E}w;whz;by; khNjhl;lk; ,Ue;jijf;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. cNuhku; ghurPfu; muhgpau; rPdu; ,e;jpau; Kjypa gy Njrj;jtu;fSld;khNjhl;lj;Jf;F tzpfj; njhlu;Gfs; ,Ue;jdntd;gJ mq;F fz;nlLj;j gz;ilaehzaq;fshy; mwpag;gLk;. fp gp 4k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifia Mz;l rpwPNkftz;zd;vd;DQ; rpq;fs murdpd; fhyj;jpy; khNjhl;lj;jpw; irtf; Nfhapy; xd;W ,Ue;jnjdj;jhJtk;rk; vd;Dk; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. ,J Gj;jupd; Gdpj je;j tuyhW gw;wpaE}yhFk;.

Vwj;jho ,w;iwf;F 3800 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; khe;ijj;JiwKfk; ,Ue;jJvd;gijAk; mq;fpUe;J mf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahTf;Fr; nrk;G Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJvd;gijAk; ,yq;ifj; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; jpizf;fsg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;v]; A+ Njuzpafiy vd;gtu; 1997 ,y; Muha;r;rp Kbghf ntspapl;Ls;shu;. vdNtnkhnfQ;NrhjhNuh fug;ghf; fhyj;jpYk; khe;ij epytpaJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rp %yk;ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



tq;fk; kypfpd;w fly; khNjhl;l ed;dfu; vd;W $wg;gl;ljdhy; ,J Nfe;jpu

Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s xU tzpfg; gl;bdkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ vd;gJ GydhFk;. gpw;fhyr;

Nrhou;fspdhy; Kjyhk; ,uhNre;jpud; ,ilf;fhyg; ghz;bau;fspy; KjyhQ;

Re;jughz;bad; KjypNahu; ,f;NfhapYf;Fj; jpUg;gzp nra;Js;sdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhff;

fp gp 11k; E}w;whz;bYk; mjid mLj;j fhyj;jpYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruk; jpUtuq;ff;

NfhapYf;F ,izahd VO gpufhuq;fs; R+o;e;j ngUq; Nfhapyhfj; jpfo;e;jJ

vd;gjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;W cz;L. Nrhoupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,J ,uh[uhN[];tu

kfhNjtd; Nfhapy; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,f;Nfhapiy ,yq;if

muru;fs; gyu; Mjupj;jdu;.

Gj;jNfhapy;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; ed;nfhilfSf;fhd rl;lq;fis kPWNthu;

khNjhl;lj;jpw; gRf; nfhiy nra;jij xj;j ghtj;ijg; ngWthnud;w vr;rupf;if

9k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j rpq;fsf; fy;ntl;Lr; rhrdk; xd;wpw; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jdhy; mtu;fs; jpUf;NfjPr;ruf; Nfhapy; kPJ itj;jpUe;j kjpg;Gg; Gyg;gLk;.

,j;jifa rpwg;Gila gz;ilf; Nfhapy; 1960k; Mz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ,bj;J

mopf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; flw; ngUf;fhy; ,Ue;j ,lKk; kiwe;jJ. Vwj;jho 200

Mz;Lfs; fope;j gpd; 1894k; Mz;L gz;ilf;Nfhapy; ,Ue;j ,lj;ijf;

fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd mfo;T Muha;r;rp Muk;gkhdJ. mjd; tpisthf Guhjd Nfhapy;

,Ue;j ,lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. %u;j;jp jyk; jPu;j;jk; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xU NfhapYf;F

kfpik jUfpd;w Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs; vd;W jhAkhdtupd; ghly; xd;W $Wfpd;wJ.

vdNt jpUf;NfjPr;ruf; Nfhapypd; ,e;j %d;W mk;rq;fSk; vj;jifad vd;gjid

<z;L ehk; Nehf;FNthk;.

%u;j;jpr; rpwg;G.

,f;Nfhapypd; ,iwtd; ngau; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd;. ,iwtp ngau; nfsupmk;ghs;.

jytpUl;rk; td;dpkuk;. jpUf;NfjPr;rug; ngUkhid khNjhl;lj;J mz;zy; mj;jdu;

mbfs; ve;ij vd;wpt;thW Nghw;wpj; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; Njthuk; ghbAs;shu;. Re;juu;

jk; Njthuj;jpy; ,tiu ml;ld; vd;fpwhu;. Mfhak; epyk; ePu; tsp mf;fpdp R+upad;

re;jpud; ,akhdd; vd;Dk; vl;L %u;j;jq;fSk; xd;W Nru;e;j %u;j;jp ml;ld; vdg;gLk;.

NtnwhU Njthuj;jpy; mtu; %tnud ,Utnud Kf;fz;Zil %u;j;jp vd;whu;.

Md;k <Nlw;wj;jpd; nghUl;Lj; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd; mad; mup mud; vd;Dk; %tuhAk;

mk;ik mg;gd; vd ,UtuhAk; ,Uf;fpwhu; vd;gJ mjd; fUj;J. ,Utu; vd;W

$Wk;nghOJ <rd; rj;jp gpd;dk; ,y;yhjtd; vd;De; jj;Jtg; nghUSk;

ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhfj; Njthjp Njtdhf tpsq;Fe; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjd;

Nkyhdtd; vd;gjid czu;j;Jk; tifapw; rpNul;ld; vd;DQ; nrhy;iyr; RUf;fpr;

rpl;ld; vd;Wk; mtu; ghbAs;shu;. jpUntz;iz ey;Y}upNy jk;ikj; jLj;jhl;nfhz;l

ngUkhDk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruehjDk; xUtNu vd;Dq; fUj;jpy; mtu; Njtd; vid

Ms;thd; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;jhNd vd;whu;.

Qhdrk;ge;ju; jkf;F Qhdg;ghy; Cl;ba vk;ngUkhl;bf;F ed;wpAzu;T cilatuha;

mtiu Kjw;fz; Fwpg;gpl;L Njtp jd;ndhLe; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj;J ,Ue;j vk;ngUkhNd

vd;W Nghw;wpj; jk; Mw;whikia ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,yq;ifia rptG+kp vd;fpd;whu;

jpU%y ehadhu;. rpwg;GkpF ,r; rptG+kpapd; fz; goikAk; ngUikAk; GfOk;

cila rptj;jyq;fs; gytpUe;jik tuyhW. ,t;tuyhw;Wz;ikapid fp.K.1800

tiuapy; ele;j ,uhk ,uhtz Aj;jj;jpd; juTfspywpayhk;.



,g;ngUikAila <oj;jpUehl;by; %u;j;jp jyk; jPu;j;jkha %d;WQ; rpwg;ghikag;

ngw;w jpUj;jyk; mUs; kpF jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jykhk;. ngUe;jtKilNahuhah

NfJ> kad;> khJtl;lh> kz;Nlhjup> ,uhku;> mfj;jpau; Nghd;w jtKilNahu;

topghlhw;wp jq;Fiw jPu;j;J kPz;l tuyhW nfhz;l jyk; ,j;jpUj;jyk;.

“ tpUJFd;wkh NkUtp ehzu thtd nyupak;ghg;nghUJ%ntapy; nrw;wtd;gw;wp epd;Wiwgljp ve;ehSk;fUJfpd;w Cu; fidflw; fbfko; nghopyzp khNjhl;lq;fUjepd;w NfjPr;ruq; ifnjhof; fLtpidailahNt ”

-ehSk; jkpo;tsu;j;j Qhdrk;ge;jd; GfSiuahFk;

NfJ G+rpj;j jykhjyhy; jpUf;Nfjpr;rukhapw;nwd Ma;thsu;fs; $wh epw;gu;. ,f;Nfhapy;

khNjhl;l ed;dfupy; mike;Js;sJ. ,j; jyj;jpyike;Js;s ghyhtpj; jPu;j;jj;jpy;

ePuhb ,Wjpf;fld; GupNthu;f;Ff; fhahtpy; fldhw;Wk; Gz;zpak; fpl;LnkdTk;> ,j;

jPu;j;jjpy; ePuhLNthu;f;Fg; gpukfj;jp Nghd;w ghtq;fs; jPUnkd;gJk; ,j;jPu;j;jjpd;

kfpikAk; rpwg;GkhFk;.

“ej;jhu; gil Qhdd;gR Ntwpe;eid ftpo;tha;

kj;jk; kj ahidAup Nghu;j;j kzthsd;

gj;jhfpa njhz;lu; njhO ghyhtpapd; fiuNky;

nrj;jhnuYk;gzpthd; jpUf; NfjPr;ruj;jhNd” vd Re;ju%u;j;jp ehadhu;

ghbAs;shu;

,e;ehl;Lg; goq;Fbapduha ehfu;fsJ Kf;fpa topghl;Lj; jykhjyhy;

,j;jpUf;Nfhapypw;F ehfehju; vdTk; ngau; toq;fp te;Js;sJ NghjUk; ,r;nra;jpahy;

irtrkapfspd; njhd;ikiaAk; ngUikiaAk; ,j;jpUf;Nfhapy; ,ak;Gfpd;wJ.

Nrho> ghz;ba kd;du;fs; gy jpUg;gzpfis ,j;jpUf;Nfhapypw;fhw;wpa ngUikAk;>

td;dp> aho;g;ghz muru;fs; epj;jpa iekpj;jpaq;fs; ,ilawhJ nra;j ngUikAq;

nfhz;l jpUj;jykpJthFk;.

Vohk; vl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j irtj;jpd; Xsptpsf;fhk; jtf;nfhOe;jpduha

mUsbahu;fs; vd cyfpduhy; Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUQhd rk;ge;j %u;j;jp ehahdhuhYk;>

Re;ju %u;j;jp ehadhuhYk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J jpUg;gjpfk; ghlg; ngw;w rpwg;Gila

jykpJthFk;. mUs;kpF jpUehTf;fuR Rthkpfs; mtu;fspd; jpUjhz;lfj;jpYk;>

Nrf;fpohu; ngUkhdpd; ngupaGuhzj;jpYk; ,j;jpUj;jyk; Rl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ nts;spil.

,j;jF rPu;G+j;j jpUj;jyk; fhynts;sj;jpy; rpf;fpr; rpije;J rpd;dhgpd;dkile;J

kz;Nklhdik tuyhw;W cz;ikahFk;.

,j;jpUj;jyj;ij mz;ba gFjpfspy; gy rpthyaq;fspUe;jikia mfo;tha;Tj;

juTfs; %ykwpa Kbfpd;wJ. md;wpAk; ,j;jpUtplk; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ngUefukhfTk;

gy;Jiwj; njhopy; ty;ytu;fs; tho;e;j efukhfTk; rpw;gk; fiy EZf;fk; epiwe;j

Mw;wy; kpf;f fiyQu;fisf; nfhz;L jpfo;e;j moF efukhfTk; kpspu;e;jik

Ma;thsu;jk; JzpthFk;

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fhyk; gw;wp ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy; tpag;Gf;FhpaJ.



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nra;j #o;r;rpapy; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.

Gjpa Nfhapypd; tuyhW

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mfo;T Ntiy nra;j nghOJ tp\;Z> kfhyl;Rkp tpf;fpufq;fs; fpilj;jd. 1950

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,uh[uh[Nrhodpd; jhapd; epidthf ,e;jMyak; mikf;fg;gl;lbUf;fyhk;.

,f;NfhapypYs;s mjpuhN[e;jpu NrhoDila fy;ntl;L Nrhou;fspd; Nfhapy; epu;thf

Kiwapid rpwg;ghf $WfpwJ. gd;khNf];tuu; vd;wrptdbahu; $l;lk; gw;wp mjpNy

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. gjpghy%yg; gl;Lilg; gQ;rhrhupa Njtfd;kpfs; vd;wFOtpdu;

thdtd; khNjtp <];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. Nfhapy; gzpfisnra;fpd;w “guprhufu; ”

gzpkf;fSk; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;jdu;. “khzpf;fk;” vd;wgl;lk; ngw;w Njtubahu;fs;

gyUk; ,Ue;jdu;. fq;if nfhz;l Nrhokhzpf;fk;> Njtd; fhkpahd ,uhN[e;jpu

Nrho khzpf;fk;> Njtd; ca;ate;jhdhd Kbnfhz;l Nrho khzpf;fk; Kjyhd

Njtubahiu mq;Fs;s rhrdq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

nghyeWitapy; Nrhou; mikj;j gpw Nfhapy;fspd; ngau;fs; njupatpy;iy. mq;Fs;s

Ie;jhk; rpthyaj;jpd; mopghLfspd; ,ilNa Nrhog; gpujhdpfspd; ngau;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; %ykhf mf;Nfhapy;fs;

Nrhouhl;rpf;FupaJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,e;j Ie;jhk; rpthyaNk nghydeWit

,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; kpfTk; ngupajhFk;. mjd; mopghLfspYk; Rw;Wg;Gw

mfo;thuhr;rpapd; NghJk; fw;fyhyhd vl;Lg; gbkq;fSk; gj;njhd;gJ ntz;fyg;

gbkq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. jl;rpzh%u;j;jp> fNzru;> tp];D> fhsp> eluh[u; MfpNahupd;

gbkq;fs; mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j rhd;WfspD}lhf Nrhouhl;rpapy;

,e;Jrkak; ngw;w tsu;r;rpia czuyhk;.

,yq;ifapd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapNy jpUNfhzkiy> fe;jsha;> gjtpah vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpa Nrhoupd; Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nrhoupd; ngUk;ghyhd rhrdq;fSk;njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mtw;wpNy Nrhoupd; Nfhapy;fl;Lkhzk;> Gdu;epu;khzk;> rkag;gzpfs; vd;gtw;iwj; njspthf mwpaf; $bajha;

cs;sJ.



,yq;if njhy;nghUs; jpizf;fsj;jpdu; gjtpahtpy; Ie;J rpthyaq;fspd;

mopghLfis milahsk; fz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpilNa Nrhoupd; Ie;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

fpilj;Js;sd. xUNfhapypd; ngau; ,utpFykhzpf;f <];tuk; vd;W rhrdk; $Wfpd;wJ.

,e;j MyakhdJ ,uh[uh[dJ fhyj;jpNy gjtpapypUe;j ehdhNjrp tzpfuhYk;

epu;thf mjpfhupfspdhYk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ mjd; mopghLfspilNa fhzg;gLk;

rhrdq;fspdhy; czug;gLfpwJ.

Nrho ,yq;Nf];tudpd; Ml;rpahz;Lfspy; jpUNfhzkiy kr;rNf];tuj;J

%y];jhdKk;> mNj ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhots ehl;bYs;s NtnwhU rpthyaKk;

njhlu;ghf Nrhokz;lyj;J ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhotsehl;Lg; gpujhdpfs; Nkw;nfhz;l

eltbf;iffisg; gjpT nra;tjhf khdhq;Nfzpr; rhrdk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

kr;rNf];tuk; vdg;gLfpd;w jpUf;NfhNz];tu %y];jhdj;ij Nrhou;fs; Gdu;epu;khzk;

nra;jdu;. ,e;jNfhapYf;F ehs; topghl;Lj; Njitf;fhf epyk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJld;

Nrhouhl;rpapy; kr;rNf];tuj;jpy; rpwg;ghf G+irtpohf;fs; eilngw;wd. ,J njhlu;ghd

tpupthd tpguq;fis epyhntspf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. vdNt Nrhou;fSila

rpwg;ghd Ml;rpapNy njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kl;Lkd;wp <oj;jpYk; ,e;Jrkak; rhu;e;j

Myaq;fs; tsu;r;rpg; ngw;wik rpwg;ghdJ.

jkpoftuyhw;wpy; Ntnwe;j fhyj;jpYk; ,y;yhjthW kpfr;rpwg;ghd Ml;rp

tp];ju pg ;g pidAk; > rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj ;ijAk; > rka tsu;r ;r piaAk;>

fiyfl;Lkhdq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpa ngUik Nrhou; fhyj;ijNa rhUk;. ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpy; vj;jidNah kd;du;fs; ,lk;gpbj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; murju;kj;jpd;

top Ml;rpnrYj;jpjhKk; tho;e;Jfhl;b kf;fis ey;topg;gLj;jp ehLk; tsu;j;J

rkaj;NjhL fiytsu;j;J ehdpyk; Nghw;Wk; cj;jku;fshf jkpof tuyhw;wpYk;

cyf tuyhw;wpYk; rpwg;gplk; gpbj;jtu;fshf Nrho kd;du;fs; jpfo;fpwhu;fs;.

,tu;fSila ,yq;if tUifahy; ek; ,dj;jpj; Gfo; nrhy;Yfpd;w tuyhw;Wr;

rhd;WfSk; ,e;Jrkaj;jpd; Gfo; $Wk; Nfhapy;fSk; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk;

jkpo; ,dj;jpd; Gfo; gug;Gk; rhd;Wfsha; tuyhw;wpy; jlk; gjpj;Jtpl;lij ahuhYk;

kWj;J tplKbahJ. ,tw;iw mopatplhkYk; mopf;fg;glhkYk; ghJfhg;gJ jkpouhfpa

vk; xt;nthUtupdJk; flikahFk;. mj;Jld; Muha;r;rpapd; %ykhf Gjpa

tpilaq;fis fz;lwptJk; jkpoupd; njhd;ikiaAk; GfioAk; midtUf;Fk;

Gupaitg;gJk; tuyhw;W khztu;fsJk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fsJk; nghWg;ghFk;.



Kd;Nd];tuk;

,yq;ifapd; Gfo;ngw;w njhd;ik tha;e;j rpthyaq;fspy; Kd;Nd];tuKk;

xd;whFk;. tlNkw;F khfhzj;ijr; Nru;e;j Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy; ePu;tsk;> epytsk;

,aw;if vopy; kpf;f rpyhgk; vDkplj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW

rkaj;jtu;fSk; Nghw;Wk; Gdpj jykhf gpugy;a jykhf ,j;jyk; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

tpahru;> ,uhku; KjypNahu; topgl;l jykhfTk; ,J Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F

Kdptu;fs; rptgpuhid topgl;ljhy; ,J KdP];tuk; vd miof;fg;gLtjhff;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uhkgpuhd; ,j;jyj;jpNy rptgpuhid topgl;Lj; jk;ikg; gPbj;j

gpuk;kfj;jpapdpd;W tpLjiy ngw;whu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,j;jyk; Kw;fhyk; njhl;L epyTk; <];tuk; rpthyak; vd tpsf;fg;gLtNj

,jd; njhd;ikia vkf;F tpsf;FfpwJ. njhd;ikf;Nfw;g ,iwtd; Kd;idehj

Rthkp vdTk;> mk;ghs; jiyrpwe;j mofpahf tbthk;gpif vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.

64 rf;jp gPlq;fspy; kpfr; rpwe;jnjhd;whfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. %y%u;j;jpahf

tbthk;gpif rNkj Kd;idehj Rthkp Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whu;.

Fsf;Nfhl;l kd;dd; ,t;thyaj;jpw;Fk; ngupa jpUg;gzpfs; nra;jjhf

Kd;Nd];tukhd;kpaj;jpy; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,td; rpije;j epiyapy; ,Ue;j

Myaj;ij kPs mikj;J kfh Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijr; nra;jjhfTk;> ,t;thyaj;jpy;

gzpguptjw;fhf Nrho ehl;bypUe;J gyjpwg;gl;ltu;fisf; nfhz;L te;J Myag;

gzpfspy; <LgLj;jpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

fp.gp 15k;> 16k; E}w;whz;LfspNy Kd;Ndr;ruk; kpfr; rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpaJ.

Nfhl;il murdhd 6k; guhf;fpukghF ngsj;j rkaj;jtdhapDk; ,e;J rkaj;jpy;

<LghL nfhz;ltdhff; fhzg;gl;lhd;. NfhapYf;Fk; G+rfu;fSf;Fk; ,td;

ed;nfhilfs; toq;fpajhf ,f; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk; jkpo;f;fy;ntl;Lf;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

xd;gjhk; guhf;fpukghF (fypfhy ru;tf;Q gz;bjd; vd;gJ ,tdJ tpUJg;

ngau;) ,t;thyaj;jpw;F te;J topghL nra;J> NfhapYf;F gy fpuhkq;fis khdpakhf

toq;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; fp.gp 1578 ,y; Kd;Nd];tu Mya

jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW mopf;fg;gl;l Myak; fz;baurDk; ehaf;f

tk;rj;jtDkhfpa fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy; (fp.gp 1747 – 1782) kPs mikf;fg;gl;L>

1757 ,y; kfh Fk;ghgpN\fj;ijAk; rpwg;ghf elj;jpdhd;. ,td; Myaj;jpd; epj;jpa>

iekpj;jpa G+irfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw Vw;ghLfisr; nra;J rpthr;rhupahu;fspw;F

ney;tpis epyq;fisf; nfhLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.



%d;W tPjpfisf; nfhz;l ,f;Nfhapypd; Kd;Ndw;wkhfTs;s

jpUf ;Fsj;j pd ; fiuapy; mike;j murkuk; jytpUl;rkhfg ;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. %u;j;jp> jy> jPu;j;jr; rpwg;Gf;fs; cs;sd. khatdhW

vdg;gLk; njJU Xah MW ,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jkhFk;.

gpujhd Nfhapy; fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk;>

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fu;g;gf;fpufKk; ];J}gpAk; ,yq;ifapYs;s

Nfhapy;fspy; kpfg;ngupait. tpkhdk; 46 mb cauKs;sjhFk;. %d;W

jsk; nfhz;l tpkhdk; fz;baurd; fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

fu;g;gf;fpufj;jpNy Rak;Gypq;f tbtpy; %y %u;j;jp Mfpa

Kd;idehjUk; tbthk;gpifAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

g ps ;isahu ; > Rg ; g p ukzpa Rthk p re ; e p jhdq ;fs pNy

fw;Fj;Jtpsf;FfNs ,d;Wk; ehNlhWk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tpehafh;> Rg;gpukzpau;> MWKfu;> eluh[h; Kjypa tpf;fpufq;fs;

kpfTk; fiyaoFld; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,it ,d;Wk; ,f;NfhapypNy

itj;J G+rpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

irt rka kugpw;Nfw;g Nfhapypy; eilngw Ntz;ba G+irfs;>

cw;rtq;fs;> fpupiafs; ahTk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; xOq;fhf eilngw;W

tUfpd;wd. ehs;NjhWk; MWfhyg; G+irfs; xOq;fhf eilngWfpwJ.

xt;nthU khjKk; ngsu;zkp jpdj;jd;W eilngWk; tpNrl = rf;fuG+ir

gu;tae;jpu G+ir vdg;gLk;. rptrf;jp If;fpa &gkhfTs;s = rf;fuj;jpid

,yq;ifapy; Kjd;KjypNy topghL nra;Ak; Kiwapidj; njhlf;fpa

jdpr; rpwg;G ,j;jyj;jpw;FupajhFk;.

kNfhw;rtk; Mz;LNjhWk; 28 ehl;fSf;F eilngw;W Mtzp

ngsu;dkpad;W jPu;j;Njhw;rtj;Jld; epiwTngWk;. ,j;jpUtpohf;fspNy

gf;Njhw;rtk;> gp\hlNzhw;rtk;> eluh[ cw;rtk;> Ntl;ilj; jpUtpoh>

Nju;j;jpUtpoh> jPu;j;jj;jpUtpoh vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

jpUtpohtpd;NghJ ehs;NjhWk; tpehafh;> Rg;ukzpay;>MWKfu;>

Nrhk];fe;ju; MfpNahu; cila jpUTyhf;fhl;rp ,lk;ngWk;. gf;Njhw;rtk;

md;W 63 ehad;khu;fSila jpUTUtq;fSk; tof;fkhf tUk;

jpUTUtq;fSld; Nru;e;J tyk; tUk; jpUTUtf; fhl;rp jdpr;rpwg;G

tha ;e ; jjhFk ; . ,j ;jifa cw ;rtk ; Kd ;Nd] ;tuj ;j pw ; Nf

jdpr;rpwg;ghdjhFk;.



gpuNjh\k;> nts;spf;fpoik> ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;> rptuhj;jpup>

gq;Fdp cj;juk;> rpj;jpiu tU\k;> eNlrUf;Fupa MW mgpN\fq;fs;>

etuhj;jpupfs; tre;j etuhj;jpup > rhujh etuhj;jpup fe;jr\;b>

jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd tpNrl G+i[>

mgpN\fq;fs;> eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

ijkhj G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpid ,Wjpahff; nfhz;L ,yl;rhu;r;rid

elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ruj; etuhj;jpup> tre;j etuhj;jpup> rz;bN`hkk;>

=rf;fuG+ir Kjypatw;Wld; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

,f; Nfhapypd; kfpikiag; gw;wpg; gy gpuRuq;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.

=Kd;Nd];tu khd;kpak;> =Kd;id ehj Rthkp tbtofp mk;ghs;

jpUT+Q;ry;> KdPRuh; etkzpkhiy> KdP];tuh; CQ;ry;> Kd;id

ehNj];tuh; jpUT+Q;ry;> KdP];tuue;jhjp> KdP];tu tbtofp gjpfk;>

KdP];tud; fg;gy;> KdP];tuf;Fk;kp> =Kd;Nd];tuk; tbtofpak;kd;

jpUtpUj;jk;> =tbthk;gpif gQ;ruj;jpdk;>Kd;Nd];tuk; Fk;ghgpN\fkyu;

(1963)> Kd;Nd];tuk; Nfhb mu;r;rid kyu; (1961) vd;gdTk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.



nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk;

<oj;jpd; goik kpf;f rpthyaq;fspy; nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wPr;ruKk;

xd;whFk;. fpof;fpyq;ifapYs;s kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Nfhapy;fspy;

rpwg;Gkpf;f ghuk;gupaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. tPuirt kugpid tpsf;fp epw;Fk; MyakhFk;.

kl;LkhefUf;F njw;Nf kz;Kidj;JiwA+lhf Rkhu; 13fp.kP njhiytpy; nropg;Gk;

tdg;Gk; kpf;f gok;gjpahf tpsq;FtJ nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy. fhLk; taYk; #o;e;J

tpsq;FtJ.

kd;du;fs;>td;dpau;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; ,r; rpthyaj;jpw;Fg; gy mw ed;nfhilfisf;

nfhLj;Js;sdu;. Nfhapy; njhlu;ghd tof;fhWfisAk; FbkuGfisAk; tpsf;Fk;

ghly;fs; jpUg;gilg;gj;jjpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;ghly;fs; Mz;L NjhWk;

Ntl;ilj;jpUtpohtd;W gbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Nfhapy; tuyhw;wpidf; nfhf;fl;bahu; kuNghL jpUNtl;ilf; fhtpak;

njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ. mjpy; “fjpukiyiaj; juprpf;f Kj;Jypq;fu;> nfhf;fl;bau;

vd;w ,U jNghjdu; Gwg;gl;ldu;. nfhf;fl;bahu; rptgjkila> mtiur; rkhjpapUj;jp>

Kj;Jypq;fu; fjpukiyiaj; juprpf;fr; nrd;whu;. mr;rkhjpapypUe;J xU ypq;fk;

cz;lhfp> xU nfhf;F nel;b kuj;jpdhy; kiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Njd;ngwr; nrd;w

Ntlu; mk;kuj;ij ntl;l ,uj;jk; rpe ;jpaJ. ,ij nrhg;gdj;jpywpe ;j

fjpu;fhkahj;jpupfupy; xUtuhd nrl;bahu; Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;.

,t;thyaNk nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F

Ntlu; G+irNa epfo;e;jjhFk;.” vdf; $wg;gl;bUe;jJ.

kw;nwhU nra;jp cyf ehafpNahL njhlu;GilaJ. “Fzrpq;fd; kl;lf;fsg;gpid

Mz;l fhyj;jpy; fypq;fNjrj;J FfNrdDila Gj;jpup cyfehafp Gj;jupd;

rpd;dj;ijAk;> Kd;Ndhu;fs; ifyhaj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jg;Ngzpa rptypq;fj;ijAk;

nfhz;L jd; rNfhjud; cyfehjDld; ,yq;if te;jhs;. Nkftu;zdplk;

Gj;jrpd;dj;ijf; nfhLj;J jdf;F Fbfspy;yhj fhl;Lg; gpuNjrnkhd;wpidj; juNtz;Lk;

vd murdplk; Nfl;lhs;. Nkftu;zd; kl;lf;fsg;G mjpgjpahfpa Fzrpq;fDf;F

jpUKfk; vOjpf; nfhLj;J mDg;gp itj;jhd;. Fzrpq;fd; mtSf;F kz;Kidia

epge;jkhff; nfhLj;J> Fbfis ,Uj;jp> mts; tho;tjw;F khspif xd;wpidAk;

mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jhd;. cyfehafp mq;F jd; tho;tpid mikj;Jf;nfhz;ljd;

gpd;> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J 106 Fff; FLk;gq;fisAk;> 30 rpiwf; FLk;gq;fisAk;

tutioj;J Fbaku;j;jpdhs;. kf;fspd; topghl;bw;fhf kz;Kidapy; Nfhapy; xd;wpidf;

fl;Ltpj;J rptypq;fj;jpd; jpUtbtpidj; jpUepiyg;gLj;jpdhs;.



jpfld; vd;Dk; Ntlu; jiytd; fsg;G Kidf; fhl;by; njd;Guj;jpy; fhLntl;Lk;

NghJ nfhf;F nel;b kuj;jpid ntl;bdhd;. mt;ntl;Lj; jOk;gpypUe;J ,uj;jk;

ngUfpaJ. mjidf; fz;l Ntld; Jzpapdhy; ntl;Lthiaf; fl;bagpd; cyfehafpf;F

mwptpj;jhd;. cyfehafp mq;F nrd;W ghu;j;jNghJ mt;tplj;jpy; rptypq;fk; xd;W

Njhd;wpapUe;jjidf; fz;lds;. mjdhy; mt;tplj;ijj; Jg;guT nra;J Nfhapy;

fl;b> Fbfis mku;j;jpdhs;.” vd kl;lf;fsg;G khd;kpaj;jpy; $wg;gLk; nra;jp

MFk;.

nfhf;fl;br; Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wP];tuUf;F ,U Rw;W kjpy;fSk; 4 %iyfspYk;

4 klq;fSk; gpujhd Myaj;ijr; #o ghu;tjpak;kd;> tpf;Nd];tuh;> KUfd;>

ts;spak;kd;> nja;tahid> kfhtp\;Z> ituth;> ehfjk;gpuhd;> etf;fpufq;fs;

vd;gtw;wpw;F rpW rpW Myaq;fSk;> nfhbj;jk;gj;njhL fu;g;gf;fpufk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk;>

epUj;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk; vd kz;lgq;fNshL $ba Myak; mofhff;

fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

,t;thyaj;jpw;nfd tay; epyq;fs; Fsf;Nfhl;ld;> fypq;fkfhd;> tpkyju;k#upad;>

tpf;fpukrpq;fd; Nghd;w kd;du;fshy; khdpaq;fshf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

%d;W tz;zf;Fkhupd; jiyikr; nraw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;l gupghydrigNa

,t;thyaj;ij epu;tfpj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,r;rigapd; fypq;fh Fbiar; Nru;e;jtu;

jiyikg; nghWg;gpid Vw;f> cyfpg;Nghb Fbapidr; rhu;e;jtu; epjp mYty;fisf;

ftdpf;f> gilahz;l Fbiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; epUthfr; nraw;ghl;bidg; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhs;tu;. Njrj;Jf; NfhapYf;Fupa jdpj;JtKk; ,q;F Ngzg;gl;Nl te;jJ.

,q;F jpde;NjhWk; 3 fhyg;G+ir eilngWfpd;wJ. ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;>

rptuhj;jpup> khrpkfk;> gq;Fdp cj;juk;> rpj;jpiug; gpwg;G> itfhrpg; ngsu;zkp>

Mbmkhthir> jPghtsp> fe;jr\;b> fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL> jpUntk;ghit Nghd;w

tpNrl jpdq;fspy; mgpN\fq;fSk;> G+irfSk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. rptuhj;jpup>

jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit vd;git ngUtpohthff; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.

,t;thyaj;jpy; rq;fku; vd;Dk; tPuirtu;fNs G+irfis epiwNtw;wp

tUfpd;whu;fs;. nghJthf jpUg;gilf; Nfhapy;fspy; ,t;topKiw ePz;lfhykhf

iff; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jpUg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ.



Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp fpof;fpy; jkJ epiyfis

tYg;gLj;jpaNjhL rpwg;Gkpf;f Myaq;fisAk; mopj;jdh;. ,e;epiyapy; xU ehs;

nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy jhd;Njhd;wPr;ruj;ij Kw;wifapl;ldh;. Myaj;ijr;Rw;wpg; ghu;j;j

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa jsgjp fy;ypy; nrJf;fpa khl;ilf; fz;L jpifg;Gw;W>”fy;yhyhd

,k;khL Gy; jpd;Dkh?” vdf; Nfl;lhd;. mjw;F FUf;fs; “,k;khL xU ehisf;F

xU jlit jhd; Gy;Yj; jpd;Dk;” vdf; $wpdhu;. ehis jhd; tUtjhff; $wpr;

nrd;w jsgjp> mLj;j ehl;fhiy te;J Gy;iyj; jpd;df; nfhLf;FkhW

fl;lisapLfpd;whd;. FUf;fSk; Gy;iy khl;Lf;Ff; nfhLf;f fy;khL vOe;J epd;W

mirNghl;L Gy;iyj; jpd;W rhzj;ijAk; Nghl;lJ. gpd;du; mg;gbNa fhy;fis

kbj;J nkJthfg; gLj;J tpl;lJ. ,jidf; fz;Zw;w jsgjp fuq;fisf; $g;gpa

tz;zk; FUf;fis tzq;fp jdJ jtWf;fhf kd;dpg;G NfhupajhfTk;> mjd;gpd;

ve;jr; irtf;Nfhapy;fspYk; if itf;ftpy;iy vd nrtptop tuyhWfs;

czu;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ij epidT $uj;jf;f tifapy; fy;yhyhd khL ,d;Wk; rhl;rpahf

fhl;rp jUfpd;wJ.

,t;thya kNfhw;rtk; Mtzp Kjw; gpiwapy; nfhbNawp G+uizf;F mLj;jtUk;

jpq;fspy; jPu;j;Njhw;rtj;Jld; jpUtpoh epiwTWk;. nfhbNaw;wk; njhlf;fk; NjNuhl;lk;

tiuAk; 18 jpUtpohf;fs; ,lk;ngWk;. Nju;j;jpUtpohtpw;F kWjpdk; mjpfhiy

‘jpUNtl;ilj; jpUtpoh” njhlq;fp jPu;j;jj; jpUtpohtpw;F Kd;djhf KbTWk;. ,jid

mLj;J ‘FLf;if $wy;” ,k;ngWk; kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; gy;NtW

tFg;gpdUk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; njhz;ôpak; Gupa tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

jdpr;rpwg;ghFk;. ,jdbg;gilapNyNa ‘FLf;if $wy;’ vd;Wk; nfsutpg;G epfo;r;rp

,lk;ngwfpd;wJ>

,t; ,iwtd; kPJ jhd;Njhd;wP];tuh; CQ;ry;> fhtbr; rpe;J> jpUg;gjpfk;>

Fk;kp> rpd;dg;Gytupd; jhd;Njhd;wPRuh; gjpfk; vd;gd ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.



5.3 ,e;Jrka tsu;r;rpf;fhf njhz;lhw;wpa ngupahu;fs;

,e;JNghu;l; R.,uhruj;jpdk;

,yq;ifapy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; irtj; jkpo; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupak; jioj;Njhq;f mUk;gzpahw;wpa rhd;Nwhu;fspy; ,e;JNghu;l; R.,uhruj;jpdk;mtu;fs; Kf;fpakhdtu;.. gpw ehl;ltupd; CLUtyhy; cUf;Fiye;j irtrkaj;ijj;jioj;Njhq;fr; nra;tjw;F irtf; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;ij kPsTk; eilKiwf;Ff;nfhz;L tUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w ehtyupd; fditr; nray;Kiwapy; rhJupakhfr;nra;J epiwNtw;wpatu; ,e;JNghu;l; R.,uhruj;jpdk;. MWKf ehtyu; mtu;fs;gpw;fhyj;Jr; irtj;jpd; Kjw;fz; vd;Wk; mUzhryk; mtu;fs; ,uz;lhtJfz;vd;Wk;>,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; %d;whtJ fz; vd;Wk; gz;bjkzpmtu;fs; $wpAs;sikkpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

R.,uhruj;jpdk; 1884 Mk; Mz;L Mb khjk; 04 Mk; jpfjp aho;g;ghzj;jpy;gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; aho;g;ghzk; kj;jpa fy;Y}upapy; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaAk; fy;fj;jhgy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiaAk; gapd;whu;. nfhOk;G rl;lf; fy;Y}upap;y; gapd;Wrl;lj;juzpahdhu;. ,tu; Fbapay; rl;lj;Jiwapy; rpwe;j mwpQuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.aho;g;ghz khtl;l ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gjpy; ePjpauruhfg; gy jilt flik Gupe;jhu;.mj;jifa cau;e;j gjtpfisnay;yhk; xJf;fptpl;Lr; irtj;ijAk; jkpioAk;tsu;f;fj; jd;id KOikahf mu;g;gzpj;jtu; R.,uhruj;jpdk;.

INuhg;gpau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp kuG ngupJk; ghjpg;gile;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jepiyapy; irtf; fy;tp kuigAk; r%fj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;ehtyUf;F gpd; mUzhryk;>R.,uhruj;jpdk;> Nru;. nghd. ,uhkehjd; KjyhdmwpQu;fs; fpwp];jt kjkhw;wj;ij jLf;f Kidg;Gld; nraw;gl;ldu;. mj;jifa#oypy; mwpTk; JzpTk; r%fg;gzp nra;a tpUg;Gk;> jkpOk; irtKk; fhg;ghw;wg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w Jbg;Gk; tha;e;j ,isQd; jpU.R.,uhruj;jpdk; mwpKfkhdhu;.mjd;gpd; ,UtUk; Nru;e;J jq;fs; Nritia Kbj;jdu;. ,t;tifapy; mUzhryk;cghj;jpahupd; vz;zq;fs; ,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fshy; nray;tbtk; ngw;wd. ,UtUk;Nru;e;J gpupj;jhdpa muRf;F mt;tg;NghJ neUf;fb nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

R.,uhruj;jpdk;>Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; Kjyhdtu;fhy; 1923 Mk; Mz;L khu;fopj;jpq;fs; 9k; ehs; “irt tpj;jpah tpUj;jpr; rq;fk;” Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. R.,uhruj;jpdk;mjd; KfhikahsuhfTk; nrayhsuhfTk; ,Ue;J mjd; ,yl;rpaq;fisKd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjpy; jd;id KOkahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,r; rq;fj;jpd;Clhf irtg; ghlrhiyfis cUthf;fpaik> mehijtpLjpfs; mikj;jik>irtrkaghl guPl;irfis elhj;Jjy;>irtrka Mrpupau;fis gapw;Wtpj;jik> irtg;gz;ghl;il Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jik> jpUKiwfis gz;NzhL ghLjy; KjyhdNehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

irtj; jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfspd; fhtydhfpa ,e;Jg; Nghu;l; ,uhruj;jpdk;mtu;fs;; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; fw;gpf;Fk; ,Unkhopg; ghlrhiyisAk; aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;bd; jPTg;gFjpapYk;> tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> typfhkk;> aho;g;ghzk; KjypagFjpfspYk; tTdpah> Ky;iyj;jPT Kjyhd td;dpg; gpuNjrq;fspk; rpyhgk;> Ke;jy;Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspYk; gJis> ehtyg;gpl;b> Kjyhd kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;

irtg; ghuk;gupaq;fis NgZk; tifapy; mjd; eilKiwfs; Ngzg;gl;ld. 1958

Mk; Mz;LR.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fspd; Nk;wghu;itapd; fPo; irt tpj;jpah tpUj;jpr;

rq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpy; 187 murhq;f ed;nfhil ngWk; ghlrhiyfs; ,Ue;jd. ,J

irtkf;fspYk; irtrka tsu;r;rpapd; kPJk; mtu; nfhz;bUe;j <Lghl;bidAk;

mu;g;gzpg;gpidAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.



irt Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiy xd;wpid cUthf;f Ntz;ba Njitmf;fhyj;jpy; irtj; jkpo;f; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F mtrpakhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.mjw;fpzq;f 1928 Mk; Mz;by; R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpahy;aho;g;ghzk; jpUney;Ntypapy; irthrpupa fyhrhiynahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.mf; fyhrhiyapD}lhfr; irtj; jkpo;g; Gyik. ,ilawh Kaw;rp Kjyhdew;gz;GfisAila ey;yhrpupau; gyu; cUthf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1963 Mk; Mz;L tiu1500 f;F Nkw;gl;l Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpia mspj;j ,f;fyhrhiyapd; gzpFwpg;gplj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;.

R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; fpwp];jt #oypNy mehjuthff; fhzg;gl;lirtg; gps;isfspd; fy;tpapYk; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. irtg; gps;isfs;fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;whYk; mtu;fs; tPG+jp jupj;Jj; jkJ gz;ghl;bw;Fmikthfg; Nghfyhk; vd;gijr; rl;lrigapy; jkJ jdpahs; jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk;eilKif;F nfhz;L te;jhu;.

irtf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; irtrkaj;jtupd; rKjha tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs;> mehhjuthdgps;isfSk;> r%fj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa kf;fSk; fy;tp fw;;gjw;Fupa tha;g;Gf;fisAk;Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jhu;. Mtu; 1930 ,y; jpUney;Ntypapy; Mz;fSk; ngz;fSf;Fkhd,U mehij tpLjpfisAk; ghlrhiyfisAk; cUthf;fpdhu;. mit ,d;Wk;rpwg;Gld; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd. irt tpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpd; fP;o; ,aq;fpa ghlrhiyfspy;vy;yhk; mf;fhyj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa r%fj;jtuhff; fUjg;gl;ltu;fspd; gps;isfisnay;hk;Nky;epiy kf;fspd; fLk; vjpu;g;Gf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; kpFe;j JzpTld; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. mjd; %yk; gpw;gl;l r%fj;jtupd; r%f> nghUshju> fy;tp tsu;r;rpapy;mtu; nfhz;bUe;j <Lghl;bid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; ehtyiug; Nghy;> irt rkaj;jpd;Kjy; E}y;fshf jpUKiw Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk;> mtw;iwg; gz;NzhLghLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; mirahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mjdhy;> Njthuj;jpUKiwfisg; gz;NzhL ghbg; gad;ngwTk; topfhl;bdhu;. ,tu; 1954 ,y;tpj;jpahrhiyapy; gz;zpir Mrpupau;fis epakpj;Jg; gy Mrpupa khztu;fs;gz;zpirap;y; gapw;rp ngw cjtpdhu;. ,jd; gadhf> irtg; ghlrhiyfspy;jpUKiwfisg; gz;NzhL ghLk; kuGk; Ngzg;glyhapw;W.

rkj;Jtkhfr; rfyiuAk; kjpf;Fk; jPu ;khdj;jhy;nghJkf;fsJ vjpu;g;Gf;fSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLj;J ghlrhiyfspy; rk Mrdk;toq;fpaJld; tpLjpr; rhiyfspy; rkge;jp Nghrdk; gz;zr;nra;J kWkyr;rpiaVw;gLj;jpatu; ngupahu; ,uhruj;jpdk; Mthu;.

1958 Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l fytuj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gile;j 600w;Fk;Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; gue;jd;> Ky;iyj;jPT tPjpapy; FbNawpdu;. ,tu;fspd; gps;isfs;fy;tp fw;f trjpapd;w ,Ue;jNghJ ,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; irt tpj;jpahtpUj;jpr;rq;fk;%yk; xU thd; nfhs;tdT nra;J mz;ikapYs;s KuRNkhl;ilg; ghlrhiyf;Fj;jpdKk; $l;br; nrd;W mtu;fisf; fw;f itj;jhu;. Mjd; gpd;du; jUkGuj;jpy; xUghlrhiyia epWtp mg;gps;isfspd; fy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;lhu;. ,j;jUkGuk; tpj;jpahyak;1958 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 17k; jpfjp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;Fs;s khztUf;F cilKjypad toq;fpAk; Mrpupau;fSf;F Ntjdj;Jld; kjpa Ntis czT toq;fr;nra;jhu;. ,t;thW Viofspd; tho;tpy; xspA+l;batu; R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; Mthu;.

R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs; Rkhu;35 Mz;Lfshf Nkw;nfhz;l njhz;bd; gadhf irttpj;jpah tpUj;jpr; rq;fk;irtj; jkpOFf;F mUk;gzp Gupe;jJ vdyhk;. mtuJ gzpapd; ngUikia,e;JNghu;l; R.,uhruj;jpdk; vd;w ngaNu czu;j;p epw;fpd;wJ. <oj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fSf;Fmsg;gUe; njhzlhw;wpa ,r; irtg; ngUkfd; 1970 Mk; Mz;L gq;Fdp khjk; 12k; jpfjp rptgjkile;jhu;.vdNt ngupahu; ,e;JNghu;l; R.,uhruj;jpdk; mtu;fs;fl;bf;fhj;j irtg;gzpia> fy;tpg;gzpiaj; njhlu;tJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.



Nguhrpupau; M.rjhrptk;

muhyp njw;ifg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l MWKfk; rjhrptk; khtpl;lGuj;jpy; jpUkzk;

Gupe;Jnfhz;lhu;. vdNt mtUf;F typfhkk; tlf;Fk; thoplkhf mike;jJ. f.ngh.j.

cau;jug;guPl;irapNy 1947,y; rpj;jpnaa;jpdhu;. ,Nj Mz;by; kJiuj; jkpo;g;gz;bju;

guPl;irapYk; rpj;jpaile;jhu;.

1948-1952,y; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapd;W rpwg;Gf; fiykhzp Kjw;gpuptpy;

rpj;jpnaa;jpdhu;. 1952,y; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Jiz tpupTiuahsuhdhu;.

mq;F 1954,y; fiy Kjy;tu; (M.A)gl;lk; ngw;whu;.

1954-1956,y; Xf;];Nghu;l; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapd;W fyhepjpg;gl;lk; ngw;whu;. 1956Kjy;

1965tiu Nguhjidapy; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsuhfTk; 1965Kjy;1980tiu nfhOk;Gg;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tpupTiuahsuhTk;> jiytuhfTk;> NguhrpupauhfTk; gjtptfpj;jhu;.

1981Kjy; 1988,y; mkuuhFk; tiu Nguhjidapy; Nguhrpupauhfg; gjtptfpj;jhu;.

,tu; nkhopapaypy; jPtpu Ma;thsuhf tpsq;fpajhy; cyfpd; gy;NtW

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;whu;.

,yq;ifapy; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;Jiwrhu; tsu;r;rpapy; Kd;Ndhbahdtu;fspy; xUtuhf

Nguhrpupau; rjhrptk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whu;. ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof nfhOk;G

tshfj;jpy; mtu; gzpahw;Wk;NghNj ,e;Jg;gz;ghl;Lj;Jiw gy;fiyf;fof kl;lj;jpy;

jdpj;Jiwahf tsu;r;rpngw;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; jdpj;Jiwahf tsu;r;rpngw;wJ.

,e;Jg;gz;ghl;Lj;JiwahdJ jkpo;j;JiwAld; ,ize;jthwhf tsu;r;rpngw;wJ.

kuGtopf; fy;tpg;GyikapYk; fiyj;jpl;lk;rhu; mwptpYk; ,ize;jtuhf Nguhrpupau;

rjhrptk; mtu;fs; rq;fkpj;jpUe;jhu;. kJiuj; jkpo;r ;rq;f gz;bjuhfTk;

jkpo;>irtk;>irt rpj;jhe;jk; Kjypa Jiwfspy; GyikahsuhfTk; tpsq;fpaikahy;

,yq;ifapd; cau;epiy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mtuJ mu;g;gzpg;G fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf

mike;Js;sJ..

,e;Jehfupf ghlj;Jiwia ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fof nfhOk;G tshfj;jpy;

Muk;gpj;jngUik Nguhrpupau; rjhrptj;ijNa rhUk;. ,e;Jg;gz;ghlhdJ gy;Jiwg;

Gyikfspd; fyitahf tpsq;FtJ MFk;. jkpopyf;fpak;> irt ,yf;fpak;>

irtrpj;jhe;j ,yf;fpak; vd;gtw;Wld; rk];fpUj GyikAk; mtrpakhFk;. tuyhw;W

mwpT> njhy;nghUsha;tpay; nka;apay; Gyik vd;gd fye;j xU mwptpay; Nehf;fpy;

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;il Nehf;Fjy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Njitahf mike;jJ.

mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpNyNa Nguhrpupau; rjhrptk; mtu;fs; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; ,e;Jehfupf

rpwg;Gf;fiyia mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. ,e;Jehfupf ghlj;jpw;F jdpahd Nguhrpupau;fs;

,y;yhj mr;#oypNy ,g;ghlj;jpw;fhd jdpj;Jiw ghlj;Jiwrhu; Nguhrpupau;fis

cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;Fld; ,e;Jehfupf ghlg;Gyj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.

“Nguhrpupau; rjhrptk; mtu;fspd; kpfg; nguparhd;whf mikag; NghtJ nkhop

mwptpd; Nguhrpupau;fs; gNwh> vkNdhtdhy; njhFf;fg; ngw;w jpuhtpl

vjpNkhnyhapf;fy; bf;];rdwp (jpuhtpl nrhw;Gjpu; top mfuhjp) apy; tUk; Kd;Diuf;

Fwpg;ghFk;. cyfg; gpurpj;jpaile;Js;s ,t;tfuhjpapd; njhFg;Gf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

jkpOf;fhd Ma;Tr; rhd;Wfspy; xd;W Nguhrpupau; rjhrptj;jpd; fyhepjpg;gl;l Ma;thd

”j ];uf;ru; xt; j jkpo; Ntg;”MFk;.” fUj;Jiuf;Nfhit (1959)> Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu

vOJk; Kiw (1963) vd;Dk; ,U E}y;fisAk; ,tu; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.



,yq;ifapd; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;Jiw tuyhw;wpNy ,g;ghlj;Jiw rhh;e;j

fiyj;jpl;lj;ij Kjy; Kjyhf cUthf;fpa ngUikf;Fupatuhf Nguhrphpah; rjhrptk;

tpsq;f pdhh ; . fiyj;jpl ;lk ; kl;Lky;yhJ f.ngh.j.cau;juk ;ghlj;Jiw

kjpg;gPl;lhsuhfTk; nraw;gl;lhh;. 1968y; ,e;J ehfupf ghlj;Jiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nguhrpupaupd; ,e;J ehfupfJiwapd; Kjd;ik khzth;fshf mkuh; Nguhrhd;.

,uh.it.fdfnuj;jpdk;> Nguhrpupia fiythzp ,uhkehjd;> tpupTiuahsh;

ehr;rpahh;.nry;tehafk; MfpNahh; fw;ifnewpia njhlh;e;jdh;. khzth;fs;

rypg;GwhjthW mth;fSf;F ,g;ghlj;Jiw rk;ge;jkhd vjph;fhy ed;ikia $wp

ek;gpf;ifia Cl;bdhh;. njhlh;e;J ,e;J ehfupfj;Jiw Nguhrpupah; guk;giu xd;W

cUthf Nguhrprpah; rjhrptk; mth;fNs Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fpdhh;.

Nguhrpupah; rjhrptj;jpd; gzpfs;

<oj;J ftpijf; fsQ;rpak; vd;Wk; ftpijj; njhFg;G gpujhdkhdJ mth; mg;gzpia

nra;ahtpl;bUe;jhy; <oj;J ftpij kuig mwpa Kbahj #oy; cUthfp ,Uf;Fk;k.

mtUila Mf;fq;fs; “ fUj;Jiuf; Nfhit’’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.

Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu vOJtJ vg;gb vd;gJ gw;wpAk; ,th; Mf;fnkhd;iw

ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwf;fhd fw;if newpnahd;W cUthFtjw;F fhuzk; ahJ

vd;gJ Nguhrpupah; rjhrptk; tho;e;J gpd;dzpAld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhfk; Nguhrpupaupd;

gy;fiyf;fof fhyk; 1952-1988 tiu MFk;. ,f;fhyk; gFjp jkpo;> irtk;

czh;TG+h;tkhf Nerpf;fg; gl;l fhykhFk;. Rje;jpuj;ij mLj;j jrhg;jkhf ,f;fhyk;

tpsq;fpajhy; jkpOzh;T> irt czh;T Nkk;gl ,e;Jg;ghlnewpia jkpo;ghl

newpAld; ,izj;J tsh;j;jhh;.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L ,e;J rka tuyhw;wpy; rkak;> jj;Jtk;> rhh;e;j thjg;

gpujpthjq;fs; nry;thf;F ngw;wd. Nguhrpupah; kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;f gz;bjuhf

,Ue;jikahy; ,e;J rkak; rhh; thjg;gpujpthjq;fis ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;

vLj;Jr; nrd;whh;. Nguhrpupah; aho;g;ghzk; muhypia gpwg;gplkhf nfhz;lth;.

mjdhy; Guhzgldg; GyikapD}lhf ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bid tsh;j;jhh;.

nkhopj ;JiwapYk; jkpo ;,yf;fpaj;JiwapYk; gz;bjh ; kugpYk; Mof;

fhy;gjpe;jdhNyNa jkpo; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiwia tsUk; ty;yik mtuplk;

fhzg;gl;lJ. ePz;lfhyk; tho;tplkhf nfhz;bUe;j nfhOk;gpy; njd;GNyhypA+h;

K.fzgjpg;gps;is Fy. rghehjd; Kjypa MSikfspd; njhlh;gpdhy; gz;ghl;Lf

fw;ifg; Gyj;ij tsu;j;jhu;;. jpUkjp. k.jpahfuhrh> Nguhrpupah; ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupah;

ngh. G+Nyhfrpq;fk; MfpNahUld; Nguhrprpah; fh. ifyhrehj FUf;fs; mth;fspd;

Nguhrpu pah ; rp.gj;kehjd; mth;fsJ mwpthSik cjtpAlDk; ,e;Jg;

gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwia tsh;j;jhh;.



=y= MWKf ehtyu;fhyg;gpddzp

Nghh;j;Jf;fPr jsgjpahd; gpuhd;rp];b my;nky;lhtpd; kfd; nyhwd;Nfh B my;nka;lh

vd;gth; Gay; fhw;wpdhy; jpirkhdp 1505y; ,yq;if fiuia fle;J

fiuNahuq;fSf;F mjpfhupfshapdh;. ,th;fs; ngsj;jh;fisAk; ,e;Jf;fisAk;

type;J jkJ rkaj;jpw;F ,Oj;jdh;. ,e;J Myaq;fis mopj;jdh;. gpd;G xy;yhe;jUk;

16k; -17k; -18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njrpa tho;itAk;> fyhrhuj;ijAk; vt;tpj RtLk;

,d;wp mopg;gjpy; <Lgl;ldh;. ,e;Jf;fs; fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fspw;F nrd;W

topglNtz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;fs;. fpwp];jtdy;yhj vtDk;

Nghj;Jf;fy;Yf;Fk; NaR ehjUf;Fk; vjpuhdtd; vd;W fzpf;fg;gl;lhd;.

aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F Ml;rpahsdhapUe;j xy;yhe;jh; jsgjpapd; rikayiwf;F

ehs;NjhWk; ,iwr;rpj; Njitf;nfd xt;nthU tPl;bypUe;j khL mDg;gg;gly;

Ntz;Lk; vd;w rl;lk; xd;Nw xy;yhe;j fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa rka vjph;g;G epfo;r;rpaha;

,lk;ngw;wJ. ,r; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; =y= MWKfehtyhpd; Kd;Ndhuhd; jpUney;Ntyp

Qhdg;gpufhrh; jkJ Kiw tUk; NghJ ,uNthL ,uthf fg;gNywp jkpofk; Nrh;e;jhh;.

mq;F mth; tsh;e;j rptg;gzp nra;J rpjk;guj; jpNy Qhdg;gpufhrh; Fsj;ij

ntl;Ltpj;jhh;. =y= MWKfehtyh; mth;fspd; Mrphpauhd NrdhjpuhaKjypahh;

(1750-1840) xy;yhe;jh; fhy ,Wjpg; gFjpapYk; Mq;fpNya fhyj; njhlf;fj;jpYk;

tsh;e;j irtg;ngUkhd; ,th; ey;Y}h; KUfg;ngUkhdpd; kPJ ey;iyf; FwtQ;rp

ghbdhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Mq;fpNyah; tptpypa Ntjj;ijAk; ghjpupkhiuAk;>

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaAk; gf;f Jizfsha;f; nfhz;L rNjr kjj;jpid typFd;w

itj;J mth;fsJ fyhrhuj;ij jkJ fyhrhu kuGfisg; GFj;jTk; Kide;jdh;.

,th;fs; kjkhw;wNjhL Mq;fpyf;fy;tpia mspg;gJk; Ml;rpahshpd; Nehf;fkhapUe;jJ.

fy;tpf; $lq;fSk; kp\dupfshy; njhlf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ld. tptpypa Ntj %yk; fpwp];jtk;

fw;gpj;jy;> khztdhfj; Njthyak; nry;y tw;GWj;jy; mth;fs; jkJ

rkahrhuq;fisAk; rpd;dq;fisAk; filg;gpbg;gijj; jLj;jy; Kjyhd je;jpuq;fisf;

ifahz;L ,e;J rkaj;jpw;F CWtpistpg;gjpy; ghjphpkhh; jPtpukhapue;jdh;.

fpwp];jth;fis gPl;lh; Ngu;rpty; (nt];ypad; ghlrhiy mjpgh;) gQ;rhl;ruf; fpwp];jth;

vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. “rpthyak;” vd;gJk; rk;gsk; vd;gJk; Ie;njOj;Jj;jhd; vd

$wg;gl;lJ. irtk; ,e;epiyapy; jhd; =y= MWKfehtyh; 1822-1879 fhyg;gFjpapy;

Njhd;wpdhh;.

“ rkak; jdp kdpjUld; njhlq;fpj; Njhoikapy; fyf;fpwJ.

mwptf;Fupa ,af;fkhf mikahky; thoNtz;ba newpia Gfl;LfpwJ” vd;gJcyfg;Gfo; ngw;w jj;JtQhdp ,uhjhfpU];zdpd; $w;W. (lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpU\;zd;

tho;Tk; njhz;Lk;- nr.cyfehjd;) ehtyh; irtrkag; GdUj;jhuzj;ij mwpTf;Fupa

,af;fkhfTk; ,UtifapYk; Gj;Japuspj;jhh;.

,th; gPw;wh; Ngu;rpty; JiuAila ,q;fpyp\; tpj;jpahrhiyapNy ,q;fpyp\; fw;whh;.

Ngu;rpty; Jiuf;Fj; jkpo;g;gz;bjuhdhh;. Mdhy; gpjpuhu;r;rpjk; ,th; ngwtpy;iy.

,th; fPyf tUl; Gul;lhjpkhjk; (1848) gupj;jpahfQ; nra;jhh;. Ngu;rpty; Jiuehd;

jq;fSf;F cau;thfpa Ntjde; jUNtd; jhq;fs; vd;id tplyhfhJ vd gy jhk;

typAWj;jpAk; mjpy; mth; tpUg;gk; itf;ftpy;iy. ,q;fpyp\; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

cj;jpNahfj;ij ,th; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,th; ,y;tho;f;ifapy; Gfhky; irtrkaj;ijAk;

mjd; tsh;r;rpf;f fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsu;j;jypNy Nguhirahf ,Ue;jhh;.



Njhw;wk;

,th; aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}upNy fhu;fhj;j Ntshs tUzj;jpNy ghz;b koth;

FbapNy 12.12.1822Mk; Mz;L Gjd;fpoik ,uT rpq;f yf;fpdj;jpNy gpwe;jth;. ,th;

je;ijahh; ngah; fe;jg;gps;is. jhahh; ngah; rptfhkp mk;ik. ,th; njhlf;fj;jpNy

ey;Y}upypUe;j Rg;gpukzpagps;is vd;gtuplj;jpNy jkpo; neLq;fzg;Fg; gapd;W

gpd; mtuplj;jpy; %Jiu Kjypa ePjp E}y;fSk; fw;W te;jhh;. ,sk; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj

irtj;jpd; kPJ kpFe;j gf;jpAilathapUe;jhh;. irtj;ijAk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;

fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nehf;NfhL jdJ Mrpupa gjtpiaAk;

Jwe;jth; MWKfehtyh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; vj;jifa topKiwfis ifahz;L

fpwp];jt rkaj;ij gug;gpdhh;fNsh mNj topKiwapidf; ifahz;L ehtyh;

irtrkaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;F ghLglyhdhh;. irt rka kWkyu;r;rp> irtkugpyhd

fy;tp tsh;r;rp> r%f eyd; vDk; tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf ,tuJ gzpfs; mike;jpUe;jd.

Mq;fpNyau; ghlrhiyfs; mikj;J fy;tp vd;w Nghu;itapy; kjkhw;wk; nra;tij

fz;Zw;w ehtyu; irt kf;fs; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vDk; Nehf;fpy;

1848Mk; Mz;L tz;zhu;gz;izapy; xU itrg; ghlrhiyia epWtpdhu;. 1821,y;

fpwp];jt gpuRuq;fs; rig epWtg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jt kjg;rpwg;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;lTk;

ekJ rkaq;fis ,opj;Jf; $WtdthfTk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;lij

ghh;j;J 1849,y; ehtyh; mr;rpae;jpurhiyia epWtpdhh;. irtg; ghlrhiyfSf;F

Ntz;ba Gj;jfq;fs; ahTk; ,q;NfNa mr;rplg;gl;ld.

kp\dwpkhu; rkag; gpurq;fq;fs; nra;J nghJkf;fis ftu;tij fz;l ehtyh;

Nkilg;gpurq;f epiyia rpwg;ghff; ifahz;L gpwUf;F topfhl;bahf tpsq;fpdhh;.

ngha; kjkhw;wk; nra;jpUe;j irtrkapfisg; gw;wp ,tu; fLikahfr; rhLthu;.

“,th;fs; ghjpupkhu;fs; vjpNu Koq;fhy; gypapLjy;> ,uhg;Nghrdk; vLj;jy; Kjypa

fpupiafshYk; Nfhl;ghLfspy; tptpypag; Gj;jfk; vLj;J gpukhzk; gz;ZifapdhYk;

fpwp];jth;fs; Nghy; ebf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; tPLfspy; tPG+jpjhuzk;> mDl;lhdk;

nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,Urkaj;Js; xd;wpyhapDk; cWjpapd;wp ,uz;ilAk; rhu;e;J elf;Fk;

,g;Gul;lu;fs;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. kPz;Lk; tsu;r;rpAw;w irtrkaj;jpy; cs;s

FiwghLfisAk; vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;. thzNtbf;if> gpuhkzh;fsJ rpy eltbf;iffs;>

rpd;dNksk;> kpUf gyp> rpWnja;t topghL vd;gtw;iw vjph;j;Jf; Fuy; vOg;gpdhh;.

MWKf ehtyuJ ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mfj;jpy; irtuhAk; Gwj;jpy;

fpwp];jtu;fshAk; ,Ue;j kf;fs; kjk; khwp rptjPl;ir ngw;W cz;ikr;

irtu;fshfpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

irtrkapfspd; rka tho;it epiyngwr; nra;a Ntz;b

ehtyuth;fs; 1847k; Mz;L khh;fopkhjk; 18k; ehspypUe;J nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk;

tz;iz itj;jP];tuk; NfhapypNy irtrka cz;ikfis vLj;J gpurq;fkhup

nghope;jhh;. MWKfehtyh; irtrka rhukhf Ftpe;Js;sit 24 fl;lisfsha;

mike;Js;sJ.

cyifg; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; vd;Wk; %d;W nhopy;fisAQ;

nra;tjw;F fUj;jh xUth; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

me;jf; fUj;jh rptngUkhd;

rptngUkhd; vd;WKs;stu;> mq;Fk; epiwe;jth;> ve;WQ; Rj;jh;> vy;yhkwpgth;>

vy;yhty;yth;> ngUq;fUizAilath;.

rptngUkhDf;Fj; Njtp mtUila rf;jpahfpa jpUtUs;

rptngUkhndhUtNu tpf;fpNdRuh;> Rg;gpukzpah; Kjypa gy %h;j;jpfshfp epd;W

mUs; nra;tu;.



Md;khf;fs; rptngUkhDf;F vd;Wk; mbikfs;.rptngUkhid kdk;> thf;F> fhak;

vd;fpw %d;wpdhYk; topgLjy; Md;khf;fSf;F fld;. kdjpdhNy nra;Ak;

topghLfshtd rptngUkhidj; jpahdpj;jy;> mtUila Fzq;fisr; rpe;jpj;jy;

Kjyhditfs;. thf;fpdhNy nra;Ak; topghLfshtd> rptngUkhDila

jpUehkq;fis cr;rupj;jy;> mtUila ngUikiag; NgRjy;> mtUila

rupj;jpuq;fisg; gbj;jy; Kjyhditfs;. clk;ghy; nra;Ak; topghLfshtd

rptngUkhDila jpUNkdpiaj; jiyapdhNy tzq;Fjy;> fz;fspdhNy juprpj;jy;>

iffspdhNy Fk;gpLjy;> G+rpj;jy;> fhy;fspdhNy tyk; tUjy; Kjyhditfs;.

rptngUkhid Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; topghNl mRj;ju;fshfpa; Md;khf;fisg; ge;jpj;j

ghrkhfpa Neha;f;F kUe;J. topghlhfp kUe;Jf;F mEghdkhtJ nka;ad;G.

topghlhd kUe;Jf;Fg; gj;jpaq;fshtd caph;fSf;F ,uq;Fjy;> cz;ikNgRjy;>

nra;e;ed;wpaspj;jy;> jha;jfg;gd;> cghj;jpahau;> FU Kjyhfpa ngupNahiu

tzq;Fjy;> twpath;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Kjypa Gz;zpaq;fs; vd Nghjpj;jhu;.

topghlhfpa kUe;Jf;F mgj;jpaq;fshtd nfhiy> fsT> fs;Sf;Fbj;jy;> khkprk;

Grpj;jy;> ngha;> tpagprhuk;> #jhLjy; Kjypa ghtq;fs;. rptngUkhd; jkf;F

Md;khf;fs; nra;Ak; topghl;il Vw;Wepw;Fk; ,lq;fshtd rptypq;fk; Kjypa

jpUNkdpAk; nka;abahh;fSila jpUNtlKk;. rptngUkhd; Md;khf;fs; mwpe;J

topgl;La;Ak; nghUl;L mUspr;nra;j KJD}y;fs; Ntjk;> rpthfkk; vd;fpw ,uz;Lk;.

rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L Md;khf;fSf;Fr; fpilj;j fUtp kdpj ruPuk;.

kdpj ruPuj;ijg; ngw;w Md;khf;fSf;Fr; rptngUkhid topgLk; nghUl;L

Nahf;fpaijia tUtpg;gJ rptjPl;ir.

rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Ntjrpthfkg;gbNa rptngUkhid topgLfpw

rkak; irtrkak;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf juprpf;fj;jf;f rptrpd;dq;fshtd tpG+jpAk;>

cUj;jpuhl;rKk;. irtrkapfs; mtrpakhfr; nrgpf;fj;jf;f rpt%y ke;jpuk; gQ;rhl;ruk;.

irtrkapfs; mtrpakhf Xjj;jf;f rpt];Njhj;jpuq;fshtd Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;>

jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> ngupaGuhzk; vd;fpd;w mUl;gh Ie;Jk;.

Md;khf;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpukhfpa mwpTj; njhopYk; ,y;iy. MjypdhNy Rje;jpukhfpa

mwpTj; njhopYk; cila rptngUihid Nehf;fp “ mbNaq;fs; ghtq;fis tpyf;fpa

Gz;zpaq;fisr; nra;J ck;ik nka;ad;NghL topgl;L ca;Ak; nghUl;L ck;Kiwa

jpUtUisg; nghope;jUSk;” vd;W gpuhh;j;jpj;J me;jj; jpUtUis Kd;dpl;L mjd;

topNa xOfy; Ntz;Lk;. rptngUkhid tpjpg;gb nka;ad;NghL topgl;lth; mtUila

jpUtbf;fPo; epj;jpakhfpa Ngupd;gj;ij mEgtpg;ghh;.

ehtyuth;fspd; fy;tpg;gzpfs; %d;W tifahfg; gpupj;J Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

- Mrpaupag;gzp

- E}yhrpupah; gzp

- ghlrhiyfis epWtpa gzp

Mrpupag;gzp

,th; rpwe;j Mrpupah;. aho;g;ghz kj;jpa fy;Y}up vd toq;Fk; nt];ypad;

ghlrhiyapNy fw;gpj;jNjhL mikahJ khiy NtisfspNy jk;ik ehb te;j

gyUf;Fk; rka rhj;jpuq;fs;> ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mth; fw;gpj;J

te;jhh;. ,th; khzth;fshf ,thpd; kUkfuhd tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gygps;is>

ngwhkfdhuhfpa =kj; j.ifyhrg;gps;is> fhrpthrpnrejpehijau; KjyhNdhu;

Mth;. ,jpy; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa flyhd Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg; GytUk; ,tupilNa

re;Njfk; jPh;j;j ,th; ey;ynjhU khzhf;f guk;giuia cs;slf;fpAk; rpwe;j rka

,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E}y;fis vOjpAk; irtj;ijAk; jkpioAk; fhj;jdh;.



ehtyuth;fspd; khzhf;fg; guk;giu filrpf; nfhOe;Jfshf Md;kPfj;JiwapNy

gz;bjkzp rp.fzgjpg;gps;is mth;fSk; jkpo;f; fy;tpj; JiwapNy Gyth; kzp

V.ngupajk;gpg;gpsis mth;fSk; tpsq;fp te;jdh;.

,th; E}yhrpaph; njhz;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fspdhh;. ,th; trdeil ifte;j ty;yhsh;?.

,th; ciueilapy; vOjpAs;s jpUtpisahly;fs; Guhztrdk;> Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;>

ehd;fhk; ghyghlq;fs; mt;tg;NghJ vOjpj; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fsha; ntspte;J gpd;G

MWKfehtyh; gpuge;jj;jpul;L vDk; ngaupy; ntspahd E}y;> ngupaGuhz trdk;

Kjyhd E}y;fs; irtrka cz;ikfis czur;nra;jd. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilf;F

mth; ciu vOjpAs;shh;. ,JNt ,th; ciueilapy; vOjp ntspapl;l KjyhtJ

ciuE}y; MFk;. NkYk; jpUf;Fws; gupNkyofh; ciu> jpUf;Nfhitahh; ciu

cl;gl gy E}y;fisr rpwe;j KiwapNy Muha;e;J gjpg;gpj;j ngUikAk; ,tUf;Fz;L.

,th; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyfisj; gy;NtW Nehf;fk; fUjp ];jhgpj;jhh;. mjhtJ

irtrkag; gps;isfisr; irtr; #oypy; tsu;f;fTk;> irtrka cz;ikfis

mtu;fSf;F czh;j;jTk; mth;fis cyfpay; tho;f;iff;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTkhf

,Ue;jJ.

,dp ,tupd; r%f Njrpa gzpfis Nehf;Fkplj;J me;j fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j irt

kf;fs; gyu; xOf;ff; NfLfis cilath;fshfTk;> flTs; gf;jpaw;wtu;fshfTk;

,Ug;gijf; fz;L mth;fisj; jpUj;Jk; nghUl;L vOj;jhYk; Ngr;rhYk; mwpTiufs;

gytw;iw vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. ey;Y}u;f; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; vd;Dk; gpuRuk; mtupd;

rkag;gzpNahL r%fg;gzpiaak; $WfpwJ.

NkYk; aho;g;ghzj;jpNy khfhzhjpgjpahapUe;j Jitde;Jiuapd; nfhLikfisAk;>

Coy;fisAk; gfpuq;fkhf Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b kf;fis tpopg;gilar;

nra;jhh;. NkYk; jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUj;jyk; Nrjkile;J topglg;glhky; ,Ue;j

fhyj;jpNy mjd; gok; ngUikfis vLj;Jiuj;J GdUj;jhuzk; nra;jhh;. njhlh;e;J

1879y; ,yq;ifr; rl;l ep&gz rigf;Fk; gpujpepjpahfj; jpU.nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;

mth;fisj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdg; gpurhuk; nra;J ntw;wp fz;lhh;.

NkYk; ey;Y}h; fe;jRthkp Nfhapy; Mfk Kiwfisf; filg;gpbf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy;

ehtyh; 1879y; tz;zhu; gz;iz rptd; Nfhapypy; xU ngUq;$l;lk; $b ey;Y}u;f;

Nfhapy; mjpfhupia tpyf;Ftjw;fhf tof;F xd;W njhlUk; nghUl;Lr; rig

xd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,e;j tof;F 1929y; tprhuizf;F te;jJ. mjd;gb ,f;Nfhapy;

nghJr;nrhj;Jg; gw;wp Nfhapy; mjpfhup ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F fzf;Ff; fhl;ly; Ntz;Lk;

vdr; jPh;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

NkYk; rpjk;gu Myaj;jpy; rptjPl;ir ngw;Wf; nfhs;shj Mya jPl;rpjh;fisAk;

,th; fz;bf;f jtwtpy;iy. 1867y; mtu;fs; MLntl;b Nts;tp nra;a Kaw;rpj;jdh;.

mjidAk; jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;. ey;Y}h; fe;jRthkp NfhapypNy Nju;j;jpUtpoh md;W

MLntl;b gyp nfhLj;j tof;fj;ijAk; ,th; fz;bj;Jj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;

NkYk; fkf;fhuh;fSf;F tpijney; fpilg;gjw;fhf rl;l epUgzrigf;F tpz;zg;gk;

nra;jhh;. r%fq; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba irt rkag; guhk;gupak; ahJ vd;gjid

aho;g;ghzj;J rkaepiy> irttpNuhjk;> jkpo; Gyik> irtrkap> mehrhuk; Kjypa

fl;Liufspy; tpsf;fp cs;shh;.



,th; cjaghD vDk; ngaUld; irtg;gj;jpupif xd;W elhj;j tpsk;guk; tpLj;jpUe;jhh;.

,jdhy; irt cjaghD vDk; gj;jpupif ,tUila khzth;fshy; 1880y;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1889y; ,J ,e;J rhjdk; vdg; ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J

jtpu aho;g;ghzj;J jkpo;r;rq;fk; fpwp];J kj fz;ld rig vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; ,th;

tpj;jpl;lhh;. 1872y; ,th; Muk;gpj;j Mq;fpy jkpo; tpj;jpahrhiyia Kd;Ndhbahf

itj;J aho;g;ghz ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1880y; Muk;gpj;j irtg; gpufhr

rkh[pak; vd;gJ 1888y; aho;g;ghzk; irtg;gupghyd rig vdg; ngah;khw;wk;

nra;ag;ngw;wJ.

NkYk; ,th; Nru;.Kj;Jf;Fkhu RthkpAld;neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilatuhf

,Ue;jhh;. jhk; ,yq;ifah; vdf; $Wtjpy; ngUkpjk; nfhz;lhh;. ,yq;ifj; jkpoh;fs;

vt;tifapYk; ,e;jpaj; jkpoh;fSf;F risj;jth;fsy;y vd;gij kpj;jpahthj

epju;rdk;> ey;ywpTr;Rlh; nfhSj;jy; vDk; ntspaPLfs; %yk; vy;NyhiuAk;

mwpar;nra;Js;shh;.

,th; nrd;idf;F nrd;W mr;R ,ae;jpuk; thq;fpa gpd; mq;fpUe;J jkpo;ehl;Lj;

jpUj;jyq;fSf;F ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,tUila rka> fy;tpj;jpwikia

Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUe;j jpUthtLJiw Mjpdj;jhh; jk; jpUklj;Jf;F ,tiu mioj;J

cgrupj;jdh;. ,jpy; gz;lhur; re;epjpfs; =y= mk;gythzj; Njrpf gz;lhur;

re;epjpfs; Nflljd; Ngupy; Rgehs; xd;wpy; MjPd mitapy; MWKfd; “gjp gR>ghrtpsf;fk;” vDk; nghUs; gw;wp mupaNjhw; nrhw;nghopT epfo;j;jpdhu;. ,tUila

ehtd;ikiaf; fz;L tpae;j =y= mk;gythzuj Njrpa gz;lhu re;epjpfs;

,tUf;F “ehtyh;” vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.

jpUthtLJiw Mjpdj;J kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is ,tupd; rpwg;ig

gpd;tUk; ghlypy; $Wfpwhh;.

“ePLGfo;j; jpUf;NfjPr; rue;jpUf;Nfh zhrykpe;

epyth epd;w

ehLGfo;j; jyk; nghypaho;g; ghzj;J ey;Y}h;tho;

efuhf; nfhz;Nlhd;

NjLgf OUtike;j fe;jNt ltj;Jjpj;j

nry;td; ahUk;

ghLGf ohWKf ehtydt; thwr;rpw;

gjpg;gpj; jhNd”NkYk; ,uhkehjGuk; nghd;Drhkp NjtUila rigapy; ehtyh; nra;j gpurq;fj;ijf;

Nfl;L kfpo;e;j Njtu; kpfr; rpwe;j tpUij ehtyUf;F tof;fpdhh;. gpd;G ehtyh;

kJiu jpUQhdrk;ge;j Rthkp MjPdj;Jg; gz;lhu re;epjpfSila Ntz;LNfhspd;gb

kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;ikahu; re;epjhdj;jpw; gpurq;fk; nra;jhh;. mijf;Nfl;l gz;lhur;

re;epjpfs; jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j MWfl;b Re;ju Ntlq;fisf; ifapnyLj;J “ ,it

vy;yhk; vq;fSf;F Vd;? rka jhgdQ; nra;ate;j jq;fSf;Nf Vw;wit vdf; $wp

ehtyUf;Nf #l;bdhh;. ehtyh; ,t;Ntlq;fis kPz;Lk; re;epjpfsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.

NkYk; 1877Mk; Mz;lstpy; kio Fiwe;jjhy; jhdpaq;fs; tpioT Fd;wp ehl;by;

gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lNghJ fQ;rpj;njhl;b fl;bg; gQ;rk; ePq;Fk; tiu Rkhu; VO khjq;fSf;F

Muk;gj;jpy; fQ;rpAk; gpd;dh; md;dk;> fwp KjypadTk; Vio kf;fSf;F toq;fpg;

gQ;rg;gpzpiag; Nghf;f fhuzkhf ,Ue;jik ,tuJ Kf;fpa r%fg; gzpahFk;.

,t;thW ehtyh; jdp kdpjuhf epd;W irtrkaj;jpw;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fkhf nra;j

mUk;gzpfNs gpd;dhl;fspy; irt ,af;fq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F topNfhYtjha;

mike;jd.



rkag;gpurq;fk;> nrhw;nghopTfs;> Guhzgldk; vd;gtw;wpd; %ykhf mbg;gilr;

rka mwptpid kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy <Lgl;lth;.

Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpNyjhd; epWtdkag;gl;l mikg;ghf ghlrhiyfs; Njhd;wj;

njhlq;fpd. fpwp];jt ghjpupkhh;fNs gs;spfis Mq;fhq;F njhlf;fp elj;jp te;jhh;fs;.

,t;thwhd #oypy; RNjrpfshfpa irth;fSf;F ghlrhiyfis mikf;f Ntz;ba

Njit cz;lhapw;W.

,t;thwhd ghlrhiyfis mikg;gjw;Fg; gy jilfs; ,Ue;J te;jd. murpd;

epjpAjtp fpilf;fhik> ghjpupkhh; murpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j nry;thf;fpdhy; ,e;Jf;fs;

njhlq;fpa ghlrhiyfSf;F muR Kl;Lf;fl;il ,Ljy; Kjyhfg; gy;NtW

,lh;ghLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gpbauprp jh;kk;> nry;th;fspd; jdpg;gl;l

epjpAjtpfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Nl 1848,y; ehtyh; aho;g;ghzk; tz;zhh;

gz;izapNy irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia njhlf;fpdhu;. ehtyupd; fy;tpf;fhd

mbg;gil Nehf;fk; irtk;> jkpo; rhu;e;jjhfNt ngUksT ,Ue;jJ.

rp.it.jhNkhjukgps;is ehtyupd; njhz;Lfisg; Nghw;wp ghbAs;shh;.

“ey;iy ef uhWKf ehtyh; gpwe;jpyNuw;

nrhy;Yjkp noq;Nf RUjpnaq;Nf vy;ytUk;

Vj;J Guhzhfkq;fs; vq;Nf gpurq;fnkq;Nf

mj;jdwpntq;Nf vd;W miw”

,tupd; ,Wjpg; gpurq;fk; tz;zhh; gz;iz irtg; gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy;

1879k; Mz;L Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhupd; FUG+irj; jpdkhfpa Mbr;Rthjp el;rj;jpukd;W

,lk;ngw;wJ. jdJ 57tJ tajpy; 1879 fhh;j;jpif 21k; ehs; (1879.12.05) nts;spf;fpoik

md;W kf el;rj;jpuKk; rg;jkpj; jpjpAk; $ba Gz;zpa Ntisapy; tpz;ZyF

Vfpdhh;.



Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;

mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;

FfspYk; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. 1892 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; 27 Me; jpfjp jkpo;

fu tU\k; gq;Fdpj; jpq;fs; 16 Mk; ehs; Qhapw;Wf;fpoik fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;

kl;Lkhefupd; njw;NfAs;s fhiujPT vd;Dk;fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. rhkpj ;jk;gp

ahUf;Fk; fz;zk;ikf;Fk; ed;kfdhf kapy;thfdk; vd;Dk; ,sikg; ngau;

nfhz;lhu;. cau;jpU f. FQ;rpj;jk;gp> GNyhyp ngh. itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfu; Mfpa

cghj;jpahau;fsplk; ,sikf;fy;tpiaf;fw;whu;. ,sikapy; Mw;wy;> mwpT> tpNtfk;

Kjyhdit iftug; ngw;whu;. ,sikf; fy;tpapid fy;Kid nkjb];j Mq;fpyg;

ghlrhiyapYk; gpd;du; kl;lf;fsg;G Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}upapYk; gapd;whu;.

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;ifapy; Nfk;gpup[; [{dpau;> N f k ; g p u p [ ;

rPdpau; guPl;irfspy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;. nfhOk;G Mrpupau; fyhrhiyapy; tpQ;Qhd

Mrpupa bg;Nshkhg; gapw;rp ngw;whu;. 1916 ,y; kJiuj; jkpo;r;; rq;fg; gz;bju;

guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;whu;. 1920 ,y; yz;ld; B.Sc tpQ;Qhdkhzpg; guPl;irapy;

Njwp tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhupahdhu;. fy;Kid fj;Njhypf;f kp\d; ghlrhiy kl;.

Gdpj kpf;Nfy; fy;Y}up> aho;. rk;gj;jpuprpahu; fy;Y}up Mfpa ghlrhiyfspy;

tpQ;Qhd Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpdhu;.

aho;. khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; mjpguhff; flikahw;wpa Ntis 1 9 2 2

Jwtpy;; ehl;lk; Vw;gl;lik ,tuJ tho;tpy; jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. ,jidaLj;J

nrd;id kapyhg;g+u; ,uhkfpU\;z klk; Rthkp rpthde;juhy; “gpuNghj

irjd;au;“ vd;Dk; gpukr;rupa ehkk; #l;lg;gl;lhu;. 1924 Mk; Mz;L Qhd

cgNjrk; ngw;W “Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;“ vd;Dk; jPl;ir ehkk; ngw;whu;. JwT

tho;T khdpl Neaj;ij tsu;j;jJ. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk; Kjypa

nkhopfspy; ty;ytuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.

tpGyhee;jupd; gzpfs;

tpGyhe;eju; Mw;wpa gzpfis fiyg;gzp> E}yhrpupau; gzp> r%fg;gzp>

fy;tpg;gzp> ciuahrpupau; gzp> gjpg;ghrpupau; gzp vd;W gy epiyfspy;

mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

rkag; gzpfs;

,tu; ,e;J rka tsu;r;rpf;fhf gy rkag; gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. ,yq;ifapYk;>

,e;jpahtpYk; eilngw;w gy;NtW rka kfhehLfspYk;> fUj;juq;FfspYk; jiyik

jhq;fpdhu;. <rd; ctf;Fk; ,d;kyu;fs;> Nfhapy; vd;gtw;iw tpdhtpil mikg;gpy;

,aw;wpdhu;. kfhyl;Rkp Njhj;jpuk;> eluh[ tbtk; (Ie;njhopy; fisAk;



RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fk; E}y;)> ckhkNf];tuk; (khnjhU ghfdha; mike;Js;s El;gj;ij

tpsf;FtJ) fNzr Njhj;jpu gQ;rfk;> fjpiuak;gjp khzpf;fg; gps;isahu;; ,ul;il

kzpkhiy> Rg;gpukzpa Rthkpfs; ,ul;il kzpkhiy> FkuNts; et kzpkhiy

Kjyhd rka E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;.

rkag; gpurq;fk; nra;jy;> rkar; nrhw;nghopTfs; Mw;Wtjpy; <Lgl;ltu;.

,yq;ifapy; mj;itj Ntjhe;j kugpd; gutYf;F Kd;Ndhbahdtu;. ,uhkfpU\;z

rq;fj;jpd; fpisj; jhgdk; xd;iw ,yq;ifapy; epWtp> mjd;Mjutpy; fy;tpr;rhiy

fs; gy mikj;Jk;> khztu; ,y;yq;fis epiyehl;bAk;> jpUklq;fisf; fl;bAk;

jUk gupghydk; nra;jtu;. rkak; mDl;bg;gjw;FupaJ vd;gjid jkJ NghjidfspYk;

rhjidfspYk; epiyehl;bdhu;.

rka jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fisr; rhjhuz kf;fSk; tpsq;ff;$bathW ,yF

eilapy; tpsf;fpdhu;.fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;> fz;zpfs;

rpe;JfisAk; ifahz;L rka E}y;fisg; ghbdhu;. cjhuzkhf ehd;kzpkhiy>

Njhj;jpuk;> Njtghzp vd;gdtw;iwf; $wyhk;. rkaj;Jiw rhu;e;jdthfTk;> Ntjhe;j

kuG jOtpajhfTk; mtuJ ftpijfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhk fpU\;z guk`k;ru;>

Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> MWKfehtyu; Kjyhd rkag; ngupahu;fis kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wp

aJld;> mtu;fSila NghjidfisAk;> gzpfisAk; Kd;khjpupahff; nfhz;ltu;.

fy;tpg; gzpfs;

tpGyhee;ju; fy;tpapy; cau;e;J tpsq;fpaJld; ,e;Jf;fSk; mj;jifa fy;tp

ngwNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Mu;tKilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpo; khztu;fSf;F cau;

fy;tpia toq;Fk; nghUl;L rpjk;guj;jpy; gy;fiyf; fofk; epWTtij typAWj;jp>

nrd;id khfhz murpd; fy;tpf; FOTf;F rpghu;R nra;jJld;> mz;zhkiyg;

gy;fiyf; fofk; cjakhtjw;Fk; tpj;jpl;lhu;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jp

Yk;> ,yq;if nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; Kjy; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzp

Gupe;jhu;. Ra nkhopagpkhdkw;wJk;> Njrhgpkhdkw;wJk;> mbikj;jdkhdJk;>

ehfupfj;ij ehrg;gLj;JtJkhd fy;tp Kiwiaf; fz;bj;jhu;. Nky;ehl;Lf; fy;tpia

,e;Jf;fy;tp kuGf;fikthfg; Nghjpg;gjw;Fupa toptiffisr; nra;jhu;. “fw;w fy;tp

gpwiug; ghjpf;ff;$lhJ@ mJ capu;g;g+l;LtJ@ cz;ikiaf; fhl;LtJ@ jd;dk;

gpf;ifiaj; jUtJ “ vDk; nfhs;if cilatuhf tpGyhde;ju; tpsq;fpdhu;.

Rthkp tpGyhe;ju; jd; fy;tpaw; rpe;jidfSf;Fr; nray; tbtk; nfhLf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; gy gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,uhk fpU\;zkp\Df;Fupa fy;tpr;

rl;lj;ij ,e;J Nghu;l; ,uh[uj;jpdj;Jld; ,ize;J cUthf;fpdhu;. 1925 ,y;

,yq;ifapy; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikg; nghWg;ig Vw;W>

jd; fy;tpg; gzpfisj; njhlu;e;jhu;. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F - fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; jkpo;g;;;

ghlrhiyfs; gytw;iw epWtp epUtfpj;jhu;. tpGyhee;ju; ,uhkfpU\;zkp\Dld;

,ize;J gzpGupe;j fhyj;jpy; fy;yb - rpthde;jh Mz;fs; ghlrhiy Midg;ge;jp

,uhkfpU\;zkp\d; ngz;fs; ghlrhiy> fhiujPT rhujh tpj;jpahyak;>



;jpUNfhzkiy - ,e;Jf;fy;Y}uptz;iz - itj;jP];tu tpj;jpahyak; Mfpa

ghlrhiyfis epWtp Vio khztu;fspd; tho;tpy; xspa+l;bdhu;. 1926Mk;

Mz;by; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk;> kl;lf;fsg;G fy;yb cg;NghilapYk; mehij

Mr;rpukq;fis epWtp> mehijr; rpWtu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;. ,yq;if

fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; ghlE}w; rig> fy;tp Ma;Tr; rig> Nju;Tr;rig vd;gdtw;wpd;

cWg;gpduhftpUe;J fy;tpj;Jiwrhu; gzpfisg; Gupe;jhu;. khztu; eyidf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;L “fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjpia“cUthf;fpdhu;.

ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; rkaf;fy;tp> nghJf;fy;tp vd;gd njhlu;ghfj; njhlu;r;rpahd

gy gzpfis Mw;wpdhu;. nts;spf;fpoikfspy; $l;Lg; gpuhu;j;jid elhj;Jjy;.

gf;jpg; ghRuq;fisg; ghuhazk; nra;jy;. thu ,Wjpapy; irt rka tFg;GfisAk;>

gz;zpirg; gapw;rpfisAk; elhj;Jjy;. rkaf; fy;tpia ,isQu;fSf;F Vw;wthW

Nghjpj;jy; mtuJ Gjpa jpl;lkhFk;. tpGyhee;jupd; mj;jifa jpl;lk; ,d;W nray;

Kiwf;F te;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tuJ fy;tpg; gzpfs; midj;jpYk; rkak;rhu;

fy;tpg; gzpfNs gpujhd ,lj;ijg;; ngWfpd;wd.

r%fg;; gzpfs;

tpGyhde;ju; kf;fis Nerpj;jtu;. mtu;fSila ed;ik jPikfspy; <Lgl;ltu;.

xUKiw ~flTs; Neupy; te;jhy; ...........| vd;W Ngr;R vOe;jNghJ> Rthkp gpd;tUkhW

$wpdhuhk;. “ehndd;why; Kj;jp jUk;gb Nfl;fkhl;Nld;. Kj;jp vd;dstpy; epd;WtpLk;.

mjpYk; ghu;f;f vy;NyhUk; ,d;GWk;gb Nrit nra;tjhdhy; mjpYs;s ,d;gNk

xg;gw;wJ. “ ,t;thW gpwUf;Fg; gzp GuptNj ngUkpd;gk; jUtJ vd;w jplrpj;jk;

nfhz;ltu;.

jPz;lhik xopg;G ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;. md;dhu; jd; nrhe;j eyd;fisj;

Jwe;j NtisapYk; ehl;L eyidAk;> kf;fs; eyidAk;> nkhop eyidAk; Jwth

jpUe;j rpwg;G Nghw;wj;jf;fJ.mehij ,y;yq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;

mwf;nfhilj; jpl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. tpGyhde;jupd; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfs; Vio

khztu;fspdJk;> mehijf; Foe;ijfsJk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F topfhl;Lk; tifapy;

mike;j r%fg;gzpfNs vd;gu;.

Vida gzpfs;

,irj; jkpopNy kpFe;j <LghLk; Muha;r;rpAk; nghUe;jpa tpGyhee;ju; ftpij

fs; Xireak; kpFe;jit. “,aypd;wp ,irapy;iy@ ,irapd;wp ,aypy;iy” vd;gJ

mtuJ nfhs;if. fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ftpij mike;Js;sJ. mtuJ E}y;fspy; nre;

jkpo; eil ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. FUNjtu; thf;fpak;> tpNtfhde;j gQ;rfk;> MWKf

ehtyu;> fq;ifapy; tpLj;j Xiy vd;gtw;iw vOjpAs;shu;.mtu; cs;sj;jpy; mDg

tpj;j czu;Tfisf; ftpijapNy jPl;bf; fhl;Lk; jpwik cs;stu;. gy;NtW Mrpupag;gh>

fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh> tpUj;jg;gh tiffisAk;> fz;zpfs;> rpe;JfisAk; ifahz;Ls;shu;.

ehlfE}y; - kjq;f#shkzp. ,irj;jkpo; - aho;E}y; Mq;fpythzp> g+Q;Nrhiyf;fhtyd;

nrd;id gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapy; (1936) nrhy;yhf;f kfhehl;bw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.



,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vDk; Kj;jkpopYk; ty;ytu; vd;gjhy; ~~Kj;jkpo; t p j ; j f u ;

tpGyhde;ju;” vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. jkpo;f; ftpijapd; Nghf;fpNy Gul;rpfukhd

khw;wq;fisr; nra;j ghujpahiug; gz;bju;fs; jPz;lhjpUe;j Ntisapy; ghujp fofk;

mikj;J> ghujp Gfioj; jkpo; ehl;by; gug;gpa ngUikf;Fupatu;.

njspthd> vspikahd nkhop eiliaf; ifahz;l Rthkp tpGyhe;ju; Xireaj;

jhYk; czu;r;rp ntspaPl;Lr; rpwg;ghYk; jdJ ciueilapw;$l gy ,lq;fspy;

ftpijapd; vy;iyiaj; njhl;ltu;. mtuJ ciueil E}y;fshf tpQ;Qhdf;

fl;Liu> fiyr;nrhw;fs;> tpQ;Qhd jPgk; Kjyhdtw;iwAk;> nkhopngau;g;G E}y;fshf

Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; rk;ghriz> tpNtfhde;j jPgk;> tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;nghopT

E}y;fs; Kjyhdtw;iwf; $wyhk;.

tpGyhee;jupd; E}y;fs; gpioaw;w gjpg;Gf;fshf fhy> ,l tpguq;fSld; vOjg;

gl;lit. mtu; jkpoupd; gok; ngUikfisg; gj;jpupiffspy; fl;Liu tbtpy;

ntspapl;lhu;. cjhuzkhf nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> fiykfs;> <oNfrup> Ntjhe;jNfrup>

,uhkfpU\;z tp[ak;> gpuGj;j ghuj Kjyhd ntspaPLfSf;Fg; gj;jpuhjpguhf

tpsq;fpdhu;.

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F gy epiyfspYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Rthkp

tpGyhee;ju; 1947 [{iy 19 Mk; ehs; rkhjp $bdhu;. ,tuJ rkhjp kl;lf;fsg;G

fy;yb cg;Nghilapy; cs;s ,uhkfpU\;z klj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Kj;jkpOk; ngUQ;rPu; Kjy;tdhu; jpUf;Fkuh gf;jpAld; gzpgtu;f;F gy “fiyAk;

ghypf;Fk; rpj;jp Gj;jp ehafNd jpUKiwfs; jkpofj;jpy; epiyj;J epiy ngw;wJTk;

epd;dUspd; jpwdd;Nwh“ (Rthkp tpGyhee;ju;)



5.4 ,e;Jrka tsu;r;rpapy; Clfq;fspd; gq;fspg;G

xU ehl;bd; kpfg;ngupa rf;jp ClfkhFk;. Xu; r%fj;ij khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jf;$ba

ty;yik Clfj;jpw;F cz;L. Clfk; vd;gJ vkf;Fj; Njitahd gyjug;gl;lj;

jfty;fisAk; mjhtJ nra;jpfs;, Gifg;glq;fs;, fhnzhypfs; vd;gitfis

,yFthfTk; JupjkhfTk; fzg;nghOjpy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Xu; rhjdkhFk;.

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Clfq;fs; vkf;F cWJizahf mikfpd;wd.

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tplaq;fs; ek;gj;jfhj tplaq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

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tplaq;fis gpuRupf;fpd;wd.

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njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; Mya cw;rtq;fs;, rpwg;G jpd epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fs;

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tplaq;fs;Nghd;w gyjug;gl;lj; jfty;fis vk;khy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

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gy;NtW jhf;fq;ifis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,izaj;jpd; %ykhf vk;khy; ,e;J rkak;

njhlu;ghd gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;isg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,izaj;jpy; vk;khy; xU jfyiy gjpNtw;wk;, gjptpwf;fk; nra;af;$ba Rje;jpuk;

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mj;jfty; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gadu;fis nrd;wilfpwJ. Ve;Neuj;jpYk; vt;tplj;jpYk;

jfty;fis gjptpwf;fk; nra;Jnfhs;sf;$ba trjpAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,izaj;jpy;

vkJ rkak; njhlu;ghd gy fhnzhypfs; gjpNtw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd;

%ykhf ehk; rka rk;ge;jkhd gy tplaq;fis ,yFthfTk; njspthfTk;

mwpaf;$bajhfTs;sJ.



,izajpd; NkYk; xU gb Kd;Ndw;wkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w r%f tiyjsq;fSk;

,izag;gadu;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk; nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;Ws;sd. Facebook, Twitter,

WhatsApp, Viber Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; gy;NtW jfty;fs; gupkhw;wpf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

vkJ rkak; njhlu;ghd tuyhWfs;, cz;ikfs;, jj;Jtq;fs;, rpwg;Gfs;,

Gifg;glq;fs;, fhnzhypfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis clDf;Fld; gyUld;

gupkhwpf;nfhs;syhk;.

,yq;ifapy; ,e;Jrka tsu;r;rpapy; Muk;gfhyk;njhl;Nl Clfq;fspd; gq;fspg;gpidf;

fhzKbfpwJ. ,yq;if tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ Mq;fpNyaupd;

Ml;rpfhyg;gFjpapy; vkJ ,e;Jrkak; eypTw;wJ. vkJ topghLfs; fyhr;rhu kuGfs;,

topghl;Lj;jyq;fs; vd;gd moptilee;jd. vkJ topghLfs; fyhr;rhu kuGfs; topghl;Lj;

jyq;fs; vd;gd moptile;jd. ,t;tk;rq;fis kPz;Lk; ,yq;ifapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;

gyu; Kad;wdu;. jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; %ykhf vkJ rkak; kPz;Lk; Jspu;tpl

Muk;gpj;jJ. =y= MWKfehtyu;, Nru; nghd;.,uhkehjd; ,e;JNghl;. R.,uhruj;jpdk;,

Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; Nghd;Nwhu; vkJ rkaj;ij fl;bnaOg;gpa ngUikf;Fupatu;fshf

jpfo;fpd;wdu;.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; vkJ rkak; njhlu;ghd gpuRuq;fis ntspapl;ldu;. gpd;du;

njhlu;r;rpahf Myaq;fspy; Guhzglzk; nra;jy;, gpurq;fk; nra;jy;, nrhw;nghopTfs;

elhj;Jjy; Nghd;w El;g Kiwfis ifahz;ldu;. NkYk; vkJ ,e;J rkaj;jpd;

rpwg;Gf;fis rQ;rpiffspYk; Ehy;fs; thapyhfTk; ntspapl;ldu;.

gpd;du; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gj;jpupiffs;, thndhyp, njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w Clfq;fspDhlhf

gy;NtWgl;l jfty;fs; ntsptu Muk;gpj;jd. jw;fhyj;jpy; ,izaj;jpd; %ykhf

cynfq;fpYk; vkJ ,e;Jrkak; njhlu;ghd rpwg;Gf;fSk; ngUikfSk;

giwrhw;wg;gLgfpd;wd.

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