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CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

OF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

STUDY OF NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Volu me - III

Chapter - 4 Descr iption of Environ ment

June 2010

CENTER OF ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI.

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NNAAVVII MMUUMMBBAAII

IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL AAIIRRPPOORRTT

Volume - III

Chapter - 4 Description of Environment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY OF

NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

June 2010

CENTER OF ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI

CIDCO

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport I

CESE, IIT Mumbai CIDCO

C O N T E N T S

VOLUME - I

Executive SummaryVOLUME - II

Chapter 1 : Introduction Page

No.

1.1 : Background 1

1.2 : Project Proponent 3

1.3 : Airport Sector Profile 4

1.3.1 : National Airport System 4

1.3.2 : Western Region Airport System 9

1.3.3 : Mumbai Region Airport System 13

1.4 : Passenger Traffic Trends 14

1.4.1 : Annual Passengers 14

1.4.2 : Peak Period Passengers 18

1.5 : Aircraft Movement (ATM) Trends 20

1.5.1 : Annual Aircraft Movements 20

1.5.2 : Peak Period Aircraft Movements 27

1.6 : Air Cargo Trends 29

1.7 : Conclusions of Air Traffic Analysis 32

1.8 : Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 32

1.9 : Purpose of Study 32

1.10 : Project Brief 33

1.11 : Terms of Reference 34

1.11.1 : Site analysis 34

1.11.2 : Water 36

1.11.3 : Solid waste 36

1.11.4 : Energy 36

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport IV


1.11.5 : Traffic & transport 37

1.11.6 : CRZ 38

1.11.7 : Noise 39

1.11.8 : EMP, DMP 40

1.11.9 : Additional Terms of Reference 41

1.12 : Scope of work 42

1.12.1 : Study Area 43

1.13 : Scoping 45

1.14 : Structure of the Report 48

Chapter 2 : Analysis of alternative Sites

2.1 : Introduction 1

2.2 : Mahapan in Sindhudurg District 1

2.3 : Rewas-Mandwa 2

2.3.1 : Salient Features 2

2.3.2 : Accessibility 4

2.3.3 : Power, Water & Telecommunication infrastructure 4

2.3.4 : Township Development 4

2.3.5 : Site Constraints 5

2.3.6 : Environment sensitive factors 5

2.4 : Navi Mumbai Site 7

2.4.1 : Salient Features 7

2.4.2 : Site Constraints 9

2.5 : Selection of Alternative Sites 11

2.5.1 : SWOT Analysis 11

2.5.2 : Site Sensitivity Analys 13

2.6 : Conclusion 20

Chapter 3 : Project Description

3.1 : Geographical Setting 1

3.1.1 : Location 1

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport III

3.1.2 : Navi Mumbai 1

3.1.3 : Regional Setting 3

3.1.4 : Linkages 3

3.1.5 : Transport Systems and Network 4

3.1.6 : Project Accessibility 6

3.1.7 : Project Area 6

3.2 : Project Activities 7

3.3 : Project structure 7

3.4 : Aviation Demand Forecast 8

3.4.1 : Air Traffic Forecast 8

3.4.2 : MMR Air Traffic Forecast 8

3.4.3 : MMR Air Cargo Demand 9

3.4.4 : Navi Mumbai Air Traffic Forecast 10

3.4.5 : Navi Mumbai Air Cargo Forecast 11

3.4.6 : Air Traffic Summary 12

3.5 : Airport Facilities 15

3.5.1 : Runways 16

3.5.2 : Taxiway System 17

3.5.3 : Navigational Aids 18

3.5.4 : Commercial Apron 19

3.5.5 : Long-Term Aircraft Parking 20

3.5.6 : General Aviation 21

3.5.7 : Cargo Apron 21

3.5.8 : Passenger Terminal Building 21

3.5.9 : Air Cargo Building 23

3.6 : Roadway System 23

3.6.1 : Primary Access Road 23

3.6.2 : Terminal Area Access Road 24

3.6.3 : Terminal Frontage Road 24

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport IV

3.6.4 : Service Roads 24

3.7 : Vehicular and Cargo Parking 25

3.7.1 : Vehicular Parking 25

3.7.2 : Cargo Parking 25

3.8 : Technical Building and Control Tower 25

3.9 : Fuel Farm 25

3.10 : Air Rescue and Fire Fighting 26

3.11 : Catering Facility 26

3.12 : Ground Handling Equipment Maintenance 27

3.13 : Aircraft Maintenance Hangar Facilities 27

3.14 : Airfield Maintenance Area 27

3.15 : Landuse of Aeronautical area 28

3.16 : Water Requirements 30

3.17 : Power Supply 32

3.18 : Sewerage Treatment Plant 35

3.19 : Solid Waste Generation & Disposal 35

3.20 : Development of Non-aeronautical Area 38

3.21 : Project Cost 39

3.22 : Implementation Programme 40

3.23 : Construction Material 41

3.24 : Construction Environment 42

VOLUME - III

Chapter 4 :

4.1 :

Description of Environment

Introduction 1

4.2 : Environmental Setting 2

4.3 : Hydrometeorology 3

4.4 : Physiography 5

4.5 : Geology 8

4.6 : Drainage 11

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport V

4.6.1 : Gadhi river 12

4.6.2 : Kalundri River 13

4.6.3 : Kasadi- Taloja river 14

4.6.4 : Ulwe River 15

4.7 : Land Environment 16

4.7.1 : Particle Size Distribution 19

4.7.2 : Electrical conductivity (EC) and SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) 21

4.7.3 : Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 23

4.7.4 : Permeability 24

4.7.5 : Porosity 25

4.7.6 : Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium 26

4.7.7 : Total Soil Quality 35

4.7.8 : Sub-Soil Characteristics of Airport Area 36

4.7.9 : Pedological Suvey 36

4.7.10 : Sub-Soil Investigation during TEF Stage 40

4.7.11 : Sub-Soil Investigation During DPR Stage 59

4.8 : Water Environment 71

4.8.1 : Water Quality 71

4.8.2 : Water Quality Index 74

4.8.3 : Water Quality Results 77

4.8.4 : Results of Water Quality Analysis 84

4.9 : Air Environment 120

4.9.1 : Air Quality 120

4.9.2 : Air Quality Index (AQI) 123

4.9.3 : Air Quality Results 124

4.9.4 : Total Air quality 162

4.9.5 : Meteorology 169

4.10 : Noise Environment 234

4.10.1 : Ambient Noise Quality 234

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VI

4.10.2 : Equivalent Continuous Sound Levels 237

4.10.3 : Traffic Noise Index 246

4.10.4 : Noise Pollution Index (NPI) 247

4.10.5 : Average Noise Level 249

4.11 : Ecology 259

4.11.1 : Terrestrial Habitats 263

4.11.2 : Avifauna 263

4.11.3 : Habitats Encountered In the Project Area 269

4.11.4 : Streams 274

4.11.5 : Community analysis for Terrestrial Habitats 279

4.12 : Forest 300

4.12.1 : Forest Types 303

4.13 : Aquatic Ecosystem 305

4.13.1 : Phytoplankton 305

4.13.2 : Zooplankton 314

4.13.3 : Benthos 325

4.13.4 : Water Quality Status of Major aquatic Habitat in the Project Area 332

4.14 : Traffic & Transportation Study 338

4.14.1 : Land Side Access 338

4.14.2 : Site accessibility 339

4.14.3 : Rail Linkages 341

4.14.4 : Water Transport 342

4.14.5 : Road Linkages 342

4.14.6 : Mode Share 344

4.14.7 : Road Traffic Forecast 347

4.14.8 : Test Of Adequacy 351

4.14.9 : Intersection Analysis 352

4.14.10 : Assessments of intersection 360

4.14.11 : Intersection Evaluation by V/C Ratio 376

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VII

4.15 : Land Status & Settlement 389

4.16 : Demographic Socio-Economic 393

4.16.1 : Socio-demographic profile for urban area 394

4.16.2 : Socio-economic profile of rural area 396

4.17 : Land Use Pattern 399

4.17.1 : Study Area 399

4.17.2 : Project Area 403

4.18 : Places of Ecological, Historical & Cultural Importance 405

4.18.1 : The Elephanta Caves 405

4.18.2 : Karnala Bird Sanctuary 406

4.18.3 : Matheran Eco-sensitive Zone 408

4.19 : Costal Regulation Zone 409

VOLUME-IV

Chapter 5 :

5.0 :

Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

Background 1

5.1 : Impact Identification, Classification and Prioritization 2

5.1.1 : Impact Identification 2

5.1.2 : Evaluation and Classification of Impacts 135.1.3 : Prioritization of Impacts and Identification of Environmental 24

Sectors affected

5.2 : Mitigation Measures 29

Chapter 6 : Environmental Management Plan

6.1 : Background 1

6.2 : Scope 1

6.3 : Objectives 2

6.4 : Government Policies 2

6.5 : Key Players for Implementation of EMP 3

6.6 : Environmental Management Cell Structure 3

6.7 : Environmental Management Action Plan 8

6.8 : Environmental Monitoring Plan 33

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VIII

6.9 : Financia l Plan 44

6.9.1 : EMP budget estimates 44

6.10 : Reporting Strategies 46

6.11 : Responsible organizations for implementation of EMP 47

Chapter 7 : Disaster Management Plan


7.1 : Natural Disasters 1

7.2 : Aircraft Accident Related Disasters 2

7.3 : Terror Attack, Plane Hijack, Sabotage 2

7.4 : Disaster Management Plan 2

7.4.1 : Purpose & Scope 3

7.4.2 : Categorization of Emergencies 4

7.5 : Emergency Procedures 5

7.6 : Role and Responsibility in Handling Emergencies 13

7.7 : Operation and Management Control 15

7.7.1 : Airport Emergency Managing Committee 15

7.7.2 : Airport Emergency Operation/Co-ordination Centre 16

7.8 : Training and Education 23

7.9 : Mock Drills and Exercises 24

7.10 : Updating of Disaster Management Plan 25

VOLUME-V

Chapter 8 : Additional Studies


8.1 : Legal Opinion on Permissibility of Activities in CRZ Area 1

8.2 : Training & Diversion of Rivers Study 22

8.2.1 : Background 22

8.2.2 : Need for Training & Diversion of Rivers 23

8.2.3 : Proposed River Training & Diversion 25

8.3 : Reorientation of runways Study 31

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport IX

8.3.1 : Background 31

8.3.2 : Runway Orientation 31

8.3.3 : NMIA Runway Orientation 34

8.3.4 : Presence of Mangroves in Airport area 35

8.3.5 : Reducing runway spacing 36

8.3.6 : Reorienting the runways 37

8.4 : Ground Water Study 38

8.5 : Vaghvli Island & Coastal line Study 39

8.5.1 : Methodology 40

8.6 : Mathematical & Physical Model Study 46

8.7 : Mangrove Analysis, Plantation & Management Study 47

8.7.1 : Field Observation 47

8.7.2 : Density and Dispersal 49

8.7.3 : Satellite Remote Sensing Study of mangroves 54

8.7.4 : Mangrove Plantation 64

8.7.5 : Management of Mangrove 65

8.8 : Air Quality & Noise Assessment 77

8.8.1 : Surface Traffic Emission 77

8.8.2 : Aircraft Emission 80

8.8.3 : Noise Quality Assessment 82

8.8.4 : Integrated Noise Model 89

8.9 : Rehabilitation & Re-settlement ( R & R ) Plan 98

8.9.1 : R & R Entitlements 98

8.9.2 :

:

:

:

:

:

R & R Cost

ANNEXURE-I

ANNEXURE II

ANNEXURE III

ANNEXURE IV

ANNEXURE V

99

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport X

: ANNEXURE VI

: ANNEXURE VII

Chapter 9 : Disclosure of Consultants

9.0 : List of Consultants 1

9.1 : Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT, Bombay 1

9.2 : M/s.LBG-INECO-RITES Consortium, USA 1

9.3 : Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), Pune 2

9.4 : Hydraulic Advisor 2

9.5 : Review Consultant (DHI) 2

9.6 : Mumbai University 2

9.7 : M/s. Lewis Environment Service Inc., (Lewis) USA 3

9.8 : Gujarat Ecology Commission 3

9.9 : Ground water Survey & Development Agency (GSDA), Govt. ofMaharashtra.:

3

9.10 : Legal Consultants 3

9.11 : Maharashtra Maritime Board, Govt. of Maharashtra 4

9.12 : Center of Studies in Resource Engineering (CSRE), IIT Mumbai 4

9.13 : P. N. Shidhore and Company 4

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XI

List of Tables

VOLUME-II

Chapter 1

1.1 National Airport System 4

1.2 National Air Passenger data 6

1.3 National Air freight Data 7

1.4 Regional and State Airports Passenger Data 10

1.5 Regional and State Airports Freight Data 11

1.6 Annual Commercial Passengers , CSIA 15

1.7 Breakdown of International Passengers , CSIA 17

1.8 Peak Months for Commercial Passengers , CSIA 20

1.9 Historical Commercial Aircraft Movements , CSIA 21

1.10 Breakdown of Total Aircraft Movements for 2006-2007, CSIA 23

1.11 Current Fleet Mix Scheduled Weekly Arrivals, CSIA ( January 2008) 25

1.12 Current Fleet Mix Scheduled Weekly Arrivals, CSIA ( Summer 2004) 25

1.13 Historical Air Cargo& Mail, CSIA 30

1.14 Geographical & Environmental Setting of The Airport Site ( 10 Km 33Radius)

Chapter 2

2.1 SWOT - Navi Mumbai Rewas Mandwa 11

2.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Rewas Mandwa 13

2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Navi Mumbai 16

2.4 Comparison of Attribute Score 18

Chapter 3

3.1 MMR Air Traffic Forecast 9

3.2 MMR Air Cargo Traffic Forecast 10

3.3 NMIA Air Traffic Forecast 10

3.4 NMIA Air cargo Traffic 11

3.5 Airport development Phasing NMIA 11

3.6 NMIA Air Traffic Forecast Summary 12

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XII

3.7 Number of Passengers per Development Phasing 1

3.8 Land Use Statement for Aeronautical Area 28

3.9 Phase-wise Water Requirements 30

3.10 Demand & Supply of Water 31

3.11 Phase-wise Power Requirement 33

3.12 Navi Mumbai Demand and Supply o f Energy 34

3.13 Land use Statement for Non Aeronautical Area 38

3.14 Basic Cost Estimate of Airport Zone 39

3.15 Quantities of basic Materials ( Approx) 42

3

VOLUME-III

Chapter 4

4.1 Geographical & Environmental Setting of Study Area 2

4.2 Soil Quality Monitoring Stations In The Project Area 17

4.3 Usda Soil Textural Classification System 20

4.4 Classification Based On Sodium Adsorption Ratio And Electrical 22Conductivity

4.5 Classification of soil based on CEC value 24

4.6 Classification Of Soil Based On Permeability 25

4.7 Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of 27The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

4.8 Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of 28

The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

4.9 Values of Different Soil Quality Parameters at Various Stations of 30The Project Area during Monsoon Season

4.10 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area 31During Post Monsoon Season

4.11 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area 32

During Pre Monsoon Season

4.12 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area 33During Monsoon Season

4.13 Navi Mumbai Soil Groups 39

4.14 Standard Penetration Test 47

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIII

4.15 Soil Properties (UDS Samples) 48

4.16 Soil Properties (DS Samples) 50

4.17 Rock Sample Test Results 51

4.18 Chemical Analysis 52

4.19 Design Parameters (Summary) 53

4.20 Soil Properties (UDS Samples) 60

4.21 Soil Properties (DS Samples) 61

4.22 Rock Sample Test Results 63

4.23 Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 72

4.24 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 73

4.25 Descriptor Categories For Various Nsf-Wqi Values 76

4.26 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Post 78Monsoon Season

4.27 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Pre 79

Monsoon Season

4.28 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Monsoon 80Season

4.29 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River during Post 81

Monsoon, Pre-monsoon and Monsoon

4.30 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During Post 82Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon Season

4.31 Receiving Sea Water Standards for SW II Category(Commercial 83Fishing, Contact Recreation, Bathing water)

4.32 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Post 98Monsoon Season

4.33 NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Pre 99Monsoon Season

4.34 NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water ForMonsoon Season

100

4.35 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The ProjectArea During Post Monsoon Season

102

4.36 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The ProjectArea During Pre Monsoon Season

103

4.37 Values Of Ground Water Quality Parametres During MonsoonSeason

104

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIV

4.38 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For PostMonsoon Season

116

4.39 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For Pre

Monsoon Season117

4.40 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Water For MonsoonSeason

118

4.41 Selection of Air Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 121

4.42 (a) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42( b) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42 (c) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42 (d) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42 (e) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

125

126

127

128

129

4.42 (f) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (Mg/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42 (g) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

4.42 (h) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various

Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

4.42 (i) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

4.42 ( j) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

4.42 (k) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

4.42 (l) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

4.42 (m) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations

4.42 (n) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations

4.42 (o) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

130

131

131

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XV

4.42 (p) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 (q) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 ( r) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 (s) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 (t) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 (u) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

4.42 (v) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various

Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

4.42 (w) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

4.42 (x) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

4.42 (y) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

4.42 (z) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

4.42 (z) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various StationsOf The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

4.42 (z) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At VariousStations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

151

152

4.43 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various

Stations Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season153

4.44 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At VariousStations Of The Project Area During Winter Season

154

4.45 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various

Stations Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

155

4.46 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At VariousStations Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

156

4.47 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station OfThe Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

163

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XVI

4.48 Air Quality Index (AQI) And Air Quality Status At Various Station OfThe Project Area During Winter Season

164

4.49 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of


165

4.50 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station OfThe Project Area During Monsoon Season

166

4.51 Average Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Overall Air Quality Status AtVarious Station Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon, PreMonsoon, Monsoon Season

167

4.52 (a) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For November, 2007 172

4.52 (b) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For December, 2007 174

4.52 (c) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For January, 2008 175

4.52 (d) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For February, 2008 177

4.52 (e) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For March, 2008 178

4.52 (f) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For April, 2008 180

4.52 (g) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For May, 2008 182

4.52 (h) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For June, 2008 184

4.52 (i) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For July, 2008 185

4.52 (j) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For August, 2008 187

4.52 (k) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For September, 2008 188

4.52 (l) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For October, 2008 190

4.53 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During PostMonsoon Season

191

4.54 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During WinterSeason

193

4.55 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During Pre

Monsoon Season194

4.56 Grand Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel 196

4.57 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project AreaDuring Post Monsoon Season

211

4.58 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project AreaDuring Winter Season

211

4.59 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area 212

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XVII


4.60 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area

During Monsoon Season212

4.61 (a) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of November

2007

213

4.61 (b) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of December,2007

214

4.61 (c) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of January, 2008 216

4.61 (d) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of February, 2008 217

4.61 (e) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of March, 2008 219

4.61 (f) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of April, 2008 220

4.61 (g) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of May, 2008 222

4.61 (h) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of June, 2008 223

4.61(i) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of July, 2008 225

4.61 (j) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of August, 2008 226

4.61 (k) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of September,2008

228

4.61 (l) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of October, 2008 229

4.62 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Post Monsoon Season 231

4.63 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Winter Season 2324.64 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Pre Monsoon Season 233

4.65 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Monsoon Season 234

4.66 Locations of Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring stations in and aroundthe project site

236

4.67 Ambient Noise Quality Standards 237

4.68 (a) Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project Area DuringPost Monsoon Season

241

4.68 (b) Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project AreaDuring

Pre Monsoon season243

4.68 (c) Hourly Leq Values At Various Locations Of The Project Area DuringMonsoon Season

245

4.69 (a) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During PostMonsoon Season (January, 2008)

251

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4.69 (b) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During PreMonsoon Season (April, 2008)

252

4.69 (c) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During Monsoon

Season (October, 2008)253

4.70 Index Ranges 248

4.71 (a) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area DuringPost Monsoon Season

255

4.71 (b) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area DuringPre Monsoon Season

256

4.71 (c) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area DuringMonsoon Season

257

4.72 Ambient Noise Quality Standards 254

4.73 Monitoring Stations In The Project Area For Ecological Studies 260

4.74 List of Avifauna recorded in the study area 264

4.75 Gastropods, Pelecypods, Butterf lies, Reptiles & MammalsEncountered During The Site Visits In Different Seasons

267

4.76 Fish, Amphibians, Prawns & Crabs Encountered During The SiteVisits In Different Seasons

268

4.77 (a) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project AreaSurveyed During Pre Monsoon Season

283

4.77 (b) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project AreaSurveyed During Monsoon Season

288

4.77 (c) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project AreaSurveyed During Post Monsoon Season

295

4.78 List of Protected Forests in the Study Area 300

4.79 List of Reserve Forests in the Study Area 303

4.80 (a) Phytoplankton Species Encountered in Marine Water of Gadhi River,Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Pre-Monsoon Season

306

4.80 (b) Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations fromGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season

307

4.80 (c) Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations fromGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon

308

4.81 (a) Primary Production of Water at Different Stations along Gadhi River,Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Pre Monsoon Season

311

4.81 (b) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations alongGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season

312

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIX

4.81 (c) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations alongGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon Season

313

4.82 (a) Species Composition of Zooplankton from Various Stations in Aquatic

Habitats in the Project Area during Pre- Monsoon Season315

4.82 (b) Zooplankton Species encountered in waters co llected from differentsites along Gadhi River, Ulwe River And Panvel Creek duringmonsoon

316

4.82 (c) Species encountered in waters collected from different sites alongGadhi River, Ulwe River And Panvel Creek during Post monsoon

317

4.83 (a ) Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton at VariousLocations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River duringPre Monsoon Season

318

4.83 (b) Ecological Indices for Zooplankton Species at Various LocationsAlong Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River during Monsoon.

319

4.83 (c) Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton From VariousLocations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River duringPost Monsoon.

320

4.84 (a) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From VariousStations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River During PreMonsoon Season

321

4.84 (b) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From VariousStations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River DuringMonsoon Season

323

4.84 (c) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various

Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during PostMonsoon Season

324

4.85 (a ) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at VariousStations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during PreMonsoon Season.

326

4.85 (b) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at VariousStations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River duringMonsoon Season.

327

4.85 (c ) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at VariousStations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Post

Monsoon Season.

328

4.86 (a ) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations alongGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Pre MonsoonSeason

329

4.86 (b) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations alongGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Monsoon Season

330

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4.86 (c) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations alongGadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Post MonsoonSeason

331

4.87 (a) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During PostMonsoon Season

333

4.87 (b) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During PreMonsoon Season

334

4.87 (c) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During MonsoonSeason

335

4.87 (d) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River During PostMonsoon, Premonsoon And Monsoon

336

4.87 (e) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During PostMonsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon Season

337

4.88 Direct Connectivity To Catchment Area And The Rest Of The Country 3414.89 Traffic growth Rates for NH4B,AAMRA MARG,SH54&NH4 347

4.90 PCU Factors of Vehicles 348

4.91 Natural Traffic Forecast 349

4.92 Airport Traffic 350

4.93 Total Traffic 351

4.94 Peak Hour Volume & Capacity 351

4.95 Details of Intersections 353

4.96 Summary of data collected 361

4.97 Traffic volume forecast at Belapur Intersection 362

4.98 Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection 363

4.99 Traffic volume forecast at D. Y. Patil Intersection 364

4.100 Traffic volume forecast at Panvel Intersection 365

4.101 Traffic volume forecast at Uran Intersection 366

4.102 Traffic volume forecast at Taloja Intersection 367

4.103 Traffic volume forecast at sanpada Intersection 368

4.104 Parameters Selected For Node Evaluation 370

4.105 Intersection Evaluation for Belapur Intersection 371

4.106 Intersection Evaluation for Kalamboli Intersection 372

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXI

4.107 Intersection Evaluation for D.Y. Patil Intersection 373

4.108 Intersection Evaluation for Panvel Intersection 373

4.109 Intersection Evaluation for Uran-JNPT Intersection 374

4.110 Intersection Evaluation for Taloja Intersection 374

4.111 Intersection Evaluation for Sanpada Intersection 375

4.112 a V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 12 377

4.112 b V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 14 378

4.112 c V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 16 379

4.112 d V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 18 380

4.113 a V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 62 381

4.113 b V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 64 382

4.113 c V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 66 383

4.113 d V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 68 384

4.113 e V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 69 385

4.114 a V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 42 386

4.114 b V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 44 387

4.114 c V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 46 388

4.115 Status Of Land For The Project 390

4.116 Villages, Settlements Area & Population and Househols withinAirport

391

4.117 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 402

4.118 Existing Landcover Of Project Zone 2009 403

VOLUME-IV

Chapter 5

5.1 Phasing of Activities 3

5.2 NMIA Location : Activities & Impact 4

5.3 NMIA Project Design Activities & Impact 8

5.4 NMIA Construction Phase Activities & Impacts 10

5.5 NMIA Operation Phase Activities & Impact 12

5.6 Details of Project Activities Influences 15

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXII

5.7 NMIA Evaluation Overall significance of Impact 17

5.8 NMIA Location Impact Matrix 25

5.9 NMIA - Project Design Impact Matrix 26

5.10 NMIA Construction Phase Impact Matrix 27

5.11 NMIA Operation Phase Impact Matrix 29

5.12 Environmental sector Air 30

5.13 Environmental sector Biodiversity and Forests 32

5.14 Environmental sector - Ecosystems 33

5.15 Environmental sector Energy 34

5.16 Environmental sector Health and Safety 35

5.17 Environmental sector Land 36

5.18 Environmental sector Noise 38

5.19 Environmental sector Socio-cultural 40

5.20 Environmental sector Waste 41

5.21 Environmental sector Water and Wastewater 42

Chapter 6

6.1 Environmental Management Action Plan 9

6.2 Environmental monitoring Plan 34

6.3 EMP cost during construction phase 44

6.4 EMP cost during operational phase 45

6.5 Organizations Responsibility 47

6.6 List of equipments needed 48

Chapter 7

7.1 Assignment of Responsibilities 13

7.2 Medical Priorities in Triage Area 21

VOLUME V

Chapter 8

8.1 Mangrove plants within the Project Area 52

8.2 Structural composition 53

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXIII

8.3 Importance value index 54

8.4 Details of Images 55

8.5 a Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment CO 77

8.5 b Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment NOX 78

8.5 c Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment SO2 79

8.5 d Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment CO 80

8.5 e Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment NOX 81

8.6 a Projected noise level Sion-Panvel Highway 83

8.6 b Projected noise level-National Highway No.4 B 83

8.6 c Projected noise level-National Highway No.4 84

8.6 d Projected noise level Amra Marg 84

8.6 e Projected noise level-State Highway 54 85

8.7 Noise level due to Aircraft 87

8.8 Predicted noise levels due to Air traffic 88

8.9 Traffic Mix 2014 91

8.10 Area between NEF Contour Values 93

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXIV

List of Figures

VOLUME II

Chapter 1

1.1 Map of major Airports in India 5

1.2 Annual Commercial Passengers , CSIA 16

1.3 Comparison of Annual Passenger Growth rates, CSIA & National 18

1.4 Monthly Distribution of Total Passengers in Recent Years, CSIA 19

1.5 Monthly Passengers During 2007-08, CSIA 20

1.6 Annual Commercial Aircraft Movements, CSIA 22

1.7 Annual Other Aircraft Movements, CSIA 24

1.8 Distribution of Total Arriving Aircraft by ICAO Code 26

1.9 Distribution of International and Domestic Arriving Aircraft by ICAOCode

26

1.10 Monthly Commercial ATMs during 2006-07, CSIA 28

1.11 Hourly Distribution of Weekly Scheduled ATMs, January 2008, CSIA 29

1.12 Breakdown of Total Air Cargo in 2007-08, CSIA 31

1.13 Breakdown of International Air Cargo by Commodity, CSIA 31

1.14 Study Area 44

Chapter 2

2.1 Map showing location of Rewas Mandwa & Navi Mumbai airports 2

2.2 Map showing Rewas Mandwa site on Toposheet 3

2.3 Map showing Rewas Mandwa site on Imagery 3

2.4 Map showing Navi Mumbai site on Toposheet 8

2.5 Map showing Navi Mumbai site on Imagery 8

Chapter 3

3.1 Location of Navi Mumbai Airport 2

3.2 Navi Mumbai Airport Zone 3

3.3 NMIA-Transportation Network & Linkages 5

3.4 NMIA Airport Layout Plan Long Term Phase 4

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXV

3.5 Terminal Area Plan 22

3.6 Landuse plan of Aeronautical area 29

3.7 Map showing Solid Waste Management Site at Chal 37

VOLUME III

Chapter 4

4.1 Study Area 1

4.2 Geomorphology of study area 6

4.3 Ground Slope of study area 7

4.4 Geology & Dykes 8

4.5 Drainage in the study area 12

4.6 Independent Catchment Of Gadhi River Upto Kalundri Junction 13

4.7 Catchment of Kalundri River 14

4.8 Catchment of Kasadi Taloja river 15

4.9 Catchment of Ulwe River 16

4.10 Location of Soil Monitoring Stations 18

4.11 Textural Triangle Showing The Percentage Of Sand, Silt And Clay 20

4.12 Soil map of Navi Mumbai 37

4.13 Soil Map of Navi Mumbai International Airport 38

4.14 Location of Boreholes 41

4.15 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile ) 57

4.16 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Cross Sectional Profile) 58

4.17 Location of boreholes 64

4.18 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile alongSouth Runway)

65

4.19 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile alongNorth Runway )

66

4.20 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile alongcentreline of Airport)

68

4.21 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along

Northen bank of river)

69

4.22 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along 70

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXVI

Southern bank of river)

4.23 Location of Stations for Studying Existing Water Quality Status 77

4.24 Locations of Air Monitoring Stations 122

4.25 Location of meteorological station 169

4.26 (a) Hourly Variation Of Average Wind Speed For The Month OfNovember, 2007 And October 2008

197

4.26 (b) Hourly Variation Of Average Temperature For The Month Of

November, 2007 And October 2008198

4.26 (c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month OfNovember, 2007 And October 2008

198

4.26 (d) Hourly Variation Of Average Solar Radiation For The Month OfNovember, 2007 And October 2008

199

4.27 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of December,2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

199

4.27 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of December,2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

200

4.27 (c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month of

December, 2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008200

4.27 (d) Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month ofDecember, 2007,January, 2008 And February, 2008

201

4.28 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of March,2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

201

4.28 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of March,2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

202

4.28 (c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month ofMarch, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

202

4.28 (d) Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month of March,

2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008203

4.29 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month Of June,2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

203

4.29 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month Of June,

2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

204

4.29 (c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month OfJune, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 And September, 2008

204

4.30 (a) Wind Rose For The Month Of November, 2007 205

4.30 (b) Wind Rose For The Month Of December, 2007 205

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EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXVII

4.30 (c) Wind Rose For The Month Of January, 2008 206

4.30 (d) Wind Rose For The Month Of February, 2008 206

4.30 (e) Wind Rose For The Month Of March, 2008 207

4.30 (f) Wind Rose For The Month Of April, 2008 207

4.30 (g) Wind Rose For The Month Of May, 2008 208

4.30 (h) Wind Rose For The Month Of June, 2008 208

4.30 (i) Wind Rose For The Month Of July, 2008 209

4.30 (j) Wind Rose For The Month Of August, 2008 209

4.30 (k) Wind Rose For The Month Of September, 2008 210

4.30 (l) Wind Rose For The Month Of October, 2008 210

4.31 Location of Noise quality monitoring stations 235

4.32 Locations of Monitoring Stations for Ecological Studies 262

4.33 Forest Map of Study Area 302

4.34 Location and Catchment area of the Proposed airport in Nav i Mumbai 340

4.35 Master Plan Of Water Transport System 343

4.36 Land Access Modes Of Navi Mumbai Airport - The ImportantLinkages

346

4.37 Location of Intersections 353

4.38 Belapur Intersection 354

4.39 Kalamboli Intersection 355

4.40 D.Y.Patil Intersection 356

4.41 Panvel Intersection 357

4.42 Uran Intersection 358

4.43 Taloja Intersection 359

4.44 Sanpada Intersection 360

4.45 Traffic volume forecast at Belapur Intersection 363

4.46 Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection 364

4.47 Traffic volume forecast at D. Y. Patil Intersection 365

4.48 Traffic volume forecast at Panvel Intersection 366

4.49 Traffic volume forecast at Uran Intersection 367

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4.50 Traffic volume forecast at Taloja Intersection 368

4.51 Traffic volume forecast at Sanpada Intersection 369

4.52 Settlements Falling within Airport Zone 392

4.53 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 on Imagery 400

4.54 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 401

4.55 Landcover Of Project Area 2009 404

4.56 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-1 410

4.57 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-2 411

4.58 Navi Mumbai International Airport on Approved CZMP Of NaviMumbai

412

4.59 Navi Mumbai International Airport With The Training Of Gadhi And

Diversion Of Ulwe Rivers

413

4.60 Proposed minor changes in the CZMP Of Navi Mumbai 414

VOLUME IV

Chapter 5

5.1 Identification and Evaluation and Development of Mitigation Options - 1Flow Diagram

5.2 Project timelines 3

5.3 Project Activities Influence & Impact Evaluation 14

Chapter 6

6.1 Proposed Environmental Management Cell at NMIA 5

VOLUME V

Chapter 8

8.1 Diversion of Ulwe River & Training of Gadhi River 28

8.2 Cross Sections for Proposed Training of Gadhi River 29

8.3 Cross Sections for Proposed Diversion of Ulwe River 30

8.4 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 40

8.5 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 1992 41

8.6 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 1995 42

8.7 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on Iknos imagery 43

2001

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8.8 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on imagery 2006 44

8.9 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on imagery 2009 45

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Chapter - 4

Description of Env ironment

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Chapter-4

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Introduction:

To describe the environment, the baseline environment status for the study area was

carried out by conducting a comprehensive primary and secondary data collection

programme to prepare the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report. The study

area covered by 10 km. radius around the project site as depicted in Fig.4.1.

Fig.4.1

Study Area

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Various environmental parameters such as Hydrometeorology Physiography,

drainage, Geology, in general Land and land use, Ambient Air Quality, Ambient Noise

Levels, Surface Water Quality, Soil Quality, Ecology, Underground water, Aesthetic,

Socio-economic & Culture, Village and Settlement in site specific has been carried out

to establish the baseline condition within the study areas.

The satellite imageries interpretation was also carried out and thematic maps of study

area were prepared by visual interpretation using to tone texture variation from the geo

coded images. Digital image processing technique were used to classify the land use

of the study area.

4.2 Environmental Setting

The details of environment setting of the study area i.e. 10 km. radius around the

airport site is given below in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

Geographical & Environmental Setting of Study Area

Sl.No. Item Details

1. Location Panvel Taluka, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra State.

2. Latitude 18.58.44.61 to 19.0.57.16

3. Longitude 73.02.54 to 73.05.39.61

4. General Elevation Coastal (RL 1.5 mts.), Plain (RL 3.0 mts) Hills (RL 82 mts.)

5. Survey of India TopoSheet No.

47-A/16,A/13, E/4,F/1

6. Topography Sloping towards north west

7. Soil type Marine, Murum, Rocks

8. Climatic conditions Temperature Max.36 Min.17

Rainfall 2000 mm to 2500 mm

Wind Direction South-West in monsoon & Rest of North-East, Humidity 61-86%

9. Present site land CIDCO owned and private land to be acquired for airport

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status development.

10 Nearest Highways SH54, NH4B, Aamra Marg (Running on the Boundary ofAirport site).

11. Nearest Rly. Station. Panvel 1.5 kms. on Central Rly./Konkan Rly.

Khandeshwar 1 km. suburban Rly.

12. Nearest Airport 35 Kms. North Santacruz, Mumbai.

13. Nearest Water Bodies. Panvel creek, Gadhi river, Taloja river and Ulwe river runningalong & through the boundary of the airport.

14. Nearest Hill Ulwe hill RL 82 Mts. within the site.

15. ArcheologicallyImportance place.

Elephanta at a distance of 13 Kms. West

16. Seismic zone Zone-III as per IS: 1893 (Part-I) 2002.

Source : CESE., IITMumbai.

4.3 Hydrometeorology

The climate of the region is tropical maritime with high relative humidity throughout the

year. The general climatic regime is fairly equitable since seasonal fluctuations of

temperature are not significantly large. The moderating effects of the nearby sea and

the fairly high amount of relative humidity in the atmosphere have restricted the

variability.

The seasonal variation of temperature follows closely the course of the sun. January is

invariably the coldest month and May the warmest. With the onset of monsoon in early

June the temperature decreases and remain more or less steady. Again the

temperature rises in October and falls gradually till January. The maximum day

temperature ranges in between 28C to 32C while the minimum temperature rangesin between 17C to 27 C.

The average relative humidity varies from lowest in the month of December to the

highest of 85% during July. The humidity is relatively higher in the morning hours than

in the evening hours. The daily humidity values do not show any significant or sudden

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changes. The relatively high humidity has a considerable impact on the atmosphere in

reducing its variability. The relative humidity remains between 44% to 76%

throughout the year.

The monsoon generally sets in around the second week of June and continues till late

September. July and August are the wettest months all over the region. Maximum

rainfall is recorded mostly in the month of July. During winter and the post monsoon

season skies are generally clear. In pre-monsoon season light clouds are observed in

the evenings with clear mornings. During the monsoon both morning and the evening

skies are overcast.

The study area fall in the High Rainfall Zone of Konkan. It receives rainfall between

June to September i.e. monsoon period. Some amount of rainfall is also received

during non-monsoon period. In the study area, rainfall is measured at 3 taluka stations.

i.e. (a) Panvel, (b) Uran & (c) Thane

a) Panvel Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 up

to 2009. The IMD normal rainfall is 2741 mm. The 21 year data reveals that for

12 years, the rainfall received is above normal by 0.44 % to 50.89 %. For 9

years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 2.30 % to 33.27%.

b) Uran Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 to 2009.

The IMD normal rainfall is 2072 mm. The 21 years data reveals that for 12 years

the rainfall received is above normal by 7.58 % to 70.08 %. For 9 years

the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 0.14 % to 56.18 %.

c) Thane Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 to 2009.

The IMD normal rainfall is 2446 mm. The 21 years data reveals that in 11years the rainfall received is above normal by 1.84 % to 63.08 %. For 10

years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 1.02 % to 36.92 %.

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4.4 Physiography:

Broadly the Konkan is divided into 2 main divisions (i) Coastal region (ii) Inland division

or Sahyadri Range. The study area falls in coastal region. It is adjoining the Panvelcreek. It has plain area as well as rugged & uneven topography. The main Sahyadrian

scarp form the Eastern horizon. These ranges send westwards several transverse

subsidiary hills many of which with varying heights almost reach the coastline to form

headlands. It is important to know that the mountains in the Deccan Trap or peninsula

are mostly of the relict type i.e. they are not mountains in the true sense of the term but

are mere outstanding portions of the old plateau that have escaped, for one reason or

another. The weathering phenomenon has cut out all the surrounding parts of the land

and they are huge blocks or tors of the old plateau More prominent elevation is in theSouthern portion about 20 km distance of the study area i.e. Karnala 475m high.

Fig. 4.2 indicates geomorphology of the study area and the same could be classified

into Plateau region, structural hill, denudational hills and coastal features and water

bodies.

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Fig 4.2

Geomorphology of study area

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General natural ground slope of the region calculated from the 20 mt. contour lines

shown in Fig 4.3 : Slope of study area is indicated in terms of percentage slope of

categories starting from 0 1%, 1 3%, 3 5%, 5 10%, 10 15%, 15 - 35% and

35 50%.

Fig 4.3

Ground Slope of study area

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4.5 Geology

The geological formations of the entire study area consist of dark coloured volcanic lava

flows, basaltic in composition and is intruded by large no. of dykes. Fig-4.4 shows

Geology & Dykes of the study area and the same are further described into basaltic

rock, dyke, panvel flexure below:

Fig-4.4Geology & Dykes

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(i) Basaltic rocks: The lava flows were poured out of long and narrow fissures in the

earths crust, during the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene period approximately, 80 to

100 million years ago. These are spread out in the form of horizontal sheets or beds

and constitute the innumerable spurs, hills and hill ranges, bold flat topped ridged, lofty

peaks and plateaus with impressive cliffs. These hill ranges and plateaus form a part of

Western Ghats. In the plains and valleys the lava flow occurs below a thin blanket of

soil of variable thickness. A characteristic feature of these flows is their horizontal

disposition and considerable lateral extent with almost incredible uniformity in their

composition and appearance.

These lava flows are also termed as plateau basalts, because of their dominantly

basaltic composition and the tendency to form flat topped plateau. Since these basaltic

lava flows cover an extensive region in the Deccan and frequently present step like

appearances to the hills and ridges they are commonly termed as Deccan Traps - the

word trap in Swedish meaning stairs or steps.

The traps attain a thickness of nearly 760m in the East

of study area i.e. around Matheran plateau. The

individual flows vary greatly in thickness from a few

meters to as much as 75 m or even more. In a single hill,

a number of flows sometimes as many as 10 to 20 could

be seen resting horizontally one above the other.

Vertical, inclined, prismatic and columnar jointing are

commonly found in the hard and compact basalts. These

rocks wither by exfoliation into massive spheroidal

boulders which are usually seen on hill slopes and foot

hills.

F6

F5

F4

F3F2

Petrologically the lava flows in the study area are extraordinary uniform in their

composition and texture, corresponding to a dolerite or basalt with an average specific

gravity of 2.9. These basalts are composed of abundant labrodorite, feldspar, enstatite,

augite and interstitial glass. Magnetite is the most common accessory mineral though

at times a fair amount of Olivine is also present.

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The basalts are usually dark gray and bluish gray in colour and are hard, compact and

tough. The texture is fine to medium grained.

A single lava flow can be divided into mainly

two parts, the lower part is called massive

basalt while the upper part through which

gases come out during cooling is called

vesicular basalt. Sometimes these vesicles

are filled with secondary minerals like calcite,

zeolites and variety of secondary quartz like

agate, jasper, chalcedony etc.

ii) Dyke: A large number of dykes intrude the lava flows. These dykes trend N15oE

S15oW, NE SW, N85oE and S85oW and NE-SW. The dykes are more abundant in

Panvel area. Majority of the dykes range in width from 2m to 4m. Branching and

multiple injections are also noticed in few dykes in the area South East of Panvel.

The contact between the dykes and the host basalt flow are invariably sharp.

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iii) Panvel Flexure : Panvel Flexure has been noted for more than a century

(Bladford 1867, Wynne 1886). These workers have described the flexure as a simple

monoclinal fold (bending) of the lava flows. Some workers have linked the origin of

the flexure to the west-coast rifting, subsidence and uplift of Western Ghats. The

flexure is north-south and extends from Gujrat to Murud Jangira. Many have doubted

the very nature of this Panvel structure as a flexure. Many theories are put up but

they are still inadequate.

4.6 Drainage :

The Sahyadrian scarp is the birth place of all westerly flowing rivers. 5 main rivers

drain through the study area. Taloja river and Kasadi river in the North, Kalundri and

Gadhi river in the East and Ulwe river in the South. Taloja river and Kasadi river joins

together to form Panvel Creek. Gadhi and Kalundri rivers joins together and meet the

Panvel Creek at village Waghvali. Garada nala and other streams form Ulwe river

which joins Panvel Creek in the South near village Dungi. (Fig-4.5 : Drainage in the

study area.)

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4.6.1 Gadhi river

Fig-4.5 Drainage in the study area

Gadhi is the main river of Panvel creek originating on western side of Parsik hill

ranges at an altitude of 400 m. It joins the river Morbe, a major tributary at

about 12 km from origin. At about 8 km downstream from this location the river

flows South of Panvel city and another tributary Kalundri joins from South-East

about 0.5 km downstream of NH4 (National Highway 4) road bridge on the

river. After this, the river takes right angle turn and flows from west of Panvel

town till it joins Kasadi-Taloja near Vaghiwali island. The independent

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catchment of Gadhi river upto Kalundri junction shown in Fig.4.6 is about 123

sq.km. Between Kalundri confluence and Vaghiwali island, an additional

catchment of about 30 sq.km exists. The Panvel town is situated on the right

bank of Gadhi in the reach between Expressway bridge and NH4B. Tidal effect

reaches some distance upstream of NH4 bridge on Gadhi, Kalundri, Kasadi

and Taloja river.

Fig.4.6 Independent Catchment Of Gadhi River Upto Kalundri Junction

4.6.2 Kalundri River

This is one of the major tributaries of Gadhi. The total independent catchment

area upto Gadhi junction is about 95 sq.km. Most of the catchment is

underdeveloped at present. Kalundri joins Gadhi about 0.5 km downstream of

NH4 bridge on Gadhi. Fig. 4.7 shows independent catchment of Kalundri river.

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Fig. 4.7 Catchment of Kalundri River

4.6.3 Kasadi- Taloja river

Kasadi is the main river in this valley originating at an altitude of 600 m. It flows

for a distance of 18 km till it joins Taloja river, the main tributary. The

independent catchment area of Kasadi and Taloja basin upto confluence is 60

sq.km and 80 sq.km respectively. About 4 km further downstream, another

tributary Taloja Minor joins. Immediately downstream, the Gadhi river from

adjacent valley joins from left and then Kasadi joins the Panvel creek about 4

km downstream. The tidal effect reaches some distance upstream of Kasadi

Taloja confluence.

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Fig. 4.8 Catchment of Kasadi Taloja river

4.6.4 Ulwe River

Ulwe river has a very small catchment of about 35-sq. km to the South of

Vaghiwali island. Ulwe river joins Panvel creek channel on South of Vaghiwali

island.

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Fig. 4.9 Catchment of Ulwe River

4.7 Land Environment

Soil quality is the capacity of the soil to function within the ecosystem boundaries to

sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and

animal health. Soil is a vital natural resource, whose quality is inextricably linked to the

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human quality of life. Processes that affect the soil resource base impact the quality of

life, either directly by affecting food and fibre production or indirectly by affecting other

natural resources such as air, water and wildlife. Ten soil quality monitoring stations

were selected in the project area and the location of soil quality monitoring stations is

given in Table 4.2. Locations were selected so as to represent one sample from each

village in the project area. Locations of soil quality monitoring stations are given in

Figure 4.10.

TABLE 4.2

SOIL QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA

Station Code Sampling Location

S1 Targhar

S2 Koppar

S3 Kombad bhuge

S4 Koli

S5 Vaghvli

S6 Ganeshpuri

S7 Ulve

S8 Pargaon

S9 Vaghelivada

S10 Chinchpada

The samples collected from all locations were analyzed for parameters viz. pH,

electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, texture, sodium, calcium,

magnesium, potassium, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability, water holding capacity

and porosity and the results are given in Table 4.7, 4.8 & 4.9.

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4.6.1 pH

Figure 4.10

Location of Soil Monitoring Stations

S 6

S 3S 5

S 1S 10

S 7 S 4 S 2

S 9 S 8

pH is an important soil quality parameter as it can directly affect nutrient

availability and plant growth. The pH range normally found in the soil varies

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TABLE 4.3 USDA SOIL TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Type of soil separate Diameter limits (mm)

Sand 2.0 0.05

Silt 0.05 0.002

Clay

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Soil samples collected from all stations were analyzed for particle size

distribution and the results are given in Table 4.10 ,4.11, 4.12. The clay, silt

and sand content of the soil in the project area ranges from 3.6-53.6 %, 9.2-55

% and 17.8-79.1 % respectively reflecting a wide range of variations in their

particle size distribution. The texture of all the soil samples was dominated by

Loam. Hence, the soil at project area is loamy soil. The texture of all the soil

samples in the project area was varied from loam, sandy loam, clay loam,

sandy clay loam, loamy sand, silt loam to clay. A soil dominated by one or two

of the three particle size groups behaves like loam. Loam is soil composed of

sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20%

concentration respectively). Loamy soil is the moderately fine textured soil and

it holds more moisture as well as fertilizer, organic matter and plant nutrition,

which can be beneficial to plant growth. Loamy soil further classified based on

the different proportions of sand, silt and clay as sandy loam, silty loam, clay

loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and loam. Loamy soils are more fertile

than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and tenacious like clay soils. Its porosity

allows high moisture retention and air circulation.

4.7.2 Electrical conductivity (EC) and SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio)

Electrical conductivity or EC is a measure of the total salinity in the soil. Soil

salinity refers to the concentration of soluble inorganic salts in the soil. Soil

salinity affects plants directly through the reduced osmotic potential of the soil

solution and the toxicity of specific ions such as boron, chloride, and sodium.

High salt concentrations in the soil can cause salt induced drought stress,

which will in turn prevent water and nutrient uptake by roots. High salinity levels

inhibit seed germination and plant growth. Different plants have different salt

tolerance levels. These values are most often given as mS/cm or dS/m. Salinity

is important property since it reflects the extent to which the soil is suitable for

growing crops. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils were in the range of 0.65

to 1.49, 0.35 to 1.67, and 0.02 to 0.06 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

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monsoon season. Soil salinity effects are mostly negligible in the range of 0 to

2 mS/cm. Hence soil is well suited for agriculture purpose with respect to EC.

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which reflects the degree to which the

exchange sites in the soil are occupied by sodium. SAR is widely accepted

index for characterizing soil solution with respect to its likely influence on the

exchangeable sodium percentage and gives information on the comparative

concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in soil solutions. SAR is the ratio of the

sodium ion concentration to the square root of the average concentration of the

divalent calcium and magnesium ions and it is calculated using the equation

given below.

SAR = Na

(Ca Mg ) 2

A high SAR, particularly at low concentration of the soil solution, causes high

ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) and is likely to cause a decrease of

soil permeability.

Table 4.4

Classification Based On Sodium Adsorption Ratio And Electrical Conductivity

Electrical Conductivity(EC)

(mS/cm or dS/m)

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

(SAR)Soil Classification

13 Saline-sodic

Sodium Adsorption Ratio of the soils collected from all stations was found to be

in range 2.1 to 54.1, 3.6 to 27.5 and 1.7 to 20.5 during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season respectively. SAR values of all soils samples

are below 13 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season except

soil from Vaghvli and Vaghelivada. The soil samples collected at Vaghvli

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showed highest SAR value (54.1). Soil at Vaghvli is sodic soil. Soil at

Vaghelivada was observed to be sodic only during post monsoon season

whereas during pre monsoon and monsoon season it was observed to be non

saline. Sodic soils limit plant growth via poor water infiltration, increased

mechanical resistance to root growth and poor water availability in the soil

profile. Sodic soils are also more prone to erosion, increasing the risk of topsoil

loss and therefore the inevitable decline in soil fertility. Such sodic soil may

require the addition of gypsum (calcium sulfate) or other amendments (such as

elemental sulfur and/or organic matter) at high rates to displace sodium and

improve water infiltration. Electrical conductivity of soils collected from

remaining 8 stations were

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The cation exchange phenomenon affects the movements and retention of ions

in the soil, which can be important in environmental processes involving the

transport of pollutants. The cation exchange capacity of the soils was in the

range of 0.70 -2.87 mEq/100gm, 0.70- 6.41 mEq/100gm and 0.56-2.38

mEq/100 gm during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. The soils at all locations in the project area were ranged from

Course Textures sand to Medium Textures silt because CEC values were

found in the range of 0.56-6.41 mEq/100gm. Hence, the soil in the project area

is fertile because of richness in plant nutrients based CEC values.

TABLE 4.5

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BASED ON CEC VALUES

Soil Texture Acceptable Range of CEC (mEq/100gm)

Course Textures sand 1 - 5

Medium Textures silt 5-20

Fine Textures clay 20-30 or >30

4.7.4 Permeability

Permeability is a measure of the rate at which water can flow through the soil.

Permeability is influenced by the size, shape, and continuity of the pore spaces,

which in turn are dependent on the soil bulk density, structure and texture. The

infiltration rates of medium and fine textured soils such as loams, silts, and

clays are lower than those of coarse textured soils and more dependant on the

stability of the soil aggregates. The soil with low permeability is the lEast

sensitive to ground water contamination. Fine-textured clayey soils have very

tiny pores and very slow permeability rates. Soils with low permeability rate, low

leaching potential and a high adsorption potential can retain pesticide, fertilizers

as well as other pollutants and minimize the risk of ground water contamination.

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The various classes of soil permeability are given in Table 4.6. The

permeability of all soil samples was in the range of 0.8 x10-4 to 2.8 x10-4, 1.1

x10-4 to 2.2 x10-4 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Hence soil in project area has moderately low permeability. The

loamy soil contains relatively even concentration of clay, sand and silt, however

clay particles with their small size, high surface areas, and high physical and

chemical activities, exert a greater influence on soil properties compared to

sand or silt. The soil in project area is loamy and the physical properties of soil

are greatly influenced by the clay content hence, the soil in the project area has

moderately low permeability. Soil with moderately low permeability favors

waterlogging hence it is not suitable for cultivation of all types of crops.

Table 4.6

Classification Of Soil Based On Permeability

Classification Permeability Range in cm/sec

Very low < 4.2x10 -5Low 4.2x10 -5 - 1.41 x10 -4Moderately low 1.41x10 -4 - 4.23 x10 -4

Moderate 4.23 x10-4

- 1.41 x10-3

Moderately high 1.41 x10 -3 - 4.23x10 -3High 4.23x10 -3 - 1.41 x10 -2Very high >1.41 x10 -2

4.7.5 Porosity

Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material. Porosity of surface soils

decreases as particle size increases. Fine textured soils have small pore sizes

and larger total porosity. Thus, because of pore size and total porosity

differences, coarse-textured soils (like sands) allow water to infiltrate at greaterrates but have less space to store water compared with finer textured soils

(loams, silt loams etc.). Sandy soils have large pores due to large individual

particle size but smaller porosity. Clay soil has very high porosities. This is due

to soil aggregate formation in finer textured surface soils when subject to soil

biological processes. Typical bulk density of sandy soil is between 1.5 and 1.7

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Table 4.7

Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area

During Post Monsoon Season

Stations

Paramet

ers

(Range)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

pH 6.9 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0

ElectricalconductivitymS/cmor dS/m

1.09 1.49 0.73 0.65 1.63 0.95 1.21 1.05 0.85 0.96

CationExchangeCapacity,mEq/100gm

2.14 2.87 1.65 1.14 6.41 2.26 1.25 1.56 0.91 0.70

Texture

Sand

yloam

Clay

loam Loam

Sandy

loam Clay

Sandy

clayloam Clay Clay Clay

Clay

loam

Sodium,(mg/g)

70.5 115 52 20 836 124 40 46 26 18

Calcium,(mg/g)

157 214 135 98 257 165 120 165 98 87

Magnesium,(mg/g)

120 145 87 65 154 98 54 63 35 21

Potassium,(mg/g)

25 41 12 11 87 35 12 9 8 5

SodiumAdsorption Ratio

8.2 9.2 6.2 5.6 24.5 11.5 8.5 5.2 54.1 2.1

Permeability(cm/sec)

2.2x

10 -41.2x

-4100.8x

-4101.4 x

-410

2.1 x

10 -41.9 x

-4101.4 x

10 -4

0.9x-410

2.8x10 -4

1.3 x

10 -4

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Waterholdingcapacity%

50.1 36.8 33.3 51.0 40.0 48.5 70.0 49.9 60.1 53

Porosity%

54 43 51 45 39 42 46 51 33 48

(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombad bhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve;

S8-Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)

Table 4.8

Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area


StationsParameters(Range)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9S10

pH 7.4 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.8 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2

ElectricalconductivitymS/cm ordS/m

0.84 0.92 0.69 0.87 1.07 1.67 1.25 0.67 0.350.43


2.14 2.87 1.65 1.14 6.41 2.26 1.25 1.56 0.910.70

Texture ClayClayloam

Clayloam

Clayloam

Sandyloam

Sandyloam

Sandyclayloam

Sandyclayloam

Clayloam

Siltloam

Sodium,(mg/g)

23 92 92 36 266 32 104 41 98 32

Calcium,(mg/g)

37 122 168 80 97 37 174 101 80 83

Magnesium,(mg/g)

26 82 70 74 90 82 77 71 50 69

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Potassium,(mg/g)

23 40 80 9 96 23 109 37 46 11

Sodium

AdsorptionRatio 4.2 9.1 8.4 4.1 27.5 3.5 9.3 4.4 12.2 3.6


1.9 x10 -4

1.2 x10 -4

1.1x10 -4

1.2 x10 -4

1.6 x10 -4

2.2 x10 -4

1.6 x10 -4

1.3x10 -4

1.9x10 -4

1.5x

10-4

Waterholdingcapacity %

49.6 42.6 63.4 42.4 64.4 39.2 66.6 28.4 45.935.8

Porosity % 46 38 55 49 32 33 39 56 43 51

(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombad bhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve;S8-Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)

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Table 4.9

Values of Different Soil Quality Parameters at Various Stations ofThe Project Area during Monsoon Season

StationsParameters(Range)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

pH 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.1 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9

ElectricalconductivitymS/cm or dS/m

0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03


0.56 1.48 0.93 1.36 2.38 1.06 0.64 1.27 1.38 1.45

TextureSandyloam

Siltloam

loamSilt

loamloam

Sandyclayloam

Sandyloam

LoamSandyloam

Loam

Sodium, (mg/g) 9.8 41.3 13.3 35.1 203 35.8 12.8 32.4 36.4 43.1Calcium, (mg/g) 27.0 110 55.9 94.0 87.6 86.0 38.4 93.6 105 110

Magnesium,(mg/g)

41.2 87.7 62.2 87.2 110 51.1 45.4 73.9 76.5 82.1

Potassium,(mg/g)

18.5 9.8 31.4 8.5 62.3 21.9 6.6 20.4 29.2 14.7

SodiumAdsorption Ratio

1.7 4.2 1.8 3.7 20.5 4.4 2.0 3.5 3.8 4.4


1.12x10

-4

6.18x 10-5

7.86x 10-5

1.01 x10

-4

3.17x 10-5

3.7 x-5

106.79x10

-5

1.42 x-4

103.6 x

-5 10

2.14 x10

-4

Water holdingcapacity %

49.1 54.4 42.4 46.4 41.6 44.7 36.8 47.8 34.8 18.0

Porosity % 54 45 47 50 47 46 43 47 38 36

(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombadbhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve;

S8- Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)

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Table 4.10

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In

The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Sr.No.

Sampling Location Composition Particle SizeDistribution (%)

Texture

1. Targhar

Sand 64.1

Sandy loamSilt 16.8

Clay 9.6

2. Koppar

Sand 39.9

Clay loamSilt 25.5

Clay 31.4

3. Kombad Bhuge

Sand 37.1

LoamSilt 35.0

Clay 24.4

4. Koli

Sand 74.6Sandy loam

Silt 9.2

Clay 11.6

5. Vaghvli

Sand 29.9

ClaySilt 19.9

Clay 41.2

6. Ganeshpuri

Sand 54.6

Sandy clayloamSilt 16.1

Clay 27.7

7. Ulve

Sand 21.0

ClaySilt 27.5

Clay 50.5

8. Pargaon Sand 21.1 Clay

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Silt 31.2

Clay 45.7

9. Vaghelivada

Sand 17.8

ClaySilt 27.8

Clay 53.6

10. Chinchpada

Sand 34.6

Clay loamSilt 35.9

Clay 26.2

Table 4.11

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In


Sr.

No.Sampling Location Composition

Particle Size

Distribution (%)Texture

1 Targhar

Sand 24.7

ClaySilt 27.7

Clay 46.6

2 Koppar

Sand 28.6

Clay loamSilt 41.4

Clay 29.9

3 Kombad Bhuge

Sand 40

Clay loamSilt 21.4

Clay 38.5

4 Koli

Sand 63.1

Clay loamSilt 25.8

Clay 11.0

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5 Vaghvli

Sand 79.1Sandy loam

Silt 10.8

Clay 10.0

6 Ganeshpuri

Sand 74.5

Sandy loamSilt 13.9

Clay 11.5

7 Ulve

Sand 70.9

Sandy clay

loamSilt 9.3

Clay 3.6

8 Paragon

Sand 50.5

Sandy clayloam

Silt 22.8

Clay 21.1

9 Vaghelivada

Sand 39.6

Clay loamSilt 20.1

Clay 38.9

10 Chinchpada

Sand 21.9

Silt loamSilt 55.0

Clay 23.0

Table 4.12

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area

During Monsoon Season

Sr.

No.Sampling Location Composition

Particle Size

Distribution (%)Texture

1 Targhar Sand 53.1 Sandy loam

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Clay 9.2

10 Chinchpada

Sand 36.5

LoamSilt 41.7

Clay 20.7

Loamy soils are more fertile than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and

tenacious like clay soils. Its porosity allows high moisture retention and air

circulation.

4.7.7 Total Soil Quality

The soils at all ten soil monitoring stations in the project area were non-

saline except Vaghvli and Vaghelivada locations where soil was sodic.

Sodic soils limit plant growth because of poor water infiltration, increased

mechanical resistance to root growth and poor water availability in the

root zone. Sodic soils are more prone to erosion which results in the

removal of topsoil and hence soils of Vaghvli and Vaghelivada locations

are not suitable for agriculture purpose. Tidal water enters in to agriculture

fields of Vaghvli and Vaghelivada during highest high tide and submerges

these areas because of nearness to creek. Creek water stands on the soil

surface during highest high tide and subsequent evaporation of saline

water during non flooding period leaves soluble salt on the soil surface

and hence observes more SAR in such soils. The soil at Vaghvli showed

high concentration of sodium throughout all the seasons. High sodium

content can interfere with normal plant growth. Apart from being phyto-

toxic to roots it can destroy soil structure by causing flocculation or

dispersal of soil aggregates into a blocky mass with limited porosity,

thereby limiting water movement and restricting root growth. Soil in the

project area is loamy and rich in minerals with moderately low

permeability and high porosity. The porosity allows high moisture

retention and better air circulation/gas diffusion. These fine textured soils

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with high humus content were able to retain moisture and nutrients. Low

permeability favors water logging which is not suitable for all types of

crops. Loamy soils are easier to till than clay soil.

4.7.8 Sub-Soil Characteristics of Airport Area

The soil characteristics of airport area is studied in three stages i.e. in

terms of available data in the form of pedological survey, soil investigation

carried out during Techno-Economic Feasibility (TEF) and Detail Project

Report (DPR) stage. The following describes the details of soil

investigation for the above three stages.

4.7.9 Pedological Suvey:

A broad based pedological survey of the whole Navi Mumbai area was

carried out in 1973 by IIT., Bombay. It revealed that broadly two types of

soil groups are found in Navi Mumbai, viz. Residual soils and Marine clay

series (R and M-series respectively). The surrounding soil characteristics

of the airport area as per the Soil maps (Fig.4.12 & 4.13) reveal various

types of soils and they are enumerated in Table 4.13 according to their

depth-wise occurrence.

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Fig 4.12

Soil map of Navi

Mumbai

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Fig. 4.13Soil Map of Navi Mumbai International Airport

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4.7.10 Sub-Soil Investigation during TEF Stage:

In order to understand the sub-soil behavior and assess the soil

properties Sub-soil investigation work has been carried out in the field as

well as in the laboratory. Details of the bore logs are enclosed as

Annexure 1 in Chapter-9 Additional Studies, separately.The

exploratory program was restricted to drilling borehole upto the firm

strata, observing in field, conducting field tests and collecting samples

and testing the same in laboratory.

i) Field Operations

The field activity is divided into three phases viz. (a) drilling boreholes (b)

field-testing and (c) sampling. The field activity is concentrated mainly in

the area where most of the critical airport activitie

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