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What is the origin of usable grammar skills? EHARA Yoshiaki 1. automatized 24 25 (a) 2 (b) 2. 2.1 Norris and Ortega (2000) (Krashen, 1985; VanPatten, 1996)(Schmidt, 1990) (Long, 1983) (Swain, 1998; Muranoi, 2007) , 2000 , 2009; , 2011 2.2 Rubin (1975) Griffiths (2008)

EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

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Page 1: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

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What is the origin of usable grammar skills?

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Last Wednesday we (.) all had a chance to go to the Intercontinental (2.0) um... (2.0) to receive

a lecture (.) in the first session (1.0) where we learned about how to make a good first

impression, er for example we practiced (1.0) um...the best way to smile to bow and to stand

up straight. (5.0) Then (.) er we went to a different room (.) this time to have lunch (.) and also

to receive a lecture, but (.) to receive this lecture over er lunch (.) which was a (.) er...French

um... (0.5) full-course meal. (1.0) ...

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S1:

Last Wednesday (0.5) uh we went to the Intercontinental Hotel (.)at Minatomirai area(.) And

then first we (0.5) uh (0.5) got some lectures (.) about manner (0.5) adults' manner? (.) And we

practiced (.)like smiling or bowing or something like that(.) Then that's (0.5) I felt like whatever

(.)about that part(.) And after that we went to the (.)another (.) room(.) and then we had great

lunch (.) which is French course (.) and (.) we (.)ate uh (.) like appetizers soup (.) fish meat and

then dessert...

S1×�J=?j��¤h¥�"�C�e�Áï�~�4VW�����l�jk©*6e

Êë=`}£yÅ (fillers) Á :{��ù| (discourse markers) �ÈÏ'SW�LÉ:{��

ù|�And then, And after that �T e���J=abcdFñe!�Ù�hÙjk{h6b

�ù��äÌÝLLË��gvÕme�gvC�UC�Éêv=}ÔÏS��n~ which e

���J=Ê)SL~�4�(Y�'Ê)e�¾Q���LC�UC�'=abcdFñe

ôv:S�»¼'¸¹C����LUC'f�×�LÉüY�cÌ�`=����|ýe the

�Óg��L'=̄ YJªÜ)��¬¾ÓgvC��vÉ̀ }£yÅe·R something like that,

like… �T����L general extenders (­���Æ�¨Ýòo)�QÏÁ=���êë���

KL�e��~Á�n~�T�ª«��òo¬(÷z±�l«)�QÏæ?�W�LÉ

S2:

I went to Intercontinental Hotel (.) eh at Sakuragicho, and (.) and we learned about how to (.) eat

formally, beautifully, (0.5)and (.) we ate French. It was delicious but (.) it's too mm... elegance.

((laugh)) We have to eat sil- silently, and so (0.5) it- little uncomfortable for me.

S2×��­�eJ=m�uë��X���l¾�ÝUCe����L}�'SW�=y�

ÑFGæ��Éeat formally (eat in a formal setting �Ù,) e���J�Ѿc��ûl�ø±

@�"�òo�%�vC����vÉtoo elegance ( = too luxurious) J=<~J=·'Ù,�

�RLWó��M§vÝlº�Ï���LÉlittle uncomfortable e���J=���n¿¾�

â�6�h �6'�H��L�'ù�eJ���vC�UC�ɸ¯¨�ûlÁ:çè¾

m�uë��X��òoÝLUCeQ�����L}�'XRLÉ

S3:

Last Wednesday (.) we went to (.) Intercontinental Hotel, and eh (4.0) was taught about (0.5)

manners (2.0) in communications and (.) er eating. Uh, (4.0) I think communication's part was

interesting. Uh...(3.0) they (1.0) taught me (1.5) taught us about (1.0) how to (3.0) bow and (1.0)

how to speak, how to communicate with the person (3.0)and how to stand (4.0) that kind of

things. ����

Page 9: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

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S3&J=G�`¾:�ø±¼���L��%:�H��L Ca��LI��y�ÑFG

'î)����LÉG�ñëe=W�c�'Q�����ç: (was taught about) Á�: (I

think...)�Q���LÉ�gm�QÏJfGW)ªm��v¬C�·�¯l'��Hvæ�C

a��LÉS3&J=jk����¾ªWe ¾n��>�vVW�î�)�gmeHv¬C�

UC�'=GU¾ and we learned about… CG�@ë�RL�JoHV�vÊ·�É

S4:

I went to Intercontinental Hotel and er (.) a woman who (1.0) is in charge of (.) training new

members (.) taught us manners of (.)serving (.)customer. And how (.) to (9.0) polite expression

and how to (.) mm (16.0) ...

S4×�æ=�:�ø±¼��VW�Ýd®'ìLÉÎ.��û¾�lH��vUCæ\ê

���`¾��FG'î)�ë=Ç�VW�çVg�­�FG�q�VWJ�� '²äe

��vÉHVH=�nñý~ who Áabcd¾c��òo in charge of b�¤ÏÝL�T=

cÌHvòo�¤ÏHÊ·C�VH��LÉ�nñý~e���J=ªê" a woman Cy�

�f��=ìC¾À]Hvî'�¬C@ k6H��LÉpolite expression ... �I�� 9ä�

y�ѾJ=�@�¥~��H��vCa��L'=�MJ¥~�Î��ÕUH�8e��

K��LÉ�u§�ÚÛ�Ixe|¶�h6eË��HvÕJ=SR (84.4)=MLR (3.2)=Mean

Length of Pauses (1.7)=Total Pause Length (17 ) C��e���FG'�RHvUC�S�æ=

�leÊL��'�u§��h6e�Ve��H��vV'Î�¾ÆLÉ

?j��¤h¥�"���üY�cÌ��­�����10Å�1Å C6�kh!©6�

MNe¸�Æ=�l��Ýæ¾)¦×e�ÇÝLCa��Lä[��ÔHv­���óeÝ

Lä[ C)¦×� 6ÝLCa��Lä[�y�Ñ'î)�Lä[ e�����vCU

­=8�Ê·�Y§'HV�æ'�v�òü É

òüz RÊ^_�h6e¡gL)¦×� !� 6ä[

)¦×e�ÇÝLCa��Lä[ )¦×�¢Ke�LCa��Lä[

têë:« (�êë¾ù�×�væ�)

:{��ù|(And then�T)

«��òo (�n~=��~=,µ~...)

`}£òo (Um...�T)

lº�ý~=¥~=Cé~... �Î�

:Sæ�F��FÒ=£~=ñý~...

��¤�(G��¾��:ø±¼�)

­��é�©�gk�

)¦×e�ÇÝLCa��Lä[e����d®CH�J=

?j��¤h¥�"��­�eJªtêë:«¬Ca��L8Ø�Ñ'ÈÏ×��

�L'=üY�¶·��­�eJG��To�����É

:{��ù|��jfk�Ê)Q·UC¾=­��!Ñ«'ôv�L¦§'ìLÊ

·eS�gW�LÉ ����

Page 10: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

1ý%�?"«�cd�%c��

?j��¤h¥�"�J=§¨ÏS� to ,µ~=¥~«ÁCé~«�¦Æ�ÝL

��~«=�n~�}ÔÏS�T�Q�w^�£§±eÓ·H��LÉ

Um... Á Uh... =something like that (things like that) �T�òoJ=:{��ù|C

|}=üY�cÌ��­��!Ñ«�)ëe#$H��LÉ

�T�s'JKW�=)¦×� 6ÝLä[e����d®CH�J=

lº�Î�Á=:Sæ�qrJüYCæìL'=ì�ê�¾æCëìR"­�ÝL

¨©'ìLCy�ÑFG'�)�ª5ÉS1 ×�� got some lectures (= received a

lecture)=S2×��=elegance (= luxurious)�T'G�?¾ìLÉ

p�v�:¾�G·CÝLÙ¼'«Ý£LC=y�ÑFG'î)�LÉ

­��é�©�gk�eVVLFGJ=XY¨��é��ÝUCe����LV¬

VC�·�lóVå��ä3æ�����LÉ

�T�óg'SW�vÉ

üY�cÌ�'Î.eÊLe��*ijk�J¶�v 2010à 10ÅC 2011à 1Å�RÊ^

_�h6�­�0k©|�Ö�LC=8�Ê·�d®'SW�vÉ

4YCæe=lº�Î�'[[Ca��L���FG'�RHvÉ

S1=S4×��têë:«�QÏ'­RvÉ()¦×��Þ�®ææüY�`¾J8=

�x¾ì�vÉ)

(?) I haven’t decided what to do today. (S1)

*I have no plan. (S1) (o I have no plans.)

There was nothing special. (S4)

...earned more money than usual (S4)

I was really frustrated (S4)

S2 ×�=S3 &e���J=¥~�FÒeF�vë�:�G�`¾ø±¼�vëH

vUC'[[Ca��L��'ûG�ÒH�SW�vÉ

(?) We feel (.) we felt happy (.) because... (S2)

she drink (.) she drunk a lots beer. So finally (.) she drunken. (S2)

Uh...(3.0) they (1.0) taught me (1.5) taught us about (1.0) how to (3.0) bow and

(1.0) how to speak (S3)

the hero is was eh Tom Cruise. (S3)

1 Å��h6JG�â���L6¥*6¾RÊ^_����vv�û®�Ö×J¾Æ��

'=üY�RÊ^_�h6efgL)¦×e���J�¯�ò½fÊ�°8eSW�LÊ·

e®æ�±H'SW�vÉ

����

Page 11: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

1ý%�?"«�cd�%c��

°8 RÊ^_�h6 efgL)¦×�Speech Rate �²Û

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L����gvUCeÊLæ�æ�Æ�C'RW�L)Étêë:«CH�?&Hv�¶��

:�[\ (I haven’t decided... �T) e7§ÝLC=û�Lj��:«¾J�)·Ï$�a

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SR (syllables/min.)

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1. FÒ

��lC��ee�����vÆÇ��x¾

This is my first encounter with English.

oz This was my first encounter with English.z z z

Ä Ä ����

Page 14: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

1ý%�?"«�cd�%c��

2. £~

Before entering a junior high school, I didn’t do anything special

in order to learn English.

o Before entering junior high school, I didn’t do anything special

in order to learn English.

(7) |¶�%:`=I have been teaching English at a high school

for many, many years. � “a”J���HÉ

Ä Ä

3. ��(1) z Now I am a fan of the Dragons.

o Now I am a Dragons fan. Î Ä

4. ��(2)

About three years ago, a fellow teacher asked me to join in a

“tour” of going to a baseball game.

oz About three years ago, a fellow teacher asked me to join a tour

group going to see a baseball game.

Î Ä

5. û2�

z Because of the accident, we are facing power shortage.

o Because of the accident, we are facing power shortages. (or

Because of the accident, we are facing a power shortage.)

Ï Ä

6. ʵS

�ÚM'ôõöÆe��vC��vW÷VW�ÝøJù)�­·

If my old friends hear this, they will be surprised.

o If my old friends heard this, they would be surprised.

o When my old friends hear this, they will be surprised.

oz Äm�ú�:

Ï Ä

G�â��Y§e����ÄmVW�@ k6CÇ�VWÄmefíëHvó·�u

v=G�x�fû��w^-��ÆäJ8�Òë¾ìLÉ

ü1. FÒý

z Äm�Ú�MN¾J=ª�e�v�'qr�UC��¾qre�L¬UCJõ�H��

v'=ÆÇ��x¾å�c�� This is my first encounter... C�·8Ø�Ñ'Gea�H

V�G�êêQ�vC�UC¾ì�vÉU��@JqrC'�@¾ìLs��?HvÉ

ü2. £~ý

ªgo to school C|¶)=enter high school ¾Ý2¬C�· AmVW�uve����?

HvÉve=enter junior high school Cy·�@=junior high school o senior high school o

college ����cdÒá�ëY'ðÑÝLÆÐC~R=ý�Á§ýC|¶)�{|�

Ê·�æ���¾Ø£~¾ìLse���w^�h`HvÉ

ü3. ��(1)ý

ªG·�·þey·�V...C�·Í¶¾Hv¬C�@ k6eþH=U�'²"HæG=

�¾J��sC=I am a big fan of C big '�)C I am a big fan of the Dragons. Cy

RLs=ve=I am a fan of �ìCJY')Lî'Ú©¾ìLsey�HvÉêv=I ����

Page 15: EHARA Yoshiaki - Kanagawa Prefecture1ý% ?"«‡cdŒ%c ò2 4Y cÌ ylòó TOEIC® (2010) Conversation (1-10R Meta L (%) T-GJT (%) Vocab Size S1 890 9 83.3 75 6100 S2 760 7 50 76.5 6400

1ý%�?"«�cd�%c��

bought a Beatles CD. �î'=I bought a CD by the Beatles. ÊëÚ©¾ìLseæ×�=G

�xÄmCJ�`ý~C the ��ne���?j��¤h¥�"�VW�»S�-R

ÙS-��HvÉ

ü4. ��(2)ý

tour of �ìCeJT�WVCy·C=join a tour of Paris �Ê·eAý'Ô)�'Ú©�

�¾ �?�Ê·e��vse���w^�h`HvÉ

ü5. û2�ý

ªìêëËô¾Æ��ê"�¾Hv'=��ý~CH�Q·�·'Ú©��VCa�êH

v¬C�@ k6��v��vÉûâ2�â�ÆUe���JÇ��4��¯YeJoH

�qr¾ìL�¾= �Í��VW�8�À]�ÄmCh`HvÉ�êë=shortage J

SîeÊ��T�Weæ�Lûl¾ìë=���ocC~R�¨ There was a big power

shortage in Tokyo. CæyRLH=Aê¨=FG¨e�â�h�h�j �kÝL�@eJ=

There were power shortages during the day. ìL�J There were power shortages in different

areas in Tokyo. C�LC�·UC¾ìLÉ

ü6. ʵSý

U�Y§e���J5uV� E �|�ÁëCë�äHvÉê"=Äm� �eþÝ

L���,�J=

����GJ=9�+��J�ʵS�¾J����g�T=U��@Jʵ

SeÝL�'Ú©���­·VCa�=G·a�vCU­¾Á���Hê�=

��vë�?HvëC�·CU­eJ�W�V�vÉ

z C�·æ�¾ì�vÉG�x=U� �e���J old friends ���'�nH��LU

C'Ô]HvÉ�êë= �Í��J=old friends �ª�wJìêëe·We'�� ÷

�Ýø¬C��Hvv�eʵSe �Hv��'=ÄmJª�w¾æ-��ìL ÷

VW�Ýø�=good friends ¬�Ù°Hv�¾ì�vÉG��§=��� �J=When my

old friends hear this, they will be surprised. C�LUCxHvÉ

HVH=ÄmVWJ

(If=When e���J)ÁJë=U�ê¾�ÚMÚm�õ�CG��T=�

'��Ê·ea·�¾ÝÉæCæC���+��eÊ��²���)L�

�CÝLC ÁJë9JʵS¾æ=whenz ¾æ�)BÒe if �Q�

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C�@ k6���vÉ�Á¨eJ ��'[Ý����F�j �kC=Äm�j

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æù� 6Y§�45 �ÈÉe����ÄmC�� �|¾�ÁëCëJ���G�T

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LCÆ2 3�����keÈ�LÉ�êë=(a) U�ê¾�:S»¼�Äy¨»¼ �÷�¾����

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